{"id":367,"date":"2023-08-14T12:45:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-14T12:45:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-10-resources-and-activities\/"},"modified":"2023-09-07T21:03:59","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T21:03:59","slug":"chapter-10-resources-and-activities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-10-resources-and-activities\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 10 Resources and Activities","rendered":"Chapter 10 Resources and Activities"},"content":{"raw":"
\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\nabsolute poverty:<\/strong>\u00a0The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities.\n\nagency:<\/strong> the ability to define one\u2019s goals and act on them; used as a variable to measure inequality\n<\/span>\n\nanti-globalization movement:<\/strong> A global countermovement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization.\n\n bifurcated labour system:<\/strong> A labour market divided into a core of relatively stable, well-paid jobs and a periphery of casual, precarious, and low-cost labour. <\/span><\/span>\n\ncapital flight:<\/strong>\u00a0The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources.\n\nchattel slavery:<\/strong>\u00a0A form of slavery in which one person owns another.\n\ncontainerization:<\/strong> The transformation in the transportation and trade of goods brought about by the use of container ships.\n\ncolonialism:<\/strong> A form of domination in which a state or state sponsored group exercises direct control over the territory and inhabitants of another society\n\nColumbian Exchange<\/strong>:\u00a0 The widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 16th century.\n\ncore nations:<\/strong>\u00a0Dominant capitalist countries.\n\ncosmopolitanism: <\/strong>A social condition or setting of social and cultural diversity in which a multiplicity of ideas, traditions and customs intermingle.\n\ndebt accumulation:<\/strong>\u00a0The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals.\n\ndebt bondage:<\/strong> When people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom.\n\ndecolonization:<\/strong> The process whereby former colonies attain formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers.\n\ndeindustrialization:<\/strong>\u00a0The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower.\n\ndependency theory:<\/strong>\u00a0Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations.\n\nde-traditionalization:<\/strong> The process whereby day-to-day life is increasingly less informed by traditions or the ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts.\n\ndisembedding: <\/strong>The process in which day to day life is no longer completely embedded in local, micro-level interactions but becomes coordinated and organized on a global basis.\n\nexpert system: <\/strong>Advanced systems of knowledge and practice required to run the complex institutional arrangements and technological systems of contemporary societies.\n\nexploitative colonialism:\u00a0<\/strong> A form of colonialism in which the focus is on the extraction of wealth (rather than settlement). See settler colonialism.<\/em>\n\nexpressive individualism:<\/strong> A form of identity formation defined by the drive to find one\u2019s \u201cself\u201d and to express one's unique individuality, even in the face of resistance.\n\nfirst wave of globalization<\/strong>: 19th century-1914.\n\nfirst world:<\/strong>\u00a0A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies.\n\nfourth world:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage.\n\nglobal assembly lines:<\/strong> A practice where products are designed, manufactured, and assembled in different international locations.\n\nglobal capitalism<\/strong>: The extension of the capitalist mode of production to the entire world.\n\nglobal capitalism theory: <\/strong>Analytical framework that the development of global capitalism takes place less in the context of national economies and more in the context of global flows of capital investment in an increasingly integrated world market.\n\nglobal commodity chains: <\/strong>Internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations around the world for the purpose of manufacture, distribution, and marketing.\n\nglobal feminization of poverty:<\/strong> A global pattern in which women increasingly bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty.\n\nglobal inequality:<\/strong>\u00a0The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority.\n\nglobal level of analysis<\/strong>: The study of structures and processes that extend beyond the boundaries of states or specific societies.\n\nglobal stratification:<\/strong>\u00a0The unequal distribution of resources between countries.\n\nglobalization:<\/strong> The processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world <\/span>into a single world society.<\/span>\n\ngross domestic product (GDP)<\/strong>: the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period.\n\ngross national income (GNI):<\/strong> The income of a nation calculated based on domestic goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country.\n\nlate modernity<\/strong>: Features that define the common culture of global society.\n\nmetropolis-hinterland relationship:<\/strong> The relationship between core and peripheral countries in which resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises to be converted into manufactured goods and then shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption.\n\nmodernization theory:<\/strong>\u00a0A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work.\n\nmultinational corporation:<\/strong> A corporation whose ownership and operations span multiple nation-states.\n\nneo-colonialism:<\/strong> The continued socio-economic and political dominance of external political and economic agents in former colonies.\n\nneo-liberalism<\/strong>: A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society.\n\nnew tribalism:<\/strong>\u00a0 The emergence of group identities that provide individuals with a means of distinguishing themselves from others in the context of global diversity and cosmopolitanism.\n\npeonage:<\/strong> A system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work.\n\nperipheral nations:<\/strong>\u00a0Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization.\n\nprimitive accumulation<\/strong>: the initial stage of capitalist accumulation in which people are separated from a territory and its resources, and subjected to forms of unfree labour, expropriation of land and destruction of self-determining communities.\n\nreflexivity:\u00a0<\/strong> A stance of contemporary individuality and institutional life that involves (a) continuous monitoring of activities and performance to assess effectiveness and future risks, and (b) a readiness to modify understandings and practices in response to new information.\n\nrelative poverty:<\/strong>\u00a0The state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country.\n\nrisk\/trust dilemma:\u00a0<\/strong>A characteristic trade off in late modern society between trust in expert systems to manage collective risks and threats, and the recognition of the fallibility of expert systems.\n\nrisk management:<\/strong> Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk.\n\nsecond wave of globalization:\u00a0<\/strong>1945-1989\n\nsecond world:<\/strong>\u00a0A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living.\n\nsemi-peripheral nations:<\/strong> In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle class marketplace.\n\nsettler colonialism: <\/strong>A form of colonialism focused on permanent settlement and corresponding displacement of Indigenous Peoples and societies.\n\nsovereign state system:<\/strong> The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states.\n\nsovereignty:<\/strong> The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory.\n\nsubjective poverty:<\/strong>\u00a0A state of poverty subjectively present when one\u2019s actual income does not meet one\u2019s expectations.\n\nsurplus humanity:\u00a0 <\/strong>Sectors of the global labour market who are of no direct use to capitalism and obliged to sustain themselves precariously in informal sectors of the economy.\n<\/span><\/span>\n\nTerra Nullius: <\/strong>The principle that territory and economic resources that are not being effectively utilized by an indigenous population could legitimately be expropriated and developed by a superior invading nation.\n\nthird industrial revolution: <\/strong>The spread of automation, computation, instantaneous communication, and digitization through the use of electronics, computers and internet.\n<\/strong>\n\nthird wave of globalization: <\/strong>1989\u2013present.\n\nthird world:<\/strong> A\u00a0term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries.\n\ntransnational capitalist class:\u00a0<\/strong> A network of owners of capital who are distributed around the world and focused on international markets, rather than their home markets, for investment and capital accumulation.<\/span><\/span>\n\nunderground economy:<\/strong>\u00a0An unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections.\n\nworld systems theory:<\/strong> Analytical framework which conceptualizes a single world-system operating as a global division of labour, divided between multiple states, which redistributes surplus value from the periphery<\/i> to the core.<\/i>\n\nxenophobia<\/strong>: An irrational fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Section Summary<\/h1>\n10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n\nGlobalization refers to processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world into a single global society. Climate change, disease pandemics and global capitalism are examples of the ways in which people around the world are caught up in the same global scale processes. While trade has occurred between different distant locations for millennia, it was not until the development of colonialism that a single global society began to emerge. Three waves of globalization from the 19th century British Empire to the post-Second World War development of global institutions, to the contemporary post-Cold War period have intensified the process of global integration and created new and unprecedented capabilities, issues, and social dynamics. <\/span>\n\n10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong>\n\nStratification refers to the gaps in access to resources both between countries and within countries. While economic equality is of great concern, so is social equality, like the discrimination stemming from race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and\/or sexual orientation. When looking at the world\u2019s poor, sociologists first have to define the difference between relative poverty and absolute poverty.\u00a0 While those in relative poverty might not have enough to live at their country\u2019s standard of living, those in absolute poverty do not have, or barely have, basic necessities such as food. Global poverty has numerous negative consequences, from increased crime rates to a detrimental impact on physical and mental health.\n\nDifferent explanations of global inequality focus on modernization theory, dependency theory and global capitalism theory. Modernization theory posits that countries go through evolutionary stages and that industrialization and improved technology are the keys to forward movement. Dependency theory sees global inequality as the result of core nations creating a cycle of dependence by exploiting resources and labour in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries. Globalization theory argues that the division between the wealthy and the poor is now organized in the context of a single, integrated global economy rather than between core and peripheral countries.\n\n10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n\nGlobal society has effects on day-to-day life beyond economic integration and displacement. To varying degrees, people around the world experience a new global reality characterized by de-traditionalization, disembedding from local time and space, organization through global expert systems, cosmopolitanism, homogenization, expressive individualism, new tribalism, and new forms of risk\/trust dynamics. The relationship between the local and the global is complexly intertwined in many distinct aspects of daily life.\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
\n

Quiz: Global Society<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\n10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n
    \n \t
  1. Globalization is a process that:\n
      \n \t
    1. Creates a sense of global simultaneity and closeness.<\/li>\n \t
    2. Makes borders markedly less relevant to everyday behaviour.<\/li>\n \t
    3. Makes many people feel that they are in the grip of forces over which they have no control.<\/li>\n \t
    4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
    5. A system in which materials are sourced and products designed and manufactured in different geographical locations distributed around the globe is:\n
        \n \t
      1. Global assembly lines.<\/li>\n \t
      2. Global commodity chains.<\/li>\n \t
      3. Containerization.<\/li>\n \t
      4. Just-in-time production and distribution.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
      5. Truly global trade kicked off in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
          \n \t
        1. The Mississippian culture (ca. 500\u20131400 BCE)<\/li>\n \t
        2. The development of the Silk Road trade between China and Europe (1st century BCE\u20135th century CE)<\/li>\n \t
        3. The Spice Route trade of Islamic merchants (7th\u201315th centuries)<\/li>\n \t
        4. The Age of Colonization (15th\u201318th centuries)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
        5. The enormous widespread transfer of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases (like smallpox), and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres is referred to as:\n
            \n \t
          1. The Age of Discovery.<\/li>\n \t
          2. The Columbian Exchange.<\/li>\n \t
          3. Primitive Accumulation.<\/li>\n \t
          4. Exploitive Colonialism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
          5. Colonialism was initially based on:\n
              \n \t
            1. Primitive Accumulation.<\/li>\n \t
            2. The principle of Terra Nullius.<\/li>\n \t
            3. Resource extraction.<\/li>\n \t
            4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
            5. The second wave of globalization refers to:\n
                \n \t
              1. The period after WWII when international organizations like the UN were founded.<\/li>\n \t
              2. The establishment of the Belt and Road trade routes between East and West.<\/li>\n \t
              3. The collapse of time and space into a single global village.<\/li>\n \t
              4. The introduction of new technologies such as computerization, the internet and digital technology.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
              5. Neo-colonialism refers to:\n
                  \n \t
                1. The process whereby former colonies attained formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers.<\/li>\n \t
                2. The continued socio-economic and political dominance of colonial powers in former colonies in matters of domestic policy, resource extraction and labour exploitation.<\/li>\n \t
                3. Colonization through permanent European settlement and displacement of Indigenous Peoples.<\/li>\n \t
                4. Global dominance through a fluid, ad hoc network of international agreements, supra-national agencies, and transnational corporations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong>\n
                    \n \t
                  1. Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> poverty.\n
                      \n \t
                    1. Subjective<\/li>\n \t
                    2. Absolute<\/li>\n \t
                    3. Relative<\/li>\n \t
                    4. Global<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                    5. Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                        \n \t
                      1. Global poverty<\/li>\n \t
                      2. Absolute poverty<\/li>\n \t
                      3. Subjective poverty<\/li>\n \t
                      4. Relative poverty<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                      5. If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> to study the global economy.\n
                          \n \t
                        1. Modernization theory<\/li>\n \t
                        2. Dependency theory<\/li>\n \t
                        3. Global capitalism theory<\/li>\n \t
                        4. Anthony Gidden's late modernity theory<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                        5. Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                            \n \t
                          1. Bifurcated labour systems spread to all regions of the globe.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t
                          2. All nations participate in a single world market.<\/li>\n \t
                          3. The \"big fish\" eat the \"little fish.\"<\/li>\n \t
                          4. Core nations exploit peripheral nations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                          5. One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                              \n \t
                            1. That previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations.<\/li>\n \t
                            2. That previously advanced nations such as China have been economically and militarily overpowered by colonial nations.<\/li>\n \t
                            3. That countries such as China are growing more dependent on exploiting peripheral regions of core nations.<\/li>\n \t
                            4. That countries such as China do not necessarily adopt the cultural values of core nations in their development.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                            5. If a sociologist points out that transnational corporate interests dominate the global economy, in part through state policies that advance global trade agreements that favour the ability of capital to invest in low-wage regions, they are a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                \n \t
                              1. Dependency theorist<\/li>\n \t
                              2. Global Capitalism theorist<\/li>\n \t
                              3. Modernization theorist<\/li>\n \t
                              4. Reactionist<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                  \n \t
                                1. A common aspect of late modernity is the process of disembedding in which \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                    \n \t
                                  1. People have to get out of bed at night to answer phone calls.<\/li>\n \t
                                  2. Day to day life is coordinated at a global level and restructured \u201cacross indefinite spans of time and space.\u201d<\/li>\n \t
                                  3. Day to day life is no longer informed by local traditions or ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts.<\/li>\n \t
                                  4. Semi-peripheral nations hit the \"take off\" stage of development.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                  5. To sum up, there are four main processes that drive globalization including (a) interconnected processes of global capitalism, (b) the development of international organizations like the UN, (c) new communications and transportation technologies, and (d) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                      \n \t
                                    1. The formation of a new type of networked Empire.<\/li>\n \t
                                    2. Conflict between the U.S. and China over global hegemony.<\/li>\n \t
                                    3. The division of the world into discrete sovereign territories.<\/li>\n \t
                                    4. Slum cities and surplus humanity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                    5. The late modern emphasis on having to invent oneself is referred to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                        \n \t
                                      1. Cosmopolitan citizenship<\/li>\n \t
                                      2. Liberal individualism<\/li>\n \t
                                      3. Tribal identification<\/li>\n \t
                                      4. Expressive individualism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                      5. The difference between existential and contingent risks is:\n
                                          \n \t
                                        1. The threat of global catastrophe and the threat of complex, interdependent systems breaking down.<\/li>\n \t
                                        2. Making a personal leap of faith that does not work out and making a personal leap of faith based on uncertain information.<\/li>\n \t
                                        3. The unpredictable consequences of human intervention into nature and the creation of institutionalized risk environments.<\/li>\n \t
                                        4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                          \n

                                          Short Answer<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

                                          \n\n10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                            \n \t
                                          1. Describe the historical stages of the long process by which \u201cthe global system has been and continues to be made.\u201d How do Robertson's five \"phases\" compare to the expansion of distant trade routes, the Age of Colonization and the three waves of globalization described later in the section?<\/li>\n \t
                                          2. At what point did globalization truly become established? What criteria are used to determine this?<\/li>\n \t
                                          3. Define colonialism. Contrast settler colonialism with exploitative colonialism.<\/li>\n \t
                                          4. In what ways is the sovereign state system a key component of globalization?\n<\/span><\/li>\n \t
                                          5. Describe the historical relationship between colonialism and globalization, including the processes of decolonization and neo-colonialism. How has globalization has been uneven in its effects?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                              \n \t
                                            1. What are three indicators used to measure global economic inequality?<\/li>\n \t
                                            2. Give an example of the feminization of poverty in core nations. How is it the same or different in peripheral nations?<\/li>\n \t
                                            3. Consider the concept of relative poverty. Does it make sense that a person is still in poverty even if they have a home and are able to have regular meals? How would the threshold between relative poverty and relative affluence be defined in your own community?<\/li>\n \t
                                            4. Compare and contrast modernization theory, dependency theory, and globalization theory. Which do you think is more useful for explaining global inequality? Explain, using examples.<\/li>\n \t
                                            5. There is much criticism that modernization theory is Eurocentric. Do you think dependency theory and globalization theory are also biased? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                                \n \t
                                              1. Define \"expert systems\" and describe the ways that they coordinate routine activities of daily life. Why are these described as disembedding?<\/em> Inversely, what would an embedded way of life be like?<\/li>\n \t
                                              2. Why did McLuhan describe global society as a global village? Describe the four key processes that drive globalization. Which seems most relevant to McLuhan's concept?<\/li>\n \t
                                              3. Expressive individualism and new tribalism seem like opposites. What aspect of global society in late modernity provides their common underlying condition?<\/li>\n \t
                                              4. Do you personally find existential risks like climate change, pandemics, or nuclear war threatening? How do you manage the trust\/risk dynamic of global life?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                Further Research<\/h1>\n10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n\nSee Concordia University's \"Colonialism in Canada\"<\/a>\u00a0website for a selected list of books, articles and films on the Indigenous experience with colonialism in Canada.\n\n10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong>\n\nFor more information about global affairs, check the Munk School of Global Affairs<\/a> website.\n\nGo to Naomi Klein<\/a>'s website for more information about the anti-globalization movement.\n\n10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n\nFor a summary of the concepts of modernity, late modernity and postmodernity in video format see the tutor2u video: Theoretical Debates in Sociology: Modernity and Late Modernity<\/a>.\n

                                                References<\/h1>\n10.0 Introduction to Global Inequality<\/a><\/strong>\n

                                                Albrow, M. & King, E. (Eds.). (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society.<\/em> <\/span>Sage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Anthony, J. (2022). How iPhone is made: The global assembly line.<\/a>\u00a0Finances Online. <\/em>https:\/\/financesonlin e.com\/hello-world-the-economics-of-iphone\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Beck, U. (2000). What is globalization?<\/em> Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Browne, A. (2021, March 27). Bloomberg new economy: Globalization runs aground in the Suez Canal.<\/a> Bloomberg. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/newsletters\/2021-03-27\/bloomberg-new-economy-globalization-runs-aground-in-suez-canal<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Dicken, P. (2015). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy.<\/em> Guilford Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Giddens, A. (1991). The Consequences of Modernity.<\/em> Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives. <\/em>Profile Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                IPCC. (2019) IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate.<\/a><\/em>\u00a0 Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157964<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man.<\/em> University of Toronto Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media. <\/em>Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                McLuhan, M. & Fiore, Q. (1968). War and peace in the global village.<\/em> Bantam Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                McLuhan, M. & Fiore, Q. (1967). The medium is the massage<\/em>. Bantam Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Plahe, J. (2005). The global commodity chain (GCC) approach and the organizational transformation of agriculture.<\/a> Monash University.<\/em> http:\/\/www.buseco.monash.edu.au\/mgt\/research\/working-papers\/2005\/wp63-05.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Robertson, R. (1990). Mapping the global condition: Globalization as the central concept.<\/a> Theory, Culture & Society,<\/em>\u00a07(2), 15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02632769000700200<\/span><\/p>\n

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                                                Wise, J. (2021, November 18). Inflation tarnation! Inside the supply-chain snafu that could wreck your holiday plans.<\/a>\u00a0Vanity Fair. <\/em>https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/news\/2021\/11\/stuck-ship-of-the-suez-canal-inside-the-supply-chain-snafu<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Yee, V. & Glanz, J. (2021, July 17). How one of the world\u2019s biggest ships jammed the Suez Canal.<\/a> New York Times. <\/em>https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/07\/17\/world\/middleeast\/suez-canal-stuck-ship-ever-given.html<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                10.1 Trade, Colonialism, and the Origins of Global Society<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                Abernethy, D. (2000). The dynamics of global dominance: European overseas empires, 1415\u20131980.<\/em> Yale University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Belshaw, J., Nichel, S. & Horton, C. (2020). Histories of Indigenous Peoples and Canada<\/a>.\u00a0 Thompson Rivers University.\u00a0 https:\/\/histindigenouspeoples.pressbooks.tru.ca\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Broadberry, S. & Gardner, L. (2022, January). Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1885\u20132008: Evidence from eight countries.<\/a> Explorations in Economic History, <\/em>83(January), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eeh.2021.101424<\/p>\n

                                                Crosby, A. (2003). The Columbian exchange: Biological and cultural consequences of 1492.<\/em> Praeger.<\/p>\n

                                                Daschuk, J. (2013). Clearing the plains: Disease, politics of starvation, and the loss of Aboriginal life. <\/em>University of Regina Press.<\/p>\n

                                                Galeano, E. (1973). Open veins of Latin America: Five centuries of the pillage of a continent. <\/i>Monthly Review Press.<\/p>\n

                                                Global Justice Now. (2017). Honest accounts 2017: How the world profits from Africa\u2019s wealth<\/a>. <\/em>https:\/\/www.globaljustice.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/honest_accounts_2017_web_final_updated.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                Globalist. (2001, November 17). Global man, circa 1913<\/a>. The Globalist. <\/em>https:\/\/www.theglobalist.com\/global-man-circa-1913\/<\/p>\n

                                                Hardt, M., Negri, A. (2000). Empire. <\/em>Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                Horvath, R. J. (1972). A definition of colonialism<\/a>. Current Anthropology<\/i>,\u00a013<\/i>(1), 45\u201357. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2741072<\/p>\n

                                                Lieven, D. (2000). Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals.<\/em> John Murray.<\/p>\n

                                                Mahoney, J. (2010). Colonialism and postcolonial development: Spanish America in comparative perspective. <\/span><\/em>Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Marx, K. (1977). Capital: A critique of political economy<\/em>. Knopf Doubleday<\/span>. (Original work published 1867.)\n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Negri, A. (2004). Negri on Negri. <\/em>Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Nkrumah, K. (1965). Neo-colonialism, The last stage of imperialism. <\/em>Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Pares, R. (1937). The economic factors in the history of the empire.<\/a> The Economic History Review,<\/em> 7(2), 119\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2590147<\/span>\n<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Ray, A. (2009). Hudson's Bay Company<\/a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. <\/em>https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hudsons-bay-company<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Robertson, R. (1990). Mapping the global condition: Globalization as the central concept.<\/a> Theory, Culture & Society,<\/em>\u00a07(2), 15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02632769000700200<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. <\/i>Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications.\n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Shipley, T. (2020). Canada in the world: Settler capitalism and the colonial imagination. <\/em>Fernwood Publishing.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Stokes Brown, C. (2022). The industrial revolution: Fossil fuels, steam power, and the rise of manufacturing<\/a>. Khan Academy.<\/em> https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/big-history-project\/acceleration\/bhp-acceleration\/a\/the-industrial-revolution<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Vanham, P. (2019, January 17). A brief history of globalization.<\/a> World Economic Forum. <\/em>https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/01\/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-globalization\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Walker, R. B. J. (1993). Inside\/outside: International relations as political theory<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n10.2.\u00a0Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong>\n

                                                Amnesty International. (2012). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity<\/a>. http:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Armer, J. M., Katsillis, J. (2010). Modernization theory<\/a>. In Borgatta, E. F. and R. J. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sociology<\/em>. MacMillan Reference USA. http:\/\/edu.learnsoc.org\/Chapters\/3%20theories%20of%20sociology\/11%20modernization%20theory.htm<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Carroll, W. (2018).\u00a0 Rethinking the Transnational Capitalist Class<\/a>. Alternate Routes,<\/em> 29, 188\u2013206.<\/span> https:\/\/www.alternateroutes.ca\/index.php\/ar\/article\/view\/22452<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Center for Preventive Action. (2022). War in Yemen<\/a>. Council on Foreign Relations.<\/em> https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/global-conflict-tracker\/conflict\/war-yemen<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Central Intelligence Agency. (2012). The world factbook. Central Intelligence Agency Library<\/em><\/a>.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/wfbExt\/region_noa.html.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., Zucman, G., et al. (2021). World Inequality Report 2022<\/em><\/a>. World Inequality Lab. https:\/\/wir2022.wid.world\/www-site\/uploads\/2022\/03\/0098-21_WIL_RIM_RAPPORT_A4.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Chase-Dunn, C., Kawano, Y., & Brewer, B. D. (2000). Trade globalization since 1795: Waves of integration in the world-system<\/a>. American Sociological Review<\/i>,\u00a065<\/i>(1), 77\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2657290<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Davis, M. (2006). Planet of Slums.<\/em> Verso.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Dogruel, F. and Dogruel, A. S. (2007). Foreign debt dynamics in middle income countries<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. Paper presented January 4, 2007, at Middle East Economic Association Meeting. Allied Social Science Associations, Chicago, IL. https:\/\/meea.sites.luc.edu\/volume9\/PDFS\/Dogruel%20Dogruel%20-%20paper.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Fajnzylber, P., Lederman, D., & Loayza, N. (2002). Inequality and violent crime.<\/a> The Journal of Law & Economics<\/i>,\u00a045<\/i>(1), 1\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/338347<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Filmer, D., H. Fu & C. S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e1ramo. (2022, May 2). An adjustment to global poverty lines<\/a>. World Bank Blogs. <\/em>https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/voices\/adjustment-global-poverty-lines<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism.<\/em> Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Hassel, J., Roser, M., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Arriagada, P. (2022). Poverty<\/a>. OurWorldInData.org. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/poverty<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Hendricks, J. (2010). Dependency theory.<\/a> In Borgatta, E. F. and R. J. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sociology (pp. 639\u2013648)<\/em>. MacMillan Reference USA. http:\/\/edu.learnsoc.org\/Chapters\/3%20theories%20of%20sociology\/5%20dependency%20theory.htm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Hymer, S. (1978, March). International politics and international economics: A radical approach.<\/a> Mimeographed. Monthly Review, 29<\/em>(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14452\/MR-029-10-1978-03_2<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women\u2019s empowerment.<\/a> Development and Change,<\/em> 30(3), 435\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-7660.00125<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Koop, A. (2022, September 15). Mapped: The world\u2019s billionaire population, by country<\/a>. Visual Capitalist<\/em>. https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/mapped-the-worlds-billionaire-population-by-country\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Knox, P. & Marson, S. (2013). H<\/i>uman geography: Places and regions in global context<\/i>. Pearson.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Mackinnon, M., Strauss, M. (2013, October 12). The true cost of a t-shirt<\/a> [B1]. Toronto Globe and Mail.<\/i>\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/report-on-business\/spinning-tragedy-the-true-cost-of-a-t-shirt\/article14849193\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Manuel, G., Posluns, M. (1974). The fourth<\/span> world: An Indian<\/span> reality<\/span>. <\/em>The Free Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1977). The communist manifesto. <\/em>In\u00a0David McLellan (Ed.), Karl Marx: Selected writings<\/i> (<\/i>pp. 221\u2013247).<\/i>\u00a0 Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1848.)<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Mathisen, R. (2022, November 25). Charted: Income distributions in 16 different countries<\/a>. Visual Capitalist. <\/em>https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/cp\/charting-income-distributions-worldwide\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                McMichael, P. (2017). Development and social change: A global perspective<\/em> (6th Edition). <\/em>Sage.\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Mendos, L. (2019). Author's preface. In Mendos, L. (Ed.), S<\/em><\/span>tate-sponsored homophobia 2019 <\/span><\/em>(pp. 13\u201316)<\/span>.<\/span><\/em> International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Moghadam, V. M. (2005, July). The feminization of poverty and women\u2019s human rights. Gender Equality and Development Section, UNESCO<\/em>. France.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Myrdal, G. (1970). The challenge of world poverty: A world anti-poverty program in outline<\/em>. Pantheon.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Neckerman, K., Torche, F. (2007). Inequality: Causes and consequences<\/a>. Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em> 33, 335\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.33.040406.131755<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Robinson, W. (2004). A theory of global capitalism.<\/em> Johns Hopkins University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Robinson, W. (2017). Debate on the new global capitalism: transnational capitalist class, transnational state apparatuses, and global crisis. International critical thought, <\/em>7(2), 171\u2013189.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. <\/i>Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Rustow, Walt. (1960). The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto.<\/em> Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Schoch, M., Kofi Tetteh Baah, S., Lakner, C., & Friedman, J. (2022, December 8). Half of the global population lives on less than US$6.85 per person per day<\/a>. World Bank Blogs<\/em>. https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/developmenttalk\/half-global-population-lives-less-us685-person-day<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Wallerstein, I. (1974). The rise and future demise of the world-capitalist system: Concepts for comparative analysis.<\/a>\u00a0Comparative Studies in Society and History,<\/em> 16(4), 387\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0010417500007520<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Wallerstein, I. (1979). The capitalist world economy<\/em>. Cambridge World Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                World Bank. (2011). Poverty and equity data.<\/a> The World Bank. http:\/\/povertydata.worldbank.org\/poverty\/home<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                World Bank. (2021). World Bank country and lending groups.<\/a> The World Bank.<\/em> https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                World Bank.<\/span><\/span> (2022). Poverty and shared prosperity 2022: Correct<\/span>ing <\/span><\/a><\/span>course.<\/span><\/span><\/a> The<\/em> World Bank<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1893-6\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                World Bank. (2022b, September 29). The World Bank in China.<\/a> The World Bank.<\/em> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/country\/china\/overview<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                World Bank Group. (2014). Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity<\/a> [PDF]. The World Bank.<\/em> https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/Worldbank\/document\/Gender\/World_bank_gender_voice_LOWRES.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n10.3. Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong>\n

                                                Bauman, Z. (2004). Identity.<\/em> Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity.<\/em>\u00a0Sage.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity.<\/em>\u00a0Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age.<\/em>\u00a0Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives. <\/em>Profile Books.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

                                                <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n1 D, | 2 A, | 3 D, | 4 B, | 5 D, | 6 A, | 7 B, | 8 B, | 9 D, | 10 A, | 11 D, | 12 A, | 13 B, | 14 B, | 15 C, | 16, D, | 17, A | [Return to Quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
                                                \n
                                                \n

                                                Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                \n

                                                absolute poverty:<\/strong>\u00a0The state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities.<\/p>\n

                                                agency:<\/strong> the ability to define one\u2019s goals and act on them; used as a variable to measure inequality
                                                \n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                anti-globalization movement:<\/strong> A global countermovement based on principles of environmental sustainability, food sovereignty, labour rights, and democratic accountability that challenges the corporate model of globalization.<\/p>\n

                                                bifurcated labour system:<\/strong> A labour market divided into a core of relatively stable, well-paid jobs and a periphery of casual, precarious, and low-cost labour. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                capital flight:<\/strong>\u00a0The movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources.<\/p>\n

                                                chattel slavery:<\/strong>\u00a0A form of slavery in which one person owns another.<\/p>\n

                                                containerization:<\/strong> The transformation in the transportation and trade of goods brought about by the use of container ships.<\/p>\n

                                                colonialism:<\/strong> A form of domination in which a state or state sponsored group exercises direct control over the territory and inhabitants of another society<\/p>\n

                                                Columbian Exchange<\/strong>:\u00a0 The widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations, communicable diseases, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres beginning in the 16th century.<\/p>\n

                                                core nations:<\/strong>\u00a0Dominant capitalist countries.<\/p>\n

                                                cosmopolitanism: <\/strong>A social condition or setting of social and cultural diversity in which a multiplicity of ideas, traditions and customs intermingle.<\/p>\n

                                                debt accumulation:<\/strong>\u00a0The buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals.<\/p>\n

                                                debt bondage:<\/strong> When people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom.<\/p>\n

                                                decolonization:<\/strong> The process whereby former colonies attain formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers.<\/p>\n

                                                deindustrialization:<\/strong>\u00a0The loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower.<\/p>\n

                                                dependency theory:<\/strong>\u00a0Theory stating that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations.<\/p>\n

                                                de-traditionalization:<\/strong> The process whereby day-to-day life is increasingly less informed by traditions or the ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts.<\/p>\n

                                                disembedding: <\/strong>The process in which day to day life is no longer completely embedded in local, micro-level interactions but becomes coordinated and organized on a global basis.<\/p>\n

                                                expert system: <\/strong>Advanced systems of knowledge and practice required to run the complex institutional arrangements and technological systems of contemporary societies.<\/p>\n

                                                exploitative colonialism:\u00a0<\/strong> A form of colonialism in which the focus is on the extraction of wealth (rather than settlement). See settler colonialism.<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                expressive individualism:<\/strong> A form of identity formation defined by the drive to find one\u2019s \u201cself\u201d and to express one’s unique individuality, even in the face of resistance.<\/p>\n

                                                first wave of globalization<\/strong>: 19th century-1914.<\/p>\n

                                                first world:<\/strong>\u00a0A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies.<\/p>\n

                                                fourth world:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage.<\/p>\n

                                                global assembly lines:<\/strong> A practice where products are designed, manufactured, and assembled in different international locations.<\/p>\n

                                                global capitalism<\/strong>: The extension of the capitalist mode of production to the entire world.<\/p>\n

                                                global capitalism theory: <\/strong>Analytical framework that the development of global capitalism takes place less in the context of national economies and more in the context of global flows of capital investment in an increasingly integrated world market.<\/p>\n

                                                global commodity chains: <\/strong>Internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations around the world for the purpose of manufacture, distribution, and marketing.<\/p>\n

                                                global feminization of poverty:<\/strong> A global pattern in which women increasingly bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty.<\/p>\n

                                                global inequality:<\/strong>\u00a0The concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority.<\/p>\n

                                                global level of analysis<\/strong>: The study of structures and processes that extend beyond the boundaries of states or specific societies.<\/p>\n

                                                global stratification:<\/strong>\u00a0The unequal distribution of resources between countries.<\/p>\n

                                                globalization:<\/strong> The processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world <\/span>into a single world society.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                gross domestic product (GDP)<\/strong>: the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given time period.<\/p>\n

                                                gross national income (GNI):<\/strong> The income of a nation calculated based on domestic goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country.<\/p>\n

                                                late modernity<\/strong>: Features that define the common culture of global society.<\/p>\n

                                                metropolis-hinterland relationship:<\/strong> The relationship between core and peripheral countries in which resources of the hinterlands are shipped to the metropolises to be converted into manufactured goods and then shipped back to the hinterlands for consumption.<\/p>\n

                                                modernization theory:<\/strong>\u00a0A theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes toward work.<\/p>\n

                                                multinational corporation:<\/strong> A corporation whose ownership and operations span multiple nation-states.<\/p>\n

                                                neo-colonialism:<\/strong> The continued socio-economic and political dominance of external political and economic agents in former colonies.<\/p>\n

                                                neo-liberalism<\/strong>: A set of policies in which the state reduces its role in providing public services, regulating industry, redistributing wealth, and protecting the commons while advocating the use of free market mechanisms to regulate society.<\/p>\n

                                                new tribalism:<\/strong>\u00a0 The emergence of group identities that provide individuals with a means of distinguishing themselves from others in the context of global diversity and cosmopolitanism.<\/p>\n

                                                peonage:<\/strong> A system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work.<\/p>\n

                                                peripheral nations:<\/strong>\u00a0Nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization.<\/p>\n

                                                primitive accumulation<\/strong>: the initial stage of capitalist accumulation in which people are separated from a territory and its resources, and subjected to forms of unfree labour, expropriation of land and destruction of self-determining communities.<\/p>\n

                                                reflexivity:\u00a0<\/strong> A stance of contemporary individuality and institutional life that involves (a) continuous monitoring of activities and performance to assess effectiveness and future risks, and (b) a readiness to modify understandings and practices in response to new information.<\/p>\n

                                                relative poverty:<\/strong>\u00a0The state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country.<\/p>\n

                                                risk\/trust dilemma:\u00a0<\/strong>A characteristic trade off in late modern society between trust in expert systems to manage collective risks and threats, and the recognition of the fallibility of expert systems.<\/p>\n

                                                risk management:<\/strong> Interventions designed to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events occurring based on an assessment of probabilities of risk.<\/p>\n

                                                second wave of globalization:\u00a0<\/strong>1945-1989<\/p>\n

                                                second world:<\/strong>\u00a0A term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living.<\/p>\n

                                                semi-peripheral nations:<\/strong> In-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and providing an expanding middle class marketplace.<\/p>\n

                                                settler colonialism: <\/strong>A form of colonialism focused on permanent settlement and corresponding displacement of Indigenous Peoples and societies.<\/p>\n

                                                sovereign state system:<\/strong> The system by which the world is divided up into separate and indivisible sovereign territories or states.<\/p>\n

                                                sovereignty:<\/strong> The political form in which a single, central, supreme lawmaking authority governs within a clearly demarcated territory.<\/p>\n

                                                subjective poverty:<\/strong>\u00a0A state of poverty subjectively present when one\u2019s actual income does not meet one\u2019s expectations.<\/p>\n

                                                surplus humanity:\u00a0 <\/strong>Sectors of the global labour market who are of no direct use to capitalism and obliged to sustain themselves precariously in informal sectors of the economy.
                                                \n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                Terra Nullius: <\/strong>The principle that territory and economic resources that are not being effectively utilized by an indigenous population could legitimately be expropriated and developed by a superior invading nation.<\/p>\n

                                                third industrial revolution: <\/strong>The spread of automation, computation, instantaneous communication, and digitization through the use of electronics, computers and internet.
                                                \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                third wave of globalization: <\/strong>1989\u2013present.<\/p>\n

                                                third world:<\/strong> A\u00a0term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, non-industrialized countries.<\/p>\n

                                                transnational capitalist class:\u00a0<\/strong> A network of owners of capital who are distributed around the world and focused on international markets, rather than their home markets, for investment and capital accumulation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                underground economy:<\/strong>\u00a0An unregulated economy of labour and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections.<\/p>\n

                                                world systems theory:<\/strong> Analytical framework which conceptualizes a single world-system operating as a global division of labour, divided between multiple states, which redistributes surplus value from the periphery<\/i> to the core.<\/i><\/p>\n

                                                xenophobia<\/strong>: An irrational fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                Section Summary<\/h1>\n

                                                10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                Globalization refers to processes of increasing integration and interconnection which incorporate people across the world into a single global society. Climate change, disease pandemics and global capitalism are examples of the ways in which people around the world are caught up in the same global scale processes. While trade has occurred between different distant locations for millennia, it was not until the development of colonialism that a single global society began to emerge. Three waves of globalization from the 19th century British Empire to the post-Second World War development of global institutions, to the contemporary post-Cold War period have intensified the process of global integration and created new and unprecedented capabilities, issues, and social dynamics. <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                Stratification refers to the gaps in access to resources both between countries and within countries. While economic equality is of great concern, so is social equality, like the discrimination stemming from race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and\/or sexual orientation. When looking at the world\u2019s poor, sociologists first have to define the difference between relative poverty and absolute poverty.\u00a0 While those in relative poverty might not have enough to live at their country\u2019s standard of living, those in absolute poverty do not have, or barely have, basic necessities such as food. Global poverty has numerous negative consequences, from increased crime rates to a detrimental impact on physical and mental health.<\/p>\n

                                                Different explanations of global inequality focus on modernization theory, dependency theory and global capitalism theory. Modernization theory posits that countries go through evolutionary stages and that industrialization and improved technology are the keys to forward movement. Dependency theory sees global inequality as the result of core nations creating a cycle of dependence by exploiting resources and labour in peripheral and semi-peripheral countries. Globalization theory argues that the division between the wealthy and the poor is now organized in the context of a single, integrated global economy rather than between core and peripheral countries.<\/p>\n

                                                10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                Global society has effects on day-to-day life beyond economic integration and displacement. To varying degrees, people around the world experience a new global reality characterized by de-traditionalization, disembedding from local time and space, organization through global expert systems, cosmopolitanism, homogenization, expressive individualism, new tribalism, and new forms of risk\/trust dynamics. The relationship between the local and the global is complexly intertwined in many distinct aspects of daily life.<\/p>\n

                                                Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
                                                \n
                                                \n

                                                Quiz: Global Society<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                \n

                                                10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                1. Globalization is a process that:\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. Creates a sense of global simultaneity and closeness.<\/li>\n
                                                  2. Makes borders markedly less relevant to everyday behaviour.<\/li>\n
                                                  3. Makes many people feel that they are in the grip of forces over which they have no control.<\/li>\n
                                                  4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  5. A system in which materials are sourced and products designed and manufactured in different geographical locations distributed around the globe is:\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. Global assembly lines.<\/li>\n
                                                    2. Global commodity chains.<\/li>\n
                                                    3. Containerization.<\/li>\n
                                                    4. Just-in-time production and distribution.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    5. Truly global trade kicked off in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                        \n
                                                      1. The Mississippian culture (ca. 500\u20131400 BCE)<\/li>\n
                                                      2. The development of the Silk Road trade between China and Europe (1st century BCE\u20135th century CE)<\/li>\n
                                                      3. The Spice Route trade of Islamic merchants (7th\u201315th centuries)<\/li>\n
                                                      4. The Age of Colonization (15th\u201318th centuries)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      5. The enormous widespread transfer of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases (like smallpox), and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres is referred to as:\n
                                                          \n
                                                        1. The Age of Discovery.<\/li>\n
                                                        2. The Columbian Exchange.<\/li>\n
                                                        3. Primitive Accumulation.<\/li>\n
                                                        4. Exploitive Colonialism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        5. Colonialism was initially based on:\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. Primitive Accumulation.<\/li>\n
                                                          2. The principle of Terra Nullius.<\/li>\n
                                                          3. Resource extraction.<\/li>\n
                                                          4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          5. The second wave of globalization refers to:\n
                                                              \n
                                                            1. The period after WWII when international organizations like the UN were founded.<\/li>\n
                                                            2. The establishment of the Belt and Road trade routes between East and West.<\/li>\n
                                                            3. The collapse of time and space into a single global village.<\/li>\n
                                                            4. The introduction of new technologies such as computerization, the internet and digital technology.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            5. Neo-colonialism refers to:\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. The process whereby former colonies attained formal political self-determination and independence from colonial powers.<\/li>\n
                                                              2. The continued socio-economic and political dominance of colonial powers in former colonies in matters of domestic policy, resource extraction and labour exploitation.<\/li>\n
                                                              3. Colonization through permanent European settlement and displacement of Indigenous Peoples.<\/li>\n
                                                              4. Global dominance through a fluid, ad hoc network of international agreements, supra-national agencies, and transnational corporations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                1. Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> poverty.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Subjective<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. Absolute<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. Relative<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. Global<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  5. Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. Global poverty<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. Absolute poverty<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. Subjective poverty<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. Relative poverty<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    5. If a sociologist says that nations evolve toward more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> to study the global economy.\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. Modernization theory<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. Dependency theory<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Global capitalism theory<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. Anthony Gidden’s late modernity theory<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      5. Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. Bifurcated labour systems spread to all regions of the globe.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                        2. All nations participate in a single world market.<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. The “big fish” eat the “little fish.”<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. Core nations exploit peripheral nations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        5. One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. That previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations.<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. That previously advanced nations such as China have been economically and militarily overpowered by colonial nations.<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. That countries such as China are growing more dependent on exploiting peripheral regions of core nations.<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. That countries such as China do not necessarily adopt the cultural values of core nations in their development.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                          5. If a sociologist points out that transnational corporate interests dominate the global economy, in part through state policies that advance global trade agreements that favour the ability of capital to invest in low-wage regions, they are a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. Dependency theorist<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. Global Capitalism theorist<\/li>\n
                                                                            3. Modernization theorist<\/li>\n
                                                                            4. Reactionist<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                              10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. A common aspect of late modernity is the process of disembedding in which \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. People have to get out of bed at night to answer phone calls.<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Day to day life is coordinated at a global level and restructured \u201cacross indefinite spans of time and space.\u201d<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. Day to day life is no longer informed by local traditions or ways of life passed down in local cultural and ecological contexts.<\/li>\n
                                                                                4. Semi-peripheral nations hit the “take off” stage of development.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                5. To sum up, there are four main processes that drive globalization including (a) interconnected processes of global capitalism, (b) the development of international organizations like the UN, (c) new communications and transportation technologies, and (d) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. The formation of a new type of networked Empire.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. Conflict between the U.S. and China over global hegemony.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. The division of the world into discrete sovereign territories.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  4. Slum cities and surplus humanity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                  5. The late modern emphasis on having to invent oneself is referred to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Cosmopolitan citizenship<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. Liberal individualism<\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. Tribal identification<\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. Expressive individualism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                    5. The difference between existential and contingent risks is:\n
                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. The threat of global catastrophe and the threat of complex, interdependent systems breaking down.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. Making a personal leap of faith that does not work out and making a personal leap of faith based on uncertain information.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. The unpredictable consequences of human intervention into nature and the creation of institutionalized risk environments.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                        [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                        \n

                                                                                        Short Answer<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                                        \n

                                                                                        10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. Describe the historical stages of the long process by which \u201cthe global system has been and continues to be made.\u201d How do Robertson’s five “phases” compare to the expansion of distant trade routes, the Age of Colonization and the three waves of globalization described later in the section?<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. At what point did globalization truly become established? What criteria are used to determine this?<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. Define colonialism. Contrast settler colonialism with exploitative colonialism.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        4. In what ways is the sovereign state system a key component of globalization?
                                                                                          \n<\/span><\/li>\n
                                                                                        5. Describe the historical relationship between colonialism and globalization, including the processes of decolonization and neo-colonialism. How has globalization has been uneven in its effects?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                          10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. What are three indicators used to measure global economic inequality?<\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. Give an example of the feminization of poverty in core nations. How is it the same or different in peripheral nations?<\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. Consider the concept of relative poverty. Does it make sense that a person is still in poverty even if they have a home and are able to have regular meals? How would the threshold between relative poverty and relative affluence be defined in your own community?<\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. Compare and contrast modernization theory, dependency theory, and globalization theory. Which do you think is more useful for explaining global inequality? Explain, using examples.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          5. There is much criticism that modernization theory is Eurocentric. Do you think dependency theory and globalization theory are also biased? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                            10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. Define “expert systems” and describe the ways that they coordinate routine activities of daily life. Why are these described as disembedding?<\/em> Inversely, what would an embedded way of life be like?<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. Why did McLuhan describe global society as a global village? Describe the four key processes that drive globalization. Which seems most relevant to McLuhan’s concept?<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. Expressive individualism and new tribalism seem like opposites. What aspect of global society in late modernity provides their common underlying condition?<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. Do you personally find existential risks like climate change, pandemics, or nuclear war threatening? How do you manage the trust\/risk dynamic of global life?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                              Further Research<\/h1>\n

                                                                                              10.1 Trade, Colonialism and the Origins of Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              See Concordia University’s “Colonialism in Canada”<\/a>\u00a0website for a selected list of books, articles and films on the Indigenous experience with colonialism in Canada.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              For more information about global affairs, check the Munk School of Global Affairs<\/a> website.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Go to Naomi Klein<\/a>‘s website for more information about the anti-globalization movement.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              10.3 Contemporary Global Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              For a summary of the concepts of modernity, late modernity and postmodernity in video format see the tutor2u video: Theoretical Debates in Sociology: Modernity and Late Modernity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              References<\/h1>\n

                                                                                              10.0 Introduction to Global Inequality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Albrow, M. & King, E. (Eds.). (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society.<\/em> <\/span>Sage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Anthony, J. (2022). How iPhone is made: The global assembly line.<\/a>\u00a0Finances Online. <\/em>https:\/\/financesonlin e.com\/hello-world-the-economics-of-iphone\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Beck, U. (2000). What is globalization?<\/em> Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Browne, A. (2021, March 27). Bloomberg new economy: Globalization runs aground in the Suez Canal.<\/a> Bloomberg. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/newsletters\/2021-03-27\/bloomberg-new-economy-globalization-runs-aground-in-suez-canal<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Dicken, P. (2015). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy.<\/em> Guilford Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Giddens, A. (1991). The Consequences of Modernity.<\/em> Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives. <\/em>Profile Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              IPCC. (2019) IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate.<\/a><\/em>\u00a0 Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157964<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man.<\/em> University of Toronto Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media. <\/em>Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              McLuhan, M. & Fiore, Q. (1968). War and peace in the global village.<\/em> Bantam Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              McLuhan, M. & Fiore, Q. (1967). The medium is the massage<\/em>. Bantam Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Plahe, J. (2005). The global commodity chain (GCC) approach and the organizational transformation of agriculture.<\/a> Monash University.<\/em> http:\/\/www.buseco.monash.edu.au\/mgt\/research\/working-papers\/2005\/wp63-05.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Robertson, R. (1990). Mapping the global condition: Globalization as the central concept.<\/a> Theory, Culture & Society,<\/em>\u00a07(2), 15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02632769000700200<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Russon, M. (2021, March 29). The cost of the Suez Canal blockage.<\/a> BBC News<\/em>. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-56559073<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Smith, D. (1999). Writing the social: Critique, theory, and investigations<\/i>. University of Toronto Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Tsiotas, D., Tselios, V. (2022). Understanding the uneven spread of COVID-19 in the context of the global interconnected economy.<\/a> Scientific Reports,<\/i> 12(666). Nature.com. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-04717-3<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Wise, J. (2021, November 18). Inflation tarnation! Inside the supply-chain snafu that could wreck your holiday plans.<\/a>\u00a0Vanity Fair. <\/em>https:\/\/www.vanityfair.com\/news\/2021\/11\/stuck-ship-of-the-suez-canal-inside-the-supply-chain-snafu<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Yee, V. & Glanz, J. (2021, July 17). How one of the world\u2019s biggest ships jammed the Suez Canal.<\/a> New York Times. <\/em>https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/07\/17\/world\/middleeast\/suez-canal-stuck-ship-ever-given.html<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              10.1 Trade, Colonialism, and the Origins of Global Society<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Abernethy, D. (2000). The dynamics of global dominance: European overseas empires, 1415\u20131980.<\/em> Yale University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Belshaw, J., Nichel, S. & Horton, C. (2020). Histories of Indigenous Peoples and Canada<\/a>.\u00a0 Thompson Rivers University.\u00a0 https:\/\/histindigenouspeoples.pressbooks.tru.ca\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Broadberry, S. & Gardner, L. (2022, January). Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1885\u20132008: Evidence from eight countries.<\/a> Explorations in Economic History, <\/em>83(January), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eeh.2021.101424<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Crosby, A. (2003). The Columbian exchange: Biological and cultural consequences of 1492.<\/em> Praeger.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Daschuk, J. (2013). Clearing the plains: Disease, politics of starvation, and the loss of Aboriginal life. <\/em>University of Regina Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Galeano, E. (1973). Open veins of Latin America: Five centuries of the pillage of a continent. <\/i>Monthly Review Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Global Justice Now. (2017). Honest accounts 2017: How the world profits from Africa\u2019s wealth<\/a>. <\/em>https:\/\/www.globaljustice.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/honest_accounts_2017_web_final_updated.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Globalist. (2001, November 17). Global man, circa 1913<\/a>. The Globalist. <\/em>https:\/\/www.theglobalist.com\/global-man-circa-1913\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Hardt, M., Negri, A. (2000). Empire. <\/em>Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Horvath, R. J. (1972). A definition of colonialism<\/a>. Current Anthropology<\/i>,\u00a013<\/i>(1), 45\u201357. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2741072<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Lieven, D. (2000). Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals.<\/em> John Murray.<\/p>\n

                                                                                              Mahoney, J. (2010). Colonialism and postcolonial development: Spanish America in comparative perspective. <\/span><\/em>Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Marx, K. (1977). Capital: A critique of political economy<\/em>. Knopf Doubleday<\/span>. (Original work published 1867.)
                                                                                              \n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Negri, A. (2004). Negri on Negri. <\/em>Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Nkrumah, K. (1965). Neo-colonialism, The last stage of imperialism. <\/em>Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Pares, R. (1937). The economic factors in the history of the empire.<\/a> The Economic History Review,<\/em> 7(2), 119\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2590147<\/span>
                                                                                              \n<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Ray, A. (2009). Hudson’s Bay Company<\/a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. <\/em>https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hudsons-bay-company<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Robertson, R. (1990). Mapping the global condition: Globalization as the central concept.<\/a> Theory, Culture & Society,<\/em>\u00a07(2), 15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02632769000700200<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Rodney, W. (1972). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. <\/i>Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications.
                                                                                              \n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Shipley, T. (2020). Canada in the world: Settler capitalism and the colonial imagination. <\/em>Fernwood Publishing.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Stokes Brown, C. (2022). The industrial revolution: Fossil fuels, steam power, and the rise of manufacturing<\/a>. Khan Academy.<\/em> https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/big-history-project\/acceleration\/bhp-acceleration\/a\/the-industrial-revolution<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Vanham, P. (2019, January 17). A brief history of globalization.<\/a> World Economic Forum. <\/em>https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/01\/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-globalization\/<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Walker, R. B. J. (1993). Inside\/outside: International relations as political theory<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              10.2.\u00a0Global Wealth and Poverty<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Amnesty International. (2012). Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity<\/a>. http:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Armer, J. M., Katsillis, J. (2010). Modernization theory<\/a>. In Borgatta, E. F. and R. J. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sociology<\/em>. MacMillan Reference USA. http:\/\/edu.learnsoc.org\/Chapters\/3%20theories%20of%20sociology\/11%20modernization%20theory.htm<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                              Carroll, W. (2018).\u00a0 Rethinking the Transnational Capitalist Class<\/a>. Alternate Routes,<\/em> 29, 188\u2013206.<\/span> https:\/\/www.alternateroutes.ca\/index.php\/ar\/article\/view\/22452<\/span><\/p>\n

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                                                                                              <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n

                                                                                              1 D, | 2 A, | 3 D, | 4 B, | 5 D, | 6 A, | 7 B, | 8 B, | 9 D, | 10 A, | 11 D, | 12 A, | 13 B, | 14 B, | 15 C, | 16, D, | 17, A | [Return to Quiz]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-367","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":340,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/367\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":368,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/367\/revisions\/368"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/340"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/367\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=367"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=367"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}