{"id":32,"date":"2023-01-23T19:08:21","date_gmt":"2023-01-24T00:08:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/chapter\/cognitive-and-or-mental-health-challenges\/"},"modified":"2023-06-21T13:20:08","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T17:20:08","slug":"cognitive-and-or-mental-health-challenges","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/chapter\/cognitive-and-or-mental-health-challenges\/","title":{"raw":"Cognitive and\/or Mental Health Challenges","rendered":"Cognitive and\/or Mental Health Challenges"},"content":{"raw":"

Course Description<\/h1>\nThis course builds on content from other courses to assist students to explore concepts and caregiving approaches that will allow them to work effectively with individuals experiencing cognitive and\/or mental health challenges. The emphasis in this course is on supporting clients with dementia, recognizing responsive behaviours, and identifying person-centred intervention strategies.\n\nMinimum course hours: 60\n

Learning Outcomes<\/h1>\n
    \n \t
  1. Describe ways to organize, provide, and evaluate person-centred care and assistance for clients experiencing cognitive challenges:\n
      \n \t
    • 1.1 Explain the difference between confusion, delirium, and dementia.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.2 Identify causes of reversible and irreversible dementia and describe the primary forms, causes, symptoms, and treatments, as well as the stages of dementia.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.3 Discuss principles of person-and family-centred care used to care for individuals living with dementia.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.4 Use effective communication strategies for interacting with persons with dementia.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.5 Describe the behaviours and psychological symptoms of dementia, including factors influencing behaviours and strategies for preventing and responding to behaviours.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.6 Describe appropriate techniques for assisting with personal care and dietary intake for persons with dementia.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.7 Describe appropriate activities for individuals experiencing different levels of dementia.<\/li>\n \t
    • 1.8 Identify the needs of the families and professional caregivers and describe ways to support them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
    • Describe ways to organize, provide, and evaluate person-centred care and assistance for clients experiencing mental health challenges:\n
        \n \t
      • 2.1 Explain the mental health continuum and identify factors that influence the mental health and well-being of individuals.<\/li>\n \t
      • 2.2 Describe the causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevalence of common mental health disorders and conditions.<\/li>\n \t
      • 2.3 Discuss stigma associated with mental health challenges and stigmatizing language.<\/li>\n \t
      • 2.4 Discuss how perceptions of mental health challenges may differ between diverse groups.<\/li>\n \t
      • 2.5 Describe the principles and approaches for person-centred care of the client and family.<\/li>\n \t
      • 2.6 Identify implications of involuntary admission under the Mental Health Act.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
      • Describe effective approaches for responding to responsive and reactive behaviours:\n
          \n \t
        • 3.1 Identify behavioural indicators that an individual or group is becoming reactive or exhibiting behaviours that could impact safety.<\/li>\n \t
        • 3.2 Describe appropriate verbal and non-verbal techniques to promote a calming atmosphere and de-escalate responsive behaviours.<\/li>\n \t
        • 3.3 Identify when and how to exit a potentially unsafe situation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
        • Describe effective approaches for recognizing, responding to, and preventing elder abuse.\n
            \n \t
          • 4.1 Identify types of elder abuse.<\/li>\n \t
          • 4.2 Describe signs and symptoms of elder abuse.<\/li>\n \t
          • 4.3 Discuss risk factors and underlying causes of elder abuse.<\/li>\n \t
          • 4.4 Discuss strategies for preventing and responding to elder abuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Course Content<\/h1>\n

            Cognitive Challenges in Older Adulthood<\/h2>\n
              \n \t
            • Confusion<\/li>\n \t
            • Neurocognitive disorders\n
                \n \t
              • Delirium<\/li>\n \t
              • Dementia\n
                  \n \t
                • Reversible vs. irreversible causes<\/li>\n \t
                • Primary forms: Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias<\/li>\n \t
                • Pathology, processes, and characteristics<\/li>\n \t
                • Protective factors and risk factors<\/li>\n \t
                • Stages of dementia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                • Person-centred and family-centred care for individuals with dementia.\n
                    \n \t
                  • Principles of person- and family-centred care.<\/li>\n \t
                  • Common person-centred care training programs for caregivers used in B.C.<\/li>\n \t
                  • Common person-centred care models for care facilities.<\/li>\n \t
                  • Stigma associated with cognitive challenges and stigmatizing language.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                  • Effective communication strategies for clients with dementia.<\/li>\n \t
                  • Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).\n
                      \n \t
                    • Types of responsive behaviours.<\/li>\n \t
                    • Factors precipitating behaviours.<\/li>\n \t
                    • Strategies for preventing and responding to BPSD.<\/li>\n \t
                    • Knowing when to exit a potentially unsafe situation.<\/li>\n \t
                    • Importance of environment in relation to behaviours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                    • Environmental design strategies: familiar, homelike, accessible, safe, comfortable, and navigable.<\/li>\n \t
                    • Working with individuals experiencing early, moderate, or severe dementia.\n
                        \n \t
                      • Observing clients and situations.<\/li>\n \t
                      • Appropriate engagement and participation in care and activities for individuals experiencing differing levels of dementia.<\/li>\n \t
                      • Strategies for assisting with eating and drinking.<\/li>\n \t
                      • Non-pharmacological therapies (e.g., music, pets, art, multisensory, massage, bright light, aromatherapy, reminiscence, meaningful activities).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                      • Supporting family members experiencing grief and loss.<\/li>\n \t
                      • Caregiver needs and support.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Mental Health Challenges<\/h2>\n
                          \n \t
                        • Mental health models.<\/li>\n \t
                        • Factors that influence mental health and well-being in individuals and families, such as stress, illness, loss, and aging.<\/li>\n \t
                        • Common mental health disorders, including causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevalence of:\n
                            \n \t
                          • Anxiety disorders<\/li>\n \t
                          • Affective (mood) disorders<\/li>\n \t
                          • Schizophrenia<\/li>\n \t
                          • Personality disorders<\/li>\n \t
                          • Substance-related and addictive disorders<\/li>\n \t
                          • Dual or multiple diagnoses<\/li>\n \t
                          • Suicide risks and prevention<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                          • Stigma associated with mental health challenges and stigmatizing language.<\/li>\n \t
                          • Perceptions of mental health challenges in diverse groups.<\/li>\n \t
                          • Caring for the person and family.\n
                              \n \t
                            • Principles and approaches used to plan and implement effective care.<\/li>\n \t
                            • Person-centred care.<\/li>\n \t
                            • Person-first language vs. identity-first language (e.g., person with a diagnosis of depression vs. depressed client).<\/li>\n \t
                            • Introduction to trauma-informed care.<\/li>\n \t
                            • When and what to report.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                            • Implications of involuntary admission under the Mental Health Act.\n
                                \n \t
                              • Alteration of client\u2019s right to leave the care setting or to refuse treatment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Abuse<\/h2>\n
                                  \n \t
                                • Types of abuse (reportable incidents).\n
                                    \n \t
                                  • Physical, emotional, sexual, financial, neglect (as per Residential Care Regulation).<\/li>\n \t
                                  • Self-neglect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                  • Sign and symptoms of elder abuse, including physical injuries, changes in behaviour, emotional distress, financial manipulation, and neglect.<\/li>\n \t
                                  • Risk factors and causes of abuse, including ageism, caregiver stress, social isolation, and mental health challenges.<\/li>\n \t
                                  • Types of abusive relationships.\n
                                      \n \t
                                    • Caregiver\/client<\/li>\n \t
                                    • Family member\/client<\/li>\n \t
                                    • Client\/client<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                    • Four stages of the cycle of abuse.<\/li>\n \t
                                    • Strategies for preventing abuse, including promoting awareness, building social networks, and access to supportive services and resources.<\/li>\n \t
                                    • Responding to and reporting signs of abuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"

                                      Course Description<\/h1>\n

                                      This course builds on content from other courses to assist students to explore concepts and caregiving approaches that will allow them to work effectively with individuals experiencing cognitive and\/or mental health challenges. The emphasis in this course is on supporting clients with dementia, recognizing responsive behaviours, and identifying person-centred intervention strategies.<\/p>\n

                                      Minimum course hours: 60<\/p>\n

                                      Learning Outcomes<\/h1>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. Describe ways to organize, provide, and evaluate person-centred care and assistance for clients experiencing cognitive challenges:\n
                                          \n
                                        • 1.1 Explain the difference between confusion, delirium, and dementia.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.2 Identify causes of reversible and irreversible dementia and describe the primary forms, causes, symptoms, and treatments, as well as the stages of dementia.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.3 Discuss principles of person-and family-centred care used to care for individuals living with dementia.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.4 Use effective communication strategies for interacting with persons with dementia.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.5 Describe the behaviours and psychological symptoms of dementia, including factors influencing behaviours and strategies for preventing and responding to behaviours.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.6 Describe appropriate techniques for assisting with personal care and dietary intake for persons with dementia.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.7 Describe appropriate activities for individuals experiencing different levels of dementia.<\/li>\n
                                        • 1.8 Identify the needs of the families and professional caregivers and describe ways to support them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                        • Describe ways to organize, provide, and evaluate person-centred care and assistance for clients experiencing mental health challenges:\n
                                            \n
                                          • 2.1 Explain the mental health continuum and identify factors that influence the mental health and well-being of individuals.<\/li>\n
                                          • 2.2 Describe the causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevalence of common mental health disorders and conditions.<\/li>\n
                                          • 2.3 Discuss stigma associated with mental health challenges and stigmatizing language.<\/li>\n
                                          • 2.4 Discuss how perceptions of mental health challenges may differ between diverse groups.<\/li>\n
                                          • 2.5 Describe the principles and approaches for person-centred care of the client and family.<\/li>\n
                                          • 2.6 Identify implications of involuntary admission under the Mental Health Act.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                          • Describe effective approaches for responding to responsive and reactive behaviours:\n
                                              \n
                                            • 3.1 Identify behavioural indicators that an individual or group is becoming reactive or exhibiting behaviours that could impact safety.<\/li>\n
                                            • 3.2 Describe appropriate verbal and non-verbal techniques to promote a calming atmosphere and de-escalate responsive behaviours.<\/li>\n
                                            • 3.3 Identify when and how to exit a potentially unsafe situation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                            • Describe effective approaches for recognizing, responding to, and preventing elder abuse.\n
                                                \n
                                              • 4.1 Identify types of elder abuse.<\/li>\n
                                              • 4.2 Describe signs and symptoms of elder abuse.<\/li>\n
                                              • 4.3 Discuss risk factors and underlying causes of elder abuse.<\/li>\n
                                              • 4.4 Discuss strategies for preventing and responding to elder abuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                Course Content<\/h1>\n

                                                Cognitive Challenges in Older Adulthood<\/h2>\n
                                                  \n
                                                • Confusion<\/li>\n
                                                • Neurocognitive disorders\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Delirium<\/li>\n
                                                  • Dementia\n
                                                      \n
                                                    • Reversible vs. irreversible causes<\/li>\n
                                                    • Primary forms: Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias<\/li>\n
                                                    • Pathology, processes, and characteristics<\/li>\n
                                                    • Protective factors and risk factors<\/li>\n
                                                    • Stages of dementia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    • Person-centred and family-centred care for individuals with dementia.\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Principles of person- and family-centred care.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Common person-centred care training programs for caregivers used in B.C.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Common person-centred care models for care facilities.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Stigma associated with cognitive challenges and stigmatizing language.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      • Effective communication strategies for clients with dementia.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • Types of responsive behaviours.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Factors precipitating behaviours.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Strategies for preventing and responding to BPSD.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Knowing when to exit a potentially unsafe situation.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Importance of environment in relation to behaviours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        • Environmental design strategies: familiar, homelike, accessible, safe, comfortable, and navigable.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Working with individuals experiencing early, moderate, or severe dementia.\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • Observing clients and situations.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Appropriate engagement and participation in care and activities for individuals experiencing differing levels of dementia.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Strategies for assisting with eating and drinking.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Non-pharmacological therapies (e.g., music, pets, art, multisensory, massage, bright light, aromatherapy, reminiscence, meaningful activities).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          • Supporting family members experiencing grief and loss.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Caregiver needs and support.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            Mental Health Challenges<\/h2>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Mental health models.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Factors that influence mental health and well-being in individuals and families, such as stress, illness, loss, and aging.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Common mental health disorders, including causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevalence of:\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • Anxiety disorders<\/li>\n
                                                              • Affective (mood) disorders<\/li>\n
                                                              • Schizophrenia<\/li>\n
                                                              • Personality disorders<\/li>\n
                                                              • Substance-related and addictive disorders<\/li>\n
                                                              • Dual or multiple diagnoses<\/li>\n
                                                              • Suicide risks and prevention<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              • Stigma associated with mental health challenges and stigmatizing language.<\/li>\n
                                                              • Perceptions of mental health challenges in diverse groups.<\/li>\n
                                                              • Caring for the person and family.\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • Principles and approaches used to plan and implement effective care.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Person-centred care.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Person-first language vs. identity-first language (e.g., person with a diagnosis of depression vs. depressed client).<\/li>\n
                                                                • Introduction to trauma-informed care.<\/li>\n
                                                                • When and what to report.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                • Implications of involuntary admission under the Mental Health Act.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Alteration of client\u2019s right to leave the care setting or to refuse treatment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                    Abuse<\/h2>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Types of abuse (reportable incidents).\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Physical, emotional, sexual, financial, neglect (as per Residential Care Regulation).<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Self-neglect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Sign and symptoms of elder abuse, including physical injuries, changes in behaviour, emotional distress, financial manipulation, and neglect.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Risk factors and causes of abuse, including ageism, caregiver stress, social isolation, and mental health challenges.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Types of abusive relationships.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Caregiver\/client<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Family member\/client<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Client\/client<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Four stages of the cycle of abuse.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Strategies for preventing abuse, including promoting awareness, building social networks, and access to supportive services and resources.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Responding to and reporting signs of abuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-32","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32\/revisions\/33"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/32\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=32"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=32"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcacurriculum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=32"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}