{"id":4947,"date":"2015-10-28T15:56:09","date_gmt":"2015-10-28T15:56:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/chapter\/18-4-regulation-of-hormone-production\/"},"modified":"2021-03-04T00:08:07","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T00:08:07","slug":"18-4-regulation-of-hormone-production","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/chapter\/18-4-regulation-of-hormone-production\/","title":{"raw":"18.4\u00a0Regulation of Hormone Production","rendered":"18.4\u00a0Regulation of Hormone Production"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div class=\"abstract\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n<div class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<ul class=\"itemizedlist\">\n \t<li class=\"listitem\">Explain how hormone production is regulated<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"listitem\">Discuss the different stimuli that control hormone levels in the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nHormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range. For example, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then give feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland, as illustrated in Figure 18.14. There are three mechanisms by which endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones: humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.\n<div id=\"m44771-fs-idm151695328\" class=\"note art-connection\">\n<div class=\"title\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-tip-t\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"title\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_1231\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"250\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/03\/Figure_37_04_01.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4946\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/10\/Figure_37_04_01.png\" alt=\"Figure\u00a037.14.\u00a0 The anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood results in feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\"><\/a> Figure 18.14.\u00a0<br>The anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood results in feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"body\">\n<div id=\"m44771-fig-ch37_04_01\" class=\"figure\" title=\"Figure\u00a037.14.\u00a0\">\n<div class=\"title\"><\/div>\n<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm203603168\"> <\/span>Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?\n\n<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm245544800\"> <\/span>Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.\n\n<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm11446432\"> <\/span>Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" title=\"Humoral Stimuli\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m44771-fs-idm75946256\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Humoral Stimuli<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nThe term \u201chumoral\u201d is derived from the term \u201chumor,\u201d which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. A <span id=\"m44771-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1321559\"> <\/span><strong>humoral stimulus<a id=\"id797366\" class=\"indexterm\" href=\"\"><\/a><\/strong> refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" title=\"Hormonal Stimuli\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m44771-fs-idp33858560\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Hormonal Stimuli<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm308644432\"> <\/span><span id=\"m44771-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1321582\"> <\/span><strong>Hormonal stimuli<a id=\"id797398\" class=\"indexterm\" href=\"\"><\/a><\/strong> refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. The anterior pituitary releases the thyroid-stimulating hormone, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. As blood concentrations of T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub> rise, they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" title=\"Neural Stimuli\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m44771-fs-idm229832800\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Neural Stimuli<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm153624816\"> <\/span>In some cases, the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is referred to as <strong><span id=\"m44771-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1321620\"> <\/span>neural stimuli<a id=\"id797448\" class=\"indexterm\" href=\"\"><\/a><\/strong>. Recall that in a short-term stress response, the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are important for providing the bursts of energy required for the body to respond. Here, neuronal signaling from the sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\nHormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels of a hormone inhibit its further release. The three mechanisms of hormonal release are humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli. Humoral stimuli refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels. Hormonal stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands. Neural stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to neural stimulation.\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n \t<li>Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?\n<ol>\n \t<li>Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.<\/li>\n \t<li>Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>A rise in blood glucose levels triggers release of insulin from the pancreas. This mechanism of hormone production is stimulated by:\n<ol>\n \t<li>humoral stimuli<\/li>\n \t<li>hormonal stimuli<\/li>\n \t<li>neural stimuli<\/li>\n \t<li>negative stimuli<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Which mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling and hormone release from the hypothalamus was blocked?\n<ol>\n \t<li>humoral and hormonal stimuli<\/li>\n \t<li>hormonal and neural stimuli<\/li>\n \t<li>neural and humoral stimuli<\/li>\n \t<li>hormonal and negative stimuli<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>How is hormone production and release primarily controlled?<\/li>\n \t<li>Compare and contrast hormonal and humoral stimuli.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<strong>Answers<\/strong>\n<ol>\n \t<li>Patient A has symptoms associated with decreased metabolism, and may be suffering from hypothyroidism. Patient B has symptoms associated with increased metabolism, and may be suffering from hyperthyroidism.<\/li>\n \t<li>A<\/li>\n \t<li>B<\/li>\n \t<li>Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range. For example, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then feed back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland.<\/li>\n \t<li>The term humoral is derived from the term humor, which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. Humoral stimuli refer to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm189840976\"> <\/span>Hormonal stimuli refer to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine organs. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. For example, the anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. As blood concentrations of T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub> rise they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\" title=\"Glossary\">\n<div class=\"cnx-eoc summary\">\n<div class=\"section module\" title=\"37.5.\u00a0Endocrine Glands\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"glossary\" title=\"Glossary\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl>\n \t<dt><strong>hormonal stimuli<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>release of a hormone in response to another hormone<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>humoral stimuli<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood<\/dd>\n \t<dt><strong>neural stimuli<\/strong><\/dt>\n \t<dd>stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div class=\"abstract\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<div class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<ul class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li class=\"listitem\">Explain how hormone production is regulated<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">Discuss the different stimuli that control hormone levels in the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range. For example, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then give feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland, as illustrated in Figure 18.14. There are three mechanisms by which endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones: humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.<\/p>\n<div id=\"m44771-fs-idm151695328\" class=\"note art-connection\">\n<div class=\"title\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-tip-t\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"title\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_1231\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1231\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/03\/Figure_37_04_01.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4946\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/10\/Figure_37_04_01.png\" alt=\"Figure\u00a037.14.\u00a0 The anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood results in feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/10\/Figure_37_04_01.png 504w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/10\/Figure_37_04_01-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/10\/Figure_37_04_01-65x87.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/96\/2015\/10\/Figure_37_04_01-350x467.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 18.14.\u00a0<br \/>The anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood results in feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"body\">\n<div id=\"m44771-fig-ch37_04_01\" class=\"figure\" title=\"Figure\u00a037.14.\u00a0\">\n<div class=\"title\"><\/div>\n<p><span id=\"m44771-fs-idm203603168\"> <\/span>Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"m44771-fs-idm245544800\"> <\/span>Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"m44771-fs-idm11446432\"> <\/span>Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" title=\"Humoral Stimuli\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m44771-fs-idm75946256\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Humoral Stimuli<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The term \u201chumoral\u201d is derived from the term \u201chumor,\u201d which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. A <span id=\"m44771-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1321559\"> <\/span><strong>humoral stimulus<a id=\"id797366\" class=\"indexterm\" href=\"\"><\/a><\/strong> refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" title=\"Hormonal Stimuli\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m44771-fs-idp33858560\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Hormonal Stimuli<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"m44771-fs-idm308644432\"> <\/span><span id=\"m44771-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1321582\"> <\/span><strong>Hormonal stimuli<a id=\"id797398\" class=\"indexterm\" href=\"\"><\/a><\/strong> refers to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine glands. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior portion of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. The anterior pituitary releases the thyroid-stimulating hormone, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. As blood concentrations of T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub> rise, they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" title=\"Neural Stimuli\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"m44771-fs-idm229832800\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-autogenerated\"><span class=\"cnx-gentext-section cnx-gentext-t\">Neural Stimuli<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"m44771-fs-idm153624816\"> <\/span>In some cases, the nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is referred to as <strong><span id=\"m44771-autoid-cnx2dbk-id1321620\"> <\/span>neural stimuli<a id=\"id797448\" class=\"indexterm\" href=\"\"><\/a><\/strong>. Recall that in a short-term stress response, the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are important for providing the bursts of energy required for the body to respond. Here, neuronal signaling from the sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.<\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>Hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels of a hormone inhibit its further release. The three mechanisms of hormonal release are humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli. Humoral stimuli refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels. Hormonal stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands. Neural stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to neural stimulation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive. Which of the conditions are the following two patients most likely to have?\n<ol>\n<li>Patient A has symptoms including weight gain, cold sensitivity, low heart rate and fatigue.<\/li>\n<li>Patient B has symptoms including weight loss, profuse sweating, increased heart rate and difficulty sleeping.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>A rise in blood glucose levels triggers release of insulin from the pancreas. This mechanism of hormone production is stimulated by:\n<ol>\n<li>humoral stimuli<\/li>\n<li>hormonal stimuli<\/li>\n<li>neural stimuli<\/li>\n<li>negative stimuli<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Which mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling and hormone release from the hypothalamus was blocked?\n<ol>\n<li>humoral and hormonal stimuli<\/li>\n<li>hormonal and neural stimuli<\/li>\n<li>neural and humoral stimuli<\/li>\n<li>hormonal and negative stimuli<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>How is hormone production and release primarily controlled?<\/li>\n<li>Compare and contrast hormonal and humoral stimuli.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Answers<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Patient A has symptoms associated with decreased metabolism, and may be suffering from hypothyroidism. Patient B has symptoms associated with increased metabolism, and may be suffering from hyperthyroidism.<\/li>\n<li>A<\/li>\n<li>B<\/li>\n<li>Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range. For example, the anterior pituitary signals the thyroid to release thyroid hormones. Increasing levels of these hormones in the blood then feed back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit further signaling to the thyroid gland.<\/li>\n<li>The term humoral is derived from the term humor, which refers to bodily fluids such as blood. Humoral stimuli refer to the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin in a negative feedback loop.<span id=\"m44771-fs-idm189840976\"> <\/span>Hormonal stimuli refer to the release of a hormone in response to another hormone. A number of endocrine glands release hormones when stimulated by hormones released by other endocrine organs. For example, the hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary in turn releases hormones that regulate hormone production by other endocrine glands. For example, the anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub>. As blood concentrations of T<sub>3<\/sub> and T<sub>4<\/sub> rise they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\" title=\"Glossary\">\n<div class=\"cnx-eoc summary\">\n<div class=\"section module\" title=\"37.5.\u00a0Endocrine Glands\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<div class=\"glossary\" title=\"Glossary\">\n<div class=\"titlepage\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl>\n<dt><strong>hormonal stimuli<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>release of a hormone in response to another hormone<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>humoral stimuli<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood<\/dd>\n<dt><strong>neural stimuli<\/strong><\/dt>\n<dd>stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":42,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-4947","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by"],"part":4924,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4947\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4948,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4947\/revisions\/4948"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/4924"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4947\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4947"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4947"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/biology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}