{"id":1782,"date":"2024-09-26T18:31:52","date_gmt":"2024-09-26T22:31:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/chapter\/oxygen-sources-2\/"},"modified":"2024-10-02T17:59:32","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T21:59:32","slug":"oxygen-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/chapter\/oxygen-sources\/","title":{"raw":"9.3 Oxygen Sources","rendered":"9.3 Oxygen Sources"},"content":{"raw":"How oxygen is supplied will depend on the client\u2019s setting. In an acute care setting, oxygen is delivered directly to the client via a wall oxygen outlet. Oxygen tubing is attached to a flow meter, which is attached to green oxygen outlets. In home settings and complex care facilities, clients may use oxygen concentrators or portable oxygen tanks. See Table 9.3.1 for further description of these sources.\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><caption>Table 9.3.1 Oxygen Sources[footnote]Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/chapter\/11-3-oxygenation-equipment\/\">11.3 Oxygenation Equipment<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/\">Nursing Skills<\/a> by Chippewa Valley Technical College,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 22.8707%;\" scope=\"row\" valign=\"top\">Oxygen Supply Outlets\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_308\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-308 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/pexels-stephen-andrews-9408860-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.1<\/strong> Oxygen flow meter[\/caption]<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 77.050474%; text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In acute care settings, rooms are equipped with wall-mounted oxygen supply outlets that are nationally standardized in a green colour, whereas air outlets are standardized with a yellow colour. Oxygen flow meters are attached to the green oxygen outlets, and then the [pb_glossary id=\"1049\"]oxygenation[\/pb_glossary] device is attached to the flow meter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An oxygen flow meter consists of a glass cylinder containing a steel ball with an opening through which oxygen from the supply source is injected through an adapter. This adapter is commonly referred to as a \u201ctree\u201d because of its appearance. Oxygen is turned on, and the flow rate of oxygen is controlled by turning the green valve on the side of the glass cylinder. The flow rate is set according to the location of a steel ball inside the cylinder and the numbered lines on the glass cylinder. For example, in Figure 9.3.1 the flow rate is currently set at 2 litres per minute (L\/min). It is essential to implement safety precautions whenever oxygen is used.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 22.8707%;\" scope=\"row\" valign=\"top\">Portable Oxygen Tanks\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1772\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1772 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM-300x224.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.2 <\/strong>Portable oxygen tank[\/caption]<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 77.050474%; text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Portable oxygen tanks are commonly used when transporting a client to procedures within the hospital or to other agencies. See Figure 9.3.2 for an image of a portable oxygen tank.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oxygenation devices are connected to the tank in a similar manner as the wall-mounted oxygen flow meter. It is crucial for nurses and transporters to ensure the tank has an adequate amount of oxygen for use during transport, is turned on, and the appropriate flow rate is set.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 22.8707%;\" scope=\"row\" valign=\"top\">Oxygen Concentrators\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1773\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"223\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1773 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM-223x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.3 <\/strong>Oxygen concentrator[\/caption]<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 77.050474%; text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Instead of oxygen tanks, oxygen concentrators are commonly used by clients in their home environment. See Figure 9.3.3 for an image of a home oxygen concentrator.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oxygen concentrators are also produced in portable sizes that are lightweight and easy for the client to use while travelling and mobile in the community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oxygen concentrators work by taking the 21% concentration of oxygen in the air, running it through a molecular sleeve to remove the nitrogen and concentrating the oxygen to a\u00a096% level, thus producing between 1 and 6 litres per minute of oxygen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oxygen concentrators may provide pulse flow or continuous flow. Pulse flow only occurs on inhalation, whereas continuous flow delivers oxygen throughout the entire breath cycle. Pulse versions are the most lightweight because oxygen is provided only as needed by the client.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><caption>Table 9.3.2 Types of Oxygen Tubing and Equipment[footnote]Data source: Perry et al., 2018; Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, 2015; Fisher &amp; Paykel, 2018. Images retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/5-6-management-of-hypoxia\/\">5.6 Management of Hypoxia<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/\">Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care - TRU Edition<\/a>\u00a0by Ren\u00e9e Anderson, Glynda Rees Doyle, and Jodie Anita McCutcheon,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>\u00a0[\/footnote]<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Types of Oxygen\u00a0Tubing and Equipment<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Additional Information<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 221px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 221px; width: 22.318612%;\">Nasal cannula (low-flow system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 221px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nasal cannula consists of a small bore tube connected to two short prongs that are inserted into the nares to supply oxygen directly from a flow meter or through humidified air to the client. It is used for short- or long-term therapy (such as for COPD clients), and is best used with stable clients who require low amounts of oxygen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Can provide 24% to 40% O2 (oxygen) concentration. Most common type of oxygen equipment. Can deliver O2 at 1 to 6 litres per minute (L\/min). It is convenient as the client can talk and eat while receiving oxygen. May be drying to nares if level is above 4 L\/min. Easy to use, low cost, and disposable.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Limitations:<\/strong> Easily dislodged, not as effective if a client is a mouth breather or has blocked nostrils or a deviated septum or polyps. Nasal dryness can occur.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1775\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1774\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM-300x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.4<\/strong> Applying a nasal cannula[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1775\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1775 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-300x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 9.3.5 Client with a nasal cannula\u00a0\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.5<\/strong> Client with a nasal cannula[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 206px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 206px; width: 22.318612%;\">Simple face mask (low-flow system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 206px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A mask fits over the mouth and nose of the client and consists of exhalation ports (holes on the side of the mask) through which the client exhales CO2 (carbon dioxide). These holes should always remain open. The mask is held in place by an elastic around the back of the head, and it has a metal piece to shape over the nose to allow for a better mask fit for the client. Humidified air may be attached if concentrations are drying for the client.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Can provide 40% to 60% O2 concentration. Flow meter should be set to deliver O2 at 6 to 10 L\/min. Used to provide moderate oxygen concentrations. Efficiency depends on how well mask fits and the client's respiratory demands. Readily available on most hospital units. It provides higher oxygen for clients.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> Difficult to eat with mask on. Mask may be confining for some clients, who may feel claustrophobic with the mask on.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_312\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"240\"]<img class=\"wp-image-312 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Simple_face_mask-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.6<\/strong> Simple face mask[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Note: exhalation ports\/holes\/vents on the sides of the mask must be open to allow for gas exchange<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 237px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 237px; width: 22.318612%;\">Non-rebreather mask (high-flow system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 237px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Consists of a simple mask and a small reservoir bag attached to the oxygen tubing connecting to the flow meter. With a non-rebreather mask, there is no re-breathing of exhaled air. It has a series of one-way valves between the mask and the bag and the covers on the exhalation ports. On inspiration, the client only breathes in from the reservoir bag; on exhalation, gases are prevented from flowing into the reservoir bag and are directed out through the exhalation ports.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> With a good fit, the mask can deliver between 60% and 80%\u00a0FiO2\u00a0(fraction of inspired oxygen). The flow meter should be set to deliver\u00a0O2\u00a0at 10 to 15 L\/min. Flow rate must be high enough to ensure that the reservoir bag remains partially inflated during inspiration.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1777\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"228\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1777 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather-228x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.7<\/strong> Non-rebreather mask[\/caption]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> These masks have a risk of suffocation if the gas flow is interrupted. The bag should never totally deflate. The client should never be left alone unless the one-way valves on the exhalation ports are removed. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">This equipment is used by respiratory therapists for specific short-term, high oxygen requirements such as pre-intubation and client transport. They are not available on general ward<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">s<\/span> due to the risk of suffocation, the chance of hyper-oxygenation, the possible lack of humidity. The mask also requires a tight seal and may be hot and confining for the client. The mask will interfere with talking and eating.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 132px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 132px; width: 22.318612%;\">Face tent (low-flow system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 132px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The mask covers the nose and mouth and does not create a seal around the nose.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Can provide 28% to 100% O2. Flow meter should be set to deliver O2 at a minimum of 15 L\/min. Face tents are used to provide a controlled concentration of oxygen and increase moisture for clients who have facial burn or a broken nose, or who are are claustrophobic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> It is difficult to achieve high levels of oxygenation with this mask, but sometimes this mask is the only option<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1778\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1778\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM-300x194.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.8<\/strong> Face tent[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 192px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 192px; width: 22.318612%;\">Venturi mask (high-flow system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 192px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>High-flow system consisting of a bottle of sterile water, corrugated tubing, a drainage bag, air\/oxygen ratio nebulizer system, and a mask that works with the corrugated tubing. The mask may be an aerosol face mask, tracheostomy mask, a T-piece, or a face tent. The key is that the flow of oxygen exceeds the peak inspiratory flow rate of the client, and there is little possibility for the client to breathe in air from the room.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> The system can provide 24% to 60% O2 at 4 to 12 L\/min. Delivers a more precise level of oxygen by controlling the specific amounts of oxygen delivered. The port on the corrugated tubing (base of the mask) sets the oxygen concentration. Delivers humidified oxygen for client comfort. It does not dry mucous membranes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> The mask may be hot and confining for some clients, and it interferes with talking and eating. Need a properly fitting mask. Nurses may be asked to set up a high-flow system. In other instances, respiratory therapists may be responsible for regulating and monitoring the high-flow systems.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1779\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"205\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-1779\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM-205x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"205\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.9<\/strong> Venturi mask[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 74px; width: 22.318612%;\">Oxygen concentrator aka nebulizer\/humidifier (high-flow system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 74px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Concentrates oxygen from the wall source up to 100%. Delivers humidified oxygen for client comfort and to reduce risk of drying out mucous membranes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_316\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"203\"]<img class=\"wp-image-316 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/640px-Nebulizer.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.10<\/strong> Nebulizer[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 160px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 160px; width: 22.318612%;\">High-flow oxygen therapy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 160px; width: 77.602524%;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Oxygen delivery system that has the ability to deliver:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>High flows of oxygen -up to 60 L\/minute, concentrated up to 100%.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oxygen that is warmed to body temperature.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Humidity to promote\u00a0mucociliary clearance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Continuous flow and positive airway pressure delivery.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1781\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1781 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-300x221.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"221\" \/> <strong>Figure 9.3.11<\/strong> High-flow nasal cannula[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Watch this YouTube video explaining how to administer oxygen therapy<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XzKWSx3fyEA&amp;t=97s\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XzKWSx3fyEA&amp;amp;t=97s\">Oxygen Therapy<\/a> by CareChannel.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>How oxygen is supplied will depend on the client\u2019s setting. In an acute care setting, oxygen is delivered directly to the client via a wall oxygen outlet. Oxygen tubing is attached to a flow meter, which is attached to green oxygen outlets. In home settings and complex care facilities, clients may use oxygen concentrators or portable oxygen tanks. See Table 9.3.1 for further description of these sources.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<caption>Table 9.3.1 Oxygen Sources<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Source: 11.3 Oxygenation Equipment in Nursing Skills by Chippewa Valley Technical College,\u00a0CC BY 4.0\" id=\"return-footnote-1782-1\" href=\"#footnote-1782-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 22.8707%;\" scope=\"row\" valign=\"top\">Oxygen Supply Outlets<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_308\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-308\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-308 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/pexels-stephen-andrews-9408860-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-308\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.1<\/strong> Oxygen flow meter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 77.050474%; text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In acute care settings, rooms are equipped with wall-mounted oxygen supply outlets that are nationally standardized in a green colour, whereas air outlets are standardized with a yellow colour. Oxygen flow meters are attached to the green oxygen outlets, and then the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1782_1049\">oxygenation<\/a> device is attached to the flow meter.<\/li>\n<li>An oxygen flow meter consists of a glass cylinder containing a steel ball with an opening through which oxygen from the supply source is injected through an adapter. This adapter is commonly referred to as a \u201ctree\u201d because of its appearance. Oxygen is turned on, and the flow rate of oxygen is controlled by turning the green valve on the side of the glass cylinder. The flow rate is set according to the location of a steel ball inside the cylinder and the numbered lines on the glass cylinder. For example, in Figure 9.3.1 the flow rate is currently set at 2 litres per minute (L\/min). It is essential to implement safety precautions whenever oxygen is used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 22.8707%;\" scope=\"row\" valign=\"top\">Portable Oxygen Tanks<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1772\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1772\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1772 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM-300x224.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM-225x168.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM-350x261.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.32-PM.png 748w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1772\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.2 <\/strong>Portable oxygen tank<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 77.050474%; text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Portable oxygen tanks are commonly used when transporting a client to procedures within the hospital or to other agencies. See Figure 9.3.2 for an image of a portable oxygen tank.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygenation devices are connected to the tank in a similar manner as the wall-mounted oxygen flow meter. It is crucial for nurses and transporters to ensure the tank has an adequate amount of oxygen for use during transport, is turned on, and the appropriate flow rate is set.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 22.8707%;\" scope=\"row\" valign=\"top\">Oxygen Concentrators<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1773\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1773\" style=\"width: 223px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1773 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM-223x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM-223x300.png 223w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM-65x88.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM-225x303.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM-350x472.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.17.43-PM.png 570w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1773\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.3 <\/strong>Oxygen concentrator<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 77.050474%; text-align: justify;\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Instead of oxygen tanks, oxygen concentrators are commonly used by clients in their home environment. See Figure 9.3.3 for an image of a home oxygen concentrator.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen concentrators are also produced in portable sizes that are lightweight and easy for the client to use while travelling and mobile in the community.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen concentrators work by taking the 21% concentration of oxygen in the air, running it through a molecular sleeve to remove the nitrogen and concentrating the oxygen to a\u00a096% level, thus producing between 1 and 6 litres per minute of oxygen.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen concentrators may provide pulse flow or continuous flow. Pulse flow only occurs on inhalation, whereas continuous flow delivers oxygen throughout the entire breath cycle. Pulse versions are the most lightweight because oxygen is provided only as needed by the client.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<caption>Table 9.3.2 Types of Oxygen Tubing and Equipment<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Data source: Perry et al., 2018; Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, 2015; Fisher &amp; Paykel, 2018. Images retrieved from 5.6 Management of Hypoxia in Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care - TRU Edition\u00a0by Ren\u00e9e Anderson, Glynda Rees Doyle, and Jodie Anita McCutcheon,\u00a0CC BY 4.0\u00a0\" id=\"return-footnote-1782-2\" href=\"#footnote-1782-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Types of Oxygen\u00a0Tubing and Equipment<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Additional Information<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 221px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 221px; width: 22.318612%;\">Nasal cannula (low-flow system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 221px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nasal cannula consists of a small bore tube connected to two short prongs that are inserted into the nares to supply oxygen directly from a flow meter or through humidified air to the client. It is used for short- or long-term therapy (such as for COPD clients), and is best used with stable clients who require low amounts of oxygen.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Can provide 24% to 40% O2 (oxygen) concentration. Most common type of oxygen equipment. Can deliver O2 at 1 to 6 litres per minute (L\/min). It is convenient as the client can talk and eat while receiving oxygen. May be drying to nares if level is above 4 L\/min. Easy to use, low cost, and disposable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Limitations:<\/strong> Easily dislodged, not as effective if a client is a mouth breather or has blocked nostrils or a deviated septum or polyps. Nasal dryness can occur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1775\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1775\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1774\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM-300x223.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM-225x167.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM-350x260.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.01-PM.png 550w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1775\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.4<\/strong> Applying a nasal cannula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1775\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1775\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1775 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-300x300.png\" alt=\"Figure 9.3.5 Client with a nasal cannula\u00a0\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Nasal_Cannula_Adult.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1775\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.5<\/strong> Client with a nasal cannula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 206px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 206px; width: 22.318612%;\">Simple face mask (low-flow system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 206px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li>A mask fits over the mouth and nose of the client and consists of exhalation ports (holes on the side of the mask) through which the client exhales CO2 (carbon dioxide). These holes should always remain open. The mask is held in place by an elastic around the back of the head, and it has a metal piece to shape over the nose to allow for a better mask fit for the client. Humidified air may be attached if concentrations are drying for the client.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Can provide 40% to 60% O2 concentration. Flow meter should be set to deliver O2 at 6 to 10 L\/min. Used to provide moderate oxygen concentrations. Efficiency depends on how well mask fits and the client&#8217;s respiratory demands. Readily available on most hospital units. It provides higher oxygen for clients.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> Difficult to eat with mask on. Mask may be confining for some clients, who may feel claustrophobic with the mask on.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_312\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-312\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-312 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Simple_face_mask-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-312\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.6<\/strong> Simple face mask<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Note: exhalation ports\/holes\/vents on the sides of the mask must be open to allow for gas exchange<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 237px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 237px; width: 22.318612%;\">Non-rebreather mask (high-flow system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 237px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Consists of a simple mask and a small reservoir bag attached to the oxygen tubing connecting to the flow meter. With a non-rebreather mask, there is no re-breathing of exhaled air. It has a series of one-way valves between the mask and the bag and the covers on the exhalation ports. On inspiration, the client only breathes in from the reservoir bag; on exhalation, gases are prevented from flowing into the reservoir bag and are directed out through the exhalation ports.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> With a good fit, the mask can deliver between 60% and 80%\u00a0FiO2\u00a0(fraction of inspired oxygen). The flow meter should be set to deliver\u00a0O2\u00a0at 10 to 15 L\/min. Flow rate must be high enough to ensure that the reservoir bag remains partially inflated during inspiration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1777\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1777\" style=\"width: 228px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1777 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather-228x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather-65x86.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather-225x296.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather-350x460.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/non-rebreather.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1777\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.7<\/strong> Non-rebreather mask<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> These masks have a risk of suffocation if the gas flow is interrupted. The bag should never totally deflate. The client should never be left alone unless the one-way valves on the exhalation ports are removed. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">This equipment is used by respiratory therapists for specific short-term, high oxygen requirements such as pre-intubation and client transport. They are not available on general ward<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">s<\/span> due to the risk of suffocation, the chance of hyper-oxygenation, the possible lack of humidity. The mask also requires a tight seal and may be hot and confining for the client. The mask will interfere with talking and eating.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 132px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 132px; width: 22.318612%;\">Face tent (low-flow system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 132px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li>The mask covers the nose and mouth and does not create a seal around the nose.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Can provide 28% to 100% O2. Flow meter should be set to deliver O2 at a minimum of 15 L\/min. Face tents are used to provide a controlled concentration of oxygen and increase moisture for clients who have facial burn or a broken nose, or who are are claustrophobic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> It is difficult to achieve high levels of oxygenation with this mask, but sometimes this mask is the only option<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1778\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1778\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1778\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM-300x194.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM-65x42.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM-225x145.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM-350x226.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.31-PM.png 554w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1778\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.8<\/strong> Face tent<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 192px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 192px; width: 22.318612%;\">Venturi mask (high-flow system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 192px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li>High-flow system consisting of a bottle of sterile water, corrugated tubing, a drainage bag, air\/oxygen ratio nebulizer system, and a mask that works with the corrugated tubing. The mask may be an aerosol face mask, tracheostomy mask, a T-piece, or a face tent. The key is that the flow of oxygen exceeds the peak inspiratory flow rate of the client, and there is little possibility for the client to breathe in air from the room.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> The system can provide 24% to 60% O2 at 4 to 12 L\/min. Delivers a more precise level of oxygen by controlling the specific amounts of oxygen delivered. The port on the corrugated tubing (base of the mask) sets the oxygen concentration. Delivers humidified oxygen for client comfort. It does not dry mucous membranes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong> The mask may be hot and confining for some clients, and it interferes with talking and eating. Need a properly fitting mask. Nurses may be asked to set up a high-flow system. In other instances, respiratory therapists may be responsible for regulating and monitoring the high-flow systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1779\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1779\" style=\"width: 205px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1779\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM-205x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"205\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM-205x300.png 205w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM-65x95.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM-225x329.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM-350x511.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/Screenshot-2023-02-05-at-3.27.40-PM.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1779\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.9<\/strong> Venturi mask<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 74px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 74px; width: 22.318612%;\">Oxygen concentrator aka nebulizer\/humidifier (high-flow system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 74px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Concentrates oxygen from the wall source up to 100%. Delivers humidified oxygen for client comfort and to reduce risk of drying out mucous membranes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_316\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-316\" style=\"width: 203px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-316 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/640px-Nebulizer.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-316\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.10<\/strong> Nebulizer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 160px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 160px; width: 22.318612%;\">High-flow oxygen therapy<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 160px; width: 77.602524%;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Oxygen delivery system that has the ability to deliver:\n<ul>\n<li>High flows of oxygen -up to 60 L\/minute, concentrated up to 100%.<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen that is warmed to body temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Humidity to promote\u00a0mucociliary clearance.<\/li>\n<li>Continuous flow and positive airway pressure delivery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1781\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1781\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1781 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-300x221.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-768x566.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-225x166.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram-350x258.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/430\/2024\/09\/HFT_diagram.png 782w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1781\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 9.3.11<\/strong> High-flow nasal cannula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Watch this YouTube video explaining how to administer oxygen therapy<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Oxygen Therapy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XzKWSx3fyEA?start=97&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XzKWSx3fyEA&amp;amp;t=97s\">Oxygen Therapy<\/a> by CareChannel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1782-1\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/chapter\/11-3-oxygenation-equipment\/\">11.3 Oxygenation Equipment<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/wtcs.pressbooks.pub\/nursingskills\/\">Nursing Skills<\/a> by Chippewa Valley Technical College,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1782-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1782-2\">Data source: Perry et al., 2018; Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, 2015; Fisher &amp; Paykel, 2018. Images retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/5-6-management-of-hypoxia\/\">5.6 Management of Hypoxia<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/\">Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care - TRU Edition<\/a>\u00a0by Ren\u00e9e Anderson, Glynda Rees Doyle, and Jodie Anita McCutcheon,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"#return-footnote-1782-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_1782_1049\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1782_1049\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The addition of oxygen to the human body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":123,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1782","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":282,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1941,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1782\/revisions\/1941"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/282"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1782\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1782"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1782"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/hcalabtheoryandpractice\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}