{"id":739,"date":"2021-04-19T22:13:59","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T02:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/chapter\/solid-modeling-part-1\/"},"modified":"2021-11-04T11:38:39","modified_gmt":"2021-11-04T15:38:39","slug":"solid-modeling-part-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/chapter\/solid-modeling-part-1\/","title":{"raw":"Module 17: Solid Modeling – Part 1","rendered":"Module 17: Solid Modeling – Part 1"},"content":{"raw":"
\n

Learning Outcomes<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\nWhen you have completed this module, you will be able to:\n
    \n \t
  1. List the six solid primitives.<\/li>\n \t
  2. Apply the BOX, WEDGE, CYLINDER, UNION, and SUBTRACT commands to draw solid models using solid models using solid primitives.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Solid Modeling<\/h1>\nA solid model <\/em><\/span>is the best possible computerized representation of a real object. A solid model is one AutoCAD object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model, unlike a hollow wireframe or surfaced model, is solid. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it. Displaying the mass properties is taught in Module 25.\n\nIn a lot of ways, constructing a solid model is simpler than constructing a surfaced model. It is important to understand that when you construct solid models, you must still use all of the 3D construction techniques that were taught in the first 16 modules.\n

    Solid Primitives<\/h1>\nThe most basic method of constructing solid models is to create a series of solid primitives and then add them together or subtract them from one another to complete the solid model. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool. The six primitives are the box, wedge, cylinder, sphere, cone and torus. See Figure 17-1. In this module, you will be constructing solid boxes, wedges, and cylinders.\n\nThe next four modules teaches many different commands and techniques used to construct solid models. You can pick and choose how and when to use them to construct each model.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"368\"]\"\" Figure 17-1
    Solid Primitives[\/caption]\n\n
    \n

    AutoCAD Command: BOX<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n\nThe BOX command is used to create a solid box primitive.\n\nShortcut: none\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_698\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"325\"]\"\" Modeling Toolbar[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_698\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"339\"]\"\" Draw Pull-down[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_698\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"209\"]\"\" Home Ribbon[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    AutoCAD Command: WEDGE<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n\nThe WEDGE command is used to create a solid wedge primitive.\n\nShortcut: none\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_701\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"269\"]\"\" Modeling Toolbar[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_701\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"339\"]\"\" Draw Pull-down[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_701\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"115\"]\"\" Home Ribbon[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    AutoCAD Command: ISOLINES<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n\nThe ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, the drawing must be regenerated to display the revised setting.\n\nShortcut: none Command: ISOLINES<\/strong>\n\nEnter new value for ISOLINES <8>: 32<\/strong>\n\nCommand:\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_702\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"296\"]\"\" Isolines = 8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Isolines = 32[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    AutoCAD Command:\u00a0 UNION<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n\nThe UNION command is used to join two or more solids together to form one solid object.\n\nShortcut: none\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_705\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"383\"]\"\" Modify Pull-down[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_705\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Solid Editing Toolbar[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_705\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"245\"]\"\" Home Ribbon[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    AutoCAD Command: SUBTRACT<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n\nThe SUBTRACT command is used to subtract one or more solids from another solid.\n\nShortcut: SU<\/strong>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_708\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"383\"]\"\" Modify Pull-down[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_708\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Solid Editing Toolbar[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_708\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"243\"]\"\" Home Ribbon[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
    \n

    AutoCAD Command: CYLINDER<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n\nThe CYLINDER command is used to create a solid cylinder primitive.\n\nShortcut: none\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_711\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Modeling Toolbar[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_711\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"339\"]\"\" Raw Pull-down[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_711\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"116\"]\"\" Home Ribbon[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    WORK ALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders<\/h1>\n

    Step 1<\/h2>\nUsing the NEW command, start a new drawing using template: 3D Layout English<\/span>.\n

    Step 2<\/h2>\nSave and name the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Workalong 17-1<\/span>. (Figure Step 2A and 2B)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"279\"]\"\" Figure Step 2A
    SE Isometric View - Solid Model[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]\"\" Figure Step 2B
    Dimensioned Multiview Drawing[\/caption]\n

    Step 3<\/h2>\nSet the current view to SE Isometric<\/span>, the current UCS to World<\/span> and the current visual style to 2D Wireframe<\/span>.\n

    Step 4<\/h2>\nSet the current layer to Solid 7<\/span>.\n

    Step 5<\/h2>\nEnter the BOX command, as shown below, to draw the solid box. (Figure Step 5).\n\nCommand: BOX<\/strong>\n\nSpecify first corner or [Center]: 0,0,0 Specify other corner or [Cube\/Length]: @6,4<\/strong>\n\n(6 units in the positive X and 4 units in the positive Y.)<\/em><\/span>\n\nSpecify height or [2Point] <3.1668>: 1<\/strong>\n\n(1 unit in the positive Z.)<\/em><\/span>\n\nCommand:\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"259\"]\"\" Figure Step 5[\/caption]\n\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong>Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using it. In 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems. In the BOX command in Step 6, as soon as you snap to the first corner, disable osnap for the remainder of the command.<\/div>\n

    Step 6<\/h2>\nEnter the BOX command, as shown below, to add a box to the model. (Figure Step 6A and 6B).\n\nCommand: BOX<\/strong>\n\nSpecify first corner or [Center]: (end) <\/em><\/span>P1<\/strong>\n\nSpecify other corner or [Cube\/Length]: @1,4<\/strong>\n\nSpecify height or [2Point] <1.0000>: 3<\/strong>\n\nCommand:\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"277\"]\"\" Figure Step 6A[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"273\"]\"\" Figure Step 6B[\/caption]\n

    Step 7<\/h2>\nUsing on of the orbit commands, orbit the model slightly. Enter the WEDGE command, as shown below, to create a solid wedge primitive as shown in the figure. Using the MOVE command, move the wedge to centre it. Move the wedge by snapping to the midpoint of the wedge to the midpoint on the box. (Figure Step 7A, 7B, and 7C)\n\nCommand: WEDGE<\/strong>\n\nSpecify first corner or [Center]: (mid)<\/em><\/span>\n\n(See Figure Step 7A)<\/em><\/span>\n\nSpecify other corner or [Cube\/Length]: @2,1<\/strong>\n\nSpecify height or [2Point] <3.0000>: 2 <\/strong>\n\nCommand:\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"336\"]\"\" Figure Step 7A[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"284\"]\"\" Figure Step 7B[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"284\"]\"\" Figure Step 7C[\/caption]\n\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong>The wedge was drawn in the wrong location to save doing the math and then moved to its correct location. The less math you do, the fewer mistakes you will make.<\/div>\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong><\/strong>Unlike a wireframe, you cannot offset an edge of a solid model as a construction technique. What you have to do is draw construction lines on the model first. You can snap to the corners of the edges of the model so it is relatively simple to draw the construction lines. After you draw the construction lines, you can offset them.<\/div>\n

    Step 8<\/h2>\nDraw three construction lines on the edges of the box. (Figure Step 8)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"284\"]\"\" Figure Step 8[\/caption]\n\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong><\/strong>Keep in mind that the OFFSET command is a 2D command so you must locate the current UCS in the correct orientation before you use it. In this case, World or Top will work.<\/div>\n

    Step 9<\/h2>\nOffset the construction lines to locate the centre of the holes. (Figure Step 9)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"284\"]\"\" Figure Step 9[\/caption]\n\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong>The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. They appear in the wireframe visual style of the model. The higher the setting, the smoother the solid will appear when it is shaded or rendered. The down side is that the higher the number of isolines used, the more calculations are required when AutoCAD regenerates the model, which in turn slows you down. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, you must regenerate the drawing to display the revised setting on the model.<\/div>\n

    Step 10<\/h2>\nEnter the ISOLINES system variable, as shown below, setting it to 16. Command: ISOLINES<\/strong>\n\nEnter new value for ISOLINES <4>: 16<\/strong>\n\nCommand:\n

    Step 11<\/h2>\nEnter the CYLINDER command, as shown below, to construct a cylinder for the left hole. After you do that, construct the cylinder on the right side. (Figure Step 11A and 11B)\n\nCommand: CYLINDER<\/strong>\n\nCurrent wire frame density: ISOLINES=16\n\nSpecify centre point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: (int) <\/em><\/span>P3<\/strong>\n\nSpecify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: D<\/strong>\n\nSpecify diameter for base of cylinder: 0.75<\/strong>\n\nSpecify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: -1<\/strong>\n\n(Since the cylinder is constructed 1 unit in the -Z direction -1 is used here.)<\/em><\/span>\n\nCommand:\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"297\"]\"\" Figure Step 11A[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"293\"]\"\" Figure Step 11B[\/caption]\n

    Step 12<\/h2>\nTurn layer Construction<\/span> off and your model should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 12)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"314\"]\"\" Figure Step 12[\/caption]\n

    Step 13<\/h2>\nEnter the UNION command, as shown below, to create one solid from the two boxes and the wedge. (Figure Step 13)\n\nCommand: UNION<\/strong>\n\nSelect objects: 1 found\n\nSelect objects: 1 found, 2 total\n\nSelect objects: 1 found, 3 total\n\n(Select one solid at a time by picking them.)<\/em><\/span>\n\nSelect objects:\n\nCommand:\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"296\"]\"\" Figure Step 13[\/caption]\n

    Step 14<\/h2>\nYour model is now one solid and should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 14)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"294\"]\"\" Figure Step 14[\/caption]\n\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong>When complete, a solid model must be one object. It cannot be a combination of solids. Use the UNION and\/or the SUBTRACT commands to do this.<\/div>\n

    Step 15<\/h2>\nEnter the SUBTRACT command, as shown below, to subtract the two cylinders from the model to create the holes. (Figure Step 15A and 15B)\n\nCommand: SUBTRACT<\/strong>\n\nSelect solids and regions to subtract from ..\n\nSelect objects: 1 found\n\n(Select the solid model. See Figure Step 15A)<\/em><\/span>\n\nSelect objects:\n\n(Press Enter to change to subtract mode.)<\/em><\/span>\n\nSelect solids and regions to subtract .. Select objects: 1 found\n\nSelect objects: 1 found, 2 total\n\n(Select each cylinder by picking them one at a time See Figure Step 15B.)<\/em><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"280\"]\"\" Figure Step 15A[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"275\"]\"\" Figure Step 15B[\/caption]\n

    Step 16<\/h2>\nOpen the Properties window and select the solid model. Ensure it is one AutoCAD object only. (Figure Step 16)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]\"\" Figure Step 16[\/caption]\n\n
    AUTHOR'S COMMENTS: <\/strong><\/strong>When the solid is selected, it should all highlight and display dashed indicating it is one solid object. Another way to check if the solid is one object is to select the solid and delete it. It should totally disappear. Undo the command to undelete the solid.<\/div>\n

    Step 17<\/h2>\nSet the current visual style to Realistic. (Figure Step 17)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Figure Step 17[\/caption]\n

    Step 18<\/h2>\nSave and close the drawing.\n
    \n\nMUST KNOW: <\/strong>When two or more solid primitives are used to construct a solid model, the UNION and\/or SUBTRACT commands must be used to create one solid object which is one AutoCAD object. When complete, a solid model must be only one object.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_732\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]\"\" Five Solids that Appear as One Solid.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One Solid Model or One Object in AutoCAD[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_732\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]\"\" Five Solids that Appear as One Solid Shaded\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Solid Model Shaded[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n

    Key Principles<\/h1>\n
    \n

    Key Principles in Module 17<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

    \n
      \n \t
    1. A solid model is the best possible computerized representation of an object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it.<\/li>\n \t
    2. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling, but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool.<\/li>\n \t
    3. Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using When working in 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems.<\/li>\n \t
    4. The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that are used to construct curved surfaces in the solid model.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      Lab Exercise 17-1<\/h1>\nTime allowed: 40 minutes.\n\n\n\n\n
      Drawing Name<\/th>\nTemplate<\/th>\nUnits<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
      AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-1<\/td>\n3D Layout English<\/td>\nInches<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Step 1<\/h2>\nOn layer Solid 3<\/span>, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]\"\" Figure Step 1A
      Dimensioned Multiview Drawing[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Figure Step 1B Completed Solid Model SE Isometric View[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Figure Step 1C Completed Solid Model SW Isometric View[\/caption]\n

      Step 2<\/h2>\nSet the Isolines to 16.\n

      Step 3<\/h2>\nUse the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.\n

      Step 4<\/h2>\nSet the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.\n

      Step 5<\/h2>\nCheck to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.\n

      Step 6<\/h2>\nSave and close the drawing.\n

      Lab Exercise 17-2<\/h1>\nTime allowed: 40 minutes.\n\n\n\n\n
      Drawing Name<\/th>\nTemplate<\/th>\nUnits<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
      AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-2<\/td>\n3D Layout Metric<\/td>\nMillimeters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Step 1<\/h2>\nOn layer Solid 1<\/span>, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]\"\" Figure Step 1A
      Dimensioned Multiview Drawing[\/caption]\n\n \n

      Step 2<\/h2>\nSet the Isolines to 20.\n

      Step 3<\/h2>\nIf necessary, use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.\n

      Step 4<\/h2>\nSet the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.\n

      Step 5<\/h2>\nCheck to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Figure Step 1B Completed Solid Model SE Isometric View[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_738\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"\" Figure Step 1C Completed Solid Model SW Isometric View[\/caption]\n

      Step 6<\/h2>\nSave and close the drawing.","rendered":"
      \n
      \n

      Learning Outcomes<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

      \n

      When you have completed this module, you will be able to:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. List the six solid primitives.<\/li>\n
      2. Apply the BOX, WEDGE, CYLINDER, UNION, and SUBTRACT commands to draw solid models using solid models using solid primitives.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

        Solid Modeling<\/h1>\n

        A solid model <\/em><\/span>is the best possible computerized representation of a real object. A solid model is one AutoCAD object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model, unlike a hollow wireframe or surfaced model, is solid. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it. Displaying the mass properties is taught in Module 25.<\/p>\n

        In a lot of ways, constructing a solid model is simpler than constructing a surfaced model. It is important to understand that when you construct solid models, you must still use all of the 3D construction techniques that were taught in the first 16 modules.<\/p>\n

        Solid Primitives<\/h1>\n

        The most basic method of constructing solid models is to create a series of solid primitives and then add them together or subtract them from one another to complete the solid model. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool. The six primitives are the box, wedge, cylinder, sphere, cone and torus. See Figure 17-1. In this module, you will be constructing solid boxes, wedges, and cylinders.<\/p>\n

        The next four modules teaches many different commands and techniques used to construct solid models. You can pick and choose how and when to use them to construct each model.<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure 17-1
        Solid Primitives<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \n
        \n

        AutoCAD Command: BOX<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n

        The BOX command is used to create a solid box primitive.<\/p>\n

        Shortcut: none<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Modeling Toolbar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Draw Pull-down<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Home Ribbon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n

        AutoCAD Command: WEDGE<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n

        The WEDGE command is used to create a solid wedge primitive.<\/p>\n

        Shortcut: none<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Modeling Toolbar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Draw Pull-down<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Home Ribbon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n

        AutoCAD Command: ISOLINES<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n

        The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, the drawing must be regenerated to display the revised setting.<\/p>\n

        Shortcut: none Command: ISOLINES<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Enter new value for ISOLINES <8>: 32<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Isolines = 8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Isolines = 32<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n

        AutoCAD Command:\u00a0 UNION<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n

        The UNION command is used to join two or more solids together to form one solid object.<\/p>\n

        Shortcut: none<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Modify Pull-down<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Solid Editing Toolbar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Home Ribbon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n

        AutoCAD Command: SUBTRACT<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n

        The SUBTRACT command is used to subtract one or more solids from another solid.<\/p>\n

        Shortcut: SU<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Modify Pull-down<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Solid Editing Toolbar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Home Ribbon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        \n

        AutoCAD Command: CYLINDER<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n

        The CYLINDER command is used to create a solid cylinder primitive.<\/p>\n

        Shortcut: none<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Modeling Toolbar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Raw Pull-down<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Home Ribbon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

        WORK ALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders<\/h1>\n

        Step 1<\/h2>\n

        Using the NEW command, start a new drawing using template: 3D Layout English<\/span>.<\/p>\n

        Step 2<\/h2>\n

        Save and name the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Workalong 17-1<\/span>. (Figure Step 2A and 2B)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 2A
        SE Isometric View – Solid Model<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Figure Step 2B
        Dimensioned Multiview Drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 3<\/h2>\n

        Set the current view to SE Isometric<\/span>, the current UCS to World<\/span> and the current visual style to 2D Wireframe<\/span>.<\/p>\n

        Step 4<\/h2>\n

        Set the current layer to Solid 7<\/span>.<\/p>\n

        Step 5<\/h2>\n

        Enter the BOX command, as shown below, to draw the solid box. (Figure Step 5).<\/p>\n

        Command: BOX<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify first corner or [Center]: 0,0,0 Specify other corner or [Cube\/Length]: @6,4<\/strong><\/p>\n

        (6 units in the positive X and 4 units in the positive Y.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Specify height or [2Point] <3.1668>: 1<\/strong><\/p>\n

        (1 unit in the positive Z.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong>Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using it. In 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems. In the BOX command in Step 6, as soon as you snap to the first corner, disable osnap for the remainder of the command.<\/div>\n

        Step 6<\/h2>\n

        Enter the BOX command, as shown below, to add a box to the model. (Figure Step 6A and 6B).<\/p>\n

        Command: BOX<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify first corner or [Center]: (end) <\/em><\/span>P1<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify other corner or [Cube\/Length]: @1,4<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify height or [2Point] <1.0000>: 3<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 6A<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Figure Step 6B<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 7<\/h2>\n

        Using on of the orbit commands, orbit the model slightly. Enter the WEDGE command, as shown below, to create a solid wedge primitive as shown in the figure. Using the MOVE command, move the wedge to centre it. Move the wedge by snapping to the midpoint of the wedge to the midpoint on the box. (Figure Step 7A, 7B, and 7C)<\/p>\n

        Command: WEDGE<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify first corner or [Center]: (mid)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        (See Figure Step 7A)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Specify other corner or [Cube\/Length]: @2,1<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify height or [2Point] <3.0000>: 2 <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 7A<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Figure Step 7B<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Figure Step 7C<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong>The wedge was drawn in the wrong location to save doing the math and then moved to its correct location. The less math you do, the fewer mistakes you will make.<\/div>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong><\/strong>Unlike a wireframe, you cannot offset an edge of a solid model as a construction technique. What you have to do is draw construction lines on the model first. You can snap to the corners of the edges of the model so it is relatively simple to draw the construction lines. After you draw the construction lines, you can offset them.<\/div>\n

        Step 8<\/h2>\n

        Draw three construction lines on the edges of the box. (Figure Step 8)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong><\/strong>Keep in mind that the OFFSET command is a 2D command so you must locate the current UCS in the correct orientation before you use it. In this case, World or Top will work.<\/div>\n

        Step 9<\/h2>\n

        Offset the construction lines to locate the centre of the holes. (Figure Step 9)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong>The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. They appear in the wireframe visual style of the model. The higher the setting, the smoother the solid will appear when it is shaded or rendered. The down side is that the higher the number of isolines used, the more calculations are required when AutoCAD regenerates the model, which in turn slows you down. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, you must regenerate the drawing to display the revised setting on the model.<\/div>\n

        Step 10<\/h2>\n

        Enter the ISOLINES system variable, as shown below, setting it to 16. Command: ISOLINES<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Enter new value for ISOLINES <4>: 16<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        Step 11<\/h2>\n

        Enter the CYLINDER command, as shown below, to construct a cylinder for the left hole. After you do that, construct the cylinder on the right side. (Figure Step 11A and 11B)<\/p>\n

        Command: CYLINDER<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=16<\/p>\n

        Specify centre point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: (int) <\/em><\/span>P3<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: D<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify diameter for base of cylinder: 0.75<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: -1<\/strong><\/p>\n

        (Since the cylinder is constructed 1 unit in the -Z direction -1 is used here.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 11A<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Figure Step 11B<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 12<\/h2>\n

        Turn layer Construction<\/span> off and your model should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 12)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 12<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 13<\/h2>\n

        Enter the UNION command, as shown below, to create one solid from the two boxes and the wedge. (Figure Step 13)<\/p>\n

        Command: UNION<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Select objects: 1 found<\/p>\n

        Select objects: 1 found, 2 total<\/p>\n

        Select objects: 1 found, 3 total<\/p>\n

        (Select one solid at a time by picking them.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Select objects:<\/p>\n

        Command:<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 13<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 14<\/h2>\n

        Your model is now one solid and should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 14)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 14<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong>When complete, a solid model must be one object. It cannot be a combination of solids. Use the UNION and\/or the SUBTRACT commands to do this.<\/div>\n

        Step 15<\/h2>\n

        Enter the SUBTRACT command, as shown below, to subtract the two cylinders from the model to create the holes. (Figure Step 15A and 15B)<\/p>\n

        Command: SUBTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Select solids and regions to subtract from ..<\/p>\n

        Select objects: 1 found<\/p>\n

        (Select the solid model. See Figure Step 15A)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Select objects:<\/p>\n

        (Press Enter to change to subtract mode.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        Select solids and regions to subtract .. Select objects: 1 found<\/p>\n

        Select objects: 1 found, 2 total<\/p>\n

        (Select each cylinder by picking them one at a time See Figure Step 15B.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 15A<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Figure Step 15B<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 16<\/h2>\n

        Open the Properties window and select the solid model. Ensure it is one AutoCAD object only. (Figure Step 16)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 16<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: <\/strong><\/strong>When the solid is selected, it should all highlight and display dashed indicating it is one solid object. Another way to check if the solid is one object is to select the solid and delete it. It should totally disappear. Undo the command to undelete the solid.<\/div>\n

        Step 17<\/h2>\n

        Set the current visual style to Realistic. (Figure Step 17)<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Figure Step 17<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Step 18<\/h2>\n

        Save and close the drawing.<\/p>\n

        \n

        MUST KNOW: <\/strong>When two or more solid primitives are used to construct a solid model, the UNION and\/or SUBTRACT commands must be used to create one solid object which is one AutoCAD object. When complete, a solid model must be only one object.<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Five Solids that Appear as One Solid.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One Solid Model or One Object in AutoCAD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
        \"\"
        Five Solids that Appear as One Solid Shaded\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Solid Model Shaded<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

        Key Principles<\/h1>\n
        \n
        \n

        Key Principles in Module 17<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

        \n
          \n
        1. A solid model is the best possible computerized representation of an object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it.<\/li>\n
        2. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling, but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool.<\/li>\n
        3. Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using When working in 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems.<\/li>\n
        4. The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that are used to construct curved surfaces in the solid model.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

          Lab Exercise 17-1<\/h1>\n

          Time allowed: 40 minutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
          Drawing Name<\/th>\nTemplate<\/th>\nUnits<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-1<\/td>\n3D Layout English<\/td>\nInches<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Step 1<\/h2>\n

          On layer Solid 3<\/span>, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Figure Step 1A
          Dimensioned Multiview Drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
          \"\"
          Figure Step 1B Completed Solid Model SE Isometric View<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
          \"\"
          Figure Step 1C Completed Solid Model SW Isometric View<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Step 2<\/h2>\n

          Set the Isolines to 16.<\/p>\n

          Step 3<\/h2>\n

          Use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.<\/p>\n

          Step 4<\/h2>\n

          Set the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.<\/p>\n

          Step 5<\/h2>\n

          Check to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.<\/p>\n

          Step 6<\/h2>\n

          Save and close the drawing.<\/p>\n

          Lab Exercise 17-2<\/h1>\n

          Time allowed: 40 minutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
          Drawing Name<\/th>\nTemplate<\/th>\nUnits<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
          AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-2<\/td>\n3D Layout Metric<\/td>\nMillimeters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Step 1<\/h2>\n

          On layer Solid 1<\/span>, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Figure Step 1A
          Dimensioned Multiview Drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Step 2<\/h2>\n

          Set the Isolines to 20.<\/p>\n

          Step 3<\/h2>\n

          If necessary, use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.<\/p>\n

          Step 4<\/h2>\n

          Set the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.<\/p>\n

          Step 5<\/h2>\n

          Check to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          Figure Step 1B Completed Solid Model SE Isometric View<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
          \"\"
          Figure Step 1C Completed Solid Model SW Isometric View<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Step 6<\/h2>\n

          Save and close the drawing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-739","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":694,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":740,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739\/revisions\/740"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/694"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=739"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=739"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/autocad3d\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}