{"id":158,"date":"2020-07-15T11:47:02","date_gmt":"2020-07-15T15:47:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/biogeography-investigation-of-oaks-in-north-america\/"},"modified":"2023-02-16T16:39:09","modified_gmt":"2023-02-16T21:39:09","slug":"biogeography-investigation-of-oaks-in-north-america","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/biogeography-investigation-of-oaks-in-north-america\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 11: Environmental Controls on Biogeography","rendered":"Lab 11: Environmental Controls on Biogeography"},"content":{"raw":"Biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns in biodiversity. There are many <strong>biotic<\/strong> (living) factors that determine where <strong>biotas<\/strong> (e.g., assemblages of plants, animals) live, including competition and predation, as well as <strong>abiotic<\/strong> (environmental) conditions like fire and soil type. In this lab we will examine two major abiotic conditions that have a strong impact on what type of plant and animal species live where, worldwide: climate and topography. Species adapt and survive based on these factors or die out if challenges created by these conditions become too hard to overcome.\r\n\r\nIn this lab you will examine the geographic distribution of nine oak (<em>Quercus) <\/em>species in North America. Oaks all produce acorns, and are grouped into two general categories based on leaf shapes (amongst other things): lobed oak species are considered members of the <strong>white oak<\/strong>\u00a0group, whereas serrated (pointy) leaf shapes are considered <strong>black oak<\/strong>\u00a0group members. There are at least 90 species of oaks in North America, alone. Each have developed traits to ensure successful survival in differing abiotic conditions within their local environments. Based on your findings, you will answer several discussion questions designed to draw a link between environmental conditions and oak species adaptations to living in those areas.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nAfter completion of this lab, you will be able to\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Collate observations and conclusions from several datasets.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Begin to understand how climate and topography create different biogeographic zones.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyze spatial data to determine abiotic impacts on oak tree diversity in North America.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Pre-Readings<\/h1>\r\nIn order to complete this lab, some background information on biogeography, <em>Quercus\u00a0<\/em>species and climate maps are required. The United States Department of Agriculture has a comprehensive handbook covering multiple species, including <em>Quercus<\/em>. You will see portions of this text in this lab, and it can be explored further in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/vol2_table_of_contents.htm\">Silvics of North America, Volume 2<\/a> (scroll to <em>Quercus<\/em>).\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"abioticfactors\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Abiotic Factors and How They Can Impact Tree Growth<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Abiotic factors<\/strong> are\u00a0non-living components of the environment that influence how and where organisms populate. These factors include components such as precipitation, sunlight and temperature (latitude), topography (altitude), nutrients and soils.\r\n\r\nA good summary of how abiotic factors influence deciduous versus evergreen trees can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/3858181.pdf\">Smith (1993)<\/a>. Read this article or the summary provided by your instructor.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Water<\/h3>\r\nWater is a fundamental abiotic factor regulating life as we know it on Earth. Plants need water to grow \u2013 even in deserts. Plant growth habits can be impacted by abundance of water, nutrients and sunlight, with areas that receive more of each often seeing taller plant growth.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Sunlight and Temperature<\/h3>\r\nThe sun drives the Earth\u2019s climate. The sun is a major source of energy and thus also the primary driver of life on Earth. The sun provides energy to heat the planet (thus making the planet habitable) as well as the energy source used for photosynthesis by the base of our planet\u2019s food chain. The sun\u2019s energy heats the atmosphere, creating winds, influencing evaporation and precipitation, and driving atmospheric circulation. Climate is an important long-term environmental factor to which species adapt and is often categorized using temperature and precipitation.\r\n\r\nDepending on where a plant is living in the world, adaptations can differ. For example, in areas where the sunlight is strong and drives much evapotranspiration, plants have adapted to have small to no leaves in order to conserve water (e.g. cacti). Often leaves have a waxy coating that also prevent water loss.\r\n\r\nIn areas that are more temperate (temperatures are more moderate and there is more precipitation), leaves are larger to take advantage of the limited but bountiful photosynthetic environment. Often temperate locations are at at a higher latitude and there is a portion of the year with much less sunlight (e.g. winter), where photosynthesis takes too much energy out of plant metabolism. In these places, trees lose their leaves seasonally (deciduous) and go dormant, conserving their energy and water for sunnier times. In areas where trees experience little to no seasonal fluctuations due to a mild climate and consistent rainfall, or where they experience harsh survival conditions and cannot spare the energy to regrow new leaves every year, trees remain evergreen (e.g. conifers) (Smith, 1993).\r\n\r\nMost oak species are known for their lobe or serrated leaf shapes. The shape is often controlled by sunlight and precipitation - oaks that receive <strong>too much<\/strong>\u00a0sunlight and less precipitation can minimize their gas exchange areas and narrow their margins to conserve water, versus areas that receive ideal sunlight and precipitation \u2013 leaves can be larger, wider and can support abundant gas exchange.\r\n\r\nOak species are relatively shade-intolerant (meaning they prefer full sunlight conditions) hardwoods. Often they rely on fire to eliminate competition from more shade-tolerant species. Studies on the history of humans and oak species over thousands of years can be explored further (outside of this lab) in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261914053_Environmental_change_in_Garry_oak_Quercus_garryana_ecosystems_The_evolution_of_an_eco-cultural_landscape\">Pellat and Gedalof (2014).<\/a>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Topographic Conditions<\/h3>\r\nAlso known as surface roughness, topography can also impact climatic conditions. Higher elevations, are colder due to lower atmospheric pressure and gas concentrations (<strong>thinner air<\/strong>) at higher elevation, where heat cannot be trapped as easily. Species living in higher versus lower elevations must be adapted to lower temperatures, prolonged freezing, and potentially lower oxygen levels from low atmospheric pressures at higher elevations, as well as poorer soil and nutrient cycling. Mountains also create orographic lift and rain shadows, producing regionally wetter (windward-side) or drier (lee-side) climate conditions.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Soils and Nutrients<\/h3>\r\nSoils themselves provide basic vitamins and minerals for plant life to survive and thrive. Soils differ from place to place, based on parent rock, climate (temperature and precipitation) and organic decomposition rates. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) is an important component of the photosynthesis process for plants, with Oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>) being a byproduct.\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Biomes and\u00a0Global Climate Zones<\/h2>\r\nThe world is divided into biomes, characterized by abiotic conditions that support particular habitats (Figure 11.1).<a id=\"figure11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_124\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-124 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"556\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 11.1.<\/strong> Biomes of the world. <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#id11.1\">[Image description]<\/a> [Click to view image full size][\/caption]For more information on biomes, visit the online exhibit of <a href=\"https:\/\/ucmp.berkeley.edu\/exhibits\/biomes\/index.php\">Earth\u2019s biomes at the University of California Museum of Paleontology<\/a>.\r\n\r\nTemperature and precipitation strongly impact types and adaptations of vegetation (as discussed in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#abioticfactors\">Abiotic Factors<\/a> above). One common way of examining worldwide climate zones is the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger method, which looks at Climate Normals (30 years of data) and assigns codes that represent common climate variables (Figure 11.2).<a id=\"figure11.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_125\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1350\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-125 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1350\" height=\"914\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 11.2.<\/strong> World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification (updated). Refer to\u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppA\">Appendix A<\/a> for details on the derivation of climates and an explanation of climate codes<em>.<\/em> [Click to view image full size][\/caption]Compare <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.1\">Figure 11.1<\/a> and <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.2\">Figure 11.2<\/a>, and observe that the world\u2019s biomes and climate zones closely correlate. If you would like to explore the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger system further, see this Resource Library entry from National Geographic introducing the classification system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/koppen-climate-classification-system\/\">K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification System<\/a>.\r\n<h1>Lab Exercises<\/h1>\r\nIn this lab you will examine the growth habits and leaf characteristics of nine North American Oak species, and link species distribution across North America to climate and topography.\r\n\r\nThis lab includes two exercises that result in creating an assignment to be handed in as a report in PDF format. The submitted report will include a series of tables and figures with captions, and text, and should be approximately 5-6 pages long. External references must be cited. The entire lab will take approximately 2 hours to complete.\r\n\r\nIn EX1 you will use a number of sources to create a summary table and distribution map of nine North American oak species. In EX2 you will explore links between the distribution of species and abiotic factors at the group level.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><a id=\"EX1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>EX1: Creating a Summary Table and Distribution Map of North American Oak Species<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 1<\/strong>: Identify Species Characteristics (Table 11.1)<\/p>\r\nThe nine oak species you will investigate in this exercise are listed in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Table11.1\">Table 11.1<\/a> in Worksheets. Open Table 11.1 on your computer or shared drive as directed by your instructor. The table contains links to summary sheets for each oak species. Click on the species names to access.\r\n\r\nUse these linked plant fact sheets and the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a> to complete the species characteristics in Table 11.1.\r\n\r\nNote each species is assigned a letter (A,B,C) and grouped based on geographic location.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 2<\/strong>: Identify Climate and Topography (Table 11.1)<\/p>\r\nNext, examine the distribution maps in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a> to see where each species is currently found. For each species, determine K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate code(s) from the map in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppA\">Appendix A<\/a>. Rainfall averages and annual temperatures can be found in the summary sheets (or via the Silvics of North America links in Table 11.2 in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a>). Interpret the general topography (e.g., mountainous vs lowland) from the map in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppB\">Appendix B<\/a>. You can also use <a href=\"https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/grid-extract\/index.html\">this interactive viewer<\/a> to zoom in on topography by choosing ETOPO1 bedrock dataset.\r\n\r\nRecord the climate code, average rainfall and temperature, and general topography for each species in Table 11.1.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Map the Spatial Distribution of Selected <em>Quercus<\/em> Species in North America (Map 11.1)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_126\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]<img class=\"wp-image-126\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"152\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.3.<\/strong> Example Map 11.1. Tick marks\u00a0 (blue) show the distribution of <em>Quercus lyrata<\/em> (overcup oak). Click on the image to enlarge it.<em><br \/><\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<a id=\"figure11.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Use the distribution maps in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a> to complete <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a> (Worksheets).\r\n\r\nOpen Map 11.1 on your computer or shared drive as directed by your instructor. You may print out the map, draw your tick marks by hand, and scan\/photograph, or use PowerPoint or Word to draw directly on the electronic image.\r\n\r\nPlace a <strong>tick mark<\/strong> within each <strong>grid<\/strong> box created by the 5 degrees (N-S) latitude and 10 degrees longitude (E-W) lines that cover the same area as each species to demonstrate distribution areas. Use a different colour for each <strong>grouping<\/strong> (A, B, C).\u00a0For example, if your species covers areas of the west coast, put a tick mark in each box along the west coast as appropriate.\r\n\r\nCreate a legend for your map. Keep in mind that you will need one more colour to answer Reflection Q1, and this will also need to be added to the legend.\r\n\r\nScan, photograph, or save your map at this stage. An example Map 11.1 is found in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.3\">Figure 11.3<\/a>.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 4<\/strong>: Create the EX1 Portion of Your Report<\/p>\r\nOpen\u00a0a Word document on your computer, and create a title page for your lab report that includes the title of this lab assignment, your name, lab section, and date.\r\n\r\nCreate the Exercise 1 portion of your lab report by inserting the title <strong>Exercise 1: Summary Table and Map<\/strong>\u00a0and insert:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Table11.1\">Table 11.1<\/a>: Summary Characteristics of North American Oak Species.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a>: Distribution of Selected <em>Quercus<\/em> Species in North America.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAdd descriptive captions to each item to complete this portion of the report.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX2: Linking Species Distribution and Abiotic Factors at the Group Level<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBased on <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a> and the groupings in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Table11.1\">Table 11.1<\/a> (A,B,C), b<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">riefly describe the grouping\u2019s general North American location and list which species are included. For each grouping, include information on<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Representative climate \u2013 the climate code and temperature and precipitation. If you have more than one representative climate type, describe what it is and why.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Representative topography. If you have more than one representative topography, describe what it is and why.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Species adaptations of tree\/shrub characteristics (e.g., growth habit, height, evergreen versus deciduous, leaves) and critically think about some reasons you are seeing these types of species adaptations within a geographic area, based on their abiotic conditions (see <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#abioticfactors\">Abiotic Factors<\/a>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Other factors that could be important for each grouping\u2019s adaptations that we aren\u2019t considering in this lab. See <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#abioticfactors\">Abiotic Factors<\/a> for some ideas. As a geographer, how would you go about researching those links? What datasets would you look for?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBe sure to establish a link between climate, topography and species adaptations for full marks. Organize your discussion per grouping, with a subheading listing the group letter and general North American location before each summary. Limit each grouping summary to 300 words (approximately 2-3 paragraphs).\r\n\r\nCreate a new section of your lab report titled <strong>EX2: Linking Species Distribution and Abiotic Factors at the Group Level<\/strong>\u00a0and type in your answers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Reflection Questions<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Choose one (1) additional <em>Quercus<\/em> species that has not been examined in this lab from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/vol2_table_of_contents.htm\">Silvics of North America, Volume 2<\/a> (scroll to <em>Quercus<\/em>).\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>State your species and why you chose it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add additional tick marks in a different colour for your species distribution on <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a>, and update your legend.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe, in 1-2 paragraphs, the tree habit, height, leaf characteristics, climate and topography. Note that you might have to search on the web for additional information, like leaf characteristics. Be sure to include citations on any external sources you use.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss, in 1-2 paragraphs, how abiotic conditions (temperature, precipitation and topography) could have influenced your tree\u2019s adaptations (height, leaf characteristics, etc). Assign your species to a group from the table above (A, B or C) based on their location and characteristics, or if you decide it should be a new category, explain why. Discuss how your chosen species is similar or different to the previously examined grouping(s) and speculate as to why.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate critical thinking and your understanding of how abiotic conditions can influence tree growth.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As you examined fact sheets about oak species, you probably noticed unique vocabulary words in the descriptions. List and define five (5) new vocabulary words you encountered during this exercise.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nCreate a new section of your lab report titled <strong>Reflection Questions<\/strong>\u00a0and type in your answers. Scan or photograph your revised <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a> and include as you response to Q1b.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Report Submission<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nOnce all exercises are complete, save the assignment as a PDF. Do a final check to make sure your maps are clear and that all external references are cited. Submit as directed by your instructor.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Worksheets<\/h2>\r\n<em><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#EX1\">Return to EX1<\/a><\/em>\r\n\r\n<a id=\"Table11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 11.1 Summary Table\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Table-11.1-Summary-Table.docx\">Lab 11 Table 11.1 [Word]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/02\/Table-11.1-Summary-Table.odt\">Lab 11 Table 11.1 [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Table-11.1-Summary-Table.pdf\">Lab 11 Table 11.1 [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a id=\"Map11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Map 11.1 Worksheet\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map-11.1-Worksheet.docx\">Lab 11 Map 11.1 Worksheet [Word]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/02\/Map-11.1-Worksheet.odt\">Lab 11 Map 11.1 Worksheet [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map-11.1-Worksheet.pdf\">Lab 11 Map 11.1 Worksheet [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Supporting Material<\/h1>\r\n<h2><a id=\"AppA\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Appendix A: K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Map of North America<\/h2>\r\n<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Top\">Back to top<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_416\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2958\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/North_America_Koppen_Map.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-416 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/North_America_Koppen_Map.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2958\" height=\"1650\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 11.4.a.<\/strong> View file in colour to determine climate zones. Codes for climate codes are provided in the legend. Descriptions for each code can be found in <strong>Figure 11.4.b<\/strong>. [Click to view image full size][\/caption][caption id=\"attachment_128\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"729\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-128 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"729\" height=\"848\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 11.4.b.<\/strong> Flow chart for determining Koppen-Geiger climate classification. [Click to view image full size][\/caption]\r\n<h2><a id=\"AppB\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Appendix B: North American Topographic Map<\/h2>\r\n<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Top\">Back to top<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_129\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1820\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-129 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1820\" height=\"1406\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 11.5.<\/strong> Topographic map of North America. Red indicates high elevation and green indicates low elevation. Note that this map has the same scale and quadrants as Map 11.1<em>.<\/em> [Click to view image full size][\/caption]\r\n<h2><a id=\"AppC\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Appendix C: North American Oak Species Characteristic Fact Sheets<\/h2>\r\n<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#EX1\">Go back to EX1<\/a>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; word-break: break-all;\" border=\"0\"><caption>Table 11.2. Resources for North American Oak Species.<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Species<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">USDA NRCS Fact Sheet<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Silvics of North America<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Leaf Shape<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Distribution Map<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus bicolor<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_bicolor.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUBI [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/bicolor.htm\">Swamp White Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUBI\">Figure 11.6<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUBI\">Figure 11.7<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus chrysolepis<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_chrysolepis.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUCH2 [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/chrysolepis.htm\">Canyon Live Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUCH2\">Figure 11.8<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUCH2\">Figure 11.9<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus douglasii<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_douglasii.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUDO [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/douglasii.htm\">Blue Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=233501022\">Q douglasii<\/a><\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUDO\">Figure 11.10<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus garryana<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sevenoaksnativenursery.com\/native-plants\/trees\/quercus-garryana\/\">QUGA4<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/garryana.htm\">Oregon White Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUGA\">Figure 11.11<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUGA\">Figure 11.12<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus laurifolia<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sfrc.ufl.edu\/extension\/4h\/trees\/laurel_oak\/index.html\">QULA3<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/laurifolia.htm\">Laurel Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QULA3\">Figure 11.13<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QULA3\">Figure 11.14<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus macrocarpa<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_macrocarpa.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUMA2 [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/macrocarpa.htm\">Bur Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUMA2\">Figure 11.15<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUMA2\">Figure 11.16<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus phellos<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_phellos.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUPH [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/phellos.htm\">Willow Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUPH\">Figure 11.17<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUPH\">Figure 11.18<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus rubra<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_rubra.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QURU [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/rubra.htm\">Northern Red Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QURU\">Figure 11.19<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QURU\">Figure 11.20<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus virginiana<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_virginiana.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUVI [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/virginiana.htm\">Live Oak<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUVI\">Figure 11.21<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUVI\">Figure 11.22<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUBI\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus bicolor<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"700\"]<img class=\"wp-image-130\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.6.<\/strong> <em>Quercus bicolor<\/em> leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_131\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"771\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-131 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"771\" height=\"573\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 11.7.<\/strong> <em>Quercus bicolor<\/em> distribution map. [Click to view image full size][\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUCH2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus chrysolepis<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-132\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.8.<\/strong> Quercus chrysolepsis leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_133\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"367\"]<img class=\"wp-image-133 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"736\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.9.<\/strong> <em>Quercus chrysolepsis<\/em> distribution map.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUDO\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus douglasii<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=233501022\">Q douglasii<\/a><\/em> [illustration]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_134\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"304\"]<img class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-douglasii.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"773\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.10.<\/strong> <em>Quercus douglasii<\/em> distribution map.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUGA\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus garryana<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"338\"]<img class=\"wp-image-135\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.11.<\/strong> <em>Quercus garryana<\/em> leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_136\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"374\"]<img class=\"wp-image-136 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"623\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.12.<\/strong> Quercus garryana distribution map. <em> Figure courtesy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/garryana.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a>. Public Domain.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QULA3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus laurifolia<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"333\"]<img class=\"wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.13.<\/strong> <em>Quercus laurifolia<\/em> leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_138\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"566\"]<img class=\"wp-image-138 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"566\" height=\"401\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.14.<\/strong> Quercus laurifolia distribution map. Figure courtesy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/laurifolia.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a>. Public Domain.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUMA2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus macrocarpa<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"333\"]<img class=\"wp-image-139\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.15.<\/strong> <em>Quercus macrocarpa<\/em> leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_140\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"782\"]<img class=\"wp-image-140 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"782\" height=\"747\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.16.<\/strong> Quercus macrocarpa distribution map.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUPH\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus phellos<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"333\"]<img class=\"wp-image-141\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.17.<\/strong> Quercus phellos leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_142\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"770\"]<img class=\"wp-image-142 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"560\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.18.<\/strong> Quercus phellos distribution map.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QURU\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus rubra<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"334\"]<img class=\"wp-image-143\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"500\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.19.<\/strong> Quercus rubra leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_144\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"776\"]<img class=\"wp-image-144 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"776\" height=\"742\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.20.<\/strong> Quercus rubra distribution map.[\/caption]\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUVI\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus virginiana<\/em><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_145\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"333\"]<img class=\"wp-image-145\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.21.<\/strong> Quercus virginiana leaf shape.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_146\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"776\"]<img class=\"wp-image-146 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"776\" height=\"561\" \/> <strong>Figure 11.22.<\/strong> Quercus virginiana distribution map.[\/caption]\r\n<h1>References<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Christopherson, R.W. et al., (2019). <em>Geosystems: An introduction to physical geography<\/em> (4th ed). Pearson Canada Inc.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Geographic Resource Library. (2020). <em>Koppen climate classification system<\/em>. National Geographic. https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/koppen-climate-classification-system\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pellatt, M.G., Gedalof, Z. (2014). Environmental change in Garry oak (<i>Quercus garryana<\/i>) ecosystems: the evolution of an eco-cultural landscape.\u00a0<i>Biodiversity and Conservation,<\/i> 23, 2053\u20132067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-014-0703-9<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">UC Museum of Paleontology (2019) <em>The world's biomes<\/em>. https:\/\/ucmp.berkeley.edu\/exhibits\/biomes\/index.php<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service, (n.d.). <em>PLANTS database<\/em>. https:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/home<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United States Department of Agriculture. (1990) Volume 2: Hardwoods. <em>Silvics of North America<\/em>. pp. 605-753. https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/vol2_table_of_contents.htm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.1: <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Biomes_of_the_World_-_Retouched.png\">Biomes of the World \u2013 Retouched<\/a> by Terpsichores is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.2: Image by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006:\u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at\/pdf\/Paper_2006.pdf\">World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification updated [PDF].<\/a>\u00a0Meteorol. Z.,\u00a015, 259-263.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.3: <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/journeynorth.org\/\">Base map by Journey North<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.4a: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/articles\/11\/1633\/2007\/\">Peel, Finlayson, &amp; McMahon (2007)<\/a> licensed under a &lt;a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\"&gt;CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.4b: Image by G. Krezoski adapted from Christopherson (2019) Appendix C.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.5: Image by S. Peirce is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>. Data source: <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/arcg.is\/0jLr5H\">ESRI, NOAA, NGDC (2020)<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.6: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.7: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/bicolor.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.8: Fred E. Dunham, USDA Forest Service, 1938. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.9: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/chrysolepis.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.10: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/douglasii.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.11: Image by G. Krezoski (2021).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.12: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/garryana.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.13: Image by W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.14: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/laurifolia.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.15: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.16: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/macrocarpa.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.17: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.18: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/phellos.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.19: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.20: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/rubra.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.21: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11.22: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/virginiana.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Image Descriptions<\/h3>\r\n<strong><a id=\"id11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Figure 11.1 Biomes of the world.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA world map showing the different types of biomes:\r\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li>Tundra<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Taiga<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Montane grasslands and shrublands<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Temperate coniferous forest<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Deserts and xeric shrublands<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Flooded grasslands and savannas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mangroves<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.1\">[Return to Figure 11.1]<\/a>","rendered":"<p>Biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns in biodiversity. There are many <strong>biotic<\/strong> (living) factors that determine where <strong>biotas<\/strong> (e.g., assemblages of plants, animals) live, including competition and predation, as well as <strong>abiotic<\/strong> (environmental) conditions like fire and soil type. In this lab we will examine two major abiotic conditions that have a strong impact on what type of plant and animal species live where, worldwide: climate and topography. Species adapt and survive based on these factors or die out if challenges created by these conditions become too hard to overcome.<\/p>\n<p>In this lab you will examine the geographic distribution of nine oak (<em>Quercus) <\/em>species in North America. Oaks all produce acorns, and are grouped into two general categories based on leaf shapes (amongst other things): lobed oak species are considered members of the <strong>white oak<\/strong>\u00a0group, whereas serrated (pointy) leaf shapes are considered <strong>black oak<\/strong>\u00a0group members. There are at least 90 species of oaks in North America, alone. Each have developed traits to ensure successful survival in differing abiotic conditions within their local environments. Based on your findings, you will answer several discussion questions designed to draw a link between environmental conditions and oak species adaptations to living in those areas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>After completion of this lab, you will be able to<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Collate observations and conclusions from several datasets.<\/li>\n<li>Begin to understand how climate and topography create different biogeographic zones.<\/li>\n<li>Analyze spatial data to determine abiotic impacts on oak tree diversity in North America.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Pre-Readings<\/h1>\n<p>In order to complete this lab, some background information on biogeography, <em>Quercus\u00a0<\/em>species and climate maps are required. The United States Department of Agriculture has a comprehensive handbook covering multiple species, including <em>Quercus<\/em>. You will see portions of this text in this lab, and it can be explored further in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/vol2_table_of_contents.htm\">Silvics of North America, Volume 2<\/a> (scroll to <em>Quercus<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"abioticfactors\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Abiotic Factors and How They Can Impact Tree Growth<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Abiotic factors<\/strong> are\u00a0non-living components of the environment that influence how and where organisms populate. These factors include components such as precipitation, sunlight and temperature (latitude), topography (altitude), nutrients and soils.<\/p>\n<p>A good summary of how abiotic factors influence deciduous versus evergreen trees can be found in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/3858181.pdf\">Smith (1993)<\/a>. Read this article or the summary provided by your instructor.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Water<\/h3>\n<p>Water is a fundamental abiotic factor regulating life as we know it on Earth. Plants need water to grow \u2013 even in deserts. Plant growth habits can be impacted by abundance of water, nutrients and sunlight, with areas that receive more of each often seeing taller plant growth.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Sunlight and Temperature<\/h3>\n<p>The sun drives the Earth\u2019s climate. The sun is a major source of energy and thus also the primary driver of life on Earth. The sun provides energy to heat the planet (thus making the planet habitable) as well as the energy source used for photosynthesis by the base of our planet\u2019s food chain. The sun\u2019s energy heats the atmosphere, creating winds, influencing evaporation and precipitation, and driving atmospheric circulation. Climate is an important long-term environmental factor to which species adapt and is often categorized using temperature and precipitation.<\/p>\n<p>Depending on where a plant is living in the world, adaptations can differ. For example, in areas where the sunlight is strong and drives much evapotranspiration, plants have adapted to have small to no leaves in order to conserve water (e.g. cacti). Often leaves have a waxy coating that also prevent water loss.<\/p>\n<p>In areas that are more temperate (temperatures are more moderate and there is more precipitation), leaves are larger to take advantage of the limited but bountiful photosynthetic environment. Often temperate locations are at at a higher latitude and there is a portion of the year with much less sunlight (e.g. winter), where photosynthesis takes too much energy out of plant metabolism. In these places, trees lose their leaves seasonally (deciduous) and go dormant, conserving their energy and water for sunnier times. In areas where trees experience little to no seasonal fluctuations due to a mild climate and consistent rainfall, or where they experience harsh survival conditions and cannot spare the energy to regrow new leaves every year, trees remain evergreen (e.g. conifers) (Smith, 1993).<\/p>\n<p>Most oak species are known for their lobe or serrated leaf shapes. The shape is often controlled by sunlight and precipitation &#8211; oaks that receive <strong>too much<\/strong>\u00a0sunlight and less precipitation can minimize their gas exchange areas and narrow their margins to conserve water, versus areas that receive ideal sunlight and precipitation \u2013 leaves can be larger, wider and can support abundant gas exchange.<\/p>\n<p>Oak species are relatively shade-intolerant (meaning they prefer full sunlight conditions) hardwoods. Often they rely on fire to eliminate competition from more shade-tolerant species. Studies on the history of humans and oak species over thousands of years can be explored further (outside of this lab) in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261914053_Environmental_change_in_Garry_oak_Quercus_garryana_ecosystems_The_evolution_of_an_eco-cultural_landscape\">Pellat and Gedalof (2014).<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Topographic Conditions<\/h3>\n<p>Also known as surface roughness, topography can also impact climatic conditions. Higher elevations, are colder due to lower atmospheric pressure and gas concentrations (<strong>thinner air<\/strong>) at higher elevation, where heat cannot be trapped as easily. Species living in higher versus lower elevations must be adapted to lower temperatures, prolonged freezing, and potentially lower oxygen levels from low atmospheric pressures at higher elevations, as well as poorer soil and nutrient cycling. Mountains also create orographic lift and rain shadows, producing regionally wetter (windward-side) or drier (lee-side) climate conditions.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Soils and Nutrients<\/h3>\n<p>Soils themselves provide basic vitamins and minerals for plant life to survive and thrive. Soils differ from place to place, based on parent rock, climate (temperature and precipitation) and organic decomposition rates. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) is an important component of the photosynthesis process for plants, with Oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>) being a byproduct.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Biomes and\u00a0Global Climate Zones<\/h2>\n<p>The world is divided into biomes, characterized by abiotic conditions that support particular habitats (Figure 11.1).<a id=\"figure11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_124\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-124\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11-768x417.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11-225x122.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2020\/07\/Figure-1-Lab-11-350x190.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-124\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.1.<\/strong> Biomes of the world. <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#id11.1\">[Image description]<\/a> [Click to view image full size]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For more information on biomes, visit the online exhibit of <a href=\"https:\/\/ucmp.berkeley.edu\/exhibits\/biomes\/index.php\">Earth\u2019s biomes at the University of California Museum of Paleontology<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Temperature and precipitation strongly impact types and adaptations of vegetation (as discussed in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#abioticfactors\">Abiotic Factors<\/a> above). One common way of examining worldwide climate zones is the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger method, which looks at Climate Normals (30 years of data) and assigns codes that represent common climate variables (Figure 11.2).<a id=\"figure11.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_125\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-125\" style=\"width: 1350px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-125 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1350\" height=\"914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006.jpg 1350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006-1024x693.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006-768x520.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006-65x44.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006-225x152.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Fig-11.2-Updated-Kottek-2006-350x237.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1350px) 100vw, 1350px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.2.<\/strong> World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification (updated). Refer to\u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppA\">Appendix A<\/a> for details on the derivation of climates and an explanation of climate codes<em>.<\/em> [Click to view image full size]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Compare <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.1\">Figure 11.1<\/a> and <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.2\">Figure 11.2<\/a>, and observe that the world\u2019s biomes and climate zones closely correlate. If you would like to explore the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger system further, see this Resource Library entry from National Geographic introducing the classification system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/koppen-climate-classification-system\/\">K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification System<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h1>Lab Exercises<\/h1>\n<p>In this lab you will examine the growth habits and leaf characteristics of nine North American Oak species, and link species distribution across North America to climate and topography.<\/p>\n<p>This lab includes two exercises that result in creating an assignment to be handed in as a report in PDF format. The submitted report will include a series of tables and figures with captions, and text, and should be approximately 5-6 pages long. External references must be cited. The entire lab will take approximately 2 hours to complete.<\/p>\n<p>In EX1 you will use a number of sources to create a summary table and distribution map of nine North American oak species. In EX2 you will explore links between the distribution of species and abiotic factors at the group level.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><a id=\"EX1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>EX1: Creating a Summary Table and Distribution Map of North American Oak Species<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 1<\/strong>: Identify Species Characteristics (Table 11.1)<\/p>\n<p>The nine oak species you will investigate in this exercise are listed in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Table11.1\">Table 11.1<\/a> in Worksheets. Open Table 11.1 on your computer or shared drive as directed by your instructor. The table contains links to summary sheets for each oak species. Click on the species names to access.<\/p>\n<p>Use these linked plant fact sheets and the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a> to complete the species characteristics in Table 11.1.<\/p>\n<p>Note each species is assigned a letter (A,B,C) and grouped based on geographic location.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 2<\/strong>: Identify Climate and Topography (Table 11.1)<\/p>\n<p>Next, examine the distribution maps in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a> to see where each species is currently found. For each species, determine K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate code(s) from the map in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppA\">Appendix A<\/a>. Rainfall averages and annual temperatures can be found in the summary sheets (or via the Silvics of North America links in Table 11.2 in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a>). Interpret the general topography (e.g., mountainous vs lowland) from the map in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppB\">Appendix B<\/a>. You can also use <a href=\"https:\/\/maps.ngdc.noaa.gov\/viewers\/grid-extract\/index.html\">this interactive viewer<\/a> to zoom in on topography by choosing ETOPO1 bedrock dataset.<\/p>\n<p>Record the climate code, average rainfall and temperature, and general topography for each species in Table 11.1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Map the Spatial Distribution of Selected <em>Quercus<\/em> Species in North America (Map 11.1)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_126\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-126\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-126\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata.png 735w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata-225x171.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map_1_example_quercus_lyrata-350x266.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-126\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.3.<\/strong> Example Map 11.1. Tick marks\u00a0 (blue) show the distribution of <em>Quercus lyrata<\/em> (overcup oak). Click on the image to enlarge it.<em><br \/><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a id=\"figure11.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Use the distribution maps in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Appendix C<\/a> to complete <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a> (Worksheets).<\/p>\n<p>Open Map 11.1 on your computer or shared drive as directed by your instructor. You may print out the map, draw your tick marks by hand, and scan\/photograph, or use PowerPoint or Word to draw directly on the electronic image.<\/p>\n<p>Place a <strong>tick mark<\/strong> within each <strong>grid<\/strong> box created by the 5 degrees (N-S) latitude and 10 degrees longitude (E-W) lines that cover the same area as each species to demonstrate distribution areas. Use a different colour for each <strong>grouping<\/strong> (A, B, C).\u00a0For example, if your species covers areas of the west coast, put a tick mark in each box along the west coast as appropriate.<\/p>\n<p>Create a legend for your map. Keep in mind that you will need one more colour to answer Reflection Q1, and this will also need to be added to the legend.<\/p>\n<p>Scan, photograph, or save your map at this stage. An example Map 11.1 is found in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.3\">Figure 11.3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Step 4<\/strong>: Create the EX1 Portion of Your Report<\/p>\n<p>Open\u00a0a Word document on your computer, and create a title page for your lab report that includes the title of this lab assignment, your name, lab section, and date.<\/p>\n<p>Create the Exercise 1 portion of your lab report by inserting the title <strong>Exercise 1: Summary Table and Map<\/strong>\u00a0and insert:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Table11.1\">Table 11.1<\/a>: Summary Characteristics of North American Oak Species.<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a>: Distribution of Selected <em>Quercus<\/em> Species in North America.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Add descriptive captions to each item to complete this portion of the report.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX2: Linking Species Distribution and Abiotic Factors at the Group Level<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Based on <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a> and the groupings in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Table11.1\">Table 11.1<\/a> (A,B,C), b<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">riefly describe the grouping\u2019s general North American location and list which species are included. For each grouping, include information on<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Representative climate \u2013 the climate code and temperature and precipitation. If you have more than one representative climate type, describe what it is and why.<\/li>\n<li>Representative topography. If you have more than one representative topography, describe what it is and why.<\/li>\n<li>Species adaptations of tree\/shrub characteristics (e.g., growth habit, height, evergreen versus deciduous, leaves) and critically think about some reasons you are seeing these types of species adaptations within a geographic area, based on their abiotic conditions (see <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#abioticfactors\">Abiotic Factors<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li>Other factors that could be important for each grouping\u2019s adaptations that we aren\u2019t considering in this lab. See <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#abioticfactors\">Abiotic Factors<\/a> for some ideas. As a geographer, how would you go about researching those links? What datasets would you look for?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Be sure to establish a link between climate, topography and species adaptations for full marks. Organize your discussion per grouping, with a subheading listing the group letter and general North American location before each summary. Limit each grouping summary to 300 words (approximately 2-3 paragraphs).<\/p>\n<p>Create a new section of your lab report titled <strong>EX2: Linking Species Distribution and Abiotic Factors at the Group Level<\/strong>\u00a0and type in your answers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Reflection Questions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Choose one (1) additional <em>Quercus<\/em> species that has not been examined in this lab from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/vol2_table_of_contents.htm\">Silvics of North America, Volume 2<\/a> (scroll to <em>Quercus<\/em>).\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>State your species and why you chose it.<\/li>\n<li>Add additional tick marks in a different colour for your species distribution on <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a>, and update your legend.<\/li>\n<li>Describe, in 1-2 paragraphs, the tree habit, height, leaf characteristics, climate and topography. Note that you might have to search on the web for additional information, like leaf characteristics. Be sure to include citations on any external sources you use.<\/li>\n<li>Discuss, in 1-2 paragraphs, how abiotic conditions (temperature, precipitation and topography) could have influenced your tree\u2019s adaptations (height, leaf characteristics, etc). Assign your species to a group from the table above (A, B or C) based on their location and characteristics, or if you decide it should be a new category, explain why. Discuss how your chosen species is similar or different to the previously examined grouping(s) and speculate as to why.<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate critical thinking and your understanding of how abiotic conditions can influence tree growth.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>As you examined fact sheets about oak species, you probably noticed unique vocabulary words in the descriptions. List and define five (5) new vocabulary words you encountered during this exercise.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Create a new section of your lab report titled <strong>Reflection Questions<\/strong>\u00a0and type in your answers. Scan or photograph your revised <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Map11.1\">Map 11.1<\/a> and include as you response to Q1b.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Report Submission<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Once all exercises are complete, save the assignment as a PDF. Do a final check to make sure your maps are clear and that all external references are cited. Submit as directed by your instructor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Worksheets<\/h2>\n<p><em><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#EX1\">Return to EX1<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"Table11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 11.1 Summary Table<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Table-11.1-Summary-Table.docx\">Lab 11 Table 11.1 [Word]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/02\/Table-11.1-Summary-Table.odt\">Lab 11 Table 11.1 [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Table-11.1-Summary-Table.pdf\">Lab 11 Table 11.1 [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"Map11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Map 11.1 Worksheet<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map-11.1-Worksheet.docx\">Lab 11 Map 11.1 Worksheet [Word]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/02\/Map-11.1-Worksheet.odt\">Lab 11 Map 11.1 Worksheet [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Map-11.1-Worksheet.pdf\">Lab 11 Map 11.1 Worksheet [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Supporting Material<\/h1>\n<h2><a id=\"AppA\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Appendix A: K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Map of North America<\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Top\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_416\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-416\" style=\"width: 2958px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/North_America_Koppen_Map.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-416 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/North_America_Koppen_Map.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2958\" height=\"1650\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-416\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.4.a.<\/strong> View file in colour to determine climate zones. Codes for climate codes are provided in the legend. Descriptions for each code can be found in <strong>Figure 11.4.b<\/strong>. [Click to view image full size]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_128\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128\" style=\"width: 729px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"729\" height=\"848\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D.png 729w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D-258x300.png 258w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D-65x76.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D-225x262.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Determining-Primary-Koppen-Geiger-Climate-Class-Classification-E-B-A-C-D-350x407.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.4.b.<\/strong> Flow chart for determining Koppen-Geiger climate classification. [Click to view image full size]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><a id=\"AppB\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Appendix B: North American Topographic Map<\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#Top\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_129\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-129\" style=\"width: 1820px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-129 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1820\" height=\"1406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA.png 1820w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-1024x791.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-768x593.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-1536x1187.png 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-225x174.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.5-Topo-NA-350x270.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1820px) 100vw, 1820px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-129\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.5.<\/strong> Topographic map of North America. Red indicates high elevation and green indicates low elevation. Note that this map has the same scale and quadrants as Map 11.1<em>.<\/em> [Click to view image full size]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><a id=\"AppC\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Appendix C: North American Oak Species Characteristic Fact Sheets<\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#EX1\">Go back to EX1<\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; word-break: break-all;\">\n<caption>Table 11.2. Resources for North American Oak Species.<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"col\">Species<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">USDA NRCS Fact Sheet<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Silvics of North America<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Leaf Shape<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Distribution Map<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus bicolor<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_bicolor.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUBI [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/bicolor.htm\">Swamp White Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUBI\">Figure 11.6<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUBI\">Figure 11.7<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus chrysolepis<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_chrysolepis.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUCH2 [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/chrysolepis.htm\">Canyon Live Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUCH2\">Figure 11.8<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUCH2\">Figure 11.9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus douglasii<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_douglasii.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUDO [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/douglasii.htm\">Blue Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=233501022\">Q douglasii<\/a><\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUDO\">Figure 11.10<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus garryana<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sevenoaksnativenursery.com\/native-plants\/trees\/quercus-garryana\/\">QUGA4<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/garryana.htm\">Oregon White Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUGA\">Figure 11.11<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUGA\">Figure 11.12<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus laurifolia<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sfrc.ufl.edu\/extension\/4h\/trees\/laurel_oak\/index.html\">QULA3<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/laurifolia.htm\">Laurel Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QULA3\">Figure 11.13<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QULA3\">Figure 11.14<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus macrocarpa<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_macrocarpa.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUMA2 [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/macrocarpa.htm\">Bur Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUMA2\">Figure 11.15<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUMA2\">Figure 11.16<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus phellos<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_phellos.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUPH [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/phellos.htm\">Willow Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUPH\">Figure 11.17<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUPH\">Figure 11.18<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus rubra<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_rubra.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QURU [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/rubra.htm\">Northern Red Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QURU\">Figure 11.19<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QURU\">Figure 11.20<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><em>Quercus virginiana<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus_virginiana.pdf\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">QUVI [PDF]<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%; height: 17px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/virginiana.htm\">Live Oak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUVI\">Figure 11.21<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0629%; height: 17px;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#QUVI\">Figure 11.22<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUBI\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus bicolor<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 700px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-130\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape.jpg 900w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.4-Quercus-bicolor-leaf-shape-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.6.<\/strong> <em>Quercus bicolor<\/em> leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_131\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-131\" style=\"width: 771px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-131 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"771\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor.png 771w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor-768x571.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor-225x167.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-bicolor-350x260.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-131\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.7.<\/strong> <em>Quercus bicolor<\/em> distribution map. [Click to view image full size]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUCH2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus chrysolepis<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.6-Quercus-chrysolepsis-leaf-shape.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.8.<\/strong> Quercus chrysolepsis leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_133\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133\" style=\"width: 367px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis.png 367w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis-150x300.png 150w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis-65x130.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis-225x451.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-chrysolepsis-350x702.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.9.<\/strong> <em>Quercus chrysolepsis<\/em> distribution map.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUDO\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus douglasii<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=233501022\">Q douglasii<\/a><\/em> [illustration]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_134\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-134\" style=\"width: 304px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-134 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-douglasii.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-douglasii.png 304w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-douglasii-118x300.png 118w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-douglasii-65x165.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-douglasii-225x572.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-134\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.10.<\/strong> <em>Quercus douglasii<\/em> distribution map.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUGA\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus garryana<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 338px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape.jpg 480w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape-65x116.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape-225x400.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.9-Quercus-garryana-leaf-shape-350x622.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.11.<\/strong> <em>Quercus garryana<\/em> leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_136\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-136\" style=\"width: 374px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-136 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"623\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana.png 374w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana-180x300.png 180w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana-65x108.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana-225x375.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-garryana-350x583.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-136\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.12.<\/strong> Quercus garryana distribution map. <em> Figure courtesy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/garryana.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a>. Public Domain.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QULA3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus laurifolia<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-137\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape-225x338.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape-350x525.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.11-Quercus-laurifolia-leaf-shape.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.13.<\/strong> <em>Quercus laurifolia<\/em> leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_138\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-138\" style=\"width: 566px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-138 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"566\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map.png 566w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map-225x159.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.12-Quercus-laurifolia-distribution-map-350x248.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-138\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.14.<\/strong> Quercus laurifolia distribution map. Figure courtesy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/laurifolia.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a>. Public Domain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUMA2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus macrocarpa<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-139\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape-225x338.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape-350x525.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.13-Quercus-macrocarpa-leaf-shape.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.15.<\/strong> <em>Quercus macrocarpa<\/em> leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_140\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-140\" style=\"width: 782px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-140 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"782\" height=\"747\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa.png 782w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa-768x734.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa-65x62.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa-225x215.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-macrocarpa-350x334.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-140\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.16.<\/strong> Quercus macrocarpa distribution map.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUPH\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus phellos<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-141\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape-225x338.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape-350x525.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.15-Quercus-phellos-leaf-shape.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.17.<\/strong> Quercus phellos leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_142\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-142\" style=\"width: 770px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-142 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos.png 770w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos-768x559.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos-65x47.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos-225x164.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-phellos-350x255.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-142\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.18.<\/strong> Quercus phellos distribution map.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QURU\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus rubra<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 334px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-143\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape-65x97.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape-225x337.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape-350x525.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.17-Quercus-rubra-leaf-shape.jpg 579w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.19.<\/strong> Quercus rubra leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_144\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-144\" style=\"width: 776px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-144 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"776\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra.png 776w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra-768x734.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra-65x62.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra-225x215.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-rubra-350x335.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-144\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.20.<\/strong> Quercus rubra distribution map.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a id=\"QUVI\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Quercus virginiana<\/em><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#AppC\">Back<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_145\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-145\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-145\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/capacitytoconnect\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape-225x338.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape-350x525.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Figure-11.19-Quercus-virginiana-leaf-shape.jpg 548w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.21.<\/strong> Quercus virginiana leaf shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_146\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-146\" style=\"width: 776px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-146 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"776\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana.png 776w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana-768x555.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana-65x47.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana-225x163.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/428\/2023\/01\/Quercus-virginiana-350x253.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-146\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 11.22.<\/strong> Quercus virginiana distribution map.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>References<\/h1>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Christopherson, R.W. et al., (2019). <em>Geosystems: An introduction to physical geography<\/em> (4th ed). Pearson Canada Inc.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">National Geographic Resource Library. (2020). <em>Koppen climate classification system<\/em>. National Geographic. https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/koppen-climate-classification-system\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Pellatt, M.G., Gedalof, Z. (2014). Environmental change in Garry oak (<i>Quercus garryana<\/i>) ecosystems: the evolution of an eco-cultural landscape.\u00a0<i>Biodiversity and Conservation,<\/i> 23, 2053\u20132067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-014-0703-9<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">UC Museum of Paleontology (2019) <em>The world&#8217;s biomes<\/em>. https:\/\/ucmp.berkeley.edu\/exhibits\/biomes\/index.php<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service, (n.d.). <em>PLANTS database<\/em>. https:\/\/plants.usda.gov\/home<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United States Department of Agriculture. (1990) Volume 2: Hardwoods. <em>Silvics of North America<\/em>. pp. 605-753. https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/vol2_table_of_contents.htm<\/p>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 11.1: <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Biomes_of_the_World_-_Retouched.png\">Biomes of the World \u2013 Retouched<\/a> by Terpsichores is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.2: Image by Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel, 2006:\u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at\/pdf\/Paper_2006.pdf\">World Map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification updated [PDF].<\/a>\u00a0Meteorol. Z.,\u00a015, 259-263.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.3: <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/journeynorth.org\/\">Base map by Journey North<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.4a: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/articles\/11\/1633\/2007\/\">Peel, Finlayson, &amp; McMahon (2007)<\/a> licensed under a &lt;a class=&#8221;internal&#8221; href=&#8221;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/&#8221;&gt;CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.4b: Image by G. Krezoski adapted from Christopherson (2019) Appendix C.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.5: Image by S. Peirce is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>. Data source: <a class=\"internal\" href=\"http:\/\/arcg.is\/0jLr5H\">ESRI, NOAA, NGDC (2020)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.6: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.7: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/bicolor.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.8: Fred E. Dunham, USDA Forest Service, 1938. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.9: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/chrysolepis.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.10: Image by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/douglasii.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.11: Image by G. Krezoski (2021).<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.12: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/garryana.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.13: Image by W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.14: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/laurifolia.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.15: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.16: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/macrocarpa.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.17: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.18: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/phellos.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.19: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.20: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/rubra.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.21: W.D. Brush, USDA Forest Service. Provided By National Agricultural Library, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11.22: Image by the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srs.fs.usda.gov\/pubs\/misc\/ag_654\/volume_2\/quercus\/virginiana.htm\">U.S. Department of Agriculture<\/a> is in the public domain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Image Descriptions<\/h3>\n<p><strong><a id=\"id11.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Figure 11.1 Biomes of the world.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A world map showing the different types of biomes:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li>Tundra<\/li>\n<li>Taiga<\/li>\n<li>Montane grasslands and shrublands<\/li>\n<li>Temperate coniferous forest<\/li>\n<li>Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests<\/li>\n<li>Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands<\/li>\n<li>Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests<\/li>\n<li>Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests<\/li>\n<li>Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands<\/li>\n<li>Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub<\/li>\n<li>Deserts and xeric shrublands<\/li>\n<li>Flooded grasslands and savannas<\/li>\n<li>Mangroves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure11.1\">[Return to Figure 11.1]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["gillian-krezoski"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[66],"license":[],"class_list":["post-158","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-gillian-krezoski"],"part":23,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":571,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/158\/revisions\/571"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/23"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/158\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=158"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=158"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}