{"id":444,"date":"2023-08-15T10:23:37","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T10:23:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-12-resources-and-activities\/"},"modified":"2023-09-07T21:04:29","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T21:04:29","slug":"chapter-12-resources-and-activities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-12-resources-and-activities\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 12 Resources and Activities","rendered":"Chapter 12 Resources and Activities"},"content":{"raw":"
\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\nbifurcated consciousness:<\/strong>\u00a0The experience of a division between the directly\u00a0lived, bodily world of women\u2019s lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt.\n\nbinary opposition: <\/strong>Deep and structures of language that take the form of paired terms and carry opposed or opposite meanings.\n\ncisgender: <\/strong>A term that refers to individuals whose gender identity matches the gender and sex they were assigned at birth.\n\n compulsory heterosexuality:<\/strong> A social condition in which heteronormativity is enforced by formal and informal measures that encourage heterosexuality and penalize sexual variation.\n\ndoing gender:<\/strong> The way people perform tasks based on assigned gender scripts and gendered feedback from significant others.\n\ndominant gender schema:<\/strong>\u00a0An ideological framework that states that there are only two possible sexes, male and female, and two possible genders, masculine and feminine.\n\ndouble exploitation of women: <\/strong>Women are doubly exploited in capitalist society when they work outside the home for wages and within the home as unpaid domestic labour.\n\ndouble standard:<\/strong>\u00a0A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women, but allows it for men.\n\nemphasized femininity: <\/strong>The dominant styles of femininity, which express women\u2019s subordination to men within a particular culture at a particular time.\n\ngender:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviours that are considered male or female.\n\ngender-based violence:<\/strong> Harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender.\n\ngender dysphoria<\/strong>: A psychiatric classification describing persons experiencing a strong and persistent incongruity between their anatomy (their sex) and the gender with which they identify.\n\ngender identity:<\/strong>\u00a0An individual\u2019s sense of being either masculine or feminine.\n\ngender role:<\/strong>\u00a0Society\u2019s concept of how men and women should behave.\n\ngendered sexuality:<\/strong> Sexual orientation which takes into account both sexes and genders of people.\n\nglass ceiling: <\/strong>An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership.\n\nhegemonic masculinity:<\/strong> The dominant male ideal within a particular culture at a particular time.\n\nheteronormativity: <\/strong>The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation.\n\nhomophobia:<\/strong>\u00a0An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals.\n\nintersex:<\/strong>\u00a0 Individuals with a mixture of male and female sexual organs or physical characteristics.\n\nintimate partner violence: <\/strong>Emotional, sexual and physical violence by one intimate partner against another.\n\nLGBTQ2+:<\/strong>\u00a0 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, two spirited and other minority sexualities.\n\nmachismo: <\/strong>A\u00a0style of masculinity characterized as virile, aggressive, intransigent, and hyper-masculine.\n\npariah femininity: <\/strong>A type of femininity, often stigmatized, defined by non-compliance with male domination.\n\npleasure principle: <\/strong>The principle that individuals are guided by instinctual drives for immediate gratification.\n\npostgenderism: <\/strong>The idea of a society in which sex and gender distinctions no longer matter.\n\nqueer theory:<\/strong>\u00a0A scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality.\n\nreality principle: <\/strong>The principle that individuals must regulate instinctual drives for gratification according to the reality of the restrictions, rules and moral codes of the social order.\n\nsex:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females.\n\nsexism:<\/strong>\u00a0The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.\n\nsexuality:<\/strong>\u00a0A person\u2019s capacity for sexual feelings and the orientation of their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female).\n\nsocialization:<\/b>\u00a0The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society\u2019s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.\n\nstereotypes<\/strong>: Oversimplified ideas about groups of people.\n\ntransgender:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviours and characteristics that are the opposite of their biological sex.\n\ntranssex:<\/strong> Transgender individuals who alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Section Summary<\/h1>\n12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\nThe terms \u201csex\u201d and \u201cgender\u201d refer to two different identifiers. Sex denotes biological characteristics differentiating males and females, while gender denotes social and cultural characteristics of masculine and feminine behaviour. Sex and gender are not always synchronous. Individuals who strongly identify with the opposing gender are considered transgender.\n\n12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>\nChildren become aware of gender roles in their earliest years. They come to understand and perform these roles through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of males and females. Each sociological perspective offers a valuable view for understanding how and why gender inequality occurs in our society.\n\n12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\nWhen studying sex and sexuality, sociologists focus their attention on sexual attitudes and practices, not on physiology or anatomy. Norms regarding gender and sexuality vary across cultures. In general, Canada tends to be less conservative than the United States in its sexual attitudes. As a result, homosexuals still continue to face opposition and discrimination in most major social institutions, but discrimination based on sexual orientation is legally prohibited in the Canadian constitution.\u00a0Gays and lesbians are able to get married in Canada, and school boards across the country have instituted anti-bullying policies to prevent the targeting of LGBT students.\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
\n

Quiz: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\n12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\n
    \n \t
  1. The terms \u201cmasculine\u201d and \u201cfeminine\u201d refer to a person\u2019s \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
      \n \t
    1. Sex.<\/li>\n \t
    2. Gender.<\/li>\n \t
    3. Both sex and gender.<\/li>\n \t
    4. None of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
    5. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> is\/are an individual\u2019s self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles.\n
        \n \t
      1. Gender identity<\/li>\n \t
      2. Gender bias<\/li>\n \t
      3. Sexual orientation<\/li>\n \t
      4. Sexual attitudes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
      5. Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
          \n \t
        1. At infancy.<\/li>\n \t
        2. In early adolescence.<\/li>\n \t
        3. In early adulthood.<\/li>\n \t
        4. In late adulthood.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
        5. A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
            \n \t
          1. Transgender.<\/li>\n \t
          2. Transsex.<\/li>\n \t
          3. A cross-dresser.<\/li>\n \t
          4. Homosexual.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
          5. Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism?\n
              \n \t
            1. It is strictly biological and associated with chemical imbalances in the brain.<\/li>\n \t
            2. It is a behaviour that is learned through socializing with other transgender individuals.<\/li>\n \t
            3. It is genetic and usually skips one generation.<\/li>\n \t
            4. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>\n
                \n \t
              1. Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?\n
                  \n \t
                1. Women are typically shorter than men.<\/li>\n \t
                2. Men do not live as long as women.<\/li>\n \t
                3. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be level-headed.<\/li>\n \t
                4. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                5. Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children?\n
                    \n \t
                  1. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles.<\/li>\n \t
                  2. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles.<\/li>\n \t
                  3. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.<\/li>\n \t
                  4. None of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                  5. To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly\u00a0(i.e., in\u00a0a state of balance)?\n
                      \n \t
                    1. Conflict theory<\/li>\n \t
                    2. Functionalism<\/li>\n \t
                    3. Feminist theory<\/li>\n \t
                    4. Symbolic interactionism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                    5. Only women are affected by gender stratification.\n
                        \n \t
                      1. True<\/li>\n \t
                      2. False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                      3. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we \u201cdo gender\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                          \n \t
                        1. During half of our activities.<\/li>\n \t
                        2. Only when it applies to our biological sex.<\/li>\n \t
                        3. Only if we are actively following gender roles.<\/li>\n \t
                        4. All of the time, in everything we do.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\n
                            \n \t
                          1. What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?\n
                              \n \t
                            1. United States<\/li>\n \t
                            2. Sweden<\/li>\n \t
                            3. Mexico<\/li>\n \t
                            4. Ireland<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                            5. Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                \n \t
                              1. Conservative.<\/li>\n \t
                              2. Liberal.<\/li>\n \t
                              3. Permissive.<\/li>\n \t
                              4. Free.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                              5. Sociologists associate sexuality with \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                  \n \t
                                1. Heterosexuality.<\/li>\n \t
                                2. Homosexuality.<\/li>\n \t
                                3. Biological factors.<\/li>\n \t
                                4. A person\u2019s capacity for sexual feelings.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                5. Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behaviour to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?\n
                                    \n \t
                                  1. Functionalism<\/li>\n \t
                                  2. Conflict theory<\/li>\n \t
                                  3. Symbolic interactionalism<\/li>\n \t
                                  4. Queer theory<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                    \n

                                    Short Answer<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

                                    \n\n12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                      \n \t
                                    1. Why do sociologists find it important to differentiate between sex and gender? What importance does the differentiation have in modern society?<\/li>\n \t
                                    2. How is children\u2019s play influenced by gender roles? Think back to your childhood. How \u201cgendered\u201d were the toys and activities available to you? Do you remember gender expectations being conveyed through the approval or disapproval of your playtime choices?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                        \n \t
                                      1. In what way do parents treat sons and daughters differently? How do sons and daughters typically respond to this treatment?<\/li>\n \t
                                      2. What can be done to lessen the effects of gender stratification in the workplace? How does gender stratification harm both men and women?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                          \n \t
                                        1. Identify three examples of how Canadian\u00a0society is heteronormative.<\/li>\n \t
                                        2. Consider the types of derogatory labelling that sociologists study and explain how these might apply to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                          Further Research<\/h1>\n12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>\nFor more information on gender identity and advocacy for transgender individuals see the Global Action for Trans Equality<\/a>.\n\n12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>\nFor more gender-related statistics, see the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website<\/a>\u00a0and browse through to pictures like \u201cgender and education\u201d and \u201cgender and health.\u201d (Include quotation marks when searching.)\n

                                          References<\/h1>\n

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                                          Caldera, Y., Huston, A., & O\u2019Brien, M. (1998). Social interactions and play patterns of parents and toddlers with feminine, masculine, and neutral toys.<\/a> Child Development,<\/em> 60(1),70\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1131072<\/p>\n

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                                          Poasa, K. (1992). The Samoan Fa\u2019afafine: One case study and discussion of transsexualism<\/a>. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality,<\/em> 5(3), 39\u201351.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1300\/J056v05n03_04<\/p>\n

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                                          Schiappa, E. (2022). The transgender exigency: Defining sex and gender in the 21st century<\/a>. <\/em>Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003250494 [An Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.]\n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                          Shippers, M. (2007). Recovering the feminine other: Masculinity, femininity, and gender hegemony<\/a>. Theory and Society,\u00a0 <\/em>36(1), 85\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11186-007-9022-4<\/p>\n

                                          Statistics Canada. (2021). A statistical portrait of Canada's diverse LGBTQ2+ communities.<\/a> Statistics Canada, The Daily. <\/em>Retrieved from https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/210615\/dq210615a-eng.htm<\/p>\n

                                          Taylor, C. & Peter, T. (2011). Every class in every school: The first national climate survey on homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in Canadian schools.<\/i> Final report. [PDF]<\/a> Egale Canada human rights trust. http:\/\/mygsa.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/EgaleFinalReport-web.pdf<\/p>\n12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>\n

                                          Bem, S. (Summer 1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society.<\/a> Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.<\/em> 8(4), 598\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/493998<\/p>\n

                                          Blank, H. (2012). Straight: A Surprisingly Short History of Heterosexuality<\/em>. Beacon Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Casey, K., Novick, K. & Lourenco, S. (2021). Sixty years of gender representation in children\u2019s books: Conditions associated with overrepresentation of male versus female protagonists<\/a>. PLoS ONE.<\/em> 16(12), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260566<\/p>\n

                                          Coltrane, S. & Adams, M. (2008). Gender and families. <\/em>Rowman & Littlefield.<\/p>\n

                                          Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order<\/em>. Scribner.<\/p>\n

                                          Coulter, R. (1996). Gender equity and schooling: Linking research and policy.<\/a> Canadian Journal of Education,<\/em> 21 (4), 433\u2013 452. https:\/\/journals.sfu.ca\/cje\/index.php\/cje-rce\/article\/view\/2739<\/p>\n

                                          Davis, D. M. (1993). TV is a blonde, blonde world. American demographics<\/em>, Special Issue: Women change places, 15(5), 34\u201341.<\/p>\n

                                          Ellis, H. (1946). The psychology of dex. <\/em>William Heinemann.<\/p>\n

                                          Engels, F. (1972 \/1884). The origin of the family, private property and the state. <\/i>International Publishers.<\/p>\n

                                          Etaugh, C. & Bridges, J. (2004). Women\u2019s lives: A\u00a0topical approach<\/em>. Allyn & Bacon.<\/p>\n

                                          Farrington, K. & Chertok, W. (1993). Social conflict theories of the family. In P.G. Boss, W.J. Doherty, R. LaRossa, W.R. Schumm and S.K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 357\u2013381). Plenum Publishing Corporation.<\/p>\n

                                          Firestone, S. (1970). The dialectic of sex: The case for feminist revolution.<\/em> Bantam Books.<\/p>\n

                                          Gutmann, M. (2007). The meanings of macho: Being a man in Mexico City (10th anniversary edition).<\/em> University of California Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Hawke, L. A. (2007). Gender roles within American marriage: Are they really changing?<\/a> ESSAI<\/em>, 5 (23), 70\u201374. Available at https:\/\/dc.cod.edu\/essai\/vol5\/iss1\/23<\/p>\n

                                          Hochschild, A. R. & Machung, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home<\/em>. Viking.<\/p>\n

                                          Kane, E. (1996). Gender, culture, and learning<\/em>. Academy for Educational Development.<\/p>\n

                                          Kilbourne, J. (2000). Can\u2019t buy me love: How advertising changed the way we think and feel<\/em>. Touchstone Publishing.<\/p>\n

                                          Kimmel, M. (2000). The gendered society<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Lips, H. M. (2004). The gender gap in possible selves: Divergence of academic self-views among high school and university students.<\/a> Sex Roles,<\/em> 50(5\/6), 357\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:SERS.0000018891.88889.c9<\/p>\n

                                          McInturf, K. (2013). Closing Canada\u2019s gender gap: Year 2240 here we come!<\/i><\/a>[PDF] Behind the numbers. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Ottawa. http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2013\/04\/Closing_Canadas_Gender_Gap_0.pdf.<\/p>\n

                                          Mead, G. H. (1967). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist<\/em>. University of Chicago Press. [Original work published 1934.]<\/p>\n

                                          Murdock, G. P. & White, D. R. (1969). Standard cross-cultural sample.<\/a> Ethnology,<\/em> 9, 329\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3772907<\/p>\n

                                          National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). Unpublished epidemiological catchment area analysis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                                          Nellie McClung Foundation. (n.d.). History of women\u2019s rights.<\/a>\u00a0The Nellie McClung foundation. <\/i>\u00a0http:\/\/www.ournellie.com\/womens-suffrage\/history-of-womens-rights<\/p>\n

                                          Oxford American Dictionary<\/em> (3rd edition). (2010). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Parsons, T. (1958). The kinship system of the contemporary United States. In Essays in sociological theory\u00a0(pp. 177-196). <\/i>Free Press. [Original work published 1943.]<\/p>\n

                                          Pincus, F. (2000). Discrimination comes in many forms: Individual, institutional, and structural. In Readings for Diversity and Social Justice\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 31\u201335). Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                          Raffaelli, M. & Ontai, L. L. (2004). Gender socialization in Latino\/A families: Results from two retrospective studies<\/a>. Sex roles: A Journal of Research,<\/em> 50(5\/6), 287\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:SERS.0000018886.58945.06<\/p>\n

                                          Reay, D. (2001). \u2018Spice girls,\u2019 \u2018nice girls,\u2019 \u2018girlies,\u2019 and \u2018tomboys\u2019: Gender discourses, girls\u2019 cultures and femininities in the primary classroom<\/a>. Gender and Education,<\/em> 13(2), 153\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540250120051178<\/p>\n

                                          Risman, B. & Johnson-Sumerford, D. (1998). Doing it fairly: A study of postgender marriages.<\/a> Journal of Marriage and Family,<\/em> (60)1, 23\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353439<\/p>\n

                                          Sadker, D. & Sadker, M. (1994). Failing at fairness: How our schools cheat girls<\/em>. Simon & Schuster.<\/p>\n

                                          Sanday, P. R. (2004). Women at the center: Life in a modern matriarchy<\/em>. Cornell University Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Seem, S. R. & Clark, D. M. (2006). Healthy women, healthy men, and healthy adults: An evaluation of gender role stereotypes in the twenty-first century<\/a>.\u00a0Sex Roles,<\/em> 55(3-4), 247\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-006-9077-0<\/p>\n

                                          Smith, D. (1987). The everyday world as problematic: A feminist sociology<\/em>. Northeastern University Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Smith, S. (2008). Gender stereotypes: An analysis of popular films and TV. [PDF]<\/a> Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media<\/em>. http:\/\/www.thegeenadavisinstitute.org\/downloads\/GDIGM_Gender_Stereotypes.pdf<\/p>\n

                                          Staples, R. & Boulin Johnson, L. (2004). Black families at the crossroads: Challenges and prospects<\/em>. Jossey-Bass.<\/p>\n

                                          Statistics Canada. (2011). Women in Canada: A gender based statistical report<\/i><\/a>\u00a0[PDF]. Statistics Canada. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-503-x\/89-503-x2010001-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                          Statistics Canada. (2018). Women in Canada, a gender-based statistical report<\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. CS89-503E-PDF. https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/site\/eng\/9.506267\/publication.html<\/p>\n

                                          Tannen, D. (1994). You just don\u2019t understand.<\/em> William Morrow and Co.<\/p>\n

                                          Tests.ca. (2023). The ultimate list of Canada driving statistics for 2023<\/a>. Tests.ca. https:\/\/tests.ca\/driving-statistics\/<\/p>\n

                                          Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in schoo<\/em>l. Rutgers University Press.<\/p>\n

                                          UNICEF. (2007, August 29). Early gender socialization<\/a>. Unicef.org<\/em>. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220308135630\/https:\/\/sites.unicef.org\/earlychildhood\/index_40749.html<\/p>\n

                                          Weavell, A. (2016, December 13). Black biker boots & tall skinny lattes.<\/a>\u00a0Motorcycle Mojo Magazine. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170627010741\/http:\/\/www.motorcyclemojo.com\/2016\/12\/women-bikers\/<\/em><\/p>\n

                                          West, C. & Zimmerman, D. (1987). Doing gender.<\/a> Gender and Society,<\/em> 1(2), 125\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891243287001002002<\/p>\n

                                          Williams, R. (2019, July 20). Being nonbinary has nothing to do with looking nonbinary<\/a>. Medium<\/em>. https:\/\/medium.com\/@transphilosophr\/beingnonbinary-\nhas-nothing-to-do-with-looking-nonbinary-bef864483a43<\/p>\n

                                          12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          American Psychological Association (APA). (2008). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality.<\/a> [Brochure created with editorial assistance from the APA Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Concerns. Produced by the Office of Public and Member Communications].\u00a0 http:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/sexuality\/orientation.aspx<\/p>\n

                                          Amnesty International. (2011, June 17). The world\u2019s worst places to be a woman<\/a>. Amnesty International. https:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/the-worlds-worst-places-to-be-a-woman\/<\/p>\n

                                          Broude, G. J. (2003). Sexual attitudes and practices. \u00a0In Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures,<\/em> Volume 1\u00a0(pp. 177\u2013184). Springer.<\/p>\n

                                          CBC. (2012, January 12). Timeline: Same-sex rights in Canada.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News. <\/i>http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/timeline-same-sex-rights-in-canada-1.1147516<\/p>\n

                                          Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011, January 25). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health.<\/a> http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lgbthealth\/youth.htm.<\/p>\n

                                          Christ, C. P. (2016). A new definition of patriarchy: Control of women\u2019s sexuality, private property, and war<\/a>. Feminist Theology, <\/em>24(3), 214\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0966735015627949<\/p>\n

                                          Commonwealth Fund. (1997, November 1). The Commonwealth Fund Survey of the health of adolescent girls: Highlights and methodology.<\/em> The Commonwealth Fund. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/fund-reports\/1997\/nov\/commonwealth-fund-survey-health-adolescent-girls<\/p>\n

                                          Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order<\/em>. Scribner.<\/p>\n

                                          Cotter, A. (2021, April 26). Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: An overview<\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X. <\/span><\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/85-002-x\/2021001\/article\/00003-eng.pdf?st=MSTGN-Kw<\/span><\/p>\n

                                          Cotter, A. & Savage, L. (2019, December 5). Gender-based violence and unwanted <\/span>sexual behaviour in Canada, 2018: <\/span>Initial findings from the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces <\/span><\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X. <\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/85-002-x\/2019001\/article\/00017-eng.pdf?st=Ry7VH3ce<\/p>\n

                                          Devor, A. H. (1997). FTM: Female-to-male transsexuals in society.<\/i>\u00a0 Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Devor, A. H. (2020). How many sexes? How many genders? When two are not enough<\/em>.<\/a> 1996 UVic Provost\u2019s Lecture. University of Victoria, Canada. https:\/\/onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca\/ahdevor\/how-many-sexes\/<\/p>\n

                                          Fischtein, D., Herold, E., & Desmarais, S. (2007). How much does gender explain in sexual attitudes and behaviors? A survey of Canadian adults.<\/a> Archives of Sexual Behaviour,\u00a0<\/i>36, 451\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-006-9157-9<\/p>\n

                                          Fisher, T.D., Moore, Z. T., & Pittenger, M. (2011). Sex on the brain?: An examination of frequency of sexual cognitions as a function of gender, erotophilia, and social desirability<\/a>. The Journal of Sex Research,<\/em> 49(1), 69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2011.565429<\/p>\n

                                          Foucault, M. (1980). The history of sexuality, volume 1: An introduction<\/i>. Vintage Books.<\/p>\n

                                          Freud, S. (1961). Civilization and its discontents. <\/em>W. W. Norton.<\/p>\n

                                          GIWPS. (2022). Women peace and security index<\/a>.\u00a0Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. <\/em>https:\/\/giwps.georgetown.edu\/the-index\/<\/p>\n

                                          Human Rights Watch. (2022). Outlawed: The love that dare not speak its name<\/a>. Human Rights Watch: LGBT Rights<\/em>. http:\/\/internap.hrw.org\/features\/features\/lgbt_laws\/<\/p>\n

                                          Kinsman, G. (2000). Constructing gay men and lesbians as national security risks, 1950\u20131970. In Kinsman, G., Buse, D. K., and M. Steedman (Eds.), Whose National Security? Canadian State Surveillance and the Creation of Enemies (pp. 143-153). <\/i>Between the Lines Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Kirk, G. & M. Okazawa-Rey (Eds.). (2004). Glossary of terms in common use. In Women\u2019s Lives: <\/em>Multicultural Perspectives (5th Edition)<\/em>. McGraw-Hill.<\/p>\n

                                          Masci, D., Podrebarac Sciupac, E., & Lipka, M. (2019, October 28). Same-sex marriage around the world<\/a>. Pew Research Center. <\/em>https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/fact-sheet\/gay-marriage-around-the-world\/<\/p>\n

                                          Mathiesen, A. (2019). Gender dysphoria. Magill\u2019s Medical Guide (Online Edition)<\/em>. Salem Press.<\/p>\n

                                          McIntosh, M. (1968). The homosexual role.<\/a> Social Problems,<\/em> 16(2), 182\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/800003<\/p>\n

                                          Milhausen, R. & Herold, E. S. (1999). Does the sexuality double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women<\/a>. Journal of Sex Research,<\/em> 36(4), 361\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499909552008<\/p>\n

                                          Parsons, T. (1958). The kinship system of the contemporary United States. In Essays in Sociological Theory (pp. 177-196). <\/i>Free Press. [Original work published 1943.]<\/p>\n

                                          Parsons, T., Bales, R. F., Olds, J., Zelditsch, M. & Slater, P. E. (1955). Family, socialization, and interaction process<\/em>. Free Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Poushter, J. & Kent, N. (2020, June 25). The global divide on homosexuality persists<\/a>.\u00a0Pew Research Center. <\/em>https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/global\/2020\/06\/25\/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists\/<\/p>\n

                                          Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence<\/a>. Signs, <\/em>5(4), 631\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/493756<\/p>\n

                                          Sedgwick, E. K. (1990). Epistemology of the closet<\/em>. University of California Press.<\/p>\n

                                          Statistics Canada. (2021, June 15). A statistical portrait of Canada's diverse <\/span><\/a>LGBTQ2+ communities<\/a>. The Daily. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 11-001-X. <\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/210615\/dq210615a-eng.pdf?st=DJa8KL6b<\/span><\/p>\n

                                          Sumerau, J., Mathers, L. A., Nowakowski, A. C., & Cragun, R. T. (2017). Helping quantitative sociology come out of the closet.\u00a0Sexualities<\/i>,\u00a020<\/i>(5\u20136), 644\u2013656.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363460716666755<\/a><\/p>\n

                                          UNHCR. (2022). Gender-based violence.<\/a>\u00a0UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. <\/em>https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/gender-based-violence.html<\/em><\/p>\n

                                          Weeks, J. (2010). Sexuality: Third Edition. <\/em>Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                          Widmer, E. D., Treas, J., & Newcomb, R. (1998). Attitudes toward nonmarital sex in 24 countries<\/a>. Journal of Sex Research,<\/em> 35(4), 349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499809551953<\/p>\n\n

                                          <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n1 B,\u00a0|\u00a02 A,\u00a0|\u00a03 B,\u00a0|\u00a04 B,\u00a0|\u00a05 D,\u00a0|\u00a06 C,\u00a0|\u00a07 C,\u00a0|\u00a08 B,\u00a0|\u00a09 B,\u00a0|\u00a010 D,\u00a0| 11 B,\u00a0| 12 A,\u00a0|\u00a013 D,\u00a0|\u00a014 A, [Return to Quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
                                          \n
                                          \n

                                          Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                          \n

                                          bifurcated consciousness:<\/strong>\u00a0The experience of a division between the directly\u00a0lived, bodily world of women\u2019s lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt.<\/p>\n

                                          binary opposition: <\/strong>Deep and structures of language that take the form of paired terms and carry opposed or opposite meanings.<\/p>\n

                                          cisgender: <\/strong>A term that refers to individuals whose gender identity matches the gender and sex they were assigned at birth.<\/p>\n

                                          compulsory heterosexuality:<\/strong> A social condition in which heteronormativity is enforced by formal and informal measures that encourage heterosexuality and penalize sexual variation.<\/p>\n

                                          doing gender:<\/strong> The way people perform tasks based on assigned gender scripts and gendered feedback from significant others.<\/p>\n

                                          dominant gender schema:<\/strong>\u00a0An ideological framework that states that there are only two possible sexes, male and female, and two possible genders, masculine and feminine.<\/p>\n

                                          double exploitation of women: <\/strong>Women are doubly exploited in capitalist society when they work outside the home for wages and within the home as unpaid domestic labour.<\/p>\n

                                          double standard:<\/strong>\u00a0A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women, but allows it for men.<\/p>\n

                                          emphasized femininity: <\/strong>The dominant styles of femininity, which express women\u2019s subordination to men within a particular culture at a particular time.<\/p>\n

                                          gender:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviours that are considered male or female.<\/p>\n

                                          gender-based violence:<\/strong> Harmful acts directed at an individual based on their gender.<\/p>\n

                                          gender dysphoria<\/strong>: A psychiatric classification describing persons experiencing a strong and persistent incongruity between their anatomy (their sex) and the gender with which they identify.<\/p>\n

                                          gender identity:<\/strong>\u00a0An individual\u2019s sense of being either masculine or feminine.<\/p>\n

                                          gender role:<\/strong>\u00a0Society\u2019s concept of how men and women should behave.<\/p>\n

                                          gendered sexuality:<\/strong> Sexual orientation which takes into account both sexes and genders of people.<\/p>\n

                                          glass ceiling: <\/strong>An invisible barrier that prevents women from achieving positions of leadership.<\/p>\n

                                          hegemonic masculinity:<\/strong> The dominant male ideal within a particular culture at a particular time.<\/p>\n

                                          heteronormativity: <\/strong>The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation.<\/p>\n

                                          homophobia:<\/strong>\u00a0An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals.<\/p>\n

                                          intersex:<\/strong>\u00a0 Individuals with a mixture of male and female sexual organs or physical characteristics.<\/p>\n

                                          intimate partner violence: <\/strong>Emotional, sexual and physical violence by one intimate partner against another.<\/p>\n

                                          LGBTQ2+:<\/strong>\u00a0 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, two spirited and other minority sexualities.<\/p>\n

                                          machismo: <\/strong>A\u00a0style of masculinity characterized as virile, aggressive, intransigent, and hyper-masculine.<\/p>\n

                                          pariah femininity: <\/strong>A type of femininity, often stigmatized, defined by non-compliance with male domination.<\/p>\n

                                          pleasure principle: <\/strong>The principle that individuals are guided by instinctual drives for immediate gratification.<\/p>\n

                                          postgenderism: <\/strong>The idea of a society in which sex and gender distinctions no longer matter.<\/p>\n

                                          queer theory:<\/strong>\u00a0A scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality.<\/p>\n

                                          reality principle: <\/strong>The principle that individuals must regulate instinctual drives for gratification according to the reality of the restrictions, rules and moral codes of the social order.<\/p>\n

                                          sex:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females.<\/p>\n

                                          sexism:<\/strong>\u00a0The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.<\/p>\n

                                          sexuality:<\/strong>\u00a0A person\u2019s capacity for sexual feelings and the orientation of their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female).<\/p>\n

                                          socialization:<\/b>\u00a0The process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society\u2019s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values.<\/p>\n

                                          stereotypes<\/strong>: Oversimplified ideas about groups of people.<\/p>\n

                                          transgender:<\/strong>\u00a0A term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviours and characteristics that are the opposite of their biological sex.<\/p>\n

                                          transsex:<\/strong> Transgender individuals who alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                          Section Summary<\/h1>\n

                                          12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>
                                          \nThe terms \u201csex\u201d and \u201cgender\u201d refer to two different identifiers. Sex denotes biological characteristics differentiating males and females, while gender denotes social and cultural characteristics of masculine and feminine behaviour. Sex and gender are not always synchronous. Individuals who strongly identify with the opposing gender are considered transgender.<\/p>\n

                                          12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>
                                          \nChildren become aware of gender roles in their earliest years. They come to understand and perform these roles through socialization, which occurs through four major agents: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Socialization into narrowly prescribed gender roles results in the stratification of males and females. Each sociological perspective offers a valuable view for understanding how and why gender inequality occurs in our society.<\/p>\n

                                          12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>
                                          \nWhen studying sex and sexuality, sociologists focus their attention on sexual attitudes and practices, not on physiology or anatomy. Norms regarding gender and sexuality vary across cultures. In general, Canada tends to be less conservative than the United States in its sexual attitudes. As a result, homosexuals still continue to face opposition and discrimination in most major social institutions, but discrimination based on sexual orientation is legally prohibited in the Canadian constitution.\u00a0Gays and lesbians are able to get married in Canada, and school boards across the country have instituted anti-bullying policies to prevent the targeting of LGBT students.<\/p>\n

                                          Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
                                          \n
                                          \n

                                          Quiz: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                          \n

                                          12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          1. The terms \u201cmasculine\u201d and \u201cfeminine\u201d refer to a person\u2019s \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                              \n
                                            1. Sex.<\/li>\n
                                            2. Gender.<\/li>\n
                                            3. Both sex and gender.<\/li>\n
                                            4. None of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                            5. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> is\/are an individual\u2019s self-conception of being male or female based on their association with masculine or feminine gender roles.\n
                                                \n
                                              1. Gender identity<\/li>\n
                                              2. Gender bias<\/li>\n
                                              3. Sexual orientation<\/li>\n
                                              4. Sexual attitudes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                              5. Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. At infancy.<\/li>\n
                                                2. In early adolescence.<\/li>\n
                                                3. In early adulthood.<\/li>\n
                                                4. In late adulthood.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                5. A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. Transgender.<\/li>\n
                                                  2. Transsex.<\/li>\n
                                                  3. A cross-dresser.<\/li>\n
                                                  4. Homosexual.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  5. Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism?\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. It is strictly biological and associated with chemical imbalances in the brain.<\/li>\n
                                                    2. It is a behaviour that is learned through socializing with other transgender individuals.<\/li>\n
                                                    3. It is genetic and usually skips one generation.<\/li>\n
                                                    4. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                      12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      1. Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype?\n
                                                          \n
                                                        1. Women are typically shorter than men.<\/li>\n
                                                        2. Men do not live as long as women.<\/li>\n
                                                        3. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be level-headed.<\/li>\n
                                                        4. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        5. Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children?\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles.<\/li>\n
                                                          2. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles.<\/li>\n
                                                          3. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.<\/li>\n
                                                          4. None of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          5. To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly\u00a0(i.e., in\u00a0a state of balance)?\n
                                                              \n
                                                            1. Conflict theory<\/li>\n
                                                            2. Functionalism<\/li>\n
                                                            3. Feminist theory<\/li>\n
                                                            4. Symbolic interactionism<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            5. Only women are affected by gender stratification.\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. True<\/li>\n
                                                              2. False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              3. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we \u201cdo gender\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. During half of our activities.<\/li>\n
                                                                2. Only when it applies to our biological sex.<\/li>\n
                                                                3. Only if we are actively following gender roles.<\/li>\n
                                                                4. All of the time, in everything we do.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex?\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. United States<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. Sweden<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. Mexico<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. Ireland<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    5. Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. Conservative.<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. Liberal.<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Permissive.<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. Free.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      5. Sociologists associate sexuality with \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. Heterosexuality.<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. Homosexuality.<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. Biological factors.<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. A person\u2019s capacity for sexual feelings.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        5. Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behaviour to ensure marital cohesion and family stability?\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. Functionalism<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. Conflict theory<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. Symbolic interactionalism<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. Queer theory<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                            [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                            \n

                                                                            Short Answer<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                            \n

                                                                            12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. Why do sociologists find it important to differentiate between sex and gender? What importance does the differentiation have in modern society?<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. How is children\u2019s play influenced by gender roles? Think back to your childhood. How \u201cgendered\u201d were the toys and activities available to you? Do you remember gender expectations being conveyed through the approval or disapproval of your playtime choices?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                              12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. In what way do parents treat sons and daughters differently? How do sons and daughters typically respond to this treatment?<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. What can be done to lessen the effects of gender stratification in the workplace? How does gender stratification harm both men and women?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. Identify three examples of how Canadian\u00a0society is heteronormative.<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Consider the types of derogatory labelling that sociologists study and explain how these might apply to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                  Further Research<\/h1>\n

                                                                                  12.1 The Difference between Sex, Gender, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                  \nFor more information on gender identity and advocacy for transgender individuals see the                                                                                   Global Action for Trans Equality<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                  12.2 Gender and Society<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                  \nFor more gender-related statistics, see the                                                                                   U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website<\/a>\u00a0and browse through to pictures like \u201cgender and education\u201d and \u201cgender and health.\u201d (Include quotation marks when searching.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                  References<\/h1>\n

                                                                                  12.0 Introduction to Gender, Sex, and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>
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                                                                                  Weiss, D. C. (2011, February 4). Report: ‘Staggering\u2019 rate of attempted suicides by transgenders highlight injustices.<\/a> \u00a0ABA Journal<\/em>.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.abajournal.com\/news\/article\/staggering_rate_of_attempted_suicides_by_transgenders_highlights_injustices\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                  12.1 The Difference Between Sex, Gender and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong>
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                                                                                  12.3 Sex and Sexuality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                                                                  <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n

                                                                                  1 B,\u00a0|\u00a02 A,\u00a0|\u00a03 B,\u00a0|\u00a04 B,\u00a0|\u00a05 D,\u00a0|\u00a06 C,\u00a0|\u00a07 C,\u00a0|\u00a08 B,\u00a0|\u00a09 B,\u00a0|\u00a010 D,\u00a0| 11 B,\u00a0| 12 A,\u00a0|\u00a013 D,\u00a0|\u00a014 A, [Return to Quiz]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-444","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":415,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":445,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/444\/revisions\/445"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/415"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/444\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=444"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=444"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}