{"id":27,"date":"2013-12-12T00:09:47","date_gmt":"2013-12-12T00:09:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=27"},"modified":"2019-06-11T15:51:40","modified_gmt":"2019-06-11T15:51:40","slug":"chapter-1-before-the-advent-of-database-systems","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/chapter\/chapter-1-before-the-advent-of-database-systems\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 1 Before the Advent of Database Systems","rendered":"Chapter 1 Before the Advent of Database Systems"},"content":{"raw":"The way in which computers manage data has come a long way over the last few decades. Today's users take for granted the many benefits found in a database system. However, it wasn't that long ago that computers relied on a much less elegant and costly approach to data management called the file-based system.\r\n<h2>File-based System<\/h2>\r\nOne way to keep information on a computer is to store it in permanent files. A company system has a number of application programs; each of them is designed\u00a0to manipulate data files. These application programs have been written at the\u00a0request of the users in the organization. New applications are\u00a0added to the system as the need arises. The system just described is called the <em>file-based system<\/em>.\r\n\r\nConsider a traditional banking system that\u00a0uses the file-based system to manage the organization\u2019s data shown in Figure 1.1. As we can see, there are different departments in the bank. Each has its\u00a0own applications that manage and manipulate different data files. For banking systems, the programs may be used\u00a0to debit or credit an account, find the balance of an account, add a new mortgage loan and generate monthly statements.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_159\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-159 size-full\" alt=\"Diagram with three coloured drawings: one of a woman and two men sitting and talking; the second shows a man shaking hands with a woman, both are standing and holding briefcases; the third is of a woman sitting. There are also drawings of labelled files, such as Employees, Checking Accounts and Mortgage Loans. \" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701.jpg\" height=\"170\" width=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.1. Example of a file-based system used by banks to manage data.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Disadvantages of the file-based approach<\/h3>\r\nUsing the file-based system to keep organizational information has a number of disadvantages. Listed below are five examples.\r\n<h4>Data redundancy<\/h4>\r\nOften, within an organization, files and applications are created by different programmers from various departments over long periods of time. This can lead to <em>data redundancy, <\/em>a situation that occurs in a database when a field\u00a0needs to be updated in more than one table. This practice can lead to several problems such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Inconsistency in data format<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The same information being\u00a0kept in several different places (files)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Data inconsistency<\/em>, a situation where various copies of the same data are conflicting, wastes storage space and duplicates effort<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Data isolation<\/h4>\r\n<em>Data isolation<\/em> \u00a0is a property <span style=\"color: #000000;\">that determines when and how changes made by one operation become visible to other concurrent <\/span>users and systems.\u00a0This issue occurs in a concurrency situation. This is a problem because:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>It is difficult for new applications to retrieve the appropriate data, which might be stored in various files.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Integrity problems<\/h4>\r\nProblems with <em>data integrity<\/em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0<\/span>is another disadvantage of using a file-based system. It refers to the maintenance and assurance that the data in a database are correct and consistent.\u00a0Factors to consider when addressing this issue are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Data values must satisfy certain consistency constraints that are specified in the application programs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It is difficult to make changes to the application programs in order to enforce new constraints.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Security problems<\/h4>\r\n<span>Security can be a problem with a file-based approach because:\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are constraints regarding accessing privileges.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Application requirements are added to the system in an ad-hoc manner so it is difficult to enforce constraints.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Concurrency access<\/h4>\r\n<em>Concurrency<\/em> is the ability of the database to allow multiple users access to the same record without adversely affecting transaction processing. A file-based system must manage, or prevent, concurrency by the application programs. Typically, in a file-based system, when an application opens a file, that file is locked. This means that no one else has access to the file at the same time.\r\n\r\nIn database systems, concurrency is managed thus allowing multiple users access to the same record. This is an important difference between database and file-based systems.\r\n<h2>Database\u00a0Approach<\/h2>\r\nThe difficulties that arise from using the file-based system have prompted the development of a new approach in managing large amounts of organizational information called the <em>database approach<\/em>.\r\n\r\nDatabases and database technology play an important role in most areas where computers are used, including business, education and medicine. To understand the fundamentals of database systems, we will start by introducing some basic concepts in this area.\r\n<h3>Role of databases in business<\/h3>\r\nEverybody uses a database in some way, even if it is\u00a0just to store information about their friends and family. That data might be written down or stored in a computer by using a word-processing program or it could be saved in a spreadsheet.\u00a0However, the best way to store data is by using <em>database management software<\/em>. This\u00a0is a powerful software tool that allows you to store, manipulate and retrieve data in a variety of different ways.\r\n\r\nMost companies keep track of customer information by storing it in a database.\u00a0This data may include\u00a0customers, employees, products, orders or anything else that assists the business with its\u00a0operations.\r\n<h3>The meaning of data<\/h3>\r\nData are factual information such as measurements or statistics about objects and concepts. We use data for discussions or as part of a calculation. Data can be a person, a place, an event, an action or any one of a number of things. A single fact is an element of data, or a <em>data element<\/em>.\r\n\r\nIf data are information and information is what we are in the business of working with, you can start to see where you might be storing it. Data can be stored in:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Filing cabinets<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spreadsheets<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Folders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ledgers<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lists<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Piles of papers on your desk<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAll of these items store information, and so too does a database. Because of the mechanical nature of databases, they have terrific power to manage and process the information they hold. This can make the information they house much more useful for your work.\r\n\r\nWith this understanding of data, we can start to see how a tool with the capacity to store a collection of data and organize it, conduct a rapid search, retrieve and process, might make a difference to how we can use data. This book and the chapters that follow are all about managing information.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>concurrency<\/strong>: the ability of the database to allow multiple users access to the same record without adversely affecting transaction processing\r\n\r\n<strong>data element<\/strong>: a single fact or piece of information\r\n\r\n<strong>data inconsistency<\/strong>: a situation where various copies of the same data are conflicting\r\n\r\n<strong>data isolation<\/strong>:\u00a0a property\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">that determines when and how changes made by one operation become visible to other concurrent\u00a0<\/span>users and systems\r\n\r\n<strong>data integrity<\/strong>:\u00a0refers to the maintenance and assurance that the data in a database are correct and consistent\r\n\r\n<strong>data redundancy<\/strong>:\u00a0a situation that occurs in a database when a field\u00a0needs to be updated in more than one table\r\n\r\n<strong>database approach<\/strong>: allows the\u00a0management of large amounts of organizational information\r\n\r\n<strong>database management software<\/strong>:\u00a0a powerful software tool that allows you to store, manipulate and retrieve data in a variety of ways\r\n\r\n<strong>file-based system<\/strong>: an application program designed to manipulate data files\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Discuss each of the following terms:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>data<\/li>\r\n \t<li>field<\/li>\r\n \t<li>record<\/li>\r\n \t<li>file<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is data redundancy?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the disadvantages of file-based systems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the difference between data and information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use Figure 1.2 (below) to answer the following questions.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>In the table, how many records does the file contain?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many fields are there per record?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What problem would you encounter if you wanted to produce a listing by city?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How would you solve this problem by altering the file structure?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_242\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-242\" alt=\"A table listing project codes, names of project managers, phone numbers, addresses and bid prices.\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851.jpg\" height=\"124\" width=\"600\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.2. Table for exercise #5, by A. Watt.[\/caption]\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Attribution<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\">This chapter of\u00a0<\/span><em>Database Design <\/em>(including its images, unless otherwise noted)<span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\"> is a derivative copy of\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/b57b8760-6898-469d-a0f7-06e0537f6817@1\">Database System Concepts<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\">\u00a0by<\/span>\u00a0Nguyen Kim Anh<span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\">\u00a0licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 license<\/a><\/span>\r\n\r\nThe following material was written by Adrienne Watt:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Introduction<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Key Terms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Exercises<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<p>The way in which computers manage data has come a long way over the last few decades. Today&#8217;s users take for granted the many benefits found in a database system. However, it wasn&#8217;t that long ago that computers relied on a much less elegant and costly approach to data management called the file-based system.<\/p>\n<h2>File-based System<\/h2>\n<p>One way to keep information on a computer is to store it in permanent files. A company system has a number of application programs; each of them is designed\u00a0to manipulate data files. These application programs have been written at the\u00a0request of the users in the organization. New applications are\u00a0added to the system as the need arises. The system just described is called the <em>file-based system<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Consider a traditional banking system that\u00a0uses the file-based system to manage the organization\u2019s data shown in Figure 1.1. As we can see, there are different departments in the bank. Each has its\u00a0own applications that manage and manipulate different data files. For banking systems, the programs may be used\u00a0to debit or credit an account, find the balance of an account, add a new mortgage loan and generate monthly statements.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_159\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-159\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-159 size-full\" alt=\"Diagram with three coloured drawings: one of a woman and two men sitting and talking; the second shows a man shaking hands with a woman, both are standing and holding briefcases; the third is of a woman sitting. There are also drawings of labelled files, such as Employees, Checking Accounts and Mortgage Loans.\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701.jpg\" height=\"170\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701-65x36.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2013\/12\/FileBased-300x1701-225x127.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-159\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.1. Example of a file-based system used by banks to manage data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Disadvantages of the file-based approach<\/h3>\n<p>Using the file-based system to keep organizational information has a number of disadvantages. Listed below are five examples.<\/p>\n<h4>Data redundancy<\/h4>\n<p>Often, within an organization, files and applications are created by different programmers from various departments over long periods of time. This can lead to <em>data redundancy, <\/em>a situation that occurs in a database when a field\u00a0needs to be updated in more than one table. This practice can lead to several problems such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inconsistency in data format<\/li>\n<li>The same information being\u00a0kept in several different places (files)<\/li>\n<li><em>Data inconsistency<\/em>, a situation where various copies of the same data are conflicting, wastes storage space and duplicates effort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Data isolation<\/h4>\n<p><em>Data isolation<\/em> \u00a0is a property <span style=\"color: #000000;\">that determines when and how changes made by one operation become visible to other concurrent <\/span>users and systems.\u00a0This issue occurs in a concurrency situation. This is a problem because:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is difficult for new applications to retrieve the appropriate data, which might be stored in various files.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Integrity problems<\/h4>\n<p>Problems with <em>data integrity<\/em><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0<\/span>is another disadvantage of using a file-based system. It refers to the maintenance and assurance that the data in a database are correct and consistent.\u00a0Factors to consider when addressing this issue are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Data values must satisfy certain consistency constraints that are specified in the application programs.<\/li>\n<li>It is difficult to make changes to the application programs in order to enforce new constraints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Security problems<\/h4>\n<p><span>Security can be a problem with a file-based approach because:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are constraints regarding accessing privileges.<\/li>\n<li>Application requirements are added to the system in an ad-hoc manner so it is difficult to enforce constraints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Concurrency access<\/h4>\n<p><em>Concurrency<\/em> is the ability of the database to allow multiple users access to the same record without adversely affecting transaction processing. A file-based system must manage, or prevent, concurrency by the application programs. Typically, in a file-based system, when an application opens a file, that file is locked. This means that no one else has access to the file at the same time.<\/p>\n<p>In database systems, concurrency is managed thus allowing multiple users access to the same record. This is an important difference between database and file-based systems.<\/p>\n<h2>Database\u00a0Approach<\/h2>\n<p>The difficulties that arise from using the file-based system have prompted the development of a new approach in managing large amounts of organizational information called the <em>database approach<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Databases and database technology play an important role in most areas where computers are used, including business, education and medicine. To understand the fundamentals of database systems, we will start by introducing some basic concepts in this area.<\/p>\n<h3>Role of databases in business<\/h3>\n<p>Everybody uses a database in some way, even if it is\u00a0just to store information about their friends and family. That data might be written down or stored in a computer by using a word-processing program or it could be saved in a spreadsheet.\u00a0However, the best way to store data is by using <em>database management software<\/em>. This\u00a0is a powerful software tool that allows you to store, manipulate and retrieve data in a variety of different ways.<\/p>\n<p>Most companies keep track of customer information by storing it in a database.\u00a0This data may include\u00a0customers, employees, products, orders or anything else that assists the business with its\u00a0operations.<\/p>\n<h3>The meaning of data<\/h3>\n<p>Data are factual information such as measurements or statistics about objects and concepts. We use data for discussions or as part of a calculation. Data can be a person, a place, an event, an action or any one of a number of things. A single fact is an element of data, or a <em>data element<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>If data are information and information is what we are in the business of working with, you can start to see where you might be storing it. Data can be stored in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Filing cabinets<\/li>\n<li>Spreadsheets<\/li>\n<li>Folders<\/li>\n<li>Ledgers<\/li>\n<li>Lists<\/li>\n<li>Piles of papers on your desk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>All of these items store information, and so too does a database. Because of the mechanical nature of databases, they have terrific power to manage and process the information they hold. This can make the information they house much more useful for your work.<\/p>\n<p>With this understanding of data, we can start to see how a tool with the capacity to store a collection of data and organize it, conduct a rapid search, retrieve and process, might make a difference to how we can use data. This book and the chapters that follow are all about managing information.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>concurrency<\/strong>: the ability of the database to allow multiple users access to the same record without adversely affecting transaction processing<\/p>\n<p><strong>data element<\/strong>: a single fact or piece of information<\/p>\n<p><strong>data inconsistency<\/strong>: a situation where various copies of the same data are conflicting<\/p>\n<p><strong>data isolation<\/strong>:\u00a0a property\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">that determines when and how changes made by one operation become visible to other concurrent\u00a0<\/span>users and systems<\/p>\n<p><strong>data integrity<\/strong>:\u00a0refers to the maintenance and assurance that the data in a database are correct and consistent<\/p>\n<p><strong>data redundancy<\/strong>:\u00a0a situation that occurs in a database when a field\u00a0needs to be updated in more than one table<\/p>\n<p><strong>database approach<\/strong>: allows the\u00a0management of large amounts of organizational information<\/p>\n<p><strong>database management software<\/strong>:\u00a0a powerful software tool that allows you to store, manipulate and retrieve data in a variety of ways<\/p>\n<p><strong>file-based system<\/strong>: an application program designed to manipulate data files\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Discuss each of the following terms:\n<ol>\n<li>data<\/li>\n<li>field<\/li>\n<li>record<\/li>\n<li>file<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is data redundancy?<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the disadvantages of file-based systems.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the difference between data and information.<\/li>\n<li>Use Figure 1.2 (below) to answer the following questions.\n<ol>\n<li>In the table, how many records does the file contain?<\/li>\n<li>How many fields are there per record?<\/li>\n<li>What problem would you encounter if you wanted to produce a listing by city?<\/li>\n<li>How would you solve this problem by altering the file structure?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-242\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-242\" alt=\"A table listing project codes, names of project managers, phone numbers, addresses and bid prices.\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851.jpg\" height=\"124\" width=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851.jpg 1161w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851-300x62.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851-1024x211.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851-65x13.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851-225x46.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2014\/03\/Ch1-Exercises-Figure1-1-e1409149351851-350x72.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.2. Table for exercise #5, by A. Watt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Attribution<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\">This chapter of\u00a0<\/span><em>Database Design <\/em>(including its images, unless otherwise noted)<span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\"> is a derivative copy of\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/b57b8760-6898-469d-a0f7-06e0537f6817@1\">Database System Concepts<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\">\u00a0by<\/span>\u00a0Nguyen Kim Anh<span style=\"color: #1f1f1d;\">\u00a0licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 license<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The following material was written by Adrienne Watt:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n<li>Key Terms<\/li>\n<li>Exercises<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["adrienne-watt"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[47],"license":[],"class_list":["post-27","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-adrienne-watt"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/27","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/27\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1138,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/27\/revisions\/1138"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/27\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=27"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=27"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/dbdesign01\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=27"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}