{"id":134,"date":"2023-08-09T18:11:10","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T18:11:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-3-resources-and-activites\/"},"modified":"2024-12-11T18:06:29","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T18:06:29","slug":"chapter-3-resources-and-activites","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-3-resources-and-activites\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 3 Resources and Activites","rendered":"Chapter 3 Resources and Activites"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nandrocentrism<\/strong>: A perspective in which male concerns, male attitudes, and male practices are presented as \u201cnormal\u201d or define what is significant and valued in a culture.\r\n\r\nbeliefs:<\/strong>\u00a0Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.\r\n\r\nbinary opposition<\/strong>: A set of paired terms, considered as mutually exclusive and logical opposites, which structure a whole set or system of associated meanings.\r\n\r\nbreaching experiment:<\/strong> An experiment in which researchers purposely break a commonly accepted social norm or behave in a socially awkward manner to examine people's reactions.<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\ncode:<\/strong> A set of cultural conventions, instructions, or rules used to combine symbols to communicate or interpret meaning.\r\n\r\ncommodity:<\/strong>\u00a0An object, service, or good that has been produced for sale on the market.\r\n\r\ncommodity fetishism<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>Regarding commodities as objects with inherent qualities independent of their human creators and the social context of their production.\r\n<\/strong>\r\n\r\ncommodification:<\/strong>\u00a0The process through which objects, services, or goods are turned into commodities.\r\n\r\nconsumerism<\/strong>: The tendency for people to define themselves in terms of the commodities they purchase.\r\n\r\ncounterculture:<\/strong>\u00a0A group that rejects and opposes society\u2019s widely accepted cultural patterns.\r\n\r\ncultural imperialism:<\/strong>\u00a0The deliberate imposition of one\u2019s own cultural values on another culture.\r\n\r\ncultural relativism:<\/strong> The practice of assessing beliefs or practices within a culture by its own standards.\r\n\r\ncultural universals:<\/strong> Patterns or traits that are common to all societies.\r\n\r\nculture:<\/strong> Shared beliefs, values, and practices in a whole way of life.\r\n\r\nculture shock:<\/strong>\u00a0An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.\r\n\r\ncultural practice:<\/strong> A way of doing things that expresses the customs and know-how of a particular culture.\r\n\r\ndetournement:<\/strong>\u00a0The conscious subversion of messages, signs, and symbols by altering them slightly.\r\n\r\ndiaspora:<\/strong>\u00a0The dispersion of a people from their original homeland.\r\n\r\ndiffusion:<\/strong>\u00a0The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another.\r\n\r\nethnocentrism:<\/strong>\u00a0Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one\u2019s own culture.\r\n\r\nethnomethodology:<\/strong> The study of tacit knowledges, methods and practical procedures people use to make sense of and orient action in everyday life.\r\n\r\nfolkways<\/strong>: Norms without any particular moral underpinnings.\r\n\r\nformal norms<\/strong>:\u00a0Established, written rules.\r\n\r\ngeneticism<\/strong>:\u00a0A form of biological determinism that suggests the qualities of human life are caused by genes.\r\n\r\nglobalization<\/strong>: The process by which a global dimension of social relations emerges and spreads.\r\n\r\nhigh culture:<\/strong> Forms of cultural experience characterized by formal complexity, eternal values, or creative authenticity.\r\n\r\nhybridity:<\/strong> New forms of culture that arise from cross-cultural exchange and cultural blending.\r\n\r\ninformal norms:<\/strong> Rules of behaviour that are generally and widely followed but not codified in law or institutional policy.\r\n\r\niron cage: <\/strong>Max Weber's metaphor for the modern condition of life circumscribed by the demand for\u00a0maximum efficiency.\r\n\r\nlanguage:<\/strong>\u00a0A symbolic system of communication.\r\n\r\nmodernity:<\/strong> The culture of constant change and transformation associated with the rise of capitalism.\r\n\r\nmores:<\/strong>\u00a0Norms based on social requirements which are based on the moral views and principles of a group.\r\n\r\nnew eugenics movement: <\/strong>Promotion of making new reproductive technologies and human genetic engineering available to consumers to enhance human characteristics and capacities.<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\nnorms<\/strong>: Rules of behaviour or conduct.\r\n\r\npopular culture:<\/strong> Cultural experiences, practices and products that are widely circulated, produced by or well-liked by \"the people.\"\r\n\r\npostmodern culture: <\/strong>Forms of contemporary culture characterized by a playful mixture of forms, pluralism, and the breakdown of centralized, modern culture.\r\n\r\nSapir-Whorf hypothesis:<\/strong>\u00a0The idea that people understand the world based on their form of language.\r\n\r\nsanctions:<\/strong>\u00a0A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviours.\r\n\r\nsocial control:<\/strong>\u00a0A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms.\r\n\r\nsocial facts:<\/b> The external laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and cultural rules that govern social life.\r\n\r\nsociety:<\/strong> The structures of a social group of people who interact within a definable territory and who share a culture.\r\n\r\nsocioeconomic formation:<\/strong>\u00a0The concrete set of social structures that form around a specific mode of production or economic system.\r\n\r\nstructuralism: <\/strong>The study of deep unconscious rules or codes that govern cultural activities and constrain possibilities in different domains of social life.\r\n\r\nsubculture:<\/strong> A group that shares a specific identity apart from a parent culture, even as the members hold features in common with the parent culture.\r\n\r\nsymbol:<\/strong> Gesture, object, or component of language that represents a meaning recognized by people who share a culture.\r\n\r\ntaboos:\u00a0<\/strong>Strong prohibitions based on deeply held sacred or moral beliefs.\r\n\r\nvalues:<\/strong> A culture\u2019s standard for discerning desirable states in society.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Section Summary<\/h2>\r\n3.1 What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong>\r\nThough \u201csociety\u201d and \u201cculture\u201d are often used interchangeably, they have different meanings. A society is a group of people sharing a community and culture, whereas culture generally describes the shared practices and beliefs of these people as a whole way of life. Culture exists in human societies because humans lack the biological programming of other species. The combined diversity of cultural practices and knowledges in the world is referred to as the ethnosphere. Experience of cultural difference is influenced by colonialism, ethnocentrism, androcentrism, and cultural relativism.\r\n\r\n3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\nA culture consists of many elements, including the values, beliefs, norms, and practices of its society. Norms can be categorized into laws, taboos, mores, folkways. The symbols and language of a society are social facts that exist independently of individuals. They are key to developing and conveying culture.\r\n\r\n3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\nSociologists recognize a division between high culture and popular culture within societies, although this division tends to break down in postmodernity. Societies also comprise many subcultures \u2014 smaller groups that share an identity. Countercultures are subcultures which reject mainstream values and create their own cultural rules and norms.\r\n\r\n3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\nCulture can be both innovative and restrictive. High culture, pop culture, subculture, and the globalization of culture are examples of how culture is innovative. Rationalization and commodification are examples of how culture can be restrictive.\r\n\r\n3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\nThree major theoretical approaches toward the interpretation of culture include structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and critical sociology. Functionalists view cultural processes in terms of the function they perform in reproducing shared values, norms and meanings. Symbolic interactionists are primarily interested in the ways symbols acquire meanings in say to day interactions. Critical sociologists examine the ways in which culture expresses inequalities and power relationships in societies based on factors like gender, class, race, and age. Debate between sociologists who seek to explain or interpret various cultural occurrences often returns to these foundational views in the discipline.\r\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

Quiz: Culture<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\n3.1 What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. The terms \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> and \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them.\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. Culture and society<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. Innovation and restriction<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. Hybridity and subculture<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
    5. The Canadian flag is a material object that represents Canada; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like patriotism and democracy. In this example, what is the flag?\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. A symbol<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. An element of language<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. A deep structure<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. A commodity<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      5. The belief that one\u2019s culture is the standard used to assess another culture is called?\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. Universalism<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. Cultural relativism<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. Ethnocentrism<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. Xenocentrism<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
        5. Rodney and Elise are students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney\u2019s host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. Culture shock.<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. Homophobia.<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. Cultural relativism.<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. Xenophilia.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          5. Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humour, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Cultural relativism.<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. Biological determinism.<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. Cultural practices.<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. Cultural universals.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. Not bargaining for a better price in a shopping mall is a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. Folkway.<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. Breaching experiment.<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. Belief.<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. Value.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                5. The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Values<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. Sanctions<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. Social control<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. Mores<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                  5. The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. Mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are more informal cultural patterns.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. Mores are permanent, whereas folkways are temporary.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. Mores refer to acts that are absolutely forbidden, whereas folkways refer to unspoken or tacit agreements.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    4. Mores refer to eating eels, whereas folkways refer to traditional dance patterns.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                    5. The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. Structuralism.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. Sapir-Whorf.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. Biological programming.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. Cultural frames.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                      5. Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. Praises accomplishments.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. Codifies language.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. Regulates behaviour.<\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. Determines laws.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. An example of high culture is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>, whereas an example of popular culture would be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            1. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment<\/em>; American Idol<\/em> winners.<\/li>\r\n \t
                            2. Medical marijuana; Catholic liturgy.<\/li>\r\n \t
                            3. Folk music; hip hop music.<\/li>\r\n \t
                            4. Postmodernism; modernism.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                            5. The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. Counterculture<\/li>\r\n \t
                              2. Ethnicity<\/li>\r\n \t
                              3. Post-multiculturalism<\/li>\r\n \t
                              4. Postmodernity<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                              5. Modern-day hipsters are an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                1. Ethnocentricity.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                2. Counterculture.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                3. Subculture.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                4. High culture.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                5. Bhangra was originally a type of traditional folk dance in Punjab. In contemporary Canada it would be seen as an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  1. A folk culture.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  2. A subculture.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  3. Hybridity.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  4. All of the above.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  5. Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. Cultural lag.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    2. Innovation.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    3. Discovery.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    4. Globalization.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    5. That people follow Indian cricket in almost every country around the world is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      1. Technoscapes.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      2. Mediascapes.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      3. Financescapes.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      4. Ideoscapes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/strong><\/a>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        1. A major difference between rationalization and consumerism is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          1. Rationalization is based on technology, whereas consumerism is based on efficiency.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          2. Rationalization produces stress, whereas consumerism produces identity.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          3. Rationalization refers to the perception of underlying forms, whereas consumerism refers to the perception of fashionability.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          4. Rationalization is typically used to explain away lapses in behaviour, whereas consumerism is a lapse of behaviour.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            1. A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Indigenous cultures were suppressed under colonial rule. What theoretical approach is the sociologist probably using?\r\n
                                                \r\n \t
                                              1. Symbolic interactionism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              2. Functionalism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              3. Critical sociology<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              4. Ethnomethodology<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                              5. The office culture in a downtown office building is cold and formal, whereas the office culture in a suburban office complex is much more informal and personable. A sociologist who studies the difference between the cultures of these two settings would most likely use what theoretical approach?\r\n
                                                  \r\n \t
                                                1. Symbolic interactionism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                2. Breaching experiments<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                3. Structural functionalism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                4. Ethnomethodology<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                5. What theoretical perspective views the role of culture in society as \"latent pattern maintenance\"?\r\n
                                                    \r\n \t
                                                  1. Sociobiology<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  2. Functionalism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  3. Conflict theory<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  4. Structuralism<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                  5. Malinowski's analysis of the importance of magic rituals among Trobriand Islander fishermen was based on which theoretical paradigm?\r\n
                                                      \r\n \t
                                                    1. Ethical relativism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    2. Functionalism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    3. Spiritualism<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                    4. Ethnocentrism<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                                                      \r\n

                                                      Short Answer<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

                                                      \r\n\r\n3. What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                                        \r\n \t
                                                      1. Consider your eating patterns. Identify the elements which you would consider cultural. How do they compare with eating patterns from someone from another culture?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                      2. Do you feel that attitudes of ethnocentricity or multiculturalism are more prevalent in Canadian culture? Why do you believe this? What issues or events inform your opinion?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                                          \r\n \t
                                                        1. What do you think of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Do you agree or disagree with it? Are there elements of experience which are non-linguistic?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                        2. Why do you think Garfinkel's breaching experiments were upsetting for people, even if the norms that were violated were relatively trivial? What is the role of unspoken or tacit norms in everyday life do you think?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                                            \r\n \t
                                                          1. Identify several examples of popular culture and describe how they inform the larger culture. How central are these examples in your everyday life?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                          2. Consider some of the specific issues or concerns of your generation. Are any ideas countercultural? What subcultures have emerged from your generation? How have the issues of your generation expressed themselves culturally? How has your generation made its mark on society\u2019s collective culture?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                                          3. What are some examples of cultural diffusion that are present in your life? Do you think they are positive or negative? Explain.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                                              \r\n \t
                                                            1. Contrast the issues involved in the \u201crationalization\u201d of culture and \u201cconsumerism\u201d and apply the sociological imagination (see Chapter 1). Which issue seems more significant in your personal life? Which issue seems more significant in Western society or global culture as a whole?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                                                \r\n \t
                                                              1. Consider a social issue that you have witnessed in Canadian society, perhaps situated around family, politics, health practices, or Indigenous culture. Can you identify cultural differences that inform the issue? For example, consider different interpretations of public health measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. Do the responses represent differences in culture? Choose a sociological approach\u2014functionalism, critical sociology, or symbolic interactionism\u2014to describe, explain, and analyze the social issue you choose. Which paradigm is the best for illuminating the social issue?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                                                                Further Research<\/h1>\r\n3.1 What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\nGetting your genome mapped is becoming increasingly popular. But why? What do people hope to understand about themselves this way? From CBC's How to Think about Science<\/em> - Part 15<\/em>, listen to Barbara Duden and Silya Samerski<\/a> discuss the \"pop gene\" and other aspects of the turn to genetics in popular understandings of self and society.\r\n\r\n3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\nThe science-fiction novel, Babel-17<\/em>, by Samuel R. Delaney was based upon the principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Read an excerpt from Babel-17<\/em><\/a>.\r\n\r\n3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\nThe Beats were a counterculture that birthed an entire movement of art, music, and literature\u2014much of which is still highly regarded and studied today. The author responsible for naming the generation was Jack Kerouac; however, the man responsible for introducing the world to that generation was John Clellon Holmes, a writer and friend of Kerouac's. In 1952, he penned an article for the New York Times Magazine<\/em> titled \u201cThis Is the Beat Generation\u201d<\/a>. Read that article and learn more about the Beat subculture.\r\n\r\nPopular culture meets counterculture as Oprah Winfrey interacts with members of the Yearning for Zion cult<\/a>.\r\n\r\n3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/strong><\/a>\r\n\r\nReview the history of consumerism in this School of Life video: History of ideas - Consumerism<\/em><\/a>\r\n\r\nMax Weber's concept of rationalization was based on the observation that modern society differed from traditional society in its integration of rationality into social organization and everyday life, specifically with respect to calculability, methodical behaviour and reflexivity. See this Crash Course video summary: Max Weber & Modernity: Crash Course Sociology<\/em> #9<\/a>\r\n

                                                                References<\/h1>\r\n3.0 Introduction to Culture<\/strong><\/a>\r\n

                                                                Pollen, M. (2006). The omnivore's dilemma<\/em>: A natural history of four meals. <\/i>Penguin Books.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Ritzer, G. (2009). The McDonaldization of society.<\/em> Pine Forge Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Spurlock, M. (2004). Super size me: A film of epic portions <\/em>(video). Hart Sharp video.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                3.1. What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                                Barger, K. (2008). Ethnocentrism<\/a>. Indiana University<\/em>. http:\/\/www.iupui.edu\/~anthkb\/ethnocen.htm<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Barthes, R. (1977). Rhetoric of the image. In, Image, music, text<\/em> (pp. 32\u201351). Hill and Wang.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Berger, P. (1967). The sacred canopy: Elements of a theory of religion<\/em>. Doubleday.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Chapais, B. (2014). Complex kinship patterns as evolutionary constructions, and the origins of sociocultural universals<\/a>. Current Anthropology<\/em> 55(6), 751\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/678972<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Collins, R. (2008). Violence: A micro-sociological theory.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Darwin, C. R. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex<\/em>. John Murray.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide.<\/em> Aldine de Gruyter.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                De Lacoste-Utamsing, C. and Holloway, R. (1982). Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum<\/a>. Science<\/em>, 216<\/em>(4553), 1431\u20131432. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.7089533<\/p>\r\n

                                                                DuBois, C. (1951,\u00a0November 28). Culture shock. <\/em>Presentation to panel discussion at the First Midwest Regional Meeting of the Institute of International Education. Also presented to the Women\u2019s Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 3, 1954.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality<\/em>. Basic Books.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Fritz, T., Jentschke, S., Gosselin, N., Sammler, D., Peretz, I., Turner, R., . . .\u00a0Koelsch, S. (2009). Universal recognition of three basic emotions in music<\/a>.\u00a0Current Biology,<\/em> 19(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.058<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Graham, R. (Ed.). (1998). The essential Trudeau.<\/span><\/em> <\/span>McClelland & Stewart.<\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n

                                                                Hamer, D., Hu, S., Magnuson, V., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. (1993).\u00a0 A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation<\/a>. Science<\/em>, 261<\/em>(5119), 321\u2013327. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.8332896<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Heidegger, M. (1995\/ 1929\u20131930). The fundamental concepts of metaphysics: World, finitude, solitude.<\/em> Indiana University Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Jolie, A. (2013, May 14). My medical choice<\/a>. New York Times.<\/em> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/05\/14\/opinion\/my-medical-choice.html<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Kuriyama, S. (1999). The expressiveness of the body and the divergence of Greek and Chinese medicine. <\/em>Zone Books.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Kymlicka, W. (2012).\u00a0 Multiculturalism: Success, failure, and the future<\/a>. Migration Policy Institute. <\/em>https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/research\/tcm-multiculturalism-success-failure<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Lewontin, R. (1991). Biology as ideology<\/span><\/span>: <\/em>The doctrine of DNA.<\/em> House of Anansi Press.\r\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                                                Longfellow, H. (1835). Outre-mer: A pilgrimage beyond the sea<\/em><\/a>. <\/em>Ticknor and Fields. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/outremerapilgri01longgoog\/page\/n8\/mode\/2up<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression.<\/em> Methuen.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                McLaren, A. (1990). Our own master race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885\u20131945. <\/em>University of Toronto Press.\r\n<\/em><\/p>\r\n

                                                                Mead, M. (1935). Sex and temperament in three primitive Societies.<\/em> William Morrow.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Mehr, S., Singh, M., Knox, D. ... and Glowacki, L. (2019). Universality and diversity in human song<\/a>. Science,<\/em> 366(970), 1\u201317. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aax0868<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Murdock, G. P. (1949). Social structure<\/em>. Macmillan.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Naiman, J. (2012). How societies work <\/em>(5th edition).<\/em> Fernwood Publishing.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Oberg, K. (1960, July 1). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments<\/a>. Practical Anthropology,<\/em> 7, 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009182966000700405<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Rose, N. (2007).\u00a0The politics of life itself: Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Smith, D. (1987). The everyday world as problematic: A feminist sociology<\/em>. University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals. <\/em>Ginn and Co.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Tremblay, R. et al. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors<\/a>.\u00a0 Pediatrics, 114<\/em>(1), 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.114.1.e43<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Wedekind, C., et al. (1995). MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans<\/a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/em>, 260<\/em>, 245\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1995.0087<\/p>\r\n

                                                                W.H.O. (2020). Female genital mutilation<\/a>. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/female-genital-mutilation<\/p>\r\n3.2. Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\n

                                                                Angelini, P., and Broderick, M. (2012). Race and ethnicity: The obvious diversity. In Paul Angelini (Ed.), Our society: Human diversity in Canada<\/em> (pp. 93-125). Nelson.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Barthes, R. (1977). The rhetoric of the image. Image, Music, Text <\/em>(pp. 32\u201351). <\/em>Hill and Wang.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Cook, J., and King, J. (1784). A voyage to the Pacific Ocean<\/a><\/em>. W. & A. Strahan. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/voyagetopacifico03cook<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Durkheim, E. (1938). The rules of sociological method.<\/em> University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Durkheim, E. (1915). The elementary forms of the religious life: A study in religious sociology. <\/em>Allen & Unwin.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology.<\/em> Prentice Hall Inc.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology<\/em>. Polity Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Knox, J.\u00a0(2014,\u00a0February 16). Poll: B.C. women pickier than most in Canada on romance<\/a>. Times Colonist<\/em> (p. A2). https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/canada\/times-colonist\/20140216\/281539403858514<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Lee, J. (2015, November 4). No more skipping 4, 13, 14, 24 in Vancouver floor numbers.<\/a> Vancouver Sun. https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/news\/local-news\/no-more-skipping-4-13-14-24-in-vancouver-floor-numbers<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Levi-Strauss, C. (1978). Myth and meaning.<\/em> University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Lipset, S. M. (1990). Continental divide: The values and institutions of the United States and Canada<\/em>. Routledge, Chapman, and Hall.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Martineau, H. (1838). How to observe morals and manners<\/i>.<\/a> Charles Knight and Co.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/33944\/33944-\/33944-h.htm.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                McRoberts, K. (1997). Misconceiving Canada: The struggle for national unity<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Merton, R. (1938). Social structure and anomie<\/a>. American Sociological Review,<\/em> 3(5), 672\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2084686<\/p>\r\nNorris, M. (2007). \u201cAboriginal languages in Canada: Emerging trends and perspectives on second language acquisition.<\/a>\u201d Canadian Social Trends<\/em>. No.<\/abbr>\u00a083. May. Statistics Canada Catalogue no.<\/abbr> 11\u2011008\u2011X. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-008-x\/2007001\/pdf\/9628-eng.pdf?st=A7yFWS8U\r\n

                                                                Passero, K. (2002, July). Global travel expert Roger Axtell explains why.\u00a0Biography,\u00a0<\/em>pp. 70\u201373, 97\u201398.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Phillips, D., Liu, G., K., Jarvinen, J., Zhang, W., and Abramson, I. S. (2001, December 22). The Hound of the Baskervilles<\/em> effect: Natural experiment on the influence of psychological stress on timing of death. British Medical Journa<\/em>l, <\/em>323<\/em>(7327), 1443\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.323.7327.1443<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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                                                                Scanlon, T. J., <\/span><\/span>Luben, R. N, <\/span><\/span>Scanlon, F. L., <\/span><\/span>Singleton, N. (1993, December 18). <\/span>Is Friday the 13th bad for your health?<\/a> British Medical Journal, <\/em>307<\/em>(6919), 1584\u20131586.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.307.6919.1584<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                                                                Statistics Canada. (2007). Languages in Canada: 2001 census<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. (Catalogue no. 96-326-XIE). http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/96-326-x\/96-326-x2001001-eng.pdf<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals<\/em>. Ginn and Co.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Swoyer, C. (2003). The linguistic relativity hypothesis.<\/a> In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Supplement to Relativism).<\/em> http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2003\/entries\/relativism\/supplement2.html<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Thome, H. (2015). Sociology of values. In Wright, J.D. (Editor-in-chief), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences<\/em> (Vol25, 2nd edition,<\/em>\u00a0pp.47\u201353). Elsevier.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Weber, B. (2011, May 3). Harold Garfinkel, a common-sense sociologist, dies at 93<\/a>.\u00a0The New York Times.<\/em> http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/05\/04\/us\/04garfinkel.html?_r=2<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Westcott, K. (2008, March 20). World\u2019s best-known protest symbol turns 50.<\/a>\u00a0BBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/magazine\/7292252.stm<\/p>\r\n3.3. Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n

                                                                Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization<\/em>. University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Behind the Yearning for Zion gates<\/a>.\u00a0(March 30, 2009). Oprah.com. https:\/\/www.oprah.com\/oprahshow\/inside-the-yfz-polygamist-ranch<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Bosker, B. (2013).\u00a0Original copies: Architectural mimicry in contemporary China<\/em>. University of Hawai'i Press.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Clarke, J., Hall, S., Jefferson, T., & Roberts, B. (1975). Subcultures, cultures and class. In Hall, S. and T. Jefferson (Eds.), Resistance through rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain <\/em>(pp. 9\u201374). <\/em>Routledge.<\/p>\r\nDawson, L. L. & Thiessen, J. (2014). The sociology of religion: A Canadian perspective<\/em>. Don Mills, On.: Oxford University Press.\r\n

                                                                Friesen, J. (2014,\u00a0August 27 ). Tim Hortons: How a brand became part of our national identity.<\/a>\u00a0The Globe and Mail<\/em>. http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/tim-hortons-how-a-brand-became-part-of-our-national-identity\/article20217349\/<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Frost, M. (2018, February 22<\/span>). Finding the unexpected wonder in more than 22,000 international standards: From brewing tea to making shipping containers.<\/a> Atlas Obscura<\/em>. https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/hidden-wonder-international-standards-organization-iso<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                                                Gottlieb, W. P. (1946). Portrait of Bill Buddy De Arango, Terry Gibbs, and Harry Biss, Club Troubadour, New York, N.Y.<\/a>, between 1946 and 1948. United States, 1946., Monographic. [Photograph]. The Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/gottlieb.10801\/.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Greif, M. (2010, November 12). The hipster in the mirror.<\/a> The\u00a0New York Times<\/em>. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/14\/books\/review\/Greif-t.html?pagewanted=1<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: The meaning of style.<\/em> Methuen.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Lipset, S. M. (1990). Continental divide: The values and institutions of the United States and Canada<\/em>. Routledge, Chapman and Hall.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Marx, K. (1977). The eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. In D. McLellan (Ed.),\u00a0Karl Marx: Selected writings<\/em> (pp.\u00a0300\u2013325). <\/em>Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1852.)<\/p>\r\n

                                                                McLuhan, M. (1962<\/span>). The global village: Transformations in world life and media in the 21st century<\/em>. Oxford University Press<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Scheuerman, W. (2010, June 4). Globalization<\/a>. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em> (Summer ed.). http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2010\/entries\/globalization\/<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Scholte, J. A. (2000). Globalization: A critical introduction<\/em>. MacMillan.<\/p>\r\n3.4. Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification <\/a><\/strong>\r\n

                                                                Crompton, S. (2011, October 13). What\u2019s stressing the stressed? Main sources of stress among workers<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. (Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-008-X).<\/em> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-008-x\/2011002\/article\/11562-eng.pdf<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Davis, W. (2002). The naked geography of hope.\u00a0Whole Earth,<\/em> Spring, 57\u201361.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Marx, K. (1977). Capital. In D. McLellan (Ed.),\u00a0Karl Marx: Selected writings<\/em> (pp. 415\u2013507). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1867.)<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Simmel, G. (1978\/ 1900). The philosophy of money.<\/em> Routledge.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Statistics Canada. (2011). General social survey - 2010 overview of the time use of Canadians: Highlights.<\/em><\/a> (Catalogue no. 89-647-X). http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-647-x\/2011001\/hl-fs-eng.htm#a5a<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Statistics Canada. (2014). Perceived life stress, 2013.<\/em><\/a> (Catalogue no. 82-625-X).<\/em> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/82-625-x\/2014001\/article\/14023-eng.htm<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.<\/em> Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons. (Original work published 1904.)<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Weber, M. (1969). Science as a vocation. In Gerth &\u00a0Mills (Eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in sociology<\/em> (pp. 129\u2013156). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1919.)<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Weber, M. (1922). The permanent character of the bureaucratic machine. In Gerth &\u00a0Mills (Eds.),\u00a0From Max Weber: Essays in sociology<\/em> (pp. 228\u2013230). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong>\r\n

                                                                Berger, T. (1967). The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. <\/em>Doubleday & Company, Inc.<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Elections Canada. (2014). A history of the vote in Canada<\/em><\/a>. http:\/\/www.elections.ca\/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&document=index&lang=e<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Malinowski, B. (1954). Magic, science and religion<\/em>. Doubleday. (Original work published 1925.)<\/p>\r\n

                                                                Simmel, G. (1971). Fashion. In D. Levine (Ed.),\u00a0On individuality and social forms<\/em> (pp. 294\u2013323). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1904.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                                                Solutions to Quiz: Culture<\/a><\/h1>\r\n1 B, | 2 D, | 3 C, | 4 A, | 5 D, | 6 A, | 7 C, | 8 A, | 9 B, | 10 C, | 11 A, | 12 A, | 13 C, | 14 D, | 15 D, | 16 B, | 17 B, | 18 C, | 19 A, | 20 B, | 21 C, [Return to Quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
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                                                                \n

                                                                Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                \n

                                                                androcentrism<\/strong>: A perspective in which male concerns, male attitudes, and male practices are presented as \u201cnormal\u201d or define what is significant and valued in a culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                beliefs:<\/strong>\u00a0Tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.<\/p>\n

                                                                binary opposition<\/strong>: A set of paired terms, considered as mutually exclusive and logical opposites, which structure a whole set or system of associated meanings.<\/p>\n

                                                                breaching experiment:<\/strong> An experiment in which researchers purposely break a commonly accepted social norm or behave in a socially awkward manner to examine people’s reactions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                code:<\/strong> A set of cultural conventions, instructions, or rules used to combine symbols to communicate or interpret meaning.<\/p>\n

                                                                commodity:<\/strong>\u00a0An object, service, or good that has been produced for sale on the market.<\/p>\n

                                                                commodity fetishism<\/strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>Regarding commodities as objects with inherent qualities independent of their human creators and the social context of their production.
                                                                \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                commodification:<\/strong>\u00a0The process through which objects, services, or goods are turned into commodities.<\/p>\n

                                                                consumerism<\/strong>: The tendency for people to define themselves in terms of the commodities they purchase.<\/p>\n

                                                                counterculture:<\/strong>\u00a0A group that rejects and opposes society\u2019s widely accepted cultural patterns.<\/p>\n

                                                                cultural imperialism:<\/strong>\u00a0The deliberate imposition of one\u2019s own cultural values on another culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                cultural relativism:<\/strong> The practice of assessing beliefs or practices within a culture by its own standards.<\/p>\n

                                                                cultural universals:<\/strong> Patterns or traits that are common to all societies.<\/p>\n

                                                                culture:<\/strong> Shared beliefs, values, and practices in a whole way of life.<\/p>\n

                                                                culture shock:<\/strong>\u00a0An experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life.<\/p>\n

                                                                cultural practice:<\/strong> A way of doing things that expresses the customs and know-how of a particular culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                detournement:<\/strong>\u00a0The conscious subversion of messages, signs, and symbols by altering them slightly.<\/p>\n

                                                                diaspora:<\/strong>\u00a0The dispersion of a people from their original homeland.<\/p>\n

                                                                diffusion:<\/strong>\u00a0The spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another.<\/p>\n

                                                                ethnocentrism:<\/strong>\u00a0Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one\u2019s own culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                ethnomethodology:<\/strong> The study of tacit knowledges, methods and practical procedures people use to make sense of and orient action in everyday life.<\/p>\n

                                                                folkways<\/strong>: Norms without any particular moral underpinnings.<\/p>\n

                                                                formal norms<\/strong>:\u00a0Established, written rules.<\/p>\n

                                                                geneticism<\/strong>:\u00a0A form of biological determinism that suggests the qualities of human life are caused by genes.<\/p>\n

                                                                globalization<\/strong>: The process by which a global dimension of social relations emerges and spreads.<\/p>\n

                                                                high culture:<\/strong> Forms of cultural experience characterized by formal complexity, eternal values, or creative authenticity.<\/p>\n

                                                                hybridity:<\/strong> New forms of culture that arise from cross-cultural exchange and cultural blending.<\/p>\n

                                                                informal norms:<\/strong> Rules of behaviour that are generally and widely followed but not codified in law or institutional policy.<\/p>\n

                                                                iron cage: <\/strong>Max Weber’s metaphor for the modern condition of life circumscribed by the demand for\u00a0maximum efficiency.<\/p>\n

                                                                language:<\/strong>\u00a0A symbolic system of communication.<\/p>\n

                                                                modernity:<\/strong> The culture of constant change and transformation associated with the rise of capitalism.<\/p>\n

                                                                mores:<\/strong>\u00a0Norms based on social requirements which are based on the moral views and principles of a group.<\/p>\n

                                                                new eugenics movement: <\/strong>Promotion of making new reproductive technologies and human genetic engineering available to consumers to enhance human characteristics and capacities.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                norms<\/strong>: Rules of behaviour or conduct.<\/p>\n

                                                                popular culture:<\/strong> Cultural experiences, practices and products that are widely circulated, produced by or well-liked by “the people.”<\/p>\n

                                                                postmodern culture: <\/strong>Forms of contemporary culture characterized by a playful mixture of forms, pluralism, and the breakdown of centralized, modern culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:<\/strong>\u00a0The idea that people understand the world based on their form of language.<\/p>\n

                                                                sanctions:<\/strong>\u00a0A way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviours.<\/p>\n

                                                                social control:<\/strong>\u00a0A way to encourage conformity to cultural norms.<\/p>\n

                                                                social facts:<\/b> The external laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and cultural rules that govern social life.<\/p>\n

                                                                society:<\/strong> The structures of a social group of people who interact within a definable territory and who share a culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                socioeconomic formation:<\/strong>\u00a0The concrete set of social structures that form around a specific mode of production or economic system.<\/p>\n

                                                                structuralism: <\/strong>The study of deep unconscious rules or codes that govern cultural activities and constrain possibilities in different domains of social life.<\/p>\n

                                                                subculture:<\/strong> A group that shares a specific identity apart from a parent culture, even as the members hold features in common with the parent culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                symbol:<\/strong> Gesture, object, or component of language that represents a meaning recognized by people who share a culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                taboos:\u00a0<\/strong>Strong prohibitions based on deeply held sacred or moral beliefs.<\/p>\n

                                                                values:<\/strong> A culture\u2019s standard for discerning desirable states in society.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                Section Summary<\/h2>\n

                                                                3.1 What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                \nThough \u201csociety\u201d and \u201cculture\u201d are often used interchangeably, they have different meanings. A society is a group of people sharing a community and culture, whereas culture generally describes the shared practices and beliefs of these people as a whole way of life. Culture exists in human societies because humans lack the biological programming of other species. The combined diversity of cultural practices and knowledges in the world is referred to as the ethnosphere. Experience of cultural difference is influenced by colonialism, ethnocentrism, androcentrism, and cultural relativism.<\/p>\n

                                                                3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                \nA culture consists of many elements, including the values, beliefs, norms, and practices of its society. Norms can be categorized into laws, taboos, mores, folkways. The symbols and language of a society are social facts that exist independently of individuals. They are key to developing and conveying culture.<\/p>\n

                                                                3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                \nSociologists recognize a division between high culture and popular culture within societies, although this division tends to break down in postmodernity. Societies also comprise many subcultures \u2014 smaller groups that share an identity. Countercultures are subcultures which reject mainstream values and create their own cultural rules and norms.<\/p>\n

                                                                3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                Culture can be both innovative and restrictive. High culture, pop culture, subculture, and the globalization of culture are examples of how culture is innovative. Rationalization and commodification are examples of how culture can be restrictive.<\/p>\n

                                                                3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                \nThree major theoretical approaches toward the interpretation of culture include structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and critical sociology. Functionalists view cultural processes in terms of the function they perform in reproducing shared values, norms and meanings. Symbolic interactionists are primarily interested in the ways symbols acquire meanings in say to day interactions. Critical sociologists examine the ways in which culture expresses inequalities and power relationships in societies based on factors like gender, class, race, and age. Debate between sociologists who seek to explain or interpret various cultural occurrences often returns to these foundational views in the discipline.<\/p>\n

                                                                Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
                                                                \n
                                                                \n

                                                                Quiz: Culture<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                \n

                                                                3.1 What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. The terms \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> and \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiate them.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. Culture and society<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. Innovation and restriction<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. Hybridity and subculture<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  5. The Canadian flag is a material object that represents Canada; however, there are certain connotations that many associate with the flag, like patriotism and democracy. In this example, what is the flag?\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. A symbol<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. An element of language<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. A deep structure<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. A commodity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    5. The belief that one\u2019s culture is the standard used to assess another culture is called?\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. Universalism<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. Cultural relativism<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Ethnocentrism<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. Xenocentrism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      5. Rodney and Elise are students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney\u2019s host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. Culture shock.<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. Homophobia.<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. Cultural relativism.<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. Xenophilia.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        5. Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humour, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most cultures recognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. Cultural relativism.<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. Biological determinism.<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. Cultural practices.<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. Cultural universals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                            3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. Not bargaining for a better price in a shopping mall is a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. Folkway.<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. Breaching experiment.<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. Belief.<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. Value.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                              5. The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>, otherwise known as a way to encourage social conformity.\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. Values<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Sanctions<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. Social control<\/li>\n
                                                                                4. Mores<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                5. The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. Mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are more informal cultural patterns.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. Mores are permanent, whereas folkways are temporary.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. Mores refer to acts that are absolutely forbidden, whereas folkways refer to unspoken or tacit agreements.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  4. Mores refer to eating eels, whereas folkways refer to traditional dance patterns.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                  5. The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Structuralism.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. Sapir-Whorf.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. Biological programming.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. Cultural frames.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                    5. Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. Praises accomplishments.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. Codifies language.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. Regulates behaviour.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      4. Determines laws.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                        3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. An example of high culture is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>, whereas an example of popular culture would be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment<\/em>; American Idol<\/em> winners.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. Medical marijuana; Catholic liturgy.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. Folk music; hip hop music.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. Postmodernism; modernism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                          5. The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture?\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. Counterculture<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. Ethnicity<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. Post-multiculturalism<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. Postmodernity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                            5. Modern-day hipsters are an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              1. Ethnocentricity.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              2. Counterculture.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              3. Subculture.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              4. High culture.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                              5. Bhangra was originally a type of traditional folk dance in Punjab. In contemporary Canada it would be seen as an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                1. A folk culture.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                2. A subculture.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                3. Hybridity.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                5. Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primary location. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  1. Cultural lag.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  2. Innovation.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  3. Discovery.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  4. Globalization.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  5. That people follow Indian cricket in almost every country around the world is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    1. Technoscapes.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    2. Mediascapes.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    3. Financescapes.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    4. Ideoscapes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                      3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      1. A major difference between rationalization and consumerism is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        1. Rationalization is based on technology, whereas consumerism is based on efficiency.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        2. Rationalization produces stress, whereas consumerism produces identity.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        3. Rationalization refers to the perception of underlying forms, whereas consumerism refers to the perception of fashionability.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        4. Rationalization is typically used to explain away lapses in behaviour, whereas consumerism is a lapse of behaviour.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                          3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          1. A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Indigenous cultures were suppressed under colonial rule. What theoretical approach is the sociologist probably using?\n
                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            1. Symbolic interactionism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            2. Functionalism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            3. Critical sociology<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            4. Ethnomethodology<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            5. The office culture in a downtown office building is cold and formal, whereas the office culture in a suburban office complex is much more informal and personable. A sociologist who studies the difference between the cultures of these two settings would most likely use what theoretical approach?\n
                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                              1. Symbolic interactionism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              2. Breaching experiments<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              3. Structural functionalism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              4. Ethnomethodology<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              5. What theoretical perspective views the role of culture in society as “latent pattern maintenance”?\n
                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                1. Sociobiology<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                2. Functionalism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                3. Conflict theory<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                4. Structuralism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                5. Malinowski’s analysis of the importance of magic rituals among Trobriand Islander fishermen was based on which theoretical paradigm?\n
                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                  1. Ethical relativism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  2. Functionalism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  3. Spiritualism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  4. Ethnocentrism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                    [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                    \n

                                                                                                                    Short Answer<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                                                                    \n

                                                                                                                    3. What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                    1. Consider your eating patterns. Identify the elements which you would consider cultural. How do they compare with eating patterns from someone from another culture?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    2. Do you feel that attitudes of ethnocentricity or multiculturalism are more prevalent in Canadian culture? Why do you believe this? What issues or events inform your opinion?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                      3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                      1. What do you think of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Do you agree or disagree with it? Are there elements of experience which are non-linguistic?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      2. Why do you think Garfinkel’s breaching experiments were upsetting for people, even if the norms that were violated were relatively trivial? What is the role of unspoken or tacit norms in everyday life do you think?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                        3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                                        1. Identify several examples of popular culture and describe how they inform the larger culture. How central are these examples in your everyday life?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        2. Consider some of the specific issues or concerns of your generation. Are any ideas countercultural? What subcultures have emerged from your generation? How have the issues of your generation expressed themselves culturally? How has your generation made its mark on society\u2019s collective culture?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        3. What are some examples of cultural diffusion that are present in your life? Do you think they are positive or negative? Explain.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                          3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                          1. Contrast the issues involved in the \u201crationalization\u201d of culture and \u201cconsumerism\u201d and apply the sociological imagination (see Chapter 1). Which issue seems more significant in your personal life? Which issue seems more significant in Western society or global culture as a whole?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                            3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                            1. Consider a social issue that you have witnessed in Canadian society, perhaps situated around family, politics, health practices, or Indigenous culture. Can you identify cultural differences that inform the issue? For example, consider different interpretations of public health measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. Do the responses represent differences in culture? Choose a sociological approach\u2014functionalism, critical sociology, or symbolic interactionism\u2014to describe, explain, and analyze the social issue you choose. Which paradigm is the best for illuminating the social issue?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                                                              Further Research<\/h1>\n

                                                                                                                              3.1 What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Getting your genome mapped is becoming increasingly popular. But why? What do people hope to understand about themselves this way? From CBC’s How to Think about Science<\/em> – Part 15<\/em>, listen to Barbara Duden and Silya Samerski<\/a> discuss the “pop gene” and other aspects of the turn to genetics in popular understandings of self and society.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.2 Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                              \nThe science-fiction novel, Babel-17<\/em>, by Samuel R. Delaney was based upon the principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Read an excerpt from                                                                                                                               Babel-17<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.3 Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                              \nThe Beats were a counterculture that birthed an entire movement of art, music, and literature\u2014much of which is still highly regarded and studied today. The author responsible for naming the generation was Jack Kerouac; however, the man responsible for introducing the world to that generation was John Clellon Holmes, a writer and friend of Kerouac’s. In 1952, he penned an article for the New York Times Magazine<\/em> titled                                                                                                                               \u201cThis Is the Beat Generation\u201d<\/a>. Read that article and learn more about the Beat subculture.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Popular culture meets counterculture as Oprah Winfrey interacts with members of the Yearning for Zion cult<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.4 Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Review the history of consumerism in this School of Life video: History of ideas – Consumerism<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Max Weber’s concept of rationalization was based on the observation that modern society differed from traditional society in its integration of rationality into social organization and everyday life, specifically with respect to calculability, methodical behaviour and reflexivity. See this Crash Course video summary: Max Weber & Modernity: Crash Course Sociology<\/em> #9<\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              References<\/h1>\n

                                                                                                                              3.0 Introduction to Culture<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Pollen, M. (2006). The omnivore’s dilemma<\/em>: A natural history of four meals. <\/i>Penguin Books.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Ritzer, G. (2009). The McDonaldization of society.<\/em> Pine Forge Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Spurlock, M. (2004). Super size me: A film of epic portions <\/em>(video). Hart Sharp video.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.1. What Is Culture?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Barger, K. (2008). Ethnocentrism<\/a>. Indiana University<\/em>. http:\/\/www.iupui.edu\/~anthkb\/ethnocen.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Barthes, R. (1977). Rhetoric of the image. In, Image, music, text<\/em> (pp. 32\u201351). Hill and Wang.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Berger, P. (1967). The sacred canopy: Elements of a theory of religion<\/em>. Doubleday.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Chapais, B. (2014). Complex kinship patterns as evolutionary constructions, and the origins of sociocultural universals<\/a>. Current Anthropology<\/em> 55(6), 751\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/678972<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Collins, R. (2008). Violence: A micro-sociological theory.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Darwin, C. R. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex<\/em>. John Murray.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide.<\/em> Aldine de Gruyter.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              De Lacoste-Utamsing, C. and Holloway, R. (1982). Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum<\/a>. Science<\/em>, 216<\/em>(4553), 1431\u20131432. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.7089533<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              DuBois, C. (1951,\u00a0November 28). Culture shock. <\/em>Presentation to panel discussion at the First Midwest Regional Meeting of the Institute of International Education. Also presented to the Women\u2019s Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 3, 1954.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality<\/em>. Basic Books.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Fritz, T., Jentschke, S., Gosselin, N., Sammler, D., Peretz, I., Turner, R., . . .\u00a0Koelsch, S. (2009). Universal recognition of three basic emotions in music<\/a>.\u00a0Current Biology,<\/em> 19(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.058<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Graham, R. (Ed.). (1998). The essential Trudeau.<\/span><\/em> <\/span>McClelland & Stewart.<\/span><\/span>
                                                                                                                              \n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Hamer, D., Hu, S., Magnuson, V., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. (1993).\u00a0 A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation<\/a>. Science<\/em>, 261<\/em>(5119), 321\u2013327. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.8332896<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Heidegger, M. (1995\/ 1929\u20131930). The fundamental concepts of metaphysics: World, finitude, solitude.<\/em> Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Jolie, A. (2013, May 14). My medical choice<\/a>. New York Times.<\/em> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/05\/14\/opinion\/my-medical-choice.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Kuriyama, S. (1999). The expressiveness of the body and the divergence of Greek and Chinese medicine. <\/em>Zone Books.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Kymlicka, W. (2012).\u00a0 Multiculturalism: Success, failure, and the future<\/a>. Migration Policy Institute. <\/em>https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/research\/tcm-multiculturalism-success-failure<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Lewontin, R. (1991). Biology as ideology<\/span><\/span>: <\/em>The doctrine of DNA.<\/em> House of Anansi Press.
                                                                                                                              \n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Longfellow, H. (1835). Outre-mer: A pilgrimage beyond the sea<\/em><\/a>. <\/em>Ticknor and Fields. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/outremerapilgri01longgoog\/page\/n8\/mode\/2up<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression.<\/em> Methuen.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              McLaren, A. (1990). Our own master race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885\u20131945. <\/em>University of Toronto Press.
                                                                                                                              \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Mead, M. (1935). Sex and temperament in three primitive Societies.<\/em> William Morrow.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Mehr, S., Singh, M., Knox, D. … and Glowacki, L. (2019). Universality and diversity in human song<\/a>. Science,<\/em> 366(970), 1\u201317. https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aax0868<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Murdock, G. P. (1949). Social structure<\/em>. Macmillan.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Naiman, J. (2012). How societies work <\/em>(5th edition).<\/em> Fernwood Publishing.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Oberg, K. (1960, July 1). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments<\/a>. Practical Anthropology,<\/em> 7, 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009182966000700405<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Rose, N. (2007).\u00a0The politics of life itself: Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Smith, D. (1987). The everyday world as problematic: A feminist sociology<\/em>. University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals. <\/em>Ginn and Co.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Tremblay, R. et al. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors<\/a>.\u00a0 Pediatrics, 114<\/em>(1), 43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.114.1.e43<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Wedekind, C., et al. (1995). MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans<\/a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/em>, 260<\/em>, 245\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1995.0087<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              W.H.O. (2020). Female genital mutilation<\/a>. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/female-genital-mutilation<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.2. Elements of Culture<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Angelini, P., and Broderick, M. (2012). Race and ethnicity: The obvious diversity. In Paul Angelini (Ed.), Our society: Human diversity in Canada<\/em> (pp. 93-125). Nelson.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Barthes, R. (1977). The rhetoric of the image. Image, Music, Text <\/em>(pp. 32\u201351). <\/em>Hill and Wang.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Cook, J., and King, J. (1784). A voyage to the Pacific Ocean<\/a><\/em>. W. & A. Strahan. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/voyagetopacifico03cook<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Durkheim, E. (1938). The rules of sociological method.<\/em> University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Durkheim, E. (1915). The elementary forms of the religious life: A study in religious sociology. <\/em>Allen & Unwin.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology.<\/em> Prentice Hall Inc.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology<\/em>. Polity Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Knox, J.\u00a0(2014,\u00a0February 16). Poll: B.C. women pickier than most in Canada on romance<\/a>. Times Colonist<\/em> (p. A2). https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/canada\/times-colonist\/20140216\/281539403858514<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Lee, J. (2015, November 4). No more skipping 4, 13, 14, 24 in Vancouver floor numbers.<\/a> Vancouver Sun. https:\/\/vancouversun.com\/news\/local-news\/no-more-skipping-4-13-14-24-in-vancouver-floor-numbers<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Levi-Strauss, C. (1978). Myth and meaning.<\/em> University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Lipset, S. M. (1990). Continental divide: The values and institutions of the United States and Canada<\/em>. Routledge, Chapman, and Hall.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Martineau, H. (1838). How to observe morals and manners<\/i>.<\/a> Charles Knight and Co.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/33944\/33944-\/33944-h.htm.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              McRoberts, K. (1997). Misconceiving Canada: The struggle for national unity<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Merton, R. (1938). Social structure and anomie<\/a>. American Sociological Review,<\/em> 3(5), 672\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2084686<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Norris, M. (2007). \u201cAboriginal languages in Canada: Emerging trends and perspectives on second language acquisition.<\/a>\u201d Canadian Social Trends<\/em>. No.<\/abbr>\u00a083. May. Statistics Canada Catalogue no.<\/abbr> 11\u2011008\u2011X. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-008-x\/2007001\/pdf\/9628-eng.pdf?st=A7yFWS8U<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Passero, K. (2002, July). Global travel expert Roger Axtell explains why.\u00a0Biography,\u00a0<\/em>pp. 70\u201373, 97\u201398.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Phillips, D., Liu, G., K., Jarvinen, J., Zhang, W., and Abramson, I. S. (2001, December 22). The Hound of the Baskervilles<\/em> effect: Natural experiment on the influence of psychological stress on timing of death. British Medical Journa<\/em>l, <\/em>323<\/em>(7327), 1443\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.323.7327.1443<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                              \n

                                                                                                                              Scanlon, T. J., <\/span><\/span>Luben, R. N, <\/span><\/span>Scanlon, F. L., <\/span><\/span>Singleton, N. (1993, December 18). <\/span>Is Friday the 13th bad for your health?<\/a> British Medical Journal, <\/em>307<\/em>(6919), 1584\u20131586.<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.307.6919.1584<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                                                              Statistics Canada. (2007). Languages in Canada: 2001 census<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. (Catalogue no. 96-326-XIE). http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/96-326-x\/96-326-x2001001-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals<\/em>. Ginn and Co.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Swoyer, C. (2003). The linguistic relativity hypothesis.<\/a> In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Supplement to Relativism).<\/em> http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/win2003\/entries\/relativism\/supplement2.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Thome, H. (2015). Sociology of values. In Wright, J.D. (Editor-in-chief), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences<\/em> (Vol25, 2nd edition,<\/em>\u00a0pp.47\u201353). Elsevier.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Weber, B. (2011, May 3). Harold Garfinkel, a common-sense sociologist, dies at 93<\/a>.\u00a0The New York Times.<\/em> http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/05\/04\/us\/04garfinkel.html?_r=2<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Westcott, K. (2008, March 20). World\u2019s best-known protest symbol turns 50.<\/a>\u00a0BBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/magazine\/7292252.stm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.3. Pop Culture, Subculture, and Cultural Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization<\/em>. University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Behind the Yearning for Zion gates<\/a>.\u00a0(March 30, 2009). Oprah.com. https:\/\/www.oprah.com\/oprahshow\/inside-the-yfz-polygamist-ranch<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Bosker, B. (2013).\u00a0Original copies: Architectural mimicry in contemporary China<\/em>. University of Hawai’i Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Clarke, J., Hall, S., Jefferson, T., & Roberts, B. (1975). Subcultures, cultures and class. In Hall, S. and T. Jefferson (Eds.), Resistance through rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain <\/em>(pp. 9\u201374). <\/em>Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Dawson, L. L. & Thiessen, J. (2014). The sociology of religion: A Canadian perspective<\/em>. Don Mills, On.: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Friesen, J. (2014,\u00a0August 27 ). Tim Hortons: How a brand became part of our national identity.<\/a>\u00a0The Globe and Mail<\/em>. http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/tim-hortons-how-a-brand-became-part-of-our-national-identity\/article20217349\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Frost, M. (2018, February 22<\/span>). Finding the unexpected wonder in more than 22,000 international standards: From brewing tea to making shipping containers.<\/a> Atlas Obscura<\/em>. https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/hidden-wonder-international-standards-organization-iso<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Gottlieb, W. P. (1946). Portrait of Bill Buddy De Arango, Terry Gibbs, and Harry Biss, Club Troubadour, New York, N.Y.<\/a>, between 1946 and 1948. United States, 1946., Monographic. [Photograph]. The Library of Congress. https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/gottlieb.10801\/.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Greif, M. (2010, November 12). The hipster in the mirror.<\/a> The\u00a0New York Times<\/em>. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/14\/books\/review\/Greif-t.html?pagewanted=1<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: The meaning of style.<\/em> Methuen.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Lipset, S. M. (1990). Continental divide: The values and institutions of the United States and Canada<\/em>. Routledge, Chapman and Hall.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Marx, K. (1977). The eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. In D. McLellan (Ed.),\u00a0Karl Marx: Selected writings<\/em> (pp.\u00a0300\u2013325). <\/em>Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1852.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              McLuhan, M. (1962<\/span>). The global village: Transformations in world life and media in the 21st century<\/em>. Oxford University Press<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Scheuerman, W. (2010, June 4). Globalization<\/a>. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em> (Summer ed.). http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2010\/entries\/globalization\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Scholte, J. A. (2000). Globalization: A critical introduction<\/em>. MacMillan.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.4. Culture as Restriction: Rationalization and Commodification <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Crompton, S. (2011, October 13). What\u2019s stressing the stressed? Main sources of stress among workers<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. (Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-008-X).<\/em> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-008-x\/2011002\/article\/11562-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Davis, W. (2002). The naked geography of hope.\u00a0Whole Earth,<\/em> Spring, 57\u201361.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Marx, K. (1977). Capital. In D. McLellan (Ed.),\u00a0Karl Marx: Selected writings<\/em> (pp. 415\u2013507). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1867.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Simmel, G. (1978\/ 1900). The philosophy of money.<\/em> Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Statistics Canada. (2011). General social survey – 2010 overview of the time use of Canadians: Highlights.<\/em><\/a> (Catalogue no. 89-647-X). http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-647-x\/2011001\/hl-fs-eng.htm#a5a<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Statistics Canada. (2014). Perceived life stress, 2013.<\/em><\/a> (Catalogue no. 82-625-X).<\/em> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/82-625-x\/2014001\/article\/14023-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.<\/em> Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons. (Original work published 1904.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Weber, M. (1969). Science as a vocation. In Gerth &\u00a0Mills (Eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in sociology<\/em> (pp. 129\u2013156). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1919.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Weber, M. (1922). The permanent character of the bureaucratic machine. In Gerth &\u00a0Mills (Eds.),\u00a0From Max Weber: Essays in sociology<\/em> (pp. 228\u2013230). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              3.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Berger, T. (1967). The sacred canopy: Elements of a sociological theory of religion. <\/em>Doubleday & Company, Inc.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Elections Canada. (2014). A history of the vote in Canada<\/em><\/a>. http:\/\/www.elections.ca\/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&document=index&lang=e<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Malinowski, B. (1954). Magic, science and religion<\/em>. Doubleday. (Original work published 1925.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Simmel, G. (1971). Fashion. In D. Levine (Ed.),\u00a0On individuality and social forms<\/em> (pp. 294\u2013323). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1904.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                              Solutions to Quiz: Culture<\/a><\/h1>\n

                                                                                                                              1 B, | 2 D, | 3 C, | 4 A, | 5 D, | 6 A, | 7 C, | 8 A, | 9 B, | 10 C, | 11 A, | 12 A, | 13 C, | 14 D, | 15 D, | 16 B, | 17 B, | 18 C, | 19 A, | 20 B, | 21 C, [Return to Quiz]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-134","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":88,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":822,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134\/revisions\/822"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/88"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/134\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=134"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=134"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}