{"id":847,"date":"2019-07-11T19:17:55","date_gmt":"2019-07-11T19:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/ethicsinlawenforcement\/chapter\/references-5\/"},"modified":"2021-09-09T20:45:15","modified_gmt":"2021-09-09T20:45:15","slug":"references-6","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/ethicsinlawenforcement\/chapter\/references-6\/","title":{"raw":"References","rendered":"References"},"content":{"raw":"Alvarez, A. (2001). Governments, citizens and genocide.<\/em> Indiana University Press.\r\n\r\nAnderson, A. and Sample, L. (2008). Public awareness and action resulting from sex offender community notification laws. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19<\/em>(4), 371-396.\r\n\r\nBaker, B. (2002). Living with non-state policing in South Africa: The issues and dilemmas<\/a>.\u00a0The Journal of Modern African Studies,<\/i>\u00a040<\/i>(1), 29-53. doi:10.1017\/S0022278X01003809\r\n\r\nCaldero, M. and Crank, J. (2004). Police ethics: The corruption of noble cause.(<\/em>2nd ed.)<\/em>. Mathew Bender and Company.\r\n\r\nCBC News (1999). Crown drops charge against APEC protester<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/story\/1999\/02\/01\/singh990201.html.\r\n\r\nCeyssens, P. (2000). Accountability, oversight and human rights in policing and private security. In J. Richardson, (Ed.) Police and private security: What the future holds,<\/em> (pp. 61-69). Canadian Chiefs Of Police.\r\n\r\nCohen, S. (1985). Visions of social control: Crime, punishment and classification. <\/em>Cambridge, Polity Press.\r\n\r\nCriminal Code, R.S.C. (2015) c. C-1, s. 25\r\n\r\nCriminal Code, R.S.C. (2015), c. C-2, s. 63\r\n\r\nCriminal Code, R.S.C. (2015) c. C-2, s. 64\r\n\r\nDavis, R., Ortiz, C., Dadush, S., Irish, J., Alvarado, A., and Davis, D. (2003). The public accountability of private police: Lessons from New York City, Johannesburg and Mexico City, Policing And Society, 13<\/em>(2), 197-210.\r\n\r\ndella Porta, D. (2006). Policing transnational protest. In D. della Porta, A. Peterson and H. Reiter (eds), The Policing of transnational police. <\/em>(1-12). Burlington: Ashgate.\r\n\r\nDepartment of Criminology (2006). Theories of Crime Module<\/em>. Leicester, Department of Criminology, University of Leicester.\r\n\r\nDepartment of Justice (2010). Canadian charter of rights and freedoms (1982)<\/a>. <\/em>Retrieved from: http:\/\/laws.justice.gc.ca\/en\/charter\/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I-gb:s_1.\r\n\r\nEck, J. (2005). Evaluation for lesson learning. In N. Tilley (ed), Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, <\/em>(pp. 699-733). Willan Publishing.\r\n\r\nEkblom P. and Pease, K. (2005). Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and Justice,<\/em> 19, 585-662. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i248075\r\n\r\nEmsley, C., (2007). Historical Perspectives on Crime. In M. Maguire, R., Morgan, and R. Reiner (eds), The Oxford handbook of criminology, <\/em>(pp. 122-138). Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nEricson, R. and Doyle, A. (1997). Globalization and the Policing of Protest: The Case of APEC 1997. British Journal of Sociology 50<\/em>(4), 589- 608. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1468-4446.1999.00589.x\r\n\r\nFurlong, J. and Keefe, D. (2011). The night the city became a stadium: Independent review of the 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup playoffs riot<\/a>. <\/em>Victoria, Solicitor General and Minister of Public Safety, Province of\u00a0 British Columbia. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.vancouversun.com\/pdf\/riot-review-report.pdf.\r\n\r\nGerwith, A. (1981). Are There Any Absolute Rights<\/a>. The Philosophical Quarterly,<\/em> 31<\/em>(122), 2-16.\r\n\r\nGillham, P. and Noakes, J. (2007). More than a march in a circle: Transgressive protests and the limits of negotiated management.\u00a0 Mobilization: An International Quarterly,<\/em> 12<\/em>(4), 341- 357.\r\n\r\nGillham, P. and Marx, G. (2000). Complexity and irony in policing and protesting: The world trade organization<\/a>. Seattle Social Justice,<\/em> 27(2), 212- 236.\r\n\r\nGilling, D. (2001). Community safety and social policy. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research,<\/em> 9, 381-400.\r\n\r\nGirodo, M. (2000). Preventing misconduct in police and private security. In Richardson, J. (ed) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds, <\/em>(pp 132-136). Ottawa, Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police.\r\n\r\nHutchinson , S. and O\u2019Connor, D. (2005). Policing the new commons: Corporate security governance on a mass private property in Canada. Policing And Society,<\/em> 15<\/em>(2), 125-144.\r\n\r\nJohnston, L. (1992). The rebirth of private policing. <\/em>New York, Routledge.\r\n\r\nKelly, J. and Fraser, K. (2011) England riots: What could the police do to stop the disorder?<\/a> BBC News Magazine.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-14459127.\r\n\r\nKing, M. and Waddington, D. (2005). Flashpoints revisited: A critical application to the policing of anti-globalization protest<\/a>\u00a0Policing & Society<\/em>, 15(3), 255- 282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439460500168584\r\n\r\nKoonings, K., and Kruijt, D. (2004). Armed actors, organized violence and state failure in Latin America: A survey of issues and arguments. In (Eds.) Koonings, K., and Kruijt, D., Armed. Actors: Organised Violence and State Failures In Latin America<\/em>, (pp. 5-15). New York, Zed Books.\r\n\r\nLaw Commission of Canada, (2006). In search of security: The future of policing in Canada. <\/em>Canada, Ottawa, Minister Of Public Works And Government Services.\r\n\r\nLee, J. (2011). Vancouver police used prohibited weapon on Stanley Cup rioters: Report. The Vancouver Sun.<\/em>\r\n\r\nLevenson, J. and Cotter, L. (2005). The effect of Megan\u2019s law on sex offender reintegration<\/a>. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21<\/em>(1), 49-66. Retrieved from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043986204271676\r\n\r\nLevenson, J., Brannon, Y., Fortney, T., and Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community perception policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,<\/em> 7<\/em>(1), 137-161.\r\n\r\nLivingstone, K. and Hart, J. (2003). The wrong arm of the law? Public images of private security. Policing and Society, 13<\/em>(2), 159- 170.\r\n\r\nLoader, I. (1997). Private Security and the Demand for Protection in Contemporary Britain. Policing and Society, 7<\/em>(3), 143 -162.\r\n\r\nMarks, M. and Goldsmith, A. (2006). The state the people and democratic policing in South Africa. In (Eds.) Wood. J., and Dupont, B., Democratic society and the governance of security, <\/em>(pp. 139-165). <\/em>Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.\r\n\r\nMcLeod, R. (2002). Parapolice: A revolution in the world of law enforcement<\/em>. Boheme Press.\r\n\r\nNozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. <\/em>Prentice Hall.\r\n\r\nO\u2019Malley, Pat (2010.) Crime and risk.<\/em> Sage Publishing.\r\n\r\nPanitch, L. (2002). Violence as a tool of order and change: The war on terrorism and the anti globalization movement.<\/a> Option Politique<\/em>, 40-44. Retrieved from:\u00a0https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/magazines\/911-one-year-later\/violence-as-a-tool-of-order-and-change-the-war-on-terrorism-and-the-anti-globalization-movement\/\r\n\r\nPastor, J. (2003). The privatization of police in America<\/em>. Jefferson. North Carolina, McFarland and Company Publishers Incorporated.\r\n\r\nPetrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., and Finckenauer (2000). Well-meaning programs can have harmful effects! Lessons from experiments of programs such as scared straight<\/a>. Crime and Delinquency<\/em>, 46(3), 354-379. Retrieved from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0011128700046003006\r\n\r\nPetrunik, M., (2002). Managing Unacceptable Risk: Sex Offenders, Community Response,and Social Policy in the United States and Canada<\/a>. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology<\/em>, 46(4), 483-511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128700046003006\r\n\r\nPollock, J. (2010). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice<\/em>. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.\r\n\r\nPratt, J. (2000). Emotive and ostentatious punishment: Its decline and resurgence in modern society. Punishment and Society, 2<\/em>(4), 417-439.\r\n\r\nQuinn, J., Forsyth, C. and Mullen-Quinn, C. (2004). Societal reaction to sex offenders: A review of the origins and results of the myths surrounding their crimes and treatment amenability<\/a>. Deviant Behaviour, 25<\/em>(3), 215-232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639620490431147\r\n\r\nRedekop, V. and Pare, S. (2010). Beyond control: A mutual respect approach to protest crowd- police relations.<\/em>\u00a0Bloomsbury Academic.\r\n\r\nReicher, S., Stott S., Cronin, P. and Adang, O. (2004). An integrated approach to crowd psychology and public-order policing.<\/a>\u00a0 Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 27<\/em>(4), 558-572. DOI:10.1108\/13639510410566271\r\n\r\nRigakos, G., and Greener, D. (2000). Bubbles of governance: Private policing and the law in Canada. Canadian Journal Of Law and Society<\/em>, 15<\/em>(2),145-185.\r\n\r\nRothbard, M. (1973). For a new liberty. <\/em>The Macmillan Co.\r\n\r\nSample L. and Kadleck, C. (2008). Sex offender laws: Legislator\u2019s accounts for the need of policy<\/a> Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19<\/em>(1), 40-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0887403407308292\r\n\r\nSanders, A. and Young, R. (2007). From suspect to trial. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford handbook of criminology, <\/em>(pp. 952-989). Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nSandler, J., Freeman, N., and Socia, K. (2008). Does a Watched Pot Boil? A Time-Series Analysis of New York State\u2019s Sex Offender Registration and Notification Law. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14<\/em>(4), 284\u2013302.\r\n\r\nShearing, C. and Berg, J. (2006) South Africa. In Jones, Trevor And Newburn, Tim\u00a0<\/span>(eds.)<\/span>, <\/span>Plural policing, A c<\/em>omparative<\/span><\/em> perspective<\/em>, (pp. 190-221). New York, Routledge.<\/span>\r\n\r\nSmall, J. (1999) Who are the people in your neighborhood? Due process, public protection, and sex offender notification laws. New York University Law Review,<\/em> 74, 1451- 1494.\r\n\r\nTewksberry, R and Lees, M. (2006). Perceptions of sex offender registration: Collateral consequences and community experiences.<\/a>\u00a0 Sociological Spectrum,<\/em> 26<\/em>(3), 309- 334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063217700884\r\n\r\nThomas, T. (2003). Sex offender community notification: Experiences from America. The Howard Journal, 42<\/em>(3), 217-228.\r\n\r\nTransit Police (2009). Mandate <\/em><\/a>[online]. Retrieved from:\u00a0https:\/\/transitpolice.ca\/about-us\/\r\n\r\nU.S. Congress Senate Committee on Education and Labor (1971), Private police systems,<\/em>\u00a0U.S. Committee on Education and Labor, New York, Arno Press, Note: Reprint of Senate Document, Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor: Report of the Committee on Education and Labor<\/em>, pursuant to S. Res. 266 (74th Congress). Washington : U.S.G.P.O., 1939.\r\n\r\nVess, J. (2008). Sex offender risk assessment: Consideration of human rights in community protection legislation. Legal and Criminological Psychology,<\/em> 13, 245\u2013256.\r\n\r\nWaddington, P.A.J. (1998). Both arms of the law: Institutionalised protest and the policing of Public-order<\/a>. The British Criminology Conferences: Selected Proceedings,<\/em> Volume 1: Emerging Themes in Criminology. Loughborough\u00a0 University, 18-21. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.britsoccrim.org\/volume1\/008.pdf.\r\n\r\nWakefield, A. (2003). Selling security: The private policing of Public Space<\/em>. Willan Publishing Co.: Portland, OR.\r\n\r\nWalker, N. (2000). Policing in a changing constitutional order. <\/em>Street and Maxwell.\r\n\r\nWard, T., Gannon, T., and Birgden, A. (2007). Human rights and the treatment of sex offenders<\/a>. A Journal of Research and Treatment,<\/em> 19<\/em>(3), 195-204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107906320701900302\r\n\r\nZgoba, K. (2004). Spin doctors and moral crusaders: The moral panic behind child safety legislation. Criminal Justice Studies, 17<\/em>(4), 385-404.","rendered":"

Alvarez, A. (2001). Governments, citizens and genocide.<\/em> Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n

Anderson, A. and Sample, L. (2008). Public awareness and action resulting from sex offender community notification laws. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19<\/em>(4), 371-396.<\/p>\n

Baker, B. (2002). Living with non-state policing in South Africa: The issues and dilemmas<\/a>.\u00a0The Journal of Modern African Studies,<\/i>\u00a040<\/i>(1), 29-53. doi:10.1017\/S0022278X01003809<\/p>\n

Caldero, M. and Crank, J. (2004). Police ethics: The corruption of noble cause.(<\/em>2nd ed.)<\/em>. Mathew Bender and Company.<\/p>\n

CBC News (1999). Crown drops charge against APEC protester<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/story\/1999\/02\/01\/singh990201.html.<\/p>\n

Ceyssens, P. (2000). Accountability, oversight and human rights in policing and private security. In J. Richardson, (Ed.) Police and private security: What the future holds,<\/em> (pp. 61-69). Canadian Chiefs Of Police.<\/p>\n

Cohen, S. (1985). Visions of social control: Crime, punishment and classification. <\/em>Cambridge, Polity Press.<\/p>\n

Criminal Code, R.S.C. (2015) c. C-1, s. 25<\/p>\n

Criminal Code, R.S.C. (2015), c. C-2, s. 63<\/p>\n

Criminal Code, R.S.C. (2015) c. C-2, s. 64<\/p>\n

Davis, R., Ortiz, C., Dadush, S., Irish, J., Alvarado, A., and Davis, D. (2003). The public accountability of private police: Lessons from New York City, Johannesburg and Mexico City, Policing And Society, 13<\/em>(2), 197-210.<\/p>\n

della Porta, D. (2006). Policing transnational protest. In D. della Porta, A. Peterson and H. Reiter (eds), The Policing of transnational police. <\/em>(1-12). Burlington: Ashgate.<\/p>\n

Department of Criminology (2006). Theories of Crime Module<\/em>. Leicester, Department of Criminology, University of Leicester.<\/p>\n

Department of Justice (2010). Canadian charter of rights and freedoms (1982)<\/a>. <\/em>Retrieved from: http:\/\/laws.justice.gc.ca\/en\/charter\/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I-gb:s_1.<\/p>\n

Eck, J. (2005). Evaluation for lesson learning. In N. Tilley (ed), Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, <\/em>(pp. 699-733). Willan Publishing.<\/p>\n

Ekblom P. and Pease, K. (2005). Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and Justice,<\/em> 19, 585-662. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/i248075<\/p>\n

Emsley, C., (2007). Historical Perspectives on Crime. In M. Maguire, R., Morgan, and R. Reiner (eds), The Oxford handbook of criminology, <\/em>(pp. 122-138). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Ericson, R. and Doyle, A. (1997). Globalization and the Policing of Protest: The Case of APEC 1997. British Journal of Sociology 50<\/em>(4), 589- 608. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1468-4446.1999.00589.x<\/p>\n

Furlong, J. and Keefe, D. (2011). The night the city became a stadium: Independent review of the 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup playoffs riot<\/a>. <\/em>Victoria, Solicitor General and Minister of Public Safety, Province of\u00a0 British Columbia. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.vancouversun.com\/pdf\/riot-review-report.pdf.<\/p>\n

Gerwith, A. (1981). Are There Any Absolute Rights<\/a>. The Philosophical Quarterly,<\/em> 31<\/em>(122), 2-16.<\/p>\n

Gillham, P. and Noakes, J. (2007). More than a march in a circle: Transgressive protests and the limits of negotiated management.\u00a0 Mobilization: An International Quarterly,<\/em> 12<\/em>(4), 341- 357.<\/p>\n

Gillham, P. and Marx, G. (2000). Complexity and irony in policing and protesting: The world trade organization<\/a>. Seattle Social Justice,<\/em> 27(2), 212- 236.<\/p>\n

Gilling, D. (2001). Community safety and social policy. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research,<\/em> 9, 381-400.<\/p>\n

Girodo, M. (2000). Preventing misconduct in police and private security. In Richardson, J. (ed) Police and Private Security: What the Future Holds, <\/em>(pp 132-136). Ottawa, Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police.<\/p>\n

Hutchinson , S. and O\u2019Connor, D. (2005). Policing the new commons: Corporate security governance on a mass private property in Canada. Policing And Society,<\/em> 15<\/em>(2), 125-144.<\/p>\n

Johnston, L. (1992). The rebirth of private policing. <\/em>New York, Routledge.<\/p>\n

Kelly, J. and Fraser, K. (2011) England riots: What could the police do to stop the disorder?<\/a> BBC News Magazine.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-14459127.<\/p>\n

King, M. and Waddington, D. (2005). Flashpoints revisited: A critical application to the policing of anti-globalization protest<\/a>\u00a0Policing & Society<\/em>, 15(3), 255- 282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439460500168584<\/p>\n

Koonings, K., and Kruijt, D. (2004). Armed actors, organized violence and state failure in Latin America: A survey of issues and arguments. In (Eds.) Koonings, K., and Kruijt, D., Armed. Actors: Organised Violence and State Failures In Latin America<\/em>, (pp. 5-15). New York, Zed Books.<\/p>\n

Law Commission of Canada, (2006). In search of security: The future of policing in Canada. <\/em>Canada, Ottawa, Minister Of Public Works And Government Services.<\/p>\n

Lee, J. (2011). Vancouver police used prohibited weapon on Stanley Cup rioters: Report. The Vancouver Sun.<\/em><\/p>\n

Levenson, J. and Cotter, L. (2005). The effect of Megan\u2019s law on sex offender reintegration<\/a>. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21<\/em>(1), 49-66. Retrieved from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043986204271676<\/p>\n

Levenson, J., Brannon, Y., Fortney, T., and Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community perception policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,<\/em> 7<\/em>(1), 137-161.<\/p>\n

Livingstone, K. and Hart, J. (2003). The wrong arm of the law? Public images of private security. Policing and Society, 13<\/em>(2), 159- 170.<\/p>\n

Loader, I. (1997). Private Security and the Demand for Protection in Contemporary Britain. Policing and Society, 7<\/em>(3), 143 -162.<\/p>\n

Marks, M. and Goldsmith, A. (2006). The state the people and democratic policing in South Africa. In (Eds.) Wood. J., and Dupont, B., Democratic society and the governance of security, <\/em>(pp. 139-165). <\/em>Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

McLeod, R. (2002). Parapolice: A revolution in the world of law enforcement<\/em>. Boheme Press.<\/p>\n

Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. <\/em>Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n

O\u2019Malley, Pat (2010.) Crime and risk.<\/em> Sage Publishing.<\/p>\n

Panitch, L. (2002). Violence as a tool of order and change: The war on terrorism and the anti globalization movement.<\/a> Option Politique<\/em>, 40-44. Retrieved from:\u00a0https:\/\/policyoptions.irpp.org\/fr\/magazines\/911-one-year-later\/violence-as-a-tool-of-order-and-change-the-war-on-terrorism-and-the-anti-globalization-movement\/<\/p>\n

Pastor, J. (2003). The privatization of police in America<\/em>. Jefferson. North Carolina, McFarland and Company Publishers Incorporated.<\/p>\n

Petrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., and Finckenauer (2000). Well-meaning programs can have harmful effects! Lessons from experiments of programs such as scared straight<\/a>. Crime and Delinquency<\/em>, 46(3), 354-379. Retrieved from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0011128700046003006<\/p>\n

Petrunik, M., (2002). Managing Unacceptable Risk: Sex Offenders, Community Response,and Social Policy in the United States and Canada<\/a>. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology<\/em>, 46(4), 483-511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011128700046003006<\/p>\n

Pollock, J. (2010). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice<\/em>. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n

Pratt, J. (2000). Emotive and ostentatious punishment: Its decline and resurgence in modern society. Punishment and Society, 2<\/em>(4), 417-439.<\/p>\n

Quinn, J., Forsyth, C. and Mullen-Quinn, C. (2004). Societal reaction to sex offenders: A review of the origins and results of the myths surrounding their crimes and treatment amenability<\/a>. Deviant Behaviour, 25<\/em>(3), 215-232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639620490431147<\/p>\n

Redekop, V. and Pare, S. (2010). Beyond control: A mutual respect approach to protest crowd- police relations.<\/em>\u00a0Bloomsbury Academic.<\/p>\n

Reicher, S., Stott S., Cronin, P. and Adang, O. (2004). An integrated approach to crowd psychology and public-order policing.<\/a>\u00a0 Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 27<\/em>(4), 558-572. DOI:10.1108\/13639510410566271<\/p>\n

Rigakos, G., and Greener, D. (2000). Bubbles of governance: Private policing and the law in Canada. Canadian Journal Of Law and Society<\/em>, 15<\/em>(2),145-185.<\/p>\n

Rothbard, M. (1973). For a new liberty. <\/em>The Macmillan Co.<\/p>\n

Sample L. and Kadleck, C. (2008). Sex offender laws: Legislator\u2019s accounts for the need of policy<\/a> Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19<\/em>(1), 40-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0887403407308292<\/p>\n

Sanders, A. and Young, R. (2007). From suspect to trial. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds) The Oxford handbook of criminology, <\/em>(pp. 952-989). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Sandler, J., Freeman, N., and Socia, K. (2008). Does a Watched Pot Boil? A Time-Series Analysis of New York State\u2019s Sex Offender Registration and Notification Law. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14<\/em>(4), 284\u2013302.<\/p>\n

Shearing, C. and Berg, J. (2006) South Africa. In Jones, Trevor And Newburn, Tim\u00a0<\/span>(eds.)<\/span>, <\/span>Plural policing, A c<\/em>omparative<\/span><\/em> perspective<\/em>, (pp. 190-221). New York, Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

Small, J. (1999) Who are the people in your neighborhood? Due process, public protection, and sex offender notification laws. New York University Law Review,<\/em> 74, 1451- 1494.<\/p>\n

Tewksberry, R and Lees, M. (2006). Perceptions of sex offender registration: Collateral consequences and community experiences.<\/a>\u00a0 Sociological Spectrum,<\/em> 26<\/em>(3), 309- 334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063217700884<\/p>\n

Thomas, T. (2003). Sex offender community notification: Experiences from America. The Howard Journal, 42<\/em>(3), 217-228.<\/p>\n

Transit Police (2009). Mandate <\/em><\/a>[online]. Retrieved from:\u00a0https:\/\/transitpolice.ca\/about-us\/<\/p>\n

U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Education and Labor (1971), Private police systems,<\/em>\u00a0U.S. Committee on Education and Labor, New York, Arno Press, Note: Reprint of Senate Document, Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor: Report of the Committee on Education and Labor<\/em>, pursuant to S. Res. 266 (74th Congress). Washington : U.S.G.P.O., 1939.<\/p>\n

Vess, J. (2008). Sex offender risk assessment: Consideration of human rights in community protection legislation. Legal and Criminological Psychology,<\/em> 13, 245\u2013256.<\/p>\n

Waddington, P.A.J. (1998). Both arms of the law: Institutionalised protest and the policing of Public-order<\/a>. The British Criminology Conferences: Selected Proceedings,<\/em> Volume 1: Emerging Themes in Criminology. Loughborough\u00a0 University, 18-21. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.britsoccrim.org\/volume1\/008.pdf.<\/p>\n

Wakefield, A. (2003). Selling security: The private policing of Public Space<\/em>. Willan Publishing Co.: Portland, OR.<\/p>\n

Walker, N. (2000). Policing in a changing constitutional order. <\/em>Street and Maxwell.<\/p>\n

Ward, T., Gannon, T., and Birgden, A. (2007). Human rights and the treatment of sex offenders<\/a>. A Journal of Research and Treatment,<\/em> 19<\/em>(3), 195-204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107906320701900302<\/p>\n

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