{"id":225,"date":"2023-08-10T17:23:35","date_gmt":"2023-08-10T17:23:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-6-resources-and-activities\/"},"modified":"2023-09-07T21:02:57","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T21:02:57","slug":"chapter-6-resources-and-activities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-6-resources-and-activities\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 6 Resources and Activities","rendered":"Chapter 6 Resources and Activities"},"content":{"raw":"
\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\nachieved statuses:<\/b> Statuses obtained by personal effort or choice.\n\nascribed status:<\/b> Statuses obtained by attributions outside of an individual\u2019s control, such as sex or race.\n\ndefinition of the situation: <\/strong>The mutual understanding of a shared social context, which arises out of communicative interaction\n\ndramaturgical analysis:<\/b> A technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance.\n\nemotion management: <\/strong>Producing or inhibiting feelings according to the social expectations of different situations.\n\nemotional labour:<\/strong> The production of emotional qualities required as an aspect of paid labour.\n\nface:<\/strong>\u00a0 An image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes.\n\nface-work:<\/strong> The management of one\u2019s face in light of the responses of others.\n<\/strong>\n\nfeeling rules:<\/strong>\u00a0 A set of socially shared guidelines that define appropriate emotions in given situations.\n\nhabitualization:<\/b> The process whereby social patterns become routinized through repetition so they can be performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort\n\nimpression management: <\/strong>Strategies used by a performer to control the impressions and responses of the others in a social interaction.\n<\/strong>\n\ninstitutionalization:<\/b> The act of implanting a convention or norm into society.\n\nline:<\/strong>\u00a0 An act of self-presentation in which an individual expresses their view of the situation, their attitude towards the other members of the group, and their attitude towards themselves.\n\nlooking-glass self:<\/b> The individual's perception of how think think they appear to others.\n\npractice of the self:<\/strong>\u00a0 Shared way in which people freely or voluntarily act upon themselves to transform themselves\n\nrole conflict:<\/b> When one or more of an individual\u2019s roles clash.\n\nrole performance:<\/b> The expression of a role.\n\nrole strain:<\/b> Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role.\n\nrole-set:<\/b> An array of roles attached to a particular status.\n\nroles:<\/b> Patterns of behaviour that are representative of a person\u2019s social status.\n\nself-fulfilling prophecy:<\/b> An idea that becomes true when acted on.\n\nsocial interaction:<\/strong>\u00a0 The process of social exchange and reciprocal influence exercised by individuals over one another during social encounters.\n\nsocial scripts:<\/strong>\u00a0 Pre-established patterns of behaviour that people are expected to follow in specific social situations.\n\nstatus:<\/b> The privileges and benefits that a person experiences according to their prestige and role in society.\n\nstructure of feeling: <\/strong>Large scale, societal patterns in people's feelings or emotional responses towards things\n\nThomas theorem:<\/b> How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Section Summary<\/h1>\n6.1 Micro-Level Interaction<\/strong><\/a>\n\nSociety is based on the social construction of reality. How people define society influences how society actually is. Likewise, how people see other people influences their actions as well as people's actions toward them. People take on various roles throughout their lives, and their social interactions depend on what types of roles they assume, who they assume them with, and the scene where interaction takes place.\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
\n

Quiz: Social Interaction<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\n6.1 Micro-Level Interaction<\/strong><\/a>\n
    \n \t
  1. Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbour\u2019s house. She\u2019s just learned that the child care provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities?\n
      \n \t
    1. role strain<\/li>\n \t
    2. self-fulfilling prophecy<\/li>\n \t
    3. status conflict<\/li>\n \t
    4. status strain<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
    5. According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
        \n \t
      1. habitual actions<\/li>\n \t
      2. social facts<\/li>\n \t
      3. structures of feeling<\/li>\n \t
      4. role performance<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
      5. Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he has never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the grey and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco\u2019s behaviour can be best explained by the concept of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
          \n \t
        1. role strain<\/li>\n \t
        2. the looking-glass self<\/li>\n \t
        3. role performance<\/li>\n \t
        4. habitualization<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
          \n

          Short Answer<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

          \n\n6.1 Micro-Level Interactions<\/strong><\/a>\n
            \n \t
          1. Draw a large circle and then \u201cslice\u201d the circle into pieces like a pie, labeling each piece with a role or status that you occupy. Add as many statuses, ascribed and achieved, that you have. Do not forget things like dog owner, gardener, traveler, student, runner, employee. How many statuses do you have? In which ones are there role conflicts?<\/li>\n \t
          2. Think of a \"self-fulfilling prophecy\" that you have witnessed or experienced. Based on this experience, do you agree with the Thomas theorem? What are the implications of the Thomas theorem for the difference between studying natural as opposed to social phenomena? Or is there a difference?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            Further Research<\/h1>\n6.1 Micro-Level Interactions<\/strong><\/a>\nTV Tropes<\/a> (http:\/\/tvtropes.org\/) is a website where users identify concepts that are commonly used in literature, film, and other media. Although its tone is for the most part humorous, the site provides a good jumping-off point for research. Browse the list of examples under the entry of \u201cSelf-Fulfilling Prophecy<\/a>\u201d (http:\/\/tvtropes.org\/pmwiki\/pmwiki.php\/Main\/SelfFulfillingProphecy). Pay careful attention to the real-life examples. Are there ones that surprised you or that you do not agree with?\n

            References<\/h1>\n6.0 Introduction to Social Interaction<\/strong><\/a>\n

            Fridlund, A. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view.<\/em> Academic Press.<\/p>\n

            Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. <\/em>Anchor Books<\/p>\n

            Goffman, E. (1972). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. In Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviour<\/em> (pp. 5\u201345). Penguin Books.<\/p>\n6.1 Micro-Level Interaction<\/strong><\/a>\n

            Bale, J. (2007). Political paranoia v. political realism: On distinguishing between bogus conspiracy theories and genuine conspiratorial politics<\/span>.<\/a> Patterns of Prejudice,<\/span><\/em> 41<\/span>, 45\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313220601118751\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            Beard, M. (2014). Laughter in ancient Rome: On joking, tickling, and cracking up.<\/em> University of California Press<\/p>\nBeck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity.<\/em> Sage.\n

            Berger, P. L. and Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge<\/em>. Anchor Books.<\/p>\n

            Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method.<\/em> Prentice-Hall.<\/p>\n

            Brym, R., Roberts, L.W., Lie, J. & Rytina, S. (2013). Sociology: Your compass for a new world <\/em>(4th Canadian ed.). Nelson.<\/p>\n

            Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order<\/em>. Scribner.<\/p>\n

            Deleuze, G. (1992). Expressionism in philosophy: Spinoza. <\/em>Zone Books<\/p>\n

            Doughty, C. (2013). A passionate defense of selfies at funerals.<\/a> Jezebel. <\/em>http:\/\/jezebel.com\/a-passionate-defense-of-selfies-at-funerals-1455095190<\/p>\n

            Foucault, M. (1994). Techniques of the Self. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics, subjectivity and truth: The essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, Volume One (pp. 223\u2013252). <\/em>The New Press.<\/p>\n

            Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology.<\/em> Prentice Hall Inc.<\/p>\nGiddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity.<\/em> Polity Press.\n

            Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life<\/em>. Doubleday.<\/p>\n\n

            \n

            Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure<\/a>. American Journal of Sociology<\/i>, 85<\/i>(3), 551\u2013575. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2778583<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n

            Helliwell, J., G. Schellenberg & J. Fonberg. (2020, December 21). The COVID-19 pandemic and life satisfaction in Canada<\/a>.\u00a0 Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 45280001<\/em>. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00093-eng.pdf?st=35z-F7tc\n<\/span><\/p>\n

            Huffington Post. (2013). Funeral selfies are the latest evidence apocalypse can't come soon enough.<\/a> Huffington Post.<\/em> http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/10\/29\/funeral-selfies_n_4175153.html<\/p>\n

            Lefrance, A. (2020, June). The prophecies of Q: American conspiracy theories are entering a dangerous new phase<\/a>. The Atlantic. <\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2020\/06\/qanon-nothing-can-stop-what-is-coming\/610567\/<\/p>\n

            Lyotard, JF. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. <\/em>University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\nMead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self & society; from the standpoint of a social behaviorist<\/i>. (C. W. Morris, Ed.) (Vol. III). University of Chicago Press.\n

            Merton, R. K. (1957). The role-set: Problems in sociological theory.<\/a> The British Journal of Sociology<\/i>,\u00a08<\/i>(2), 106\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/587363<\/p>\n

            Monty Python (Writers), Goldstone, J. (Producer), and Jones, T. (Director). (1979). Monty Python\u2019s life of Brian<\/em>. Handmade Films.<\/p>\n

            Prooijen, J-W. and K. Douglas. (2018). <\/span>Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain.<\/a> European Journal of Social Psychology,<\/em>\u00a048<\/em>(7), 897\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2530<\/p>\n

            Provine, R. R. (1996). Laughter<\/a>. American Scientist, 84<\/em>(1), 38\u201345. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29775596<\/p>\n

            Pulido, C., Villarejo-Carballido, B., Redondo-Sama, G., and G\u00f3mez. A. (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information<\/a>. International Sociology, <\/span><\/em>35(4), 377<\/span>\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026858092091475<\/span><\/p>\n

            Rebughini, P. (2021). A sociology of anxiety: Western modern legacy and the Covid-19 outbreak.<\/a>\u00a0 International Sociology, 36<\/em>(4), 554\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026858092199332<\/p>\n

            Remski, M. (2021, November 8). When QAnon came to Canada: As the conspiracy theories continue to creep northward, experts warn that we should be prepared for anything<\/a>. The Walrus<\/em>. https:\/\/thewalrus.ca\/when-qanon-came-to-canada\/<\/p>\n

            Schaffer, M. (2021, January 19). Conspiracy theorists target comet ping pong on Trump\u2019s last night in office.<\/a> Washingtonian. <\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from https:\/\/www.washingtonian.com\/2021\/01\/19\/conspiracy-theorists-target-comet-ping-pong-on-trumps-last-night-in-office\/<\/p>\n

            Stearns, P. (2014). Modern patterns in emotions history. In Matt, S. and P. Stearns (Eds.), Doing emotions history <\/em>(pp. 17\u2013<\/span>40). <\/em>University of Illinois Press.\n<\/em><\/p>\n

            Thomas, W. I. & Thomas, D.S. (1928). The child in America: Behavior problems and programs<\/em>. Knopf.<\/p>\n

            Williams, R. (1977). Structures of feeling. In Marxism and literature <\/em>(pp. 128\u2013<\/span>135). Oxford University Press<\/p>\n\n

            <\/a>Solutions to Quiz: Social Interaction<\/h1>\n1 A, | 2 A, | 3 B, [Return to Quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
            \n
            \n

            Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

            \n

            achieved statuses:<\/b> Statuses obtained by personal effort or choice.<\/p>\n

            ascribed status:<\/b> Statuses obtained by attributions outside of an individual\u2019s control, such as sex or race.<\/p>\n

            definition of the situation: <\/strong>The mutual understanding of a shared social context, which arises out of communicative interaction<\/p>\n

            dramaturgical analysis:<\/b> A technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance.<\/p>\n

            emotion management: <\/strong>Producing or inhibiting feelings according to the social expectations of different situations.<\/p>\n

            emotional labour:<\/strong> The production of emotional qualities required as an aspect of paid labour.<\/p>\n

            face:<\/strong>\u00a0 An image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes.<\/p>\n

            face-work:<\/strong> The management of one\u2019s face in light of the responses of others.
            \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

            feeling rules:<\/strong>\u00a0 A set of socially shared guidelines that define appropriate emotions in given situations.<\/p>\n

            habitualization:<\/b> The process whereby social patterns become routinized through repetition so they can be performed again in the future in the same manner and with the same economical effort<\/p>\n

            impression management: <\/strong>Strategies used by a performer to control the impressions and responses of the others in a social interaction.
            \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

            institutionalization:<\/b> The act of implanting a convention or norm into society.<\/p>\n

            line:<\/strong>\u00a0 An act of self-presentation in which an individual expresses their view of the situation, their attitude towards the other members of the group, and their attitude towards themselves.<\/p>\n

            looking-glass self:<\/b> The individual’s perception of how think think they appear to others.<\/p>\n

            practice of the self:<\/strong>\u00a0 Shared way in which people freely or voluntarily act upon themselves to transform themselves<\/p>\n

            role conflict:<\/b> When one or more of an individual\u2019s roles clash.<\/p>\n

            role performance:<\/b> The expression of a role.<\/p>\n

            role strain:<\/b> Stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role.<\/p>\n

            role-set:<\/b> An array of roles attached to a particular status.<\/p>\n

            roles:<\/b> Patterns of behaviour that are representative of a person\u2019s social status.<\/p>\n

            self-fulfilling prophecy:<\/b> An idea that becomes true when acted on.<\/p>\n

            social interaction:<\/strong>\u00a0 The process of social exchange and reciprocal influence exercised by individuals over one another during social encounters.<\/p>\n

            social scripts:<\/strong>\u00a0 Pre-established patterns of behaviour that people are expected to follow in specific social situations.<\/p>\n

            status:<\/b> The privileges and benefits that a person experiences according to their prestige and role in society.<\/p>\n

            structure of feeling: <\/strong>Large scale, societal patterns in people’s feelings or emotional responses towards things<\/p>\n

            Thomas theorem:<\/b> How a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            Section Summary<\/h1>\n

            6.1 Micro-Level Interaction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

            Society is based on the social construction of reality. How people define society influences how society actually is. Likewise, how people see other people influences their actions as well as people’s actions toward them. People take on various roles throughout their lives, and their social interactions depend on what types of roles they assume, who they assume them with, and the scene where interaction takes place.<\/p>\n

            Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
            \n
            \n

            Quiz: Social Interaction<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

            \n

            6.1 Micro-Level Interaction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Mary works full-time at an office downtown while her young children stay at a neighbour\u2019s house. She\u2019s just learned that the child care provider is leaving the country. Mary has succumbed to pressure to volunteer at her church, plus her ailing mother-in-law will be moving in with her next month. Which of the following is likely to occur as Mary tries to balance her existing and new responsibilities?\n
                \n
              1. role strain<\/li>\n
              2. self-fulfilling prophecy<\/li>\n
              3. status conflict<\/li>\n
              4. status strain<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
              5. According to Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, society is based on \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                  \n
                1. habitual actions<\/li>\n
                2. social facts<\/li>\n
                3. structures of feeling<\/li>\n
                4. role performance<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                5. Paco knows that women find him attractive, and he has never found it hard to get a date. But as he ages, he dyes his hair to hide the grey and wears clothes that camouflage the weight he has put on. Paco\u2019s behaviour can be best explained by the concept of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                    \n
                  1. role strain<\/li>\n
                  2. the looking-glass self<\/li>\n
                  3. role performance<\/li>\n
                  4. habitualization<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                    \n
                    \n

                    Short Answer<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                    \n

                    6.1 Micro-Level Interactions<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Draw a large circle and then \u201cslice\u201d the circle into pieces like a pie, labeling each piece with a role or status that you occupy. Add as many statuses, ascribed and achieved, that you have. Do not forget things like dog owner, gardener, traveler, student, runner, employee. How many statuses do you have? In which ones are there role conflicts?<\/li>\n
                    2. Think of a “self-fulfilling prophecy” that you have witnessed or experienced. Based on this experience, do you agree with the Thomas theorem? What are the implications of the Thomas theorem for the difference between studying natural as opposed to social phenomena? Or is there a difference?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                      Further Research<\/h1>\n

                      6.1 Micro-Level Interactions<\/strong><\/a>
                      \n                      TV Tropes<\/a> (http:\/\/tvtropes.org\/) is a website where users identify concepts that are commonly used in literature, film, and other media. Although its tone is for the most part humorous, the site provides a good jumping-off point for research. Browse the list of examples under the entry of \u201cSelf-Fulfilling Prophecy<\/a>\u201d (http:\/\/tvtropes.org\/pmwiki\/pmwiki.php\/Main\/SelfFulfillingProphecy). Pay careful attention to the real-life examples. Are there ones that surprised you or that you do not agree with?<\/p>\n

                      References<\/h1>\n

                      6.0 Introduction to Social Interaction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                      Fridlund, A. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view.<\/em> Academic Press.<\/p>\n

                      Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. <\/em>Anchor Books<\/p>\n

                      Goffman, E. (1972). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. In Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behaviour<\/em> (pp. 5\u201345). Penguin Books.<\/p>\n

                      6.1 Micro-Level Interaction<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                      Bale, J. (2007). Political paranoia v. political realism: On distinguishing between bogus conspiracy theories and genuine conspiratorial politics<\/span>.<\/a> Patterns of Prejudice,<\/span><\/em> 41<\/span>, 45\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313220601118751\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Beard, M. (2014). Laughter in ancient Rome: On joking, tickling, and cracking up.<\/em> University of California Press<\/p>\n

                      Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity.<\/em> Sage.<\/p>\n

                      Berger, P. L. and Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge<\/em>. Anchor Books.<\/p>\n

                      Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method.<\/em> Prentice-Hall.<\/p>\n

                      Brym, R., Roberts, L.W., Lie, J. & Rytina, S. (2013). Sociology: Your compass for a new world <\/em>(4th Canadian ed.). Nelson.<\/p>\n

                      Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order<\/em>. Scribner.<\/p>\n

                      Deleuze, G. (1992). Expressionism in philosophy: Spinoza. <\/em>Zone Books<\/p>\n

                      Doughty, C. (2013). A passionate defense of selfies at funerals.<\/a> Jezebel. <\/em>http:\/\/jezebel.com\/a-passionate-defense-of-selfies-at-funerals-1455095190<\/p>\n

                      Foucault, M. (1994). Techniques of the Self. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics, subjectivity and truth: The essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, Volume One (pp. 223\u2013252). <\/em>The New Press.<\/p>\n

                      Garfinkel, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology.<\/em> Prentice Hall Inc.<\/p>\n

                      Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity.<\/em> Polity Press.<\/p>\n

                      Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life<\/em>. Doubleday.<\/p>\n

                      \n

                      Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure<\/a>. American Journal of Sociology<\/i>, 85<\/i>(3), 551\u2013575. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2778583<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                      Helliwell, J., G. Schellenberg & J. Fonberg. (2020, December 21). The COVID-19 pandemic and life satisfaction in Canada<\/a>.\u00a0 Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 45280001<\/em>. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00093-eng.pdf?st=35z-F7tc
                      \n<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Huffington Post. (2013). Funeral selfies are the latest evidence apocalypse can’t come soon enough.<\/a> Huffington Post.<\/em> http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/10\/29\/funeral-selfies_n_4175153.html<\/p>\n

                      Lefrance, A. (2020, June). The prophecies of Q: American conspiracy theories are entering a dangerous new phase<\/a>. The Atlantic. <\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2020\/06\/qanon-nothing-can-stop-what-is-coming\/610567\/<\/p>\n

                      Lyotard, JF. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. <\/em>University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n

                      Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self & society; from the standpoint of a social behaviorist<\/i>. (C. W. Morris, Ed.) (Vol. III). University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

                      Merton, R. K. (1957). The role-set: Problems in sociological theory.<\/a> The British Journal of Sociology<\/i>,\u00a08<\/i>(2), 106\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/587363<\/p>\n

                      Monty Python (Writers), Goldstone, J. (Producer), and Jones, T. (Director). (1979). Monty Python\u2019s life of Brian<\/em>. Handmade Films.<\/p>\n

                      Prooijen, J-W. and K. Douglas. (2018). <\/span>Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain.<\/a> European Journal of Social Psychology,<\/em>\u00a048<\/em>(7), 897\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2530<\/p>\n

                      Provine, R. R. (1996). Laughter<\/a>. American Scientist, 84<\/em>(1), 38\u201345. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29775596<\/p>\n

                      Pulido, C., Villarejo-Carballido, B., Redondo-Sama, G., and G\u00f3mez. A. (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information<\/a>. International Sociology, <\/span><\/em>35(4), 377<\/span>\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026858092091475<\/span><\/p>\n

                      Rebughini, P. (2021). A sociology of anxiety: Western modern legacy and the Covid-19 outbreak.<\/a>\u00a0 International Sociology, 36<\/em>(4), 554\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026858092199332<\/p>\n

                      Remski, M. (2021, November 8). When QAnon came to Canada: As the conspiracy theories continue to creep northward, experts warn that we should be prepared for anything<\/a>. The Walrus<\/em>. https:\/\/thewalrus.ca\/when-qanon-came-to-canada\/<\/p>\n

                      Schaffer, M. (2021, January 19). Conspiracy theorists target comet ping pong on Trump\u2019s last night in office.<\/a> Washingtonian. <\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from https:\/\/www.washingtonian.com\/2021\/01\/19\/conspiracy-theorists-target-comet-ping-pong-on-trumps-last-night-in-office\/<\/p>\n

                      Stearns, P. (2014). Modern patterns in emotions history. In Matt, S. and P. Stearns (Eds.), Doing emotions history <\/em>(pp. 17\u2013<\/span>40). <\/em>University of Illinois Press.
                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                      Thomas, W. I. & Thomas, D.S. (1928). The child in America: Behavior problems and programs<\/em>. Knopf.<\/p>\n

                      Williams, R. (1977). Structures of feeling. In Marxism and literature <\/em>(pp. 128\u2013<\/span>135). Oxford University Press<\/p>\n

                      <\/a>Solutions to Quiz: Social Interaction<\/h1>\n

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