{"id":411,"date":"2023-08-14T17:54:07","date_gmt":"2023-08-14T17:54:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-11-resources-and-activities\/"},"modified":"2023-09-07T21:04:12","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T21:04:12","slug":"chapter-11-resources-and-activities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-11-resources-and-activities\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 11 Resources and Activities","rendered":"Chapter 11 Resources and Activities"},"content":{"raw":"
\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\nachieved status<\/strong>: A\u00a0status\u00a0 received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.).ancestry<\/strong>:\u00a0 (in a biological usage) the connection between human variations and the historical-geographical origins of an individual or group's\u00a0 ancestors.\n\nascribed status<\/strong>: A\u00a0status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.).\n\nassimilation<\/strong>: The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.\n\nBIPOC<\/strong>: Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour.\n\nconquest:<\/strong>\u00a0The forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action.\n\ndiscrimination<\/strong>:\u00a0Prejudiced action against a group of people.\n\ndominant<\/strong>:\u00a0Can be used interchangeably with the term majority.\n\ndominant group<\/strong>:\u00a0A\u00a0group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups.\n\nequality of opportunity<\/strong>: A\u00a0situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards.\n\nethical relativism<\/strong>: The idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value.\n\nethnicity<\/strong>: A shared cultural heritage \u2014 the distinctive practices, beliefs and way of life of a group.\n\nethnocentrism<\/strong>: Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one\u2019s own culture.\n\nexogamy<\/strong>: Refers to marriage outside of the group (community, tribe, ethnicity, etc.).\n\nexpulsion<\/strong>:\u00a0When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country.\n\nfive race theory<\/strong>: The idea that humans can be categorized into five racial categories: African, European, Asian, Oceanic, and Native American.\n\ngenocide<\/strong>:\u00a0The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group.\n\ngroup-specific rights:<\/strong>\u00a0Rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group.\n\nhybridity<\/strong>:\u00a0The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices.\n\nidentity: <\/strong>a shared self-perception or self-ascription of an individual or community as belonging to a distinct group based on ethnic, racial, religious, geographical or other characteristics.\n\ninstitutional racism<\/strong>:\u00a0When a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group.\n\ninternal colonialism<\/strong>:\u00a0The process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups.\n\nintersection theory:<\/strong> A theory that suggests that the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes on social status compound one another.\n\nminority group<\/strong>: Any group of people who are singled out from others for differential and unequal treatment.\n\nmiscegenation: <\/strong>The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation.\n<\/strong>\n\nmodel minority<\/strong>:\u00a0The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment.\n\nmulticulturalism<\/strong>: The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures.\n\norientalism<\/strong>: the practice of projecting exotic characteristics onto \u201cAsia,\u201d \u201cthe East\u201d or \u201cthe Orient\u201d that are said to be the opposite of Western characteristics.\n\nprejudice<\/strong>: Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people.\n\nprimitivism: <\/strong>The practice of projecting \u201csavagery\u201d or premodern characteristics onto Indigenous and racialized peoples around the globe.\n\nracial profiling<\/strong>: The selection of individuals for greater surveillance, policing, or treatment on the basis of racialized characteristics.\n\nracial steering<\/strong>: When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighbourhoods based on their race.\n\nracialization<\/strong>: The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences.\n\nracism<\/strong>: A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others.\n\nrepresentation<\/strong>: The process by which meaning is produced and circulated in a society through the use of language, signs and images to stand in for, or re-<\/em>present, things.\n\nsegregation<\/strong>: The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.\n\nsettler society<\/strong>: A society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Indigenous inhabitants.\n\nstereotypes<\/strong>: Oversimplified ideas about groups of people.\n\nstigma<\/strong>: a mark or attribu<\/span>te regarded as<\/span> deeply discrediting<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span>\n\nstrategy for the management of diversity<\/strong>: A systematic method used to resolve conflicts, or potential conflicts, between groups that arise based on perceived differences.\n\nsubaltern groups<\/strong>: Groups whose identity is defined by cultural subordination.\n\nsubordinate group<\/strong>: A group of people who have less power than the dominant group.\n\nsystemic racism<\/strong>:\u00a0 Overlapping and mutually reinforcing structures of racial discrimination systematically embedded within and between organizations and institutions.\n\nWhite privilege<\/strong>: The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized \"whites.\"\n\nWhite supremacy<\/strong>: The doctrine that non-White groups are inferior and that racial discrimination, segregation, and domination is therefore justified.\n\nvisible minority<\/strong>: Persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Section Summary<\/h1>\n11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>\nRace is fundamentally a social construct. Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture and national origin. Minority groups are defined by their lack of power.\n\n11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>\nStereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups of people. Prejudice refers to thoughts and feelings, while discrimination refers to actions. Racism refers to the belief that one race is inherently superior or inferior to other races.\n\n11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong>\nFunctionalist views of race study the role dominant and subordinate groups play to create a stable social structure. Critical sociologists examine power disparities and struggles between various racial and ethnic groups. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture.\n\n11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>\nIntergroup relations range from a tolerant approach of pluralism to intolerance as severe as genocide. In pluralism, groups retain their own identity. In assimilation, groups conform to the identity of the dominant group. In assimilation, groups combine to form a new group identity.\n\n11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>\nThe history of the Canadian people contains an infinite variety of experiences that sociologists understand follow patterns. From the Indigenous people who first inhabited these lands to the waves of immigrants over the past 500 years, migration is an experience with many shared characteristics. Most groups have experienced various degrees of prejudice and discrimination as they have gone through the process of assimilation.\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
\n

Quiz: Race, ethnicity, and discrimination<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\n11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>\n
    \n \t
  1. The racial term \u201cBlack Canadian\u201d can refer to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
      \n \t
    1. A Black person living in Canada.<\/li>\n \t
    2. People whose ancestors came to Canada through the slave trade.<\/li>\n \t
    3. A White person who originated in Africa and now lives in Canada.<\/li>\n \t
    4. Any of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
    5. What is the one defining feature of a minority group?\n
        \n \t
      1. Self-definition<\/li>\n \t
      2. Numerical minority<\/li>\n \t
      3. Lack of power<\/li>\n \t
      4. Strong cultural identity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
      5. Ethnicity describes shared \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
          \n \t
        1. Beliefs.<\/li>\n \t
        2. Language.<\/li>\n \t
        3. Religion.<\/li>\n \t
        4. Any of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
        5. Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?\n
            \n \t
          1. Jewish people in Germany<\/li>\n \t
          2. Creoles in New Orleans<\/li>\n \t
          3. White people in Brazil<\/li>\n \t
          4. Blacks under apartheid in South Africa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
          5. Scapegoat theory shows that\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
              \n \t
            1. Subordinate groups blame dominant groups for their problems.<\/li>\n \t
            2. Dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems.<\/li>\n \t
            3. Some people are predisposed to prejudice.<\/li>\n \t
            4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>\n
                \n \t
              1. Stereotypes can be based on \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                  \n \t
                1. Race.<\/li>\n \t
                2. Ethnicity.<\/li>\n \t
                3. Gender.<\/li>\n \t
                4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                5. What is discrimination?\n
                    \n \t
                  1. Biased thoughts against an individual or group<\/li>\n \t
                  2. Biased actions against an individual or group<\/li>\n \t
                  3. Belief that a race different from yours is inferior<\/li>\n \t
                  4. Another word for stereotyping<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                  5. Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?\n
                      \n \t
                    1. It needs to be eradicated by laws.<\/li>\n \t
                    2. It is like a magic pill.<\/li>\n \t
                    3. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.<\/li>\n \t
                    4. None of the above<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/strong><\/a>\n
                        \n \t
                      1. As a Caucasian in Canada, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                          \n \t
                        1. Intersection theory.<\/li>\n \t
                        2. Conflict theory.<\/li>\n \t
                        3. White privilege.<\/li>\n \t
                        4. Multiculturalism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                        5. The Speedy Gonzales cartoon character is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                            \n \t
                          1. Intersection theory.<\/li>\n \t
                          2. Stereotyping.<\/li>\n \t
                          3. Interactionist view.<\/li>\n \t
                          4. Culture of prejudice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>\n
                              \n \t
                            1. Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance?\n
                                \n \t
                              1. Segregation<\/li>\n \t
                              2. Assimilation<\/li>\n \t
                              3. Genocide<\/li>\n \t
                              4. Expulsion<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                              5. What doctrine justified legal segregation in the American South?\n
                                  \n \t
                                1. Jim Crow<\/li>\n \t
                                2. Plessey v. Ferguson<\/em><\/li>\n \t
                                3. De jure<\/em><\/li>\n \t
                                4. Separate but equal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                5. What intergroup relationship is represented by the \u201cmosaic\" metaphor?\n
                                    \n \t
                                  1. Assimilation<\/li>\n \t
                                  2. Pluralism<\/li>\n \t
                                  3. Expulsion<\/li>\n \t
                                  4. Segregation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                  5. Assimilation is represented by the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> metaphor.\n
                                      \n \t
                                    1. Melting pot<\/li>\n \t
                                    2. Mosaic<\/li>\n \t
                                    3. Salad bowl<\/li>\n \t
                                    4. Separate but equal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                        \n \t
                                      1. What makes Indigenous Canadians unique as a subordinate group in Canada?\n
                                          \n \t
                                        1. They are the only group that experienced expulsion.<\/li>\n \t
                                        2. They are the only group that was segregated.<\/li>\n \t
                                        3. They are the only group that was enslaved.<\/li>\n \t
                                        4. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                        5. Which subordinate group is often referred to as the \u201cmodel minority?\u201d\n
                                            \n \t
                                          1. Black Canadians<\/li>\n \t
                                          2. Asian Canadians<\/li>\n \t
                                          3. White ethnic Canadians<\/li>\n \t
                                          4. First Nations<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                          5. Which federal act or program was designed to address Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois nationalism?\n
                                              \n \t
                                            1. Official Languages Act<\/li>\n \t
                                            2. The Treaty of Utrecht<\/li>\n \t
                                            3. The Multiculturalism Act<\/li>\n \t
                                            4. The repatriation of the Constitution<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                            5. The Komagata Maru incident affected which visible minority?\n
                                                \n \t
                                              1. M\u00e9tis<\/li>\n \t
                                              2. Japanese<\/li>\n \t
                                              3. South Asians<\/li>\n \t
                                              4. Chinese<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                              5. Which of the following groups is not considered a visible minority in Canada?\n
                                                  \n \t
                                                1. The Issei<\/i><\/li>\n \t
                                                2. Somali Canadians<\/li>\n \t
                                                3. Sikhs<\/li>\n \t
                                                4. Indigenous Canadians<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                                  \n

                                                  Short Answer<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

                                                  \n\n11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                                    \n \t
                                                  1. Why do you think the term \u201cminority\u201d has persisted when the word \u201csubordinate\u201d is more descriptive?<\/li>\n \t
                                                  2. How do you describe your ethnicity? Do you include your family\u2019s country of origin? Do you consider yourself multiethnic? How does your ethnicity compare to that of the people you spend most of your time with?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                                      \n \t
                                                    1. How does racial stereotyping contribute to institutionalized racism?<\/li>\n \t
                                                    2. Give an example of stereotyping that you see in everyday life. Explain what would need to happen for this to be eliminated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                                        \n \t
                                                      1. Give three examples of White privilege. Do you know people who have experienced this? From what perspective?<\/li>\n \t
                                                      2. What is the worst example of intersection theory you can think of? What are your reasons for thinking it is the worst?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                                          \n \t
                                                        1. Do you believe immigration laws should foster an approach of pluralism, assimilation, or amalgamation? Which perspective do you think is most supported by current Canadian immigration policies?<\/li>\n \t
                                                        2. Which intergroup relation do you think is the most beneficial to the subordinate group? To society as a whole? Why?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                                            \n \t
                                                          1. In your opinion, which group had the easiest time coming to this country? Which group had the hardest time? Why?<\/li>\n \t
                                                          2. Which group has made the most socioeconomic gains? Why do you think that group has had more success than others?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                            Further Research<\/h1>\n11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>\nExplore aspects of the contemporary debate over racial identity and genomic markers in Vivian Chou's (2017) How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century<\/a> on the Harvard University website.\n\n11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>\n\nExplore the concept of White privilege with this White privilege checklist [PDF]<\/a>\u00a0from the Alliance of Local Service Organizations (ALSO) website (2015) to see how much of it holds true for you or others. [This checklist was adapted from Peggy McIntosh, 1989]\n\n11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong>\nWatch this short video intersectionality 101<\/a> by\u00a0Learning for Justice (2016) on YouTube to explore the basics behind the concept.\n\n11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>\nRead more about multiculturalism in a world perspective at the Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies<\/a> (n.d.) on the Queen's University website<\/a>\n\n11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>\nAre people interested in reclaiming their ethnic identities? Read this article,\"The White Ethnic Revival,<\/a>\" by Matthew Frye Jacobson (n.d.) on the George Washington University History News Network<\/em> website and decide for yourself!\n

                                                            References<\/h1>\n11.0 Introduction Race and Ethnicity<\/strong><\/a>\n

                                                            Block, S., Galabuzi, G-E., and Tranjan, R. (2020). Canada\u2019s colour coded <\/span><\/a>income inequality [PDF]<\/span>. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. https:\/\/policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/canadas-colour-coded-income-inequality\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            CBC. (2007, March 8). Term \"visible minorities\" may be discriminatory, UN body warns Canada.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/term-visible-minorities-may-be-discriminatory-un-body-warns-canada-1.690247 [Last Updated: March 8, 2007]<\/p>\n

                                                            Li, P. (1996). The making of post-war Canada. <\/i>Oxford.<\/p>\n

                                                            Indigenous Services Canada. (2020). Annual report to parliament 2020: Measuring the socioeconomic gaps<\/a>. Government of Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www.sac-isc.gc.ca\/eng\/1602010609492\/1602010631711#chp6<\/p>\n

                                                            Statistics Canada. (2010, March 9). Study: Projections of the diversity of the Canadian population.<\/a>\u00a0The Daily.<\/i> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/daily-quotidien\/100309\/dq100309a-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                            Statistics Canada. (2011). 2011 national household survey: Data tables<\/em><\/a>. (Statistics Canada catalogue no. 99-010-X2011028). <\/i>\u00a0https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/dp-pd\/dt-td\/Index-eng.cfm<\/p>\n

                                                            Statistics Canada. (2017, Oct. 25). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity: Key results from the 2016 Census.<\/a> The Daily.<\/i> https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/171025\/dq171025b-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                            Statistics Canada. (2019). Census Profile, 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016191. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/catalogue\/98-400-X2016191<\/p>\nStatistics Canada. (2022a). The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity.<\/a> The Daily. <\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/221026\/dq221026b-eng.htm\n

                                                            Statistics Canada. (2022b, October 26). Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts<\/a>. Government of Canada. www12.statcan.gc.ca.<\/p>\n11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>\n

                                                            BBC News. (2015). Genomes document ancient mass migration to Europe<\/a>. BBC News.<\/em> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-31695214<\/p>\n

                                                            Bhopal, R. (2007, December 20). The beautiful skull and Blumenbach\u2019s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race<\/a>. British Medical Journal, 335, <\/em>1308.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39413.463958.80<\/p>\n

                                                            Bolnick, D. et al. (2007). The science and business of genetic ancestry testing.<\/a> Science,<\/em> 318(5849), 399\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1150098<\/a><\/p>\n

                                                            Brown, J. (1993). M\u00e9tis, halfbreeds, and other real people: Challenging cultures and categories<\/a>. The History Teacher, <\/cite>27(1), 19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/494328<\/p>\n

                                                            Chakravarti, A. (2001).\u00a0 ...to a future of genetic medicine<\/a>. Nature,<\/i> 409(February), 822\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35057281<\/p>\n

                                                            Chou, V. (2017). How science and genetics are reshaping the race debate of the 21st century<\/a>. Science in the News.<\/em> Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. https:\/\/sitn.hms.harvard.edu\/flash\/2017\/science-genetics-reshaping-race-debate-21st-century\/<\/p>\n

                                                            Collins, F. (2004). What we do and don't know about 'race', 'ethnicity', genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era<\/a>. Nature Genetics,<\/i> 36, S13\u2013S15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1436<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                            Dahl, G. (2013). A half-breed\u2019s perspective on being M\u00e9tis. In Adams, C., G. Dahl and I. Peach (Eds). M\u00e9tis in Canada: History, identity, law and politics <\/em>(pp. 93\u2013139). University of Alberta Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Gannon, M. (2016, February 5). Race is a social construct, scientists argue<\/a>. Scientific American\/LiveScience<\/em>. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue\/<\/p>\n

                                                            Garcia, S. (2020, June 17). Where did BIPOC come from?<\/a> New York Times<\/em>. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/what-is-bipoc.html<\/p>\n

                                                            Ghosh, P. (2015, July 22). DNA uncovers mystery migration to the Americas<\/a>. BBC News. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-33612869<\/p>\n

                                                            Hacker, H. M. (1951, October 1). Women as a minority group.<\/a> Social Forces<\/em>, 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2571742<\/p>\n

                                                            Jacobson, M. (1999). Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race. <\/em>Harvard University Press.\n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                            Lewontin, R. (!972). The apportionment of human diversity<\/a> [PDF]. Evolutionary Biology, <\/em>6, 381\u2013398. http:\/\/www.philbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/Lewontin-The-Apportionment-of-Human-Diversity.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                            Lindsey, B. (2013, May 15). Why people deep misunderstanding the 'connection' between race and IQ<\/a>. The Atlantic. <\/em>https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2013\/05\/why-people-keep-misunderstanding-the-connection-between-race-and-iq\/275876\/<\/p>\n

                                                            Manzo, J. & Bailey, M. (2008, July). On the assimilation of racial stereotypes among Black Canadian young offenders<\/a>. Canadian Review of Sociology\/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 42<\/em>(3), 283\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-618X.2005.tb00841.x<\/p>\n

                                                            Milan, A., \u00a0Maheux, H., &\u00a0Chui, T. (2010, April 20). A portrait of couples in mixed unions.<\/a>\u00a0Canadian social trends<\/em>, 89\u00a0<\/i>(Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X).<\/i> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-008-x\/2010001\/article\/11143-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                            National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (2018). Genetics vs. genomics fact sheet<\/a>. National Institutes of Health\/ USA Government. https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/about-genomics\/fact-sheets\/Genetics-vs-Genomics<\/p>\n

                                                            O'Toole, D. (2013). From entity to identity to nation: The ethnogenesis of the Wiisakodewininiwag<\/em> (Bois-Br\u00fbl\u00e9) Reconsidered. In Adams, C., G. Dahl and I. Peach (Eds). M\u00e9tis in Canada : History, identity, law and politics <\/em>(pp. 143\u2013204). <\/em>University of Alberta Press.\n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                            Pocock, J.G.A. (2009). T<\/span>h<\/span>e p<\/span>ol<\/span>i<\/span>t<\/span>i<\/span>cs of h<\/span>i<\/span>sto<\/span>ry<\/span>: th<\/span>e<\/span> su<\/span>ba<\/span>lt<\/span>er<\/span>n<\/span> a<\/span>n<\/span>d<\/span> th<\/span>e <\/span>su<\/span>bver<\/span>s<\/span>ive. In <\/span>Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method <\/span><\/em>(p<\/span>p. 239\u201325)<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/em>Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

                                                            Purich, D. (1988). The M\u00e9tis. <\/i>James Larimer & Co.<\/p>\n

                                                            Rincon, P. (2016, September 22). DNA hints at earlier human exodus from Africa<\/a>. BBC News. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-37408014<\/p>\n

                                                            Romualdi, C., et al. (2002). Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms<\/a>. Genome Research, <\/em>12, 602\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.214902<\/p>\n

                                                            Rosenberg, N., et al. (2003, January). Genetic structure of human populations<\/a> [PDF]. Science, 298<\/em>(5602), 2381\u20132385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1078311<\/p>\n

                                                            Satzewich, V. <\/span>(2000). Whiteness limited: Racialization and the social construction of \"peripheral Europeans.\" Histoire Social\/Social History,<\/em>\u00a0 33(66), 271\u2013289.<\/p>\n

                                                            Satzewich, V. (2002). The Ukrainian Diaspora.<\/em> Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            Sethi, D., Wood, S., Mitis, F., Bellis, M., et al. (Eds.). (2011). European report on preventing elder maltreatment<\/a> [PDF]. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/abuse-of-older-people<\/p>\n

                                                            Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In Nelson, C. and L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture <\/i>(pp. 271\u2013313).\u00a0 University of Illinois Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Stranglin, D. (2013, November 21). Feud tied to DNA test of supremacist's Black blood.<\/a> USA Today. <\/em>https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2013\/11\/21\/white-supremacist-dna-test-neo-nazi-north-dakota-town\/3661791\/<\/p>\n

                                                            Sue, D.W. (2015). Race talk and the conspiracy of silence: Understanding and facilitating difficult dialogues on race.<\/em> John Wiley and Sons.<\/p>\n

                                                            Taylor, C.\u00a0 (1994). The politics of recognition. In Amy Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition <\/em>(pp. 25-73).<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            <\/cite>Telles, E. (2004).\u00a0 Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil.<\/em> Princeton University Press<\/p>\n

                                                            Thompson, D. (2009). Racial ideas and gendered intimacies: The regulation of interracial relationships in North America<\/a>.\u00a0Social and Legal Studies,\u00a018<\/em>(3), 353\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0964663909339087<\/p>\n

                                                            Tillery, A. (2018). CSDD & 23andme race and genomics survey<\/a>. Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy. <\/em>https:\/\/csdd.northwestern.edu\/research\/csdd-23andme-race-and-genomics-survey-2018.html\n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                            Tishkoff, S. & Kidd, K. (2004). Implications of biogeography of human populations for \u2018race\u2019 and medicine<\/a>. Nature Genetics Supplement, 36<\/em>(11), 21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1438<\/p>\n

                                                            Wagley, C., &\u00a0Harris, M. (1958). Minorities in the New World: Six case studies<\/i>. Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Wirth, L. (1945). The problem of minority groups. In R. Linton (Ed.),\u00a0The science of man in the world crisis<\/i>\u00a0(p. 347). Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Yudell, M. et al. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics.<\/a> Science,<\/em> 351<\/em>(<\/span>6273),<\/span> 564\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aac4951<\/p>\n

                                                            11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>\nBackhouse, C. (1994, Fall). Racial segregation in Canadian legal history: Viola Desmond's challenge, Nova Scotia, 1946.<\/a>\u00a0Dalhousie Law Journal,<\/i> 17<\/em>(2),\u00a0299\u2013362. Available from Digital Commons: https:\/\/digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1699&context=dlj<\/p>\n

                                                            Block, S., &\u00a0Galabuzi, G.-E. (2011). Canada\u2019s colour coded labour market: The gap for racialized workers.<\/a>\u00a0Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2011\/03\/Colour%20Coded%20Labour%20Market.pdf.<\/p>\n

                                                            Block, S.,\u00a0 G-E. Galabuzi & R. Tranjan. (2019).\u00a0 Canada\u2019s Colour Coded Income Inequality.<\/a> Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2019\/12\/Canada%27s%20Colour%20Coded%20Income%20Inequality.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                            Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. (2010). Staying in school: Engaging Aboriginal students<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. https:\/\/neaoinfo.files.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/aboriginal-education-congress-of-aboriginal-peoples.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                            Deer, K. (2021). Why it's difficult to put a number on how many children died at residential schools.<\/a> CBC\/Radio-Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/indigenous\/residential-school-children-deaths-numbers-1.6182456<\/p>\n

                                                            Department of Indigenous Services. (2020). Annual Report to Parliament 2020: Measuring the socioeconomic gaps<\/a>. <\/em>Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.sac-isc.gc.ca\/eng\/1602010609492\/1602010631711#chp6<\/p>\n

                                                            Durkheim, \u00c9. (1982). The rules of the sociological method<\/em> (W. D. Halls, Trans). Free Press. (Original work published 1895.)<\/p>\n

                                                            Hudson, D. L., Jr. (2009, October 16). Students lose Confederate-flag purse case in 5th Circuit.<\/a> First Amendment Center<\/em>. http:\/\/www.firstamendmentcenter.org\/students-lose-confederate-flag-purse-case-in-5th-circuit<\/p>\n

                                                            Macdonald, D., &\u00a0Wilson, D. (2013, June). Poverty or prosperity: Indigenous children in Canada. <\/a>Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2013\/06\/Poverty_or_Prosperity_Indigenous_Children.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                            McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In,\u00a0White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women\u2019s studies<\/i>. Wellesley College Center for Research on Women.<\/p>\n

                                                            Pitsula, J. (2014). Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan. <\/em>UBC Press.\n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                            Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2012). Canada, Aboriginal peoples, and residential schools: They came for the children<\/i><\/a> [PDF]. <\/i>Government of Canada. https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2012\/cvrc-trcc\/IR4-4-2012-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                            Wingrove, J., &\u00a0Mackrael, K. (2012, June 25). Why so many Somali-Canadians who go west end up dead.<\/a>\u00a0The\u00a0<\/em>Globe and Mail. <\/i>http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/why-so-many-somali-canadians-who-go-west-end-up-dead\/article4365992\/?page=all<\/p>\n11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong>\n

                                                            Blau, J. & Blau, P. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime.<\/a> American Sociological Review,<\/em> 47(1), 114\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2095046<\/p>\n

                                                            Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position<\/a>. The Pacific Sociological Review,<\/em> 1(1), 3\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/138860<\/p>\n

                                                            Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society <\/em>(2nd edition). <\/em>Wiley-Blackwell.<\/p>\n

                                                            Collins, P. H. (1990). Distinguishing features of Black feminist thought<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                            Diamond, S. (1969). Introduction: The uses of the <\/span>primitive. In Diamond, S. (Ed.), <\/span>Primitive views <\/span><\/em>of the world <\/span><\/em>(pp. v\u2013xxix)<\/span>.<\/em> Columbia University Press<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. <\/em>Prentice-Hall, Inc.<\/p>\n

                                                            Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. In Hall, S. (Ed.), Representation, meaning and language <\/em>(pp. 15\u201364).<\/em> Sage.<\/p>\n

                                                            Herrnstein, R. & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. <\/em>Simon and Schuster.<\/p>\n

                                                            Porter, J. (1965). The vertical mosaic: An analysis of social class and power in Canada. <\/em>University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Richwine, J. (2009, May). IQ and immigration policy.<\/a> A dissertation presented by Jason Richwine to The Department of Public Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Public Policy. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/140239668\/IQ-and-Immigration-Policy-Jason-Richwine<\/a><\/p>\n

                                                            Roberts, J. & Gabor, T. (1990). In my opinion ... Lombrosian wine in a new bottle: Research on crime and race<\/a>. Canadian Journal of Criminology,<\/em> 32(2), 291\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjcrim.32.2.291<\/p>\n

                                                            Said, E. (1978). Orientalism.<\/em> Routledge & Kegan Paul. <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            Sarich, V. & Miele, F. (2004). Race:<\/em> The reality of human differences<\/em>. Westview Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Sen, A. (2006).\u00a0 Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny.<\/em> W.W. Norton and Co.<\/p>\n

                                                            Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D\u2019Onofrio, B., <\/span>& Gottesman, I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children<\/a>. Psychological Science.<\/em> 14(6), 623\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_147<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            Wang, J. (2006). His dominion and the yellow peril: Protestant missions to Chinese immigrants in Canada, 1859\u20131967<\/i>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                            Wortley, S. (1999). A Northern taboo: Research on race, crime, and criminal justice in Canada<\/a>. Canadian Journal of Criminology. <\/em>41(2), 261\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjcrim.41.2.261<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>\nBhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture.\u00a0<\/i>Routledge.\n\nConference Board of Canada. (2013). How Canada performs: International rankings:\u00a0Acceptance of diversity<\/em><\/a>. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160322081348\/http:\/\/www.conferenceboard.ca\/hcp\/details\/society\/acceptance-of-diversity.aspx\n\nDay, R. (2000). Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity. <\/i>University of Toronto Press.\n\nDes Forge, A.. (1999).\u00a0 Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. Human Rights Watch. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/pdfs\/r\/rwanda\/rwanda993.pdf\n\nHabib, M. (Ed.). (2018). Forced migration of Rohingya : the untold experience.<\/em> Ontario International Development Agency.\n\nHall, S. (1990). Identity: Community, culture, difference. <\/i>Lawrence & Wishart.\n\nHuman Rights Watch. (2004). Darfur destroyed: Ethnic cleansing by government and militia forces in Western Sudan.<\/a> Human Rights Watch, 16(6A). https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/2004\/sudan0504\/sudan0504simple.pdf<\/span>\n\nKymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship. <\/i>Clarendon Press.\n\nLewy, G. (2004, September). Were American Indians the victims of genocide?<\/a> History News Network<\/em>. http:\/\/hnn.us\/articles\/7302.html\n\nLi, P. (1996). The making of post-war Canada. <\/i>Oxford.\n\nMarshall, I. (1996). A history and ethnography of the Beothuk<\/i>. McGill-Queen's University Press.\n\nMosher, C. (1998). Discrimination and denial: Systemic racism in Ontario's legal and criminal justice systems, 1892-1961.<\/i> University of Toronto Press.\n\nPopulation Studies Center. (2010). New racial segregation measures for states and large metropolitan areas: Analysis of the 2005\u20132009 American community survey.<\/em><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220130210225\/https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/census\/segregation.html\n\nSteeves, P. (2021).\u00a0 The Indigenous paleolithic of the western hemisphere. <\/em>University of Nebraska Press. \n<\/em>\n\nUjimoto, K. V. (2000). Multiculturalism, ethnic identity, and inequality. In B. Singh Bolaria (Ed.),\u00a0Social issues and contradictions in Canadian society<\/i> (pp. 228\u2013246). Nelson.\n\nUN Human Rights Council. (2019, October 23). UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar calls on UN Member States to remain vigilant in the face of the continued threat of genocide.<\/a> Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.\u00a0<\/em>https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25197&LangID=E\n\nWalks, R. A., &\u00a0Bourne, L. (2006). Ghettos in Canada\u2019s cities? Racial segregation, ethnic enclaves and poverty concentration in Canadian urban areas<\/a>. Canadian Geographer<\/i>,\u00a0<\/i>50(3), 273\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2006.00142.x\n\nWaters, M. and T. Jimenez. (2005). Assessing immigrant assimilation: New empirical and theoretical challenges.<\/a> Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em> 31(1), 105\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.100026\n\n11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>\nAbdulle, M. (1999). Somali immigrants in Ottawa: The causes of their migration and the challenges of resettling in Canada<\/em><\/a>. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Ottawa. <\/i>http:\/\/www.ruor.uottawa.ca\/en\/bitstream\/handle\/10393\/8831\/MQ48122.PDF?sequence=1.\n\nBill 1070, An Act amending Title 11, Chapter\u00a07, Arizona\u00a0revised statues....\u00a0relating to\u00a0unlawfully present aliens<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>, 2nd Reg. Sess., 49th Legislature, Arizona Senate, 2010. http:\/\/www.azleg.gov\/legtext\/49leg\/2r\/bills\/sb1070s.pdf\n\nBlack History Canada [The Canadian Encyclopedia]. (2014). End of segregation in Canada.<\/a> Collection: Black History in Canada. Historica Canada. <\/i>http:\/\/www.blackhistorycanada.ca\/events.php?themeid=21&id=9\n\nBlock, S., &\u00a0Galabuzi, G.-E. (2011, March). Canada\u2019s colour coded labour market: The gap for racialized workers<\/a> [PDF]. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2011\/03\/Colour%20Coded%20Labour%20Market.pdf\n\nBuchignani, N. (2010, May 12). South Asian Canadians.<\/a> In\u00a0The Canadian Encyclopedia. <\/i>https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/south-asians\n\nCarvery, I. (2008, January 2). Archived: Under a Northern Star. Africville: A community displaced<\/em><\/a>. Library and Archives Canada. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130621143930\/http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/northern-star\/033005-2601-e.html\n\nCBC. (2001). A land of many cultures: Legacy of hate.<\/a>\u00a0Canada: A People\u2019s History. <\/i>http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/history\/EPISCONTENTSE1EP11CH3PA3LE.html\n\nChan, A. B. (2013, July 30). Chinese Canadians.<\/a>\u00a0The Canadian Encyclopedia. <\/i>http:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chinese-canadians\/\n\nFoster, C. (2019). They call me George: The untold story of the black train porters. <\/em>Biblioasis.\n\nJohnston, H. (1989). The voyage of the Komagata Maru: The Sikh challenge to Canada\u2019s colour bar. <\/i>University of British Columbia Press.\n\nKoch, A.<\/span>, Brierley, C., Maslin, M., & Lewis, S. (2019, March 1). Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492<\/a>. <\/span>Quaternary Science Reviews, <\/em>207(March), 13\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2018.12.004\n\nLi, P. (1996).\u00a0The making of post-war Canada.\u00a0<\/i>Oxford Press.\n\nLeslie, J. (1978).\u00a0The historical development of the Indian Act<\/i> (2nd\u00a0ed.).<\/i> Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.\n\nLibrary and Archives Canada. (2001, March 31). Oscar Peterson: A jazz sensation<\/em><\/a>. http:\/\/epe.lac-bac.gc.ca\/100\/206\/301\/lac-bac\/oscar_peterson-ef\/www.lac-bac.gc.ca\/4\/2\/index-e.html\n\nLou, N. M., Noels, K. A., Kurl, S., Zhang, Y. S. D., & Young-Leslie, H. (2022). Chinese Canadians\u2019 experiences of the dual pandemics of COVID-19 and racism: Implications for identity, negative emotion, and anti-racism incident reporting<\/a>.\u00a0Canadian Psychology \/ Psychologie Canadienne, 63<\/em>(3), 279\u2013297.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cap0000305\n\nMarger, M. (2003). Race and ethnic relations: American and global perspectives<\/i>. Wadsworth.\n\nMarquis, G. E. (1923, May). The French Canadians in the province of Quebec<\/a>.\u00a0Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,<\/i> 107(1), 7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000271622310700103\n\nMassey, D. S. (2006, August 20). Seeing Mexican immigration clearly.<\/a>\u00a0Cato Unbound<\/i>. http:\/\/www.cato-unbound.org\/2006\/08\/20\/douglas-s-massey\/seeing-mexican-immigration-clearly\/\n\nMosher, C. (1998).\u00a0Discrimination and denial: Systemic racism in Ontario's legal and criminal justice systems, 1892-1961.<\/i>\u00a0University of Toronto Press.\n\nMathias, J., &\u00a0Yabsley, G. (1991, Spring). Conspiracy of legislation: The suppression of Indian rights in Canada<\/a>.\u00a0BC Studies<\/i>, 89, 34\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14288\/bcs.v0i89.1383\n\nMyers, J. P. (2007). Dominant-minority relations in America<\/i>. Pearson.\n\nPatterson, P. E. (1972). The Canadian Indian: A history since 1500.<\/em> Collier-Macmillan.\n\nRuttan, S. (2014). Vancouver Island scoundrels, eccentrics and originals: Tales from the library vault. <\/i> TouchWood Editions.\n\nSocial and Aboriginal Statistics Division. (2007, August). The Caribbean community in Canada.<\/em><\/a> Statistics Canada (Catalogue no. 89-621-XIE \u2014 No. 7 - Archived).\u00a0 https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/89-621-x\/89-621-x2007007-eng.pdf?st=7IB1e_t_\n\nStatistics Canada. (2012, October). Analytical document: Linguistic characteristics of Canadians<\/em> [PDF<\/a>]. Statistics Canada (Catalogue no. 98-314-X2011001). http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2011\/as-sa\/98-314-x\/98-314-x2011001-eng.pdf.\n\nStatistics Canada. (2013). Analytical document: Immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada: National household survey, 2011<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Statistics Canada (Catalogue no. 99-010-X2011001). http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/as-sa\/99-010-x\/99-010-x2011001-eng.pdf.\n\nStatistics Canada. (2017a, August 2). English\u2013French bilingualism reaches new heights.<\/a> Statistics Canada (Catalogue no.<\/abbr> 98\u2011200\u2011X2016009). https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/as-sa\/98-200-x\/2016009\/98-200-X2016009-eng.cfm [Updated on: August 31, 2017]\n<\/span>\n\nStatistics Canada. (2017b, August 2). English, French and official language minorities in Canada.<\/a> Statistics Canada (Catalogue no.<\/abbr> 98\u2011200\u2011X2016011). https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/as-sa\/98-200-x\/2016011\/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm [Updated on: August 31, 2017]<\/span>\n\nStatistics Canada. (2019a). Data Tables: Census of Population.<\/a> Statistics Canada (Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016190).\u00a0https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/dp-pd\/dt-td\/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&Lang=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1341679&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110531&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0\n\nStatistics Canada. (2019b). Diversity of the Black population in Canada: An overview.<\/a> Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series. Statistics Canada. \u00a0https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/89-657-x\/89-657-x2019002-eng.htm\n\nSunahara, A., &\u00a0Oikawa, M. (2011, January 31). Japanese Canadians<\/a>.\u00a0The Canadian Encyclopedia. <\/i>http:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/japanese-canadians\/.\n\nTitley, B. (1983). W. M. Graham: Indian agent extraordinaire.\u00a0Prairie Forum,<\/i> 8(1), 25\u201341.\n\nWalker, J. (1980). The history of Blacks in Canada: A study guide for teachers and students. <\/i>Minister of State for Multiculturalism.\n\nWeaver, S. (1981). Making Canadian Indian policy: The hidden agenda 1968-1970. <\/i>University of Toronto Press.\n\nWortley, S., & Tanner, J. (2004). Racial profiling in Canada: Survey evidence from Toronto.<\/a>\u00a0The Canadian Review of Policing Research,<\/i> 1(1), 24\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9780230355866_2\n

                                                            <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n1 D,\u00a0|\u00a02 C,\u00a0|\u00a03 D,\u00a0|\u00a04 D,\u00a0|\u00a05 B,\u00a0|\u00a06 D,\u00a0|\u00a07 B,\u00a0|\u00a08 C,\u00a0|\u00a09 C,\u00a0|\u00a010 B,\u00a0| 11 C,\u00a0| 12 D,\u00a0|\u00a013 B,\u00a0|\u00a014 A,\u00a0|\u00a015 D,\u00a0|\u00a016 B,\u00a0|\u00a017 A,\u00a0|\u00a018 C,\u00a0|\u00a019 D, [Return to quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
                                                            \n
                                                            \n

                                                            Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                            \n

                                                            achieved status<\/strong>: A\u00a0status\u00a0 received through individual effort or merits (e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.).ancestry<\/strong>:\u00a0 (in a biological usage) the connection between human variations and the historical-geographical origins of an individual or group’s\u00a0 ancestors.<\/p>\n

                                                            ascribed status<\/strong>: A\u00a0status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.).<\/p>\n

                                                            assimilation<\/strong>: The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.<\/p>\n

                                                            BIPOC<\/strong>: Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour.<\/p>\n

                                                            conquest:<\/strong>\u00a0The forcible subjugation of territory and people by military action.<\/p>\n

                                                            discrimination<\/strong>:\u00a0Prejudiced action against a group of people.<\/p>\n

                                                            dominant<\/strong>:\u00a0Can be used interchangeably with the term majority.<\/p>\n

                                                            dominant group<\/strong>:\u00a0A\u00a0group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups.<\/p>\n

                                                            equality of opportunity<\/strong>: A\u00a0situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards.<\/p>\n

                                                            ethical relativism<\/strong>: The idea that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value.<\/p>\n

                                                            ethnicity<\/strong>: A shared cultural heritage \u2014 the distinctive practices, beliefs and way of life of a group.<\/p>\n

                                                            ethnocentrism<\/strong>: Evaluating another culture according to the standards of one\u2019s own culture.<\/p>\n

                                                            exogamy<\/strong>: Refers to marriage outside of the group (community, tribe, ethnicity, etc.).<\/p>\n

                                                            expulsion<\/strong>:\u00a0When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country.<\/p>\n

                                                            five race theory<\/strong>: The idea that humans can be categorized into five racial categories: African, European, Asian, Oceanic, and Native American.<\/p>\n

                                                            genocide<\/strong>:\u00a0The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group.<\/p>\n

                                                            group-specific rights:<\/strong>\u00a0Rights conferred on individuals by virtue of their membership in a group.<\/p>\n

                                                            hybridity<\/strong>:\u00a0The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices.<\/p>\n

                                                            identity: <\/strong>a shared self-perception or self-ascription of an individual or community as belonging to a distinct group based on ethnic, racial, religious, geographical or other characteristics.<\/p>\n

                                                            institutional racism<\/strong>:\u00a0When a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group.<\/p>\n

                                                            internal colonialism<\/strong>:\u00a0The process of uneven regional development by which a dominant group establishes control over existing populations within a country by maintaining segregation of ethnic and racial groups.<\/p>\n

                                                            intersection theory:<\/strong> A theory that suggests that the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes on social status compound one another.<\/p>\n

                                                            minority group<\/strong>: Any group of people who are singled out from others for differential and unequal treatment.<\/p>\n

                                                            miscegenation: <\/strong>The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation.
                                                            \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                            model minority<\/strong>:\u00a0The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment.<\/p>\n

                                                            multiculturalism<\/strong>: The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures.<\/p>\n

                                                            orientalism<\/strong>: the practice of projecting exotic characteristics onto \u201cAsia,\u201d \u201cthe East\u201d or \u201cthe Orient\u201d that are said to be the opposite of Western characteristics.<\/p>\n

                                                            prejudice<\/strong>: Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people.<\/p>\n

                                                            primitivism: <\/strong>The practice of projecting \u201csavagery\u201d or premodern characteristics onto Indigenous and racialized peoples around the globe.<\/p>\n

                                                            racial profiling<\/strong>: The selection of individuals for greater surveillance, policing, or treatment on the basis of racialized characteristics.<\/p>\n

                                                            racial steering<\/strong>: When real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighbourhoods based on their race.<\/p>\n

                                                            racialization<\/strong>: The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences.<\/p>\n

                                                            racism<\/strong>: A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others.<\/p>\n

                                                            representation<\/strong>: The process by which meaning is produced and circulated in a society through the use of language, signs and images to stand in for, or re-<\/em>present, things.<\/p>\n

                                                            segregation<\/strong>: The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.<\/p>\n

                                                            settler society<\/strong>: A society historically based on colonization through foreign settlement and displacement of Indigenous inhabitants.<\/p>\n

                                                            stereotypes<\/strong>: Oversimplified ideas about groups of people.<\/p>\n

                                                            stigma<\/strong>: a mark or attribu<\/span>te regarded as<\/span> deeply discrediting<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                            strategy for the management of diversity<\/strong>: A systematic method used to resolve conflicts, or potential conflicts, between groups that arise based on perceived differences.<\/p>\n

                                                            subaltern groups<\/strong>: Groups whose identity is defined by cultural subordination.<\/p>\n

                                                            subordinate group<\/strong>: A group of people who have less power than the dominant group.<\/p>\n

                                                            systemic racism<\/strong>:\u00a0 Overlapping and mutually reinforcing structures of racial discrimination systematically embedded within and between organizations and institutions.<\/p>\n

                                                            White privilege<\/strong>: The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”<\/p>\n

                                                            White supremacy<\/strong>: The doctrine that non-White groups are inferior and that racial discrimination, segregation, and domination is therefore justified.<\/p>\n

                                                            visible minority<\/strong>: Persons, other than Indigenous persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                            Section Summary<\/h1>\n

                                                            11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>
                                                            \nRace is fundamentally a social construct. Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture and national origin. Minority groups are defined by their lack of power.<\/p>\n

                                                            11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>
                                                            \nStereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups of people. Prejudice refers to thoughts and feelings, while discrimination refers to actions. Racism refers to the belief that one race is inherently superior or inferior to other races.<\/p>\n

                                                            11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong>
                                                            \nFunctionalist views of race study the role dominant and subordinate groups play to create a stable social structure. Critical sociologists examine power disparities and struggles between various racial and ethnic groups. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture.<\/p>\n

                                                            11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>
                                                            \nIntergroup relations range from a tolerant approach of pluralism to intolerance as severe as genocide. In pluralism, groups retain their own identity. In assimilation, groups conform to the identity of the dominant group. In assimilation, groups combine to form a new group identity.<\/p>\n

                                                            11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>
                                                            \nThe history of the Canadian people contains an infinite variety of experiences that sociologists understand follow patterns. From the Indigenous people who first inhabited these lands to the waves of immigrants over the past 500 years, migration is an experience with many shared characteristics. Most groups have experienced various degrees of prejudice and discrimination as they have gone through the process of assimilation.<\/p>\n

                                                            Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
                                                            \n
                                                            \n

                                                            Quiz: Race, ethnicity, and discrimination<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                            \n

                                                            11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            1. The racial term \u201cBlack Canadian\u201d can refer to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. A Black person living in Canada.<\/li>\n
                                                              2. People whose ancestors came to Canada through the slave trade.<\/li>\n
                                                              3. A White person who originated in Africa and now lives in Canada.<\/li>\n
                                                              4. Any of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              5. What is the one defining feature of a minority group?\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. Self-definition<\/li>\n
                                                                2. Numerical minority<\/li>\n
                                                                3. Lack of power<\/li>\n
                                                                4. Strong cultural identity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                5. Ethnicity describes shared \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Beliefs.<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. Language.<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. Religion.<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. Any of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  5. Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group?\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. Jewish people in Germany<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. Creoles in New Orleans<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. White people in Brazil<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. Blacks under apartheid in South Africa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    5. Scapegoat theory shows that\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. Subordinate groups blame dominant groups for their problems.<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. Dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems.<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Some people are predisposed to prejudice.<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                        11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. Stereotypes can be based on \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. Race.<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. Ethnicity.<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. Gender.<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                          5. What is discrimination?\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. Biased thoughts against an individual or group<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. Biased actions against an individual or group<\/li>\n
                                                                            3. Belief that a race different from yours is inferior<\/li>\n
                                                                            4. Another word for stereotyping<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                            5. Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact?\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. It needs to be eradicated by laws.<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. It is like a magic pill.<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. None of the above<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. As a Caucasian in Canada, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. Intersection theory.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. Conflict theory.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. White privilege.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  4. Multiculturalism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                  5. The Speedy Gonzales cartoon character is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Intersection theory.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. Stereotyping.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. Interactionist view.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. Culture of prejudice.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                      11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance?\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. Segregation<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. Assimilation<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. Genocide<\/li>\n
                                                                                        4. Expulsion<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                        5. What doctrine justified legal segregation in the American South?\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. Jim Crow<\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. Plessey v. Ferguson<\/em><\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. De jure<\/em><\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. Separate but equal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                          5. What intergroup relationship is represented by the \u201cmosaic” metaphor?\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. Assimilation<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. Pluralism<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. Expulsion<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. Segregation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                            5. Assimilation is represented by the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> metaphor.\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              1. Melting pot<\/li>\n
                                                                                              2. Mosaic<\/li>\n
                                                                                              3. Salad bowl<\/li>\n
                                                                                              4. Separate but equal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                1. What makes Indigenous Canadians unique as a subordinate group in Canada?\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  1. They are the only group that experienced expulsion.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  2. They are the only group that was segregated.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  3. They are the only group that was enslaved.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  4. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  5. Which subordinate group is often referred to as the \u201cmodel minority?\u201d\n
                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    1. Black Canadians<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    2. Asian Canadians<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    3. White ethnic Canadians<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    4. First Nations<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    5. Which federal act or program was designed to address Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois nationalism?\n
                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      1. Official Languages Act<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      2. The Treaty of Utrecht<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      3. The Multiculturalism Act<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      4. The repatriation of the Constitution<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      5. The Komagata Maru incident affected which visible minority?\n
                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        1. M\u00e9tis<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        2. Japanese<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        3. South Asians<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        4. Chinese<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        5. Which of the following groups is not considered a visible minority in Canada?\n
                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          1. The Issei<\/i><\/li>\n
                                                                                                          2. Somali Canadians<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          3. Sikhs<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          4. Indigenous Canadians<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                            [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                            \n

                                                                                                            Short Answer<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                                                            \n

                                                                                                            11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            1. Why do you think the term \u201cminority\u201d has persisted when the word \u201csubordinate\u201d is more descriptive?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            2. How do you describe your ethnicity? Do you include your family\u2019s country of origin? Do you consider yourself multiethnic? How does your ethnicity compare to that of the people you spend most of your time with?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                              11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                              1. How does racial stereotyping contribute to institutionalized racism?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              2. Give an example of stereotyping that you see in everyday life. Explain what would need to happen for this to be eliminated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                1. Give three examples of White privilege. Do you know people who have experienced this? From what perspective?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                2. What is the worst example of intersection theory you can think of? What are your reasons for thinking it is the worst?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                  11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                  1. Do you believe immigration laws should foster an approach of pluralism, assimilation, or amalgamation? Which perspective do you think is most supported by current Canadian immigration policies?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  2. Which intergroup relation do you think is the most beneficial to the subordinate group? To society as a whole? Why?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                    11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                    1. In your opinion, which group had the easiest time coming to this country? Which group had the hardest time? Why?<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    2. Which group has made the most socioeconomic gains? Why do you think that group has had more success than others?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                                                      Further Research<\/h1>\n

                                                                                                                      11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nExplore aspects of the contemporary debate over racial identity and genomic markers in Vivian Chou’s (2017)                                                                                                                       How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century<\/a> on the Harvard University website.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Explore the concept of White privilege with this White privilege checklist [PDF]<\/a>\u00a0from the Alliance of Local Service Organizations (ALSO) website (2015) to see how much of it holds true for you or others. [This checklist was adapted from Peggy McIntosh, 1989]<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nWatch this short video                                                                                                                       intersectionality 101<\/a> by\u00a0Learning for Justice (2016) on YouTube to explore the basics behind the concept.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nRead more about multiculturalism in a world perspective at the                                                                                                                       Multiculturalism Policies in Contemporary Democracies<\/a> (n.d.) on the Queen’s University website<\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nAre people interested in reclaiming their ethnic identities? Read this article,”                                                                                                                      The White Ethnic Revival,<\/a>” by Matthew Frye Jacobson (n.d.) on the George Washington University History News Network<\/em> website and decide for yourself!<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      References<\/h1>\n

                                                                                                                      11.0 Introduction Race and Ethnicity<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Block, S., Galabuzi, G-E., and Tranjan, R. (2020). Canada\u2019s colour coded <\/span><\/a>income inequality [PDF]<\/span>. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. https:\/\/policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/canadas-colour-coded-income-inequality
                                                                                                                      \n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      CBC. (2007, March 8). Term “visible minorities” may be discriminatory, UN body warns Canada.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/term-visible-minorities-may-be-discriminatory-un-body-warns-canada-1.690247 [Last Updated: March 8, 2007]<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Li, P. (1996). The making of post-war Canada. <\/i>Oxford.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Indigenous Services Canada. (2020). Annual report to parliament 2020: Measuring the socioeconomic gaps<\/a>. Government of Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www.sac-isc.gc.ca\/eng\/1602010609492\/1602010631711#chp6<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2010, March 9). Study: Projections of the diversity of the Canadian population.<\/a>\u00a0The Daily.<\/i> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/daily-quotidien\/100309\/dq100309a-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2011). 2011 national household survey: Data tables<\/em><\/a>. (Statistics Canada catalogue no. 99-010-X2011028). <\/i>\u00a0https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/dp-pd\/dt-td\/Index-eng.cfm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2017, Oct. 25). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity: Key results from the 2016 Census.<\/a> The Daily.<\/i> https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/171025\/dq171025b-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2019). Census Profile, 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-400-X2016191. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/catalogue\/98-400-X2016191<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2022a). The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country’s religious and ethnocultural diversity.<\/a> The Daily. <\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/221026\/dq221026b-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2022b, October 26). Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts<\/a>. Government of Canada. www12.statcan.gc.ca.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      BBC News. (2015). Genomes document ancient mass migration to Europe<\/a>. BBC News.<\/em> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-31695214<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Bhopal, R. (2007, December 20). The beautiful skull and Blumenbach\u2019s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race<\/a>. British Medical Journal, 335, <\/em>1308.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39413.463958.80<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Bolnick, D. et al. (2007). The science and business of genetic ancestry testing.<\/a> Science,<\/em> 318(5849), 399\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1150098<\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Brown, J. (1993). M\u00e9tis, halfbreeds, and other real people: Challenging cultures and categories<\/a>. The History Teacher, <\/cite>27(1), 19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/494328<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Chakravarti, A. (2001).\u00a0 …to a future of genetic medicine<\/a>. Nature,<\/i> 409(February), 822\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35057281<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Chou, V. (2017). How science and genetics are reshaping the race debate of the 21st century<\/a>. Science in the News.<\/em> Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. https:\/\/sitn.hms.harvard.edu\/flash\/2017\/science-genetics-reshaping-race-debate-21st-century\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Collins, F. (2004). What we do and don’t know about ‘race’, ‘ethnicity’, genetics and health at the dawn of the genome era<\/a>. Nature Genetics,<\/i> 36, S13\u2013S15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1436<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Dahl, G. (2013). A half-breed\u2019s perspective on being M\u00e9tis. In Adams, C., G. Dahl and I. Peach (Eds). M\u00e9tis in Canada: History, identity, law and politics <\/em>(pp. 93\u2013139). University of Alberta Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Gannon, M. (2016, February 5). Race is a social construct, scientists argue<\/a>. Scientific American\/LiveScience<\/em>. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Garcia, S. (2020, June 17). Where did BIPOC come from?<\/a> New York Times<\/em>. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/what-is-bipoc.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Ghosh, P. (2015, July 22). DNA uncovers mystery migration to the Americas<\/a>. BBC News. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-33612869<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Hacker, H. M. (1951, October 1). Women as a minority group.<\/a> Social Forces<\/em>, 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2571742<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Jacobson, M. (1999). Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race. <\/em>Harvard University Press.
                                                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Lewontin, R. (!972). The apportionment of human diversity<\/a> [PDF]. Evolutionary Biology, <\/em>6, 381\u2013398. http:\/\/www.philbio.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/Lewontin-The-Apportionment-of-Human-Diversity.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Lindsey, B. (2013, May 15). Why people deep misunderstanding the ‘connection’ between race and IQ<\/a>. The Atlantic. <\/em>https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2013\/05\/why-people-keep-misunderstanding-the-connection-between-race-and-iq\/275876\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Manzo, J. & Bailey, M. (2008, July). On the assimilation of racial stereotypes among Black Canadian young offenders<\/a>. Canadian Review of Sociology\/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 42<\/em>(3), 283\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-618X.2005.tb00841.x<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Milan, A., \u00a0Maheux, H., &\u00a0Chui, T. (2010, April 20). A portrait of couples in mixed unions.<\/a>\u00a0Canadian social trends<\/em>, 89\u00a0<\/i>(Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X).<\/i> http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-008-x\/2010001\/article\/11143-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (2018). Genetics vs. genomics fact sheet<\/a>. National Institutes of Health\/ USA Government. https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/about-genomics\/fact-sheets\/Genetics-vs-Genomics<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      O’Toole, D. (2013). From entity to identity to nation: The ethnogenesis of the Wiisakodewininiwag<\/em> (Bois-Br\u00fbl\u00e9) Reconsidered. In Adams, C., G. Dahl and I. Peach (Eds). M\u00e9tis in Canada : History, identity, law and politics <\/em>(pp. 143\u2013204). <\/em>University of Alberta Press.
                                                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Pocock, J.G.A. (2009). T<\/span>h<\/span>e p<\/span>ol<\/span>i<\/span>t<\/span>i<\/span>cs of h<\/span>i<\/span>sto<\/span>ry<\/span>: th<\/span>e<\/span> su<\/span>ba<\/span>lt<\/span>er<\/span>n<\/span> a<\/span>n<\/span>d<\/span> th<\/span>e <\/span>su<\/span>bver<\/span>s<\/span>ive. In <\/span>Political Thought and History: Essays on Theory and Method <\/span><\/em>(p<\/span>p. 239\u201325)<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/em>Cambridge University Press.<\/span><\/span>
                                                                                                                      \n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Purich, D. (1988). The M\u00e9tis. <\/i>James Larimer & Co.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Rincon, P. (2016, September 22). DNA hints at earlier human exodus from Africa<\/a>. BBC News. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-37408014<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Romualdi, C., et al. (2002). Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms<\/a>. Genome Research, <\/em>12, 602\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.214902<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Rosenberg, N., et al. (2003, January). Genetic structure of human populations<\/a> [PDF]. Science, 298<\/em>(5602), 2381\u20132385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1078311<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Satzewich, V. <\/span>(2000). Whiteness limited: Racialization and the social construction of “peripheral Europeans.” Histoire Social\/Social History,<\/em>\u00a0 33(66), 271\u2013289.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Satzewich, V. (2002). The Ukrainian Diaspora.<\/em> Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Sethi, D., Wood, S., Mitis, F., Bellis, M., et al. (Eds.). (2011). European report on preventing elder maltreatment<\/a> [PDF]. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/abuse-of-older-people<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In Nelson, C. and L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture <\/i>(pp. 271\u2013313).\u00a0 University of Illinois Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Stranglin, D. (2013, November 21). Feud tied to DNA test of supremacist’s Black blood.<\/a> USA Today. <\/em>https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/nation\/2013\/11\/21\/white-supremacist-dna-test-neo-nazi-north-dakota-town\/3661791\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Sue, D.W. (2015). Race talk and the conspiracy of silence: Understanding and facilitating difficult dialogues on race.<\/em> John Wiley and Sons.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Taylor, C.\u00a0 (1994). The politics of recognition. In Amy Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition <\/em>(pp. 25-73).<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      <\/cite>Telles, E. (2004).\u00a0 Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil.<\/em> Princeton University Press<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Thompson, D. (2009). Racial ideas and gendered intimacies: The regulation of interracial relationships in North America<\/a>.\u00a0Social and Legal Studies,\u00a018<\/em>(3), 353\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0964663909339087<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Tillery, A. (2018). CSDD & 23andme race and genomics survey<\/a>. Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy. <\/em>https:\/\/csdd.northwestern.edu\/research\/csdd-23andme-race-and-genomics-survey-2018.html
                                                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Tishkoff, S. & Kidd, K. (2004). Implications of biogeography of human populations for \u2018race\u2019 and medicine<\/a>. Nature Genetics Supplement, 36<\/em>(11), 21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng1438<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Wagley, C., &\u00a0Harris, M. (1958). Minorities in the New World: Six case studies<\/i>. Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Wirth, L. (1945). The problem of minority groups. In R. Linton (Ed.),\u00a0The science of man in the world crisis<\/i>\u00a0(p. 347). Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Yudell, M. et al. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics.<\/a> Science,<\/em> 351<\/em>(<\/span>6273),<\/span> 564\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aac4951<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.2 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nBackhouse, C. (1994, Fall).                                                                                                                       Racial segregation in Canadian legal history: Viola Desmond’s challenge, Nova Scotia, 1946.<\/a>\u00a0Dalhousie Law Journal,<\/i> 17<\/em>(2),\u00a0299\u2013362. Available from Digital Commons: https:\/\/digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1699&context=dlj<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Block, S., &\u00a0Galabuzi, G.-E. (2011). Canada\u2019s colour coded labour market: The gap for racialized workers.<\/a>\u00a0Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2011\/03\/Colour%20Coded%20Labour%20Market.pdf.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Block, S.,\u00a0 G-E. Galabuzi & R. Tranjan. (2019).\u00a0 Canada\u2019s Colour Coded Income Inequality.<\/a> Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2019\/12\/Canada%27s%20Colour%20Coded%20Income%20Inequality.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Congress of Aboriginal Peoples. (2010). Staying in school: Engaging Aboriginal students<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. https:\/\/neaoinfo.files.wordpress.com\/2014\/07\/aboriginal-education-congress-of-aboriginal-peoples.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Deer, K. (2021). Why it’s difficult to put a number on how many children died at residential schools.<\/a> CBC\/Radio-Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/indigenous\/residential-school-children-deaths-numbers-1.6182456<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Department of Indigenous Services. (2020). Annual Report to Parliament 2020: Measuring the socioeconomic gaps<\/a>. <\/em>Government of Canada. https:\/\/www.sac-isc.gc.ca\/eng\/1602010609492\/1602010631711#chp6<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Durkheim, \u00c9. (1982). The rules of the sociological method<\/em> (W. D. Halls, Trans). Free Press. (Original work published 1895.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Hudson, D. L., Jr. (2009, October 16). Students lose Confederate-flag purse case in 5th Circuit.<\/a> First Amendment Center<\/em>. http:\/\/www.firstamendmentcenter.org\/students-lose-confederate-flag-purse-case-in-5th-circuit<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Macdonald, D., &\u00a0Wilson, D. (2013, June). Poverty or prosperity: Indigenous children in Canada. <\/a>Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2013\/06\/Poverty_or_Prosperity_Indigenous_Children.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In,\u00a0White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women\u2019s studies<\/i>. Wellesley College Center for Research on Women.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Pitsula, J. (2014). Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan. <\/em>UBC Press.
                                                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2012). Canada, Aboriginal peoples, and residential schools: They came for the children<\/i><\/a> [PDF]. <\/i>Government of Canada. https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2012\/cvrc-trcc\/IR4-4-2012-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Wingrove, J., &\u00a0Mackrael, K. (2012, June 25). Why so many Somali-Canadians who go west end up dead.<\/a>\u00a0The\u00a0<\/em>Globe and Mail. <\/i>http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/why-so-many-somali-canadians-who-go-west-end-up-dead\/article4365992\/?page=all<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.3 Theories of Race and Ethnicity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Blau, J. & Blau, P. (1982). The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime.<\/a> American Sociological Review,<\/em> 47(1), 114\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2095046<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position<\/a>. The Pacific Sociological Review,<\/em> 1(1), 3\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/138860<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society <\/em>(2nd edition). <\/em>Wiley-Blackwell.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Collins, P. H. (1990). Distinguishing features of Black feminist thought<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Diamond, S. (1969). Introduction: The uses of the <\/span>primitive. In Diamond, S. (Ed.), <\/span>Primitive views <\/span><\/em>of the world <\/span><\/em>(pp. v\u2013xxix)<\/span>.<\/em> Columbia University Press<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. <\/em>Prentice-Hall, Inc.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. In Hall, S. (Ed.), Representation, meaning and language <\/em>(pp. 15\u201364).<\/em> Sage.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Herrnstein, R. & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. <\/em>Simon and Schuster.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Porter, J. (1965). The vertical mosaic: An analysis of social class and power in Canada. <\/em>University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Richwine, J. (2009, May). IQ and immigration policy.<\/a> A dissertation presented by Jason Richwine to The Department of Public Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Public Policy. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/140239668\/IQ-and-Immigration-Policy-Jason-Richwine<\/a><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Roberts, J. & Gabor, T. (1990). In my opinion … Lombrosian wine in a new bottle: Research on crime and race<\/a>. Canadian Journal of Criminology,<\/em> 32(2), 291\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjcrim.32.2.291<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Said, E. (1978). Orientalism.<\/em> Routledge & Kegan Paul. <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Sarich, V. & Miele, F. (2004). Race:<\/em> The reality of human differences<\/em>. Westview Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Sen, A. (2006).\u00a0 Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny.<\/em> W.W. Norton and Co.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D\u2019Onofrio, B., <\/span>& Gottesman, I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children<\/a>. Psychological Science.<\/em> 14(6), 623\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_147<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Wang, J. (2006). His dominion and the yellow peril: Protestant missions to Chinese immigrants in Canada, 1859\u20131967<\/i>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Wortley, S. (1999). A Northern taboo: Research on race, crime, and criminal justice in Canada<\/a>. Canadian Journal of Criminology. <\/em>41(2), 261\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjcrim.41.2.261<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.4 Intergroup Relations and the Management of Diversity<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nBhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture.\u00a0<\/i>Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Conference Board of Canada. (2013). How Canada performs: International rankings:\u00a0Acceptance of diversity<\/em><\/a>. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160322081348\/http:\/\/www.conferenceboard.ca\/hcp\/details\/society\/acceptance-of-diversity.aspx<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Day, R. (2000). Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity. <\/i>University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Des Forge, A.. (1999).\u00a0 Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. Human Rights Watch. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/pdfs\/r\/rwanda\/rwanda993.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Habib, M. (Ed.). (2018). Forced migration of Rohingya : the untold experience.<\/em> Ontario International Development Agency.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Hall, S. (1990). Identity: Community, culture, difference. <\/i>Lawrence & Wishart.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Human Rights Watch. (2004). Darfur destroyed: Ethnic cleansing by government and militia forces in Western Sudan.<\/a> Human Rights Watch, 16(6A). https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/2004\/sudan0504\/sudan0504simple.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship. <\/i>Clarendon Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Lewy, G. (2004, September). Were American Indians the victims of genocide?<\/a> History News Network<\/em>. http:\/\/hnn.us\/articles\/7302.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Li, P. (1996). The making of post-war Canada. <\/i>Oxford.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Marshall, I. (1996). A history and ethnography of the Beothuk<\/i>. McGill-Queen’s University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Mosher, C. (1998). Discrimination and denial: Systemic racism in Ontario’s legal and criminal justice systems, 1892-1961.<\/i> University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Population Studies Center. (2010). New racial segregation measures for states and large metropolitan areas: Analysis of the 2005\u20132009 American community survey.<\/em><\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220130210225\/https:\/\/www.psc.isr.umich.edu\/dis\/census\/segregation.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Steeves, P. (2021).\u00a0 The Indigenous paleolithic of the western hemisphere. <\/em>University of Nebraska Press.
                                                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Ujimoto, K. V. (2000). Multiculturalism, ethnic identity, and inequality. In B. Singh Bolaria (Ed.),\u00a0Social issues and contradictions in Canadian society<\/i> (pp. 228\u2013246). Nelson.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      UN Human Rights Council. (2019, October 23). UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar calls on UN Member States to remain vigilant in the face of the continued threat of genocide.<\/a> Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.\u00a0<\/em>https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/NewsEvents\/Pages\/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25197&LangID=E<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Walks, R. A., &\u00a0Bourne, L. (2006). Ghettos in Canada\u2019s cities? Racial segregation, ethnic enclaves and poverty concentration in Canadian urban areas<\/a>. Canadian Geographer<\/i>,\u00a0<\/i>50(3), 273\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1541-0064.2006.00142.x<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Waters, M. and T. Jimenez. (2005). Assessing immigrant assimilation: New empirical and theoretical challenges.<\/a> Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em> 31(1), 105\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.100026<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      11.5 Race and Ethnicity in Canada<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                                                      \nAbdulle, M. (1999).                                                                                                                       Somali immigrants in Ottawa: The causes of their migration and the challenges of resettling in Canada<\/em><\/a>. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Ottawa. <\/i>http:\/\/www.ruor.uottawa.ca\/en\/bitstream\/handle\/10393\/8831\/MQ48122.PDF?sequence=1.<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Bill 1070, An Act amending Title 11, Chapter\u00a07, Arizona\u00a0revised statues….\u00a0relating to\u00a0unlawfully present aliens<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>, 2nd Reg. Sess., 49th Legislature, Arizona Senate, 2010. http:\/\/www.azleg.gov\/legtext\/49leg\/2r\/bills\/sb1070s.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Black History Canada [The Canadian Encyclopedia]. (2014). End of segregation in Canada.<\/a> Collection: Black History in Canada. Historica Canada. <\/i>http:\/\/www.blackhistorycanada.ca\/events.php?themeid=21&id=9<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Block, S., &\u00a0Galabuzi, G.-E. (2011, March). Canada\u2019s colour coded labour market: The gap for racialized workers<\/a> [PDF]. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives<\/em>. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2011\/03\/Colour%20Coded%20Labour%20Market.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                                                      Buchignani, N. (2010, May 12). South Asian Canadians.<\/a> In\u00a0The Canadian Encyclopedia. <\/i>https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/south-asians<\/p>\n

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                                                                                                                      <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n

                                                                                                                      1 D,\u00a0|\u00a02 C,\u00a0|\u00a03 D,\u00a0|\u00a04 D,\u00a0|\u00a05 B,\u00a0|\u00a06 D,\u00a0|\u00a07 B,\u00a0|\u00a08 C,\u00a0|\u00a09 C,\u00a0|\u00a010 B,\u00a0| 11 C,\u00a0| 12 D,\u00a0|\u00a013 B,\u00a0|\u00a014 A,\u00a0|\u00a015 D,\u00a0|\u00a016 B,\u00a0|\u00a017 A,\u00a0|\u00a018 C,\u00a0|\u00a019 D, [Return to quiz]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-411","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":371,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":412,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411\/revisions\/412"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/371"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/411\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=411"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=411"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}