{"id":1979,"date":"2016-07-05T17:14:30","date_gmt":"2016-07-05T17:14:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/?post_type=chapter&p=1979"},"modified":"2019-07-30T18:09:50","modified_gmt":"2019-07-30T18:09:50","slug":"1-5-fundamentals-of-plate-tectonics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/chapter\/1-5-fundamentals-of-plate-tectonics\/","title":{"raw":"1.5 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics","rendered":"1.5 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics"},"content":{"raw":"Plate tectonics<\/strong> is the model or theory that has been used for the past 60 years to understand Earth\u2019s development and structure \u2014 more specifically the origins of continents and oceans, of folded rocks and mountain ranges, of earthquakes and volcanoes, and of continental drift. It is explained in some detail in Chapter 10, but is introduced here because it includes concepts that are important to many of the topics covered in the next few chapters.\r\n\r\nKey to understanding plate tectonics is an understanding of Earth\u2019s internal structure, which is illustrated in Figure 1.6. Earth\u2019s core<\/strong> consists mostly of iron. The outer core is hot enough for the iron to be liquid. The inner core, although even hotter, is under so much pressure that it is solid. The mantle<\/strong> is made up of iron and magnesium silicate <\/strong>minerals. The bulk of the mantle, surrounding the outer core, is solid rock, but is plastic enough to be able to flow slowly. Surrounding that part of the mantle is a partially molten layer (the asthenosphere<\/strong>), and the outermost part of the mantle is rigid. The crust<\/strong> \u2014 composed mostly of granite on the continents and mostly of basalt beneath the oceans \u2014 is also rigid. The crust and outermost rigid mantle together make up the lithosphere<\/strong>. The lithosphere is divided into about 20 tectonic plates<\/strong> that move in different directions on Earth\u2019s surface. (For a more accurate depiction of the components of the Earth\u2019s interior, please see Figure 9.2<\/a>.)\r\n\r\nAn important property of Earth (and other planets) is that the temperature increases with depth, from close to 0\u00b0C at the surface to about 7000\u00b0C at the centre of the core. In the crust, the rate of temperature increase is about 30\u00b0C\/km. This is known as the geothermal gradient<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1143\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]\"The<\/a> Figure 1.6\u00a0 The structure of Earth\u2019s interior showing the inner and outer core, the different layers of the mantle, and the crust [Wikipedia][\/caption] \r\n\r\nHeat is continuously flowing outward from Earth\u2019s interior, and the transfer of heat from the core to the mantle causes convection in the mantle (Figure 1.7). This convection is the primary driving force for the movement of tectonic plates. At places where convection currents in the mantle are moving upward, new lithosphere forms (at ocean ridges), and the plates move apart (diverge). Where two plates are converging (and the convective flow is downward), one plate will be subducted<\/strong> (pushed down) into the mantle beneath the other. Many of Earth\u2019s major earthquakes and volcanoes are associated with convergent boundaries.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1144\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]\"A<\/a> Figure 1.7\u00a0 A model of convection within Earth\u2019s mantle [http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Oceanic_spreading.svg\/1280px-Oceanic_spreading.svg.png][\/caption] \r\n\r\nEarth\u2019s major tectonic plates and the directions and rates at which they are diverging at sea-floor ridges, are shown in Figure 1.8.\r\n
\r\n

Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nExercise 1.2 Plate Motion During Your Lifetime<\/strong>\r\n\r\nUsing either a map of the tectonic plates from the Internet or Figure 1.8, determine which tectonic plate you are on right now, approximately how fast it is moving, and in what direction. How far has that plate moved relative to Earth\u2019s core since you were born?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1091\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"Figure<\/a> Figure 1.8 Earth\u2019s tectonic plates and tectonic features that have been active over the past 1 million years [http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plate_tectonics_map.gif][\/caption]<\/div>","rendered":"

Plate tectonics<\/strong> is the model or theory that has been used for the past 60 years to understand Earth\u2019s development and structure \u2014 more specifically the origins of continents and oceans, of folded rocks and mountain ranges, of earthquakes and volcanoes, and of continental drift. It is explained in some detail in Chapter 10, but is introduced here because it includes concepts that are important to many of the topics covered in the next few chapters.<\/p>\n

Key to understanding plate tectonics is an understanding of Earth\u2019s internal structure, which is illustrated in Figure 1.6. Earth\u2019s core<\/strong> consists mostly of iron. The outer core is hot enough for the iron to be liquid. The inner core, although even hotter, is under so much pressure that it is solid. The mantle<\/strong> is made up of iron and magnesium silicate <\/strong>minerals. The bulk of the mantle, surrounding the outer core, is solid rock, but is plastic enough to be able to flow slowly. Surrounding that part of the mantle is a partially molten layer (the asthenosphere<\/strong>), and the outermost part of the mantle is rigid. The crust<\/strong> \u2014 composed mostly of granite on the continents and mostly of basalt beneath the oceans \u2014 is also rigid. The crust and outermost rigid mantle together make up the lithosphere<\/strong>. The lithosphere is divided into about 20 tectonic plates<\/strong> that move in different directions on Earth\u2019s surface. (For a more accurate depiction of the components of the Earth\u2019s interior, please see Figure 9.2<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

An important property of Earth (and other planets) is that the temperature increases with depth, from close to 0\u00b0C at the surface to about 7000\u00b0C at the centre of the core. In the crust, the rate of temperature increase is about 30\u00b0C\/km. This is known as the geothermal gradient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>
Figure 1.6\u00a0 The structure of Earth\u2019s interior showing the inner and outer core, the different layers of the mantle, and the crust [Wikipedia]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Heat is continuously flowing outward from Earth\u2019s interior, and the transfer of heat from the core to the mantle causes convection in the mantle (Figure 1.7). This convection is the primary driving force for the movement of tectonic plates. At places where convection currents in the mantle are moving upward, new lithosphere forms (at ocean ridges), and the plates move apart (diverge). Where two plates are converging (and the convective flow is downward), one plate will be subducted<\/strong> (pushed down) into the mantle beneath the other. Many of Earth\u2019s major earthquakes and volcanoes are associated with convergent boundaries.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
Figure 1.7\u00a0 A model of convection within Earth\u2019s mantle [http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/27\/Oceanic_spreading.svg\/1280px-Oceanic_spreading.svg.png]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Earth\u2019s major tectonic plates and the directions and rates at which they are diverging at sea-floor ridges, are shown in Figure 1.8.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

\n

Exercise 1.2 Plate Motion During Your Lifetime<\/strong><\/p>\n

Using either a map of the tectonic plates from the Internet or Figure 1.8, determine which tectonic plate you are on right now, approximately how fast it is moving, and in what direction. How far has that plate moved relative to Earth\u2019s core since you were born?<\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 1.8 Earth\u2019s tectonic plates and tectonic features that have been active over the past 1 million years [http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plate_tectonics_map.gif]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1979","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3150,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1979","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1979\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2990,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1979\/revisions\/2990"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3150"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1979\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1979"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1979"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1979"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}