Chapter 2. Patient Assessment

2.5 Head-to-Toe Assessment

A comprehensive head-to-toe assessment is done on patient admission, at the beginning of each shift, and when it is determined to be necessary by the patient’s hemodynamic status and the context. The head-to-toe assessment includes all the body systems, and the findings will inform the health care professional on the patient’s overall condition. Any unusual findings should be followed up with a focused assessment specific to the affected body system.

A physical examination involves collecting objective data using the techniques of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation as appropriate (Wilson & Giddens, 2013). Checklist 17 outlines the steps to take.

Checklist 17: Head-to-Toe Assessment
Disclaimer: Always review and follow your hospital policy regarding this specific skill.
Safety considerations:
  • Perform hand hygiene.
  • Check room for contact precautions.
  • Introduce yourself to patient.
  • Confirm patient ID using two patient identifiers (e.g., name and date of birth).
  • Explain process to patient.
  • Be organized and systematic in your assessment.
  • Use appropriate listening and questioning skills.
  • Listen and attend to patient cues.
  • Ensure patient’s privacy and dignity.
  • Assess ABCCS (airway, breathing, circulation, consciousness, safety)/suction/oxygen/safety.
  • Apply principles of asepsis and safety.
  • Check vital signs.
  • Complete necessary focused assessments.

Steps

Additional Information

1. General appearance:

  • Affect/behaviour/anxiety
  • Level of hygiene
  • Body position
  • Patient mobility
  • Speech pattern and articulation
Alterations may reflect neurologic impairment, oral injury or impairment, improperly fitting dentures, differences in dialect or language, or potential mental illness. Unusual findings should be followed up with a focused neurological system assessment.

DSC_2293
Assess general appearance
This is not a specific step. Evaluating the skin, hair, and nails is an ongoing element of a full  body assessment as you work through steps 3-9.

2. Skin, hair, and nails:

  • Inspect for lesions, bruising, and rashes.
  • Palpate skin for temperature, moisture, and texture.
  • Inspect for pressure areas.
  • Inspect skin for edema.
  • Inspect scalp for lesions and hair and scalp for presence of lice and/or nits.
  • Inspect nails for consistency, colour, and capillary refill.
Check for and follow up on the presence of lesions, bruising, and rashes.Variations in skin temperature, texture, and perspiration or dehydration may indicate underlying conditions.

Redness of the skin at pressure areas such as heels, elbows, buttocks, and hips indicates the need to reassess patient’s need for position changes.

Unilateral edema may indicate a local or peripheral cause, whereas bilateral-pitting edema usually indicates cardiac or kidney failure.

Check hair for the presence of lice and/or nits (eggs), which are oval in shape and adhere to the hair shaft.

3. Head and neck:

  • Inspect eyes for drainage.
  • Inspect eyes for pupillary reaction to light.
  • Inspect mouth, tongue, and teeth for moisture, colour, dentures.
  • Inspect for facial symmetry.
Check eyes for drainage, pupil size, and reaction to light. Drainage may indicate infection, allergy, or injury.

Slow pupillary reaction to light or unequal reactions bilaterally may indicate neurological impairment.

Check pupillary reaction to light
Check pupillary reaction to light

Dry mucous membranes indicate decreased hydration.

Facial asymmetry may indicate neurological impairment or injury. Unusual findings should be followed up with a focused neurological system assessment.

4. Chest:

  • Inspect:
    • Expansion/retraction of chest wall/work of breathing and/or accessory muscle use
    • Jugular distension
  • Auscultate:
    • For breath sounds anteriorly and posteriorly
    • Apices and bases for any adventitious sounds
    • Apical heart rate
  • Palpate:
    • For symmetrical lung expansion
Chest expansion may be asymmetrical with conditions such as atelectasis, pneumonia, fractured ribs, or pneumothorax.

Use of accessory muscles may indicate acute airway obstruction or massive atelectasis.

Jugular distension of more than 3 cm above the sternal angle while the patient is at 45º may indicate cardiac failure.

The presence of crackles or wheezing must be further assessed, documented, and reported. Unusual findings should be followed up with a focused respiratory assessment.

Auscultate anterior chest. Blue dots indicate stethoscope placement for auscultation
Auscultate anterior chest; blue dots indicate stethoscope placement for auscultation
Auscultate posterior chest. Blue dots indicate stethoscope placement for auscultation
Auscultate posterior chest; blue dots indicate stethoscope placement for auscultation
Auscultate apical pulse at the fifth intercostal space and midclavicular line
Auscultate apical pulse at the fifth intercostal space and midclavicular line

Note the heart rate and rhythm, identify S1 and S2, and follow up on any unusual findings with a focused cardiovascular assessment.

5. Abdomen:

  • Inspect:
    • Abdomen for distension, asymmetry
  • Auscultate:
    • Bowel sounds (RLQ)
  • Palpate:
    • Four quadrants for pain and bladder/bowel distension (light palpation only)
  • Check urine output for frequency, colour, odour.
  • Determine frequency and type of bowel movements.
Abdominal distension may indicate ascites associated with conditions such as heart failure, cirrhosis, and pancreatitis. Markedly visible peristalsis with abdominal distension may indicate intestinal obstruction.

Hyperactive bowel sounds may indicate bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, or subsiding paralytic ileum.

Hypoactive or absent bowel sounds may be present after abdominal surgery, or with peritonitis or paralytic ileus.

Pain and tenderness may indicate underlying inflammatory conditions such as peritonitis.

Unusual findings in urine output may indicate compromised urinary function. Follow up with a focused gastrointestinal and genitourinary assessment.

Unusual findings with bowel movements should be followed up with a focused gastrointestinal and genitourinary assessment.

Auscultate abdomen
Auscultate abdomen

Palpate abdomen

6. Extremities:

  • Inspect:
    • Arms and legs for pain, deformity, edema, pressure areas, bruises
    • Compare bilaterally
  • Palpate:
    • Radial pulses
    • Pedal pulses: dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial
    • CWMS and capillary refill (hands and feet)
  • Assess handgrip strength and equality.
  • Assess dorsiflex and plantarflex feet against resistance (note strength and equality).
  • Check skin integrity and pressure areas.
Limitation in range of movement may indicate articular disease or injury.

Palpate pulses for symmetry in rate and rhythm. Asymmetry may indicate cardiovascular conditions or post-surgical complications.

Unequal handgrip and/or foot strength may indicate underlying conditions, injury, or post-surgical complications.

CWMS: colour, warmth, movement, and sensation of the hands and feet should be checked and compared to determine adequacy of perfusion.

Check skin integrity and pressure areas, and ensure follow-up and in-depth assessment of patient mobility and need for regular changes in position.

A person puts their hands on the top sides of a mannequin's feet.
Assess dorsiflexion
A person puts their hands on the bottom sides of a mannequin's feet.
Assess plantarflexion
Assess CWMS - colour, warmth, movement, and sensation
Assess CWMS – colour, warmth, movement, and sensation
Assess bilateral hand strength
Assess bilateral hand strength

Palpate and inspect capillary refill and report if more than 3 seconds.

Assess pedal pulses
Assess pedal pulses
Check capillary refill
Check capillary refill

To check capillary refill, depress the nail edge to cause blanching and then release. Colour should return to the nail instantly or in less than 3 seconds. If it takes longer, this suggests decreased peripheral perfusion and may indicate cardiovascular or respiratory dysfunction. Unusual findings should be followed up with a focused cardiovascular assessment.

Clubbing of nails, in which the nails present as straightened out to 180 degrees, with the nail base feeling spongy, occurs with heart disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.

7. Back area (turn patient to side or ask to sit up or lean forward):

  • Inspect back and spine.
  • Inspect coccyx/buttocks.
Check for curvature or abnormalities in the spine.

Check skin integrity and pressure areas, and ensure follow-up and in-depth assessment of patient mobility and need for regular changes in position.

8. Tubes, drains, dressings, and IVs:

  • Inspect for drainage, position, and function.
  • Assess wounds for unusual drainage.
Note amount, colour, and consistency of drainage (e.g., Foley catheter), or if infusing as prescribed (e.g., intravenous).

Urinary catheter bag
Urinary catheter bag

Assess wounds for large amounts of drainage or for purulent drainage, and provide wound care as indicated.

9. Mobility: 

  • Check if full or partial weight-bearing.
  • Determine gait/balance.
  • Determine need for and use of assistive devices.
Assess patient’s risk for falls. Document and follow up any indication of falls risk. Note use of mobility aids and ensure they are available to the patient on ambulation.

Patient position prior to standing
Patient position prior to standing
10. Report and document assessment findings and related health problems according to agency policy. Accurate and timely documentation and reporting promote patient safety.
Data source: Assessment Skill Checklists, 2014; Jarvis et al., 2014; Stephen et al., 2012

Critical Thinking Exercises

  1. You are assessing a patient at the beginning of your shift. Which assessment would be the most appropriate?
  2. You come back from a break to find your patient complaining that she feels short of breath. Which assessment would be the most appropriate?

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Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care Copyright © 2015 by Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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