{"id":507,"date":"2023-08-15T17:04:48","date_gmt":"2023-08-15T17:04:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-14-resources-and-activities\/"},"modified":"2023-09-07T21:04:52","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T21:04:52","slug":"chapter-14-resources-and-activities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/chapter\/chapter-14-resources-and-activities\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 14 Resources and Activities","rendered":"Chapter 14 Resources and Activities"},"content":{"raw":"
\n

Key Terms<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\nambilineal:<\/strong>\u00a0A type of unilateral descent that follows either the father\u2019s or the mother\u2019s side exclusively.\n\n bigamy:<\/strong>\u00a0The act of entering into marriage while still married to another person.\n\n bilateral descent:<\/strong>\u00a0The tracing of kinship through both parents\u2019 ancestral lines.\n\nblended family:<\/strong> See stepfamily.<\/em>\n\ncohabitation:<\/strong>\u00a0When a couple shares a residence but is not married.\n\nconfluent love: <\/strong>An intimate relationship that lasts only as long as the satisfaction it brings to both partners.\n\ndivorce extended family: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>A family whose <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>members are connected by divorce rather than marriage, for example ex in laws, or ex spouse\u2019s new partners.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n\nexchange theory:<\/strong>\u00a0 Social relationships are based on giving and returning valued goods or services. Individuals seek to maximize their rewards in their interactions with others.\n\nextended family:<\/strong>\u00a0A household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.\n\n family:<\/strong> Socially Recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society.\n\n family life course:<\/strong>\u00a0A sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages.\n\n family life cycle:<\/strong>\u00a0A\u00a0set of predictable steps and patterns that families experience over time.\n\n family of orientation:<\/strong>\u00a0The family into which one is born.\n\n family of procreation:<\/strong>\u00a0A family that is formed through marriage.\n\n fluid modernity:<\/strong> A condition of constant mobility, unpredictability and change in relationships within contemporary society.\n\nincest taboo<\/strong>: The social rule that an individual may not have sex with or marry someone who is a close blood relative.\n\nintimate partner violence (IPV):<\/strong>\u00a0Violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship; includes unmarried, cohabiting, and same-sex couples, as well as heterosexual married couples.\n\n kinship:<\/strong>\u00a0A person\u2019s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and\/or adoption).\n\nkinship system: <\/strong>A system of social organization based on real or putative family ties.\n\n liquid modernity:<\/strong>\u00a0See fluid modernity.<\/em>\n\n marriage:<\/strong>\u00a0A legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship, who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship.\n\nmatriarchy:\u00a0<\/strong> Relatively egalitarian, small scale agricultural societies in which mothering is recognized as the central unifying structure.\n\nmatrilineal descent:<\/strong>\u00a0A type of unilateral descent that follows the mother\u2019s side only.\n\n matrilocal residence:<\/strong>\u00a0A system in which it is customary for a husband to live with his wife\u2019s family.\n\n monogamy:<\/strong>\u00a0When someone is married to only one person at a time.\n\n nuclear family:<\/strong>\u00a0 A cohabiting man and woman who are married and have at least one biological child under the age of 18.\n\npassionate love: <\/strong>A type of love which expresses the emotions of impulsive and pervasive sexual attachment to another.\n\npatrilineal descent:<\/strong>\u00a0A type of unilateral descent that follows the father\u2019s line only.\n\n patrilocal residence:<\/strong>\u00a0A system in which it is customary for a wife to live with (or near) her husband\u2019s family.\n\npolyamory: <\/strong>The practice of sharing intimate relationships with more than one partner.<\/span><\/span>\n\npolyandry:<\/strong>\u00a0A form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time.\n\n polygamy:<\/strong> The state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time.\n\n polygyny:<\/strong> A form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time.\n\npure relationship:\u00a0 <\/strong>A non-institutionalized form of intimacy in which couples enter into a relationship that lasts only as long as the satisfaction it brings to both partners.\n\nshaken-baby syndrome:<\/strong>\u00a0A group of medical symptoms, such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage, resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant\u2019s head.\n\nstem family: <\/strong>A large, rural, multi-generational, economically self-sufficient family, in which one of the children marries and remains in the family home while other siblings move away.\n\nstepfamily: <\/strong>A couple family in which at least one child is the biological or adopted child of only one married spouse or common-law partner and whose birth or adoption preceded the current relationship.\n\nstructure of feeling: <\/strong>Large scale, societal patterns in people's feelings or emotional responses towards things.\n\ntotal divorce rate:<\/strong>\u00a0A projection of\u00a0how many new marriages are\u00a0expected to fail after 30 years, based on the divorce rate by marriage duration observed in a given year.\n\n unilateral descent:<\/strong>\u00a0The tracing of kinship through one parent only.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Section Summary<\/h1>\n14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>\nSociologists view marriage and families as societal institutions that help create the basic unit of social structure. Both marriage and a family may be defined differently \u2014 and practiced differently \u2014 in cultures across the world. Families and marriages, like other institutions, adapt to social change.\n\n14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>\nCanadians\u2019 concepts of marriage and family are changing. Increases in cohabitation, same-sex partners, and singlehood are altering\u00a0 ideas of marriage. Similarly, single parents, same-sex parents, cohabitating parents, and stepparents are changing\u00a0 notions of what it means to be a family. While many children still live in opposite-sex, two-parent, married households, these are no longer viewed as the only or dominant type of\u00a0 family.\n\n14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>\nFamilies face a variety of challenges, including divorce, domestic violence, and child abuse. While divorce rates have decreased in the last 25 years, many family members, especially children, still experience the negative effects of divorce. Children are also negatively impacted by violence and abuse within the home;\u00a018,000 children are victimized by family violence each year.\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
\n

Quiz: Marriage and Family<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

\n\n14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>\n
    \n \t
  1. Sociologists tend to define family in terms of:\n
      \n \t
    1. Relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption.<\/li>\n \t
    2. The connection of bloodlines and genetic descent.<\/li>\n \t
    3. The status roles of breadwinner, home-maker and dependent children that exist in a family structure.<\/li>\n \t
    4. Groups who share an emotional bond.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
    5. Examples of the social form<\/em> and content<\/em> of the family (respectively) would be:\n
        \n \t
      1. Sexual activity and monogamy<\/li>\n \t
      2. Sexual activity and reproduction of the species<\/li>\n \t
      3. Patrilineal descent and sexual activity<\/li>\n \t
      4. The nuclear family and the father's role as breadwinner<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
      5. A woman being married to two men would be an example of:\n
          \n \t
        1. Headaches<\/li>\n \t
        2. Polygyny.<\/li>\n \t
        3. Polyandry.<\/li>\n \t
        4. Cohabitation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
        5. A child who associates his line of descent with his father\u2019s side only is part of a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> family.\n
            \n \t
          1. Matrilocal<\/li>\n \t
          2. Bilateral<\/li>\n \t
          3. Matrilineal<\/li>\n \t
          4. Patrilineal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
          5. Which of the following is a criticism of the family life\u00a0cycle model?\n
              \n \t
            1. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family.<\/li>\n \t
            2. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.<\/li>\n \t
            3. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behaviour.<\/li>\n \t
            4. It is not based on comprehensive research.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>\n
                \n \t
              1. The majority of Canadian children live in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                  \n \t
                1. Two-parent households.<\/li>\n \t
                2. One-parent households.<\/li>\n \t
                3. No-parent households.<\/li>\n \t
                4. Multigenerational households.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                5. The best example of a blended family in the following would be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                    \n \t
                  1. Two unwed parents<\/li>\n \t
                  2. A multiracial family<\/li>\n \t
                  3. One grandparent; two married parents<\/li>\n \t
                  4. A divorce-extended family<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                  5. Couples who cohabitate before marriage are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> couples who did not cohabitate before marriage to be married at least 10 years.\n
                      \n \t
                    1. Far more likely than<\/li>\n \t
                    2. Far less likely than<\/li>\n \t
                    3. Slightly less likely than<\/li>\n \t
                    4. Equally as likely as<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                    5. Same-sex couple households account for \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> per cent of Canadian households.\n
                        \n \t
                      1. 1<\/li>\n \t
                      2. 10<\/li>\n \t
                      3. 15<\/li>\n \t
                      4. 30<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                      5. The median age of first marriage has \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> in the last 50 years.\n
                          \n \t
                        1. Increased for men but not women<\/li>\n \t
                        2. Decreased for men but not women<\/li>\n \t
                        3. Increased for both men and women<\/li>\n \t
                        4. Decreased for both men and women<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>\n
                            \n \t
                          1. Current divorce rates are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                              \n \t
                            1. At an all-time high<\/li>\n \t
                            2. At an all-time low<\/li>\n \t
                            3. Steadily increasing<\/li>\n \t
                            4. Neither increasing nor declining<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                            5. Children of divorced parents are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married.\n
                                \n \t
                              1. More likely<\/li>\n \t
                              2. Less likely<\/li>\n \t
                              3. Equally likely<\/li>\n \t
                              4. Too traumatized<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                              5. In general, children in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> households benefit from divorce.\n
                                  \n \t
                                1. Stepfamily<\/li>\n \t
                                2. Fluid modernity<\/li>\n \t
                                3. High-conflict<\/li>\n \t
                                4. Low-conflict<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                5. Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)?\n
                                    \n \t
                                  1. IPV victims are more frequently men than women.<\/li>\n \t
                                  2. One in 10\u00a0women is a victim of IPV.<\/li>\n \t
                                  3. Aboriginal women are nearly 2.5 times more likely to be a victim of IPV than non-Aboriginal women.<\/li>\n \t
                                  4. Sexual assault is the most common form of IPV.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t
                                  5. Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in Canada?\n
                                      \n \t
                                    1. Physical abuse<\/li>\n \t
                                    2. Neglect<\/li>\n \t
                                    3. Shaken-baby syndrome<\/li>\n \t
                                    4. Internet stalking<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                      \n

                                      Short Answer<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n

                                      \n\n14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                        \n \t
                                      1. Why is a substantive definition<\/em> of the family difficult to nail down?<\/li>\n \t
                                      2. Explain the difference between bilateral and unilateral descent. Using your own association with kinship, explain which type of descent applies to you.<\/li>\n \t
                                      3. What is the relationship between romantic love and Western marriage?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                          \n \t
                                        1. Describe the contemporary variations of family form. How do structural functionalists, critical sociologists, and symbolic interactionists explain this phenomenon differently?<\/li>\n \t
                                        2. What is the relationship between patterns of confluent love and cohabitation?\u00a0 What effect does cohabitation have on marriage?<\/li>\n \t
                                        3. What are the four universal functions of the nuclear family unit according to Murdock?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>\n
                                            \n \t
                                          1. Explain how financial status impacts marital stability. What other factors are associated with a couple\u2019s financial status?<\/li>\n \t
                                          2. Explain why more than half of intimate partner violence goes unreported. Why are those who are abused unlikely to report the abuse?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                            Further Research<\/h1>\n14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>\nFor more information on family development and lines of descent, visit the Library and Archives Canada Genealogy and Family History<\/a> website to find out how to research family genealogies in Canada.\n\n14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>\n\nFor more statistics on marriage and family, see the Statistics Canada report based on the 2011 census:\u00a0Portrait of Families and Living Arrangements in Canada: Families, households and marital status, 2011 Census of Population [PDF]<\/em><\/a>.\n\n14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>\n\nTo find more information on child abuse, visit the Canadian Child Welfare Research portal<\/a>.\n

                                            References<\/h1>\n14.0 Introduction to Marriage and Family<\/a><\/strong>\n\nBauman, Z. (2003). Liquid love: On the frailty of human bonds. <\/i>Polity<\/span>.\n\nBauman, Z. (2004). \u00a0 Identity: Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi. <\/em>Polity<\/span>.\n
                                            \n
                                            Comacchio, C. (2000). \u201cThe history of us\u201d: Social science, history, and the relations of family in Canada<\/a>. Labour \/ Le Travail<\/i>, 46<\/i>, 167\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25149099<\/div>\n<\/div>\nStatistics Canada. (2019a). Family matters: Being common law, married, separated or divorced in Canada.<\/a> The Daily<\/em>\u00a0(May 1).\u00a0 https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/190501\/dq190501b-eng.pdf?st=HRfjUQVM\n\nStatistics Canada. (2019b). Families, households and marital status: <\/span><\/a>Key results from the 2016 Census.<\/a> The Daily (August 2).\u00a0 https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/170802\/dq170802a-eng.pdf?st=kXdAfDw2<\/span>\n\n14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>\n\nAcevedo, B., Aron, A., Fisher, H.E. and Brown, L. (2012). Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love<\/a>. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,<\/em> 7(2), 145\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsq092\n\nAltman, I. and Ginat, J. (1996). Polygamous families in contemporary society<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.\n\nAngus Reid Institute. (2018, May 7). \"I don\u2019t:\" Four-in-ten Canadian adults have never married, and aren\u2019t sure they want to<\/a>. Angus Reid Institute. <\/em>https:\/\/angusreid.org\/marriage-trends-canada\/\n\nBartels, A. and Zeki, S. (2004). The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love.<\/a> NeuroImage,<\/em> 21, 1155\u20131166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.11.003\n\nBauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity<\/em>. Polity Press.\n\nBroberg, L. L. (1984). Sexual mores among the Eastern Woodland Indians.<\/a> Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects,<\/em> Paper 1539625275. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.21220\/s2-hd8b-0y78\n\nCarston, J. (1998). Kinship<\/a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <\/em>https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/kinship\n\nCarter, S.\u00a0 (2008). The importance of being monogamous: Marriage and nation building in Western Canada to 1915. <\/em>University of Alberta Press.\n\nChrist, C. P. (2016). A new definition of patriarchy: Control of women\u2019s sexuality, private property, and war<\/a>. Feminist Theology, 24<\/em>(3), 214\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0966735015627949\n\nCohen, P. (2011). Chinese: Maternal grandmothers, outside women.<\/a>\u00a0FamilyInequality.com<\/em>. http:\/\/familyinequality.wordpress.com\/2011\/11\/16\/chinese-maternal-grandmothers-outside-women\/\n\nComacchio, C. (2000). \u201cThe history of us\u201d: Social science, history, and the relations of family in Canada<\/a>. Labour \/ Le Travail<\/i>, 46<\/i>, 167\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25149099\n\nFamily on television. (2010). Museum of Broadcast Communications.\u00a0<\/em>\n\nFisher, H. (1992). 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Mountain patterns: The survival of Nuosu culture in China<\/a>. Journal of American Folklore,<\/em> 114 (451), 90\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3592389\n\nHartmann, B. (2016).\u00a0 Reproductive rights and wrongs: The global politics of population control (3rd edition). <\/em>Haymarket Books.\n\nJefferson, C. (1994). Conquest by law<\/a> [PDF]. Solicitor General Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/cnqst-lw\/cnqst-lw-eng.pdf\n\nJoseph, S. and Najmabadi, A. (2003). Kinship and state: Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia and the Pacific. In Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law, and Politics\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 351\u2013355). Brill Academic Publishers.\n\nKalmijn, M. (1998). Intermarriage and homogamy: Causes, patterns, trends.<\/a> Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em>\nVol. 24(1), 395\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.24.1.395\n\nLambert, B. (1966). Ambilineal descent groups in the Northern Gilbert Islands<\/a>. 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Competition Act<\/em>, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-34 [PDF]<\/a> Government of Canada. https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/PDF\/C-34.pdf\n\nMinister of Justice. (July 11). Criminal Code<\/em>, RSC 1985, c C - 46 [PDF]. Government of Canada. http:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/PDF\/C-46.pdf\n\nMoyser, M. (2017, March 9<\/span><\/span>). Women and paid work<\/a>. Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 89-503-X<\/span><\/em>. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/89-503-x\/2015001\/article\/14694-eng.pdf?st=cp6Nc1mw<\/span>\n<\/span>\n\nMurdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic atlas: A summary<\/em>. University of Pittsburgh Press.\n\nMurphy, P. E. and Staples, W. E. (1979). A modernized family life cycle<\/a>. Journal of Consumer Research,<\/em> 6(1), 12\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/208744\n\nNewman, F. (1969). Preface. In F. Newman (Ed.) The Meaning of Courtly Love <\/em>(pp. v-x i). SUNY Press. \n<\/em>\n\nO\u2019Neal, Dennis. (2006). Nature of kinship.<\/a> Palomar College. http:\/\/anthro.palomar.edu\/kinship\/kinship_2.htm.\n\nParikh, J. & Painuly, J. (1994). Population, consumption patterns and climate change: A socioeconomic perspective from the south. Ambio,<\/em> 23( 7), 434\u2013437. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4314249\n\nParmenter, J. (2010). The edge of the woods: Iroquoia, 1534\u20131701. <\/span><\/em>Michigan State University Press.<\/span>\n\nParsons, T. & Bales, R. (1955). Family socialization and interaction process<\/em>. Routledge.\n\nRespers France, L. (2010, September 1). The evolution of the TV family.<\/a>\u00a0CNN<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/SHOWBIZ\/TV\/09\/01\/families.on.tv\/index.html.\n\nRuoff, J. (2002). An American Family: A Televised Life<\/em>. University of Minnesota Press.\n\nSimmel, G. (1971). The problem of sociology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Georg Simmel: On individuality and social forms<\/em> (pp. 23\u201327).<\/em>\u00a0 University of Chicago Press. [Original work published 1908.]\n\nStacey, J. (1990). Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late twentieth century America. <\/em>Basic Books.\n<\/em>\n\nStebbins, S. (2013). Native Peoples of North America. <\/em>Open SUNY Textbooks.\n\nSternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love<\/a>. Psychological Review, 93<\/em>(2), 119\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.93.2.119\n\nStone M. (1976). When God was a woman.<\/em> Dial Press.\n\nStorey, J. (2012). Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction <\/em>(6th ed.). <\/em>Routledge.\n\nStrong, B. & DeVault, C. (1992). The marriage and family experience<\/em> (5th ed.). West Publishing Company.\n\nUseem, A. (2007, July 24). What to expect when you\u2019re expecting a co-wife: Why American Muslims don\u2019t care to legalize polygamy.<\/a>\u00a0Slate<\/em>. http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/life\/faithbased\/2007\/07\/what_to_expect_when_youre_expecting_a_cowife.html\n\nVan Kirk, S. (1980). \"Many tender ties\" : women in fur-trade society in western Canada, 1670\u20131870. <\/em>Watson & Dwyer Pub.\n<\/em>\n\nVan Kirk, S. (2002). From \u201cmarrying-in\u201d to \u201cmarrying-out\u201d: Changing patterns of Aboriginal \/Non-Aboriginal marriage in colonial Canada<\/a>. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 23<\/em>(3), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/fro.2003.0010\n\nWalters, M. (2017). The judicial recognition of indigenous <\/span>legal traditions:<\/span> Connolly v Woolrich <\/span>at 150. Review of Constitutional Studies\/Revue d\u2019\u00e9tudes constitutionnelles, <\/em>22(3), 347\u2013378.<\/span>\n\nWinfrey, O. (2019, February 6). Five stories that redefine the word family.<\/a> Oprah Daily.<\/em> https:\/\/www.oprahdaily.com\/life\/relationships-love\/a26144738\/what-family-means-essays\/\n\n14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>\nBakalar, N. (2010, March 22). Education, faith, and a likelihood to wed.<\/a>\u00a0New York Times<\/em>. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/03\/23\/health\/23stat.html.\n\nBiblarz, T. & Stacey, J. (2010, January 20). How does the gender of parents matter?<\/a> Journal of Marriage and Family,<\/em> 72, 3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x\n\nBlood, R. (Jr.) & Wolfe, D. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living<\/em>. The Free Press.\n\nChristensen, C. P. & Weinfeld, M. (1993). The black family in Canada: A preliminary exploration of family patterns and inequality. Canadian Ethnic Studies\/\u00c9tudes ethniques au Canada,<\/em> 25(3), 26\u201345.<\/span>\n\nColtrane, S. (2004). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work<\/a>. Journal of Marriage and the Family,<\/em> 62, 1209\u20131233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x\n\nComacchio, C. (2000). \u201cThe history of us\u201d: Social science, history, and the relations of family in Canada<\/a>. Labour \/ Le Travail<\/i>, 46<\/i>, 167\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25149099\n\nCrano, W. D. & Aronoff, J. (August, 1978). A cross-cultural study of expressive and instrumental role complementarity in the family<\/a>. American Sociological Review,<\/em> 43(4), 463\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2094772\n\nDe Toledo, S. & Brown, D. E. (1995). Grandparents as parents: A survival guide for raising a second family<\/em>. Guilford Press.\n\nEmployment and Social Development Canada. (2014a). Indicators of well-being in Canada: Family life \u2013 divorce.<\/a>\u00a0Employment and Social Development Canada. <\/em>http:\/\/www4.hrsdc.gc.ca\/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=76\n\nEmployment and Social Development Canada. (2014b). Indicators of well-being in Canada: Family life \u2013 marriage.<\/a>\u00a0Employment and Social Development Canada.<\/em> http:\/\/www4.hrsdc.gc.ca\/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=78\n\nFriedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. <\/em>W.W. Norton & Company.\n\nHouseknecht, S. & Sastry, J. (1996). Family \u2018decline\u2019 and child well-being<\/a>. Journal of Marriage and the Family,\u00a0<\/em>58(3), 726\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353732\n\nHuman Resources Development Canada. (2003, September). A new generation of Canadian families raising young children: A new look at data from national surveys<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. Human Resources Development Canada: Applied Research Branch. http:\/\/www.gov.mb.ca\/healthychild.\/ecd\/raising_young_children.pdf\n\nHurley, D. (2005, April 19). Divorce rate: It\u2019s not as high as you think.<\/a>\u00a0New York Times<\/em>.<\/em><\/span> http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/19\/health\/19divo.html\n\nJayson, S. (2010, October 14). Report: Cohabiting has little effect on marriage success.<\/a> USA Today<\/em>. http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/health\/2010-03-02-cohabiting02_N.htm\n\nLaRossa, R. & Reitzes, D. (1993). Symbolic interactionism and family studies. Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach<\/em>. Plenum Press.\n\nLe Bourdais, C. & Juby, H. (2002). The impact of cohabitation on the family life course in contemporary North America: Insights from across the border. In Booth, Alan and Ann Crouter (Eds.), Just living together: Implications of cohabitation for children, family and social policy (pp. 107\u2013118). <\/em>Psychology Press.\n\nLee, G. (1982). Family structure and interaction: A Comparative Analysis<\/em>. University of Minnesota Press.\n\nLivingstone, A., & Weinfeld, M. (2015). Black families and socio-economic inequality in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies 47<\/em>(3), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ces.2015.0026.\n\nMilan, A. (2013, July). Marital status: Overview, 2011<\/a> [PDF] Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 91-209-X. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/91-209-x\/2013001\/article\/11788-eng.pdf\n\nMurdock, G. (1949). Social structure<\/i>. The MacMillan Company.<\/span>\n\nParsons, T. (1943). The kinship system of the contemporary United States.\u00a0 American Anthropologist,<\/em> 45 (1), 22\u201338.\n<\/span>\n\nRoberts, S. (2007, January 16). 51% of women are now living without a spouse.<\/a>\u00a0New York Times. <\/em>http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/16\/us\/16census.html?pagewanted=all0.\n\nSmith, D. (1985). Women, class, and family. In Burstyn, V. & D. Smith (Eds), Women<\/em>, class<\/em>, family and the state<\/em>. Garamond Press.\n\nStatistics Canada. (2012a). Portrait of families and living arrangements in Canada: Families, households and marital status, 2011 census of population<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-312-X2011001. http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2011\/as-sa\/98-312-x\/98-312-x2011001-eng.pdf\n\nStatistics Canada. (2012b). Chapter 14: Families, households and housing<\/a>.\u00a0Canada Year Book 2011. Statistics Canada Catalogue \u00a0no. 11-402-X. <\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-402-x\/2011000\/pdf\/families-familles-eng.pdf?st=3DSW6fF5\n<\/em>\n\nStatistics Canada. (2017). Portrait of children\u2019s family life in Canada in 2016<\/a>.\u00a0Statistics Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/as-sa\/98-200-x\/2016006\/98-200-x2016006-eng.cfm\n<\/em><\/span>\n\nStatistics Canada. (2019a, May 1). Family Matters: Being common law, married, separated or divorced in Canada<\/a>.\u00a0The Daily.<\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/190501\/dq190501b-eng.pdf?st=HRfjUQVM\n\nStatistics Canada. (2019b, August 2<\/span>). Families, households and marital status: <\/span><\/a>Key results from the 2016 Census<\/a>.\u00a0The Daily.<\/em> https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/170802\/dq170802a-eng.pdf?st=kXdAfDw2<\/span>\n\nTo, T., Guttmann, A., Dick, P. T., Rosenfield, J. D., Parkin, P. C., Tassoudji, M., Vydykhan, T. N., Cao, H., & Harris, J. K. (2004). Risk markers for poor developmental attainment in young children: results from a longitudinal national survey<\/a>. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 158<\/em>(7), 643\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.643\n\nU.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Current population survey (CPS).<\/a> http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/www\/cps\/cpsdef.html\n\nU.S. Census Bureau. (2011). America\u2019s children: Key national indicators of well-being.<\/a> Forum on Child and Family Statistics<\/em>. http:\/\/www.childstats.gov\/americaschildren\/famsoc1.asp\n\nVenugopal, A. (2011, December 10). New York leads in never-married women.<\/a>\u00a0WNYC<\/em>. https:\/\/www.wnyc.org\/story\/160010-blog-new-york-never-married-women\/\n\nV\u00e9zina<\/span><\/span>, M. (2012). 2011 General Social Survey:<\/span><\/span><\/span> Overview of families in Canada \u2013<\/span><\/span> Being a parent in a stepfamily: A<\/span><\/span><\/a> profile<\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89\u2011650\u2011X \u2014 No. 002<\/span>.<\/em> https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/89-650-x\/89-650-x2012002-eng.pdf?st=fctF4VtA<\/span><\/span>\n\nWilliams, C. (2010, December). Economic well-being. Women in Canada: A gender\u2013based statistical report.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89-503-X.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-503-x\/2010001\/article\/11388-eng.pdf\n\n14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>\nAmato, P. (2000). What children learn from divorce. Journal of Family Issues,<\/em> 21(8), 1061\u20131086.\n\nAmato, P., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis<\/a>. Psychological Bulletin,\u00a0<\/em>110, 26\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.26\n\nBC Ministry of Attorney General. (2003, March). The involvement of children in divorce and custody mediation: A literature review<\/a> [PDF].\u00a0BC Ministry of Attorney General<\/em>. http:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/assets\/gov\/law-crime-and-justice\/about-bc-justice-system\/justice-services-branch\/fjsd\/mediation.pdf\n\nBenson, M. & Fox, G. (2004). When violence hits home: How economics and neighborhood play a role<\/em>. National Institutes of Justice.\n\nBerlin, L. (2009, September 14). Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers.<\/a> Child Development,<\/em> 80(5), 1403\u20131420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x\n\nCatalano, S. (2007). Intimate partner violence in the United States<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. http:\/\/bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/ipvus.pdf\n\nCBC News. (2004, January 30). Supreme Court upholds spanking law.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News. <\/em>http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/supreme-court-upholds-spanking-law-1.496454\n\nCBC News. (2013, June 19). Dozens of children seized from Manitoba Mennonite community: RCMP lay multiple assault charges against 3 men and a woman.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News. <\/em>http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/manitoba\/dozens-of-children-seized-from-manitoba-mennonite-community-1.1323892.\n\nCenters for Disease Control. (2012). Understanding intimate partner violence. [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/ipv_factsheet-a.pdf.\n\nClark, W. & Crompton, S. (Summer 2006). Till death do us part? The risk of first and second marriage dissolution. [PDF]<\/a>\u00a0Canadian Social Trends. <\/em>Statistics Canada \u2014 Catalogue No. 11-008. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-008-x\/2006001\/pdf\/9198-eng.pdf\n\nDurrant, J. & Ensom, R. (2012). Physical punishment of children: Lessons from 20 years of research<\/a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal,\u00a0<\/em>184(12), 1373\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.101314\n\nElliot, D. (2010). Embracing the institution of marriage: The characteristics of remarried Americans<\/em>. U.S. Census Bureau.\n\nFletcher, J. (2012, September 4). Positive parenting, not physical punishment.<\/a> Canadian Medical Association Journal,<\/em> 184(12), 1339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.121070\n\nGoodwin, S. N., Chandler, S. & Meisel, J. (2003). Violence against women: The role of welfare reform<\/em>. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice.\n\nHitchen, I. (2013, June 6). Community's children apprehended by province: Four old order Mennonite members accused of assaulting youths.<\/a>\u00a0Winnipeg Free Press. <\/em>http:\/\/www.winnipegfreepress.com\/local\/communitys-children-apprehended-by-province-212106141.html\n\nKelly, M. B. (Spring 2010). The processing of divorce cases through civil court in seven provinces and territories<\/a> [PDF]. \u00a0Statistics Canada<\/em> Juristat Article, <\/em>30 (1). http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-002-x\/2010001\/article\/11158-eng.pdf\n\nKreider, R. (2006). Remarriage in the United States<\/em>. U.S. Census Bureau.\n\nMcKay, S. (2010). The effects of twins and multiple births on families and their living standards<\/em><\/a>. University of Birmingham. https:\/\/twinstrust.org\/asset\/$F01090B4-013A-4495-97102255A16F89D4\/\n\nMichael, R.T. (1978). The rise in divorce rates, 1960\u20131974: Age-specific components<\/a>. Demography 15<\/em>, 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2060521\n\nPearce, T. (2012, February 2). Spanking your kid: Does it help or hurt?<\/a>\u00a0The Toronto Globe and Mail. <\/em>http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/parenting\/spanking-your-kid-does-it-help-or-hurt\/article543483\/\n\nPopenoe, D. & Whitehead, B. D. (2001). Top ten myths of divorce.<\/em> University of Virginia\/National Marriage Project\/The State of Our Unions.\n\nPopenoe, D. & Whitehead, B. D. (2004). Ten important research findings on marriage and choosing a marriage partner. University of Virginia\/National Marriage Project\/The State of Our Unions.\n\nPublic Health Agency of Canada. (2010). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect \u2013 2008: Major findings.<\/em> Public Health Agency of Canada.\n\nRoper Starch Worldwide. (1995). Domestic violence: Views on campus survey<\/em>. Liz Claiborne.\n\nSilverman, J. G., A. Raj, L. A. Mucci, and J. E. Hathaway. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance abuse, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy and suicide<\/a>.\u00a0Journal of the American Medical Association,<\/em> 286, 572\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.286.5.572\n\nSinha, M. (2012, May 22). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2010<\/a> [PDF]. Statistics Canada Juristat Article.<\/em> Catalogue no. 85-002-X. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-002-x\/2012001\/article\/11643-eng.pdf\n\nSinha, M. (2013, February 25). Measuring violence against women: Statistical trends<\/a> [PDF].\u00a0Statistics Canada<\/em>. Catalogue no. 85-224-X.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-002-x\/2013001\/article\/11766-eng.pdf.\n\nSinha, Maire. (2014, February). Parenting and child support after separation or divorce<\/a> [PDF]. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89\u2011652\u2011X--No. 001.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-652-x\/89-652-x2014001-eng.pdf\n\nStatistics Canada. (2011, January). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile<\/a> [PDF]. Statistics Canada Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. <\/em>Catalogue no. 85-224-X. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-224-x\/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf\n\nTemke, M. W. (2006). The effects of divorce on children<\/em>. University of New Hampshire.\n\nWallerstein, J. & Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second Chances.<\/em> Bantam.\n\nWolfinger, N. (2005). Understanding the divorce cycle<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.\n

                                            <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h2>\n1 A, |\u00a02 C,\u00a0|\u00a03 C,\u00a0|\u00a04 D,\u00a0|\u00a05 B,\u00a0|\u00a06 A,\u00a0|\u00a07 D,\u00a0|\u00a08 C,\u00a0|\u00a09 A,\u00a0|\u00a010 C,\u00a0|\u00a011 D,\u00a0|\u00a012 A,\u00a0|\u00a013 C,\u00a0|\u00a014 C,\u00a0| 15 B, [Return to Quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
                                            \n
                                            \n

                                            Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                            \n

                                            ambilineal:<\/strong>\u00a0A type of unilateral descent that follows either the father\u2019s or the mother\u2019s side exclusively.<\/p>\n

                                            bigamy:<\/strong>\u00a0The act of entering into marriage while still married to another person.<\/p>\n

                                            bilateral descent:<\/strong>\u00a0The tracing of kinship through both parents\u2019 ancestral lines.<\/p>\n

                                            blended family:<\/strong> See stepfamily.<\/em><\/p>\n

                                            cohabitation:<\/strong>\u00a0When a couple shares a residence but is not married.<\/p>\n

                                            confluent love: <\/strong>An intimate relationship that lasts only as long as the satisfaction it brings to both partners.<\/p>\n

                                            divorce extended family: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>A family whose <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>members are connected by divorce rather than marriage, for example ex in laws, or ex spouse\u2019s new partners.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
                                            \n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            exchange theory:<\/strong>\u00a0 Social relationships are based on giving and returning valued goods or services. Individuals seek to maximize their rewards in their interactions with others.<\/p>\n

                                            extended family:<\/strong>\u00a0A household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.<\/p>\n

                                            family:<\/strong> Socially Recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society.<\/p>\n

                                            family life course:<\/strong>\u00a0A sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages.<\/p>\n

                                            family life cycle:<\/strong>\u00a0A\u00a0set of predictable steps and patterns that families experience over time.<\/p>\n

                                            family of orientation:<\/strong>\u00a0The family into which one is born.<\/p>\n

                                            family of procreation:<\/strong>\u00a0A family that is formed through marriage.<\/p>\n

                                            fluid modernity:<\/strong> A condition of constant mobility, unpredictability and change in relationships within contemporary society.<\/p>\n

                                            incest taboo<\/strong>: The social rule that an individual may not have sex with or marry someone who is a close blood relative.<\/p>\n

                                            intimate partner violence (IPV):<\/strong>\u00a0Violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship; includes unmarried, cohabiting, and same-sex couples, as well as heterosexual married couples.<\/p>\n

                                            kinship:<\/strong>\u00a0A person\u2019s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and\/or adoption).<\/p>\n

                                            kinship system: <\/strong>A system of social organization based on real or putative family ties.<\/p>\n

                                            liquid modernity:<\/strong>\u00a0See fluid modernity.<\/em><\/p>\n

                                            marriage:<\/strong>\u00a0A legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship, who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship.<\/p>\n

                                            matriarchy:\u00a0<\/strong> Relatively egalitarian, small scale agricultural societies in which mothering is recognized as the central unifying structure.<\/p>\n

                                            matrilineal descent:<\/strong>\u00a0A type of unilateral descent that follows the mother\u2019s side only.<\/p>\n

                                            matrilocal residence:<\/strong>\u00a0A system in which it is customary for a husband to live with his wife\u2019s family.<\/p>\n

                                            monogamy:<\/strong>\u00a0When someone is married to only one person at a time.<\/p>\n

                                            nuclear family:<\/strong>\u00a0 A cohabiting man and woman who are married and have at least one biological child under the age of 18.<\/p>\n

                                            passionate love: <\/strong>A type of love which expresses the emotions of impulsive and pervasive sexual attachment to another.<\/p>\n

                                            patrilineal descent:<\/strong>\u00a0A type of unilateral descent that follows the father\u2019s line only.<\/p>\n

                                            patrilocal residence:<\/strong>\u00a0A system in which it is customary for a wife to live with (or near) her husband\u2019s family.<\/p>\n

                                            polyamory: <\/strong>The practice of sharing intimate relationships with more than one partner.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                            polyandry:<\/strong>\u00a0A form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time.<\/p>\n

                                            polygamy:<\/strong> The state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time.<\/p>\n

                                            polygyny:<\/strong> A form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time.<\/p>\n

                                            pure relationship:\u00a0 <\/strong>A non-institutionalized form of intimacy in which couples enter into a relationship that lasts only as long as the satisfaction it brings to both partners.<\/p>\n

                                            shaken-baby syndrome:<\/strong>\u00a0A group of medical symptoms, such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage, resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant\u2019s head.<\/p>\n

                                            stem family: <\/strong>A large, rural, multi-generational, economically self-sufficient family, in which one of the children marries and remains in the family home while other siblings move away.<\/p>\n

                                            stepfamily: <\/strong>A couple family in which at least one child is the biological or adopted child of only one married spouse or common-law partner and whose birth or adoption preceded the current relationship.<\/p>\n

                                            structure of feeling: <\/strong>Large scale, societal patterns in people’s feelings or emotional responses towards things.<\/p>\n

                                            total divorce rate:<\/strong>\u00a0A projection of\u00a0how many new marriages are\u00a0expected to fail after 30 years, based on the divorce rate by marriage duration observed in a given year.<\/p>\n

                                            unilateral descent:<\/strong>\u00a0The tracing of kinship through one parent only.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                            Section Summary<\/h1>\n

                                            14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>
                                            \nSociologists view marriage and families as societal institutions that help create the basic unit of social structure. Both marriage and a family may be defined differently \u2014 and practiced differently \u2014 in cultures across the world. Families and marriages, like other institutions, adapt to social change.<\/p>\n

                                            14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>
                                            \nCanadians\u2019 concepts of marriage and family are changing. Increases in cohabitation, same-sex partners, and singlehood are altering\u00a0 ideas of marriage. Similarly, single parents, same-sex parents, cohabitating parents, and stepparents are changing\u00a0 notions of what it means to be a family. While many children still live in opposite-sex, two-parent, married households, these are no longer viewed as the only or dominant type of\u00a0 family.<\/p>\n

                                            14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>
                                            \nFamilies face a variety of challenges, including divorce, domestic violence, and child abuse. While divorce rates have decreased in the last 25 years, many family members, especially children, still experience the negative effects of divorce. Children are also negatively impacted by violence and abuse within the home;\u00a018,000 children are victimized by family violence each year.<\/p>\n

                                            Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
                                            \n
                                            \n

                                            Quiz: Marriage and Family<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                            \n

                                            14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            1. Sociologists tend to define family in terms of:\n
                                                \n
                                              1. Relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption.<\/li>\n
                                              2. The connection of bloodlines and genetic descent.<\/li>\n
                                              3. The status roles of breadwinner, home-maker and dependent children that exist in a family structure.<\/li>\n
                                              4. Groups who share an emotional bond.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                              5. Examples of the social form<\/em> and content<\/em> of the family (respectively) would be:\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. Sexual activity and monogamy<\/li>\n
                                                2. Sexual activity and reproduction of the species<\/li>\n
                                                3. Patrilineal descent and sexual activity<\/li>\n
                                                4. The nuclear family and the father’s role as breadwinner<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                5. A woman being married to two men would be an example of:\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. Headaches<\/li>\n
                                                  2. Polygyny.<\/li>\n
                                                  3. Polyandry.<\/li>\n
                                                  4. Cohabitation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  5. A child who associates his line of descent with his father\u2019s side only is part of a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> family.\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. Matrilocal<\/li>\n
                                                    2. Bilateral<\/li>\n
                                                    3. Matrilineal<\/li>\n
                                                    4. Patrilineal<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    5. Which of the following is a criticism of the family life\u00a0cycle model?\n
                                                        \n
                                                      1. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family.<\/li>\n
                                                      2. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.<\/li>\n
                                                      3. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behaviour.<\/li>\n
                                                      4. It is not based on comprehensive research.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                        14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        1. The majority of Canadian children live in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. Two-parent households.<\/li>\n
                                                          2. One-parent households.<\/li>\n
                                                          3. No-parent households.<\/li>\n
                                                          4. Multigenerational households.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                          5. The best example of a blended family in the following would be \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                              \n
                                                            1. Two unwed parents<\/li>\n
                                                            2. A multiracial family<\/li>\n
                                                            3. One grandparent; two married parents<\/li>\n
                                                            4. A divorce-extended family<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                            5. Couples who cohabitate before marriage are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> couples who did not cohabitate before marriage to be married at least 10 years.\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. Far more likely than<\/li>\n
                                                              2. Far less likely than<\/li>\n
                                                              3. Slightly less likely than<\/li>\n
                                                              4. Equally as likely as<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              5. Same-sex couple households account for \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> per cent of Canadian households.\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. 1<\/li>\n
                                                                2. 10<\/li>\n
                                                                3. 15<\/li>\n
                                                                4. 30<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                5. The median age of first marriage has \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> in the last 50 years.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Increased for men but not women<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. Decreased for men but not women<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. Increased for both men and women<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. Decreased for both men and women<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                    14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. Current divorce rates are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. At an all-time high<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. At an all-time low<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Steadily increasing<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. Neither increasing nor declining<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                      5. Children of divorced parents are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married.\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. More likely<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. Less likely<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. Equally likely<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. Too traumatized<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                        5. In general, children in \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> households benefit from divorce.\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. Stepfamily<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. Fluid modernity<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. High-conflict<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. Low-conflict<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                          5. Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)?\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. IPV victims are more frequently men than women.<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. One in 10\u00a0women is a victim of IPV.<\/li>\n
                                                                            3. Aboriginal women are nearly 2.5 times more likely to be a victim of IPV than non-Aboriginal women.<\/li>\n
                                                                            4. Sexual assault is the most common form of IPV.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                            5. Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in Canada?\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. Physical abuse<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. Neglect<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. Shaken-baby syndrome<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. Internet stalking<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                                \n

                                                                                Short Answer<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                                \n

                                                                                14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. Why is a substantive definition<\/em> of the family difficult to nail down?<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Explain the difference between bilateral and unilateral descent. Using your own association with kinship, explain which type of descent applies to you.<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. What is the relationship between romantic love and Western marriage?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                  14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. Describe the contemporary variations of family form. How do structural functionalists, critical sociologists, and symbolic interactionists explain this phenomenon differently?<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. What is the relationship between patterns of confluent love and cohabitation?\u00a0 What effect does cohabitation have on marriage?<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. What are the four universal functions of the nuclear family unit according to Murdock?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                    14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Explain how financial status impacts marital stability. What other factors are associated with a couple\u2019s financial status?<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. Explain why more than half of intimate partner violence goes unreported. Why are those who are abused unlikely to report the abuse?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                      Further Research<\/h1>\n

                                                                                      14.1 What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                      \nFor more information on family development and lines of descent, visit the Library and Archives Canada                                                                                       Genealogy and Family History<\/a> website to find out how to research family genealogies in Canada.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                      For more statistics on marriage and family, see the Statistics Canada report based on the 2011 census:\u00a0Portrait of Families and Living Arrangements in Canada: Families, households and marital status, 2011 Census of Population [PDF]<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                      To find more information on child abuse, visit the Canadian Child Welfare Research portal<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      References<\/h1>\n

                                                                                      14.0 Introduction to Marriage and Family<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                                                                      Minister of Justice. (2014). Competition Act<\/em>, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-34 [PDF]<\/a> Government of Canada. https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/PDF\/C-34.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Minister of Justice. (July 11). Criminal Code<\/em>, RSC 1985, c C – 46 [PDF]. Government of Canada. http:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/PDF\/C-46.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Moyser, M. (2017, March 9<\/span><\/span>). Women and paid work<\/a>. Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 89-503-X<\/span><\/em>. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/89-503-x\/2015001\/article\/14694-eng.pdf?st=cp6Nc1mw<\/span>
                                                                                      \n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic atlas: A summary<\/em>. University of Pittsburgh Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Murphy, P. E. and Staples, W. E. (1979). A modernized family life cycle<\/a>. Journal of Consumer Research,<\/em> 6(1), 12\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/208744<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Newman, F. (1969). Preface. In F. Newman (Ed.) The Meaning of Courtly Love <\/em>(pp. v-x i). SUNY Press.
                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                      O\u2019Neal, Dennis. (2006). Nature of kinship.<\/a> Palomar College. http:\/\/anthro.palomar.edu\/kinship\/kinship_2.htm.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Parikh, J. & Painuly, J. (1994). Population, consumption patterns and climate change: A socioeconomic perspective from the south. Ambio,<\/em> 23( 7), 434\u2013437. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4314249<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Parmenter, J. (2010). The edge of the woods: Iroquoia, 1534\u20131701. <\/span><\/em>Michigan State University Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Parsons, T. & Bales, R. (1955). Family socialization and interaction process<\/em>. Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Respers France, L. (2010, September 1). The evolution of the TV family.<\/a>\u00a0CNN<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/SHOWBIZ\/TV\/09\/01\/families.on.tv\/index.html.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Ruoff, J. (2002). An American Family: A Televised Life<\/em>. University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Simmel, G. (1971). The problem of sociology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Georg Simmel: On individuality and social forms<\/em> (pp. 23\u201327).<\/em>\u00a0 University of Chicago Press. [Original work published 1908.]<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Stacey, J. (1990). Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late twentieth century America. <\/em>Basic Books.
                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Stebbins, S. (2013). Native Peoples of North America. <\/em>Open SUNY Textbooks.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love<\/a>. Psychological Review, 93<\/em>(2), 119\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.93.2.119<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Stone M. (1976). When God was a woman.<\/em> Dial Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Storey, J. (2012). Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction <\/em>(6th ed.). <\/em>Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Strong, B. & DeVault, C. (1992). The marriage and family experience<\/em> (5th ed.). West Publishing Company.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Useem, A. (2007, July 24). What to expect when you\u2019re expecting a co-wife: Why American Muslims don\u2019t care to legalize polygamy.<\/a>\u00a0Slate<\/em>. http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/life\/faithbased\/2007\/07\/what_to_expect_when_youre_expecting_a_cowife.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Van Kirk, S. (1980). “Many tender ties” : women in fur-trade society in western Canada, 1670\u20131870. <\/em>Watson & Dwyer Pub.
                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Van Kirk, S. (2002). From \u201cmarrying-in\u201d to \u201cmarrying-out\u201d: Changing patterns of Aboriginal \/Non-Aboriginal marriage in colonial Canada<\/a>. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 23<\/em>(3), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/fro.2003.0010<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Walters, M. (2017). The judicial recognition of indigenous <\/span>legal traditions:<\/span> Connolly v Woolrich <\/span>at 150. Review of Constitutional Studies\/Revue d\u2019\u00e9tudes constitutionnelles, <\/em>22(3), 347\u2013378.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Winfrey, O. (2019, February 6). Five stories that redefine the word family.<\/a> Oprah Daily.<\/em> https:\/\/www.oprahdaily.com\/life\/relationships-love\/a26144738\/what-family-means-essays\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                      14.2 Variations in Family Life<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                      \nBakalar, N. (2010, March 22).                                                                                       Education, faith, and a likelihood to wed.<\/a>\u00a0New York Times<\/em>. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/03\/23\/health\/23stat.html.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Biblarz, T. & Stacey, J. (2010, January 20). How does the gender of parents matter?<\/a> Journal of Marriage and Family,<\/em> 72, 3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Blood, R. (Jr.) & Wolfe, D. (1960). Husbands and wives: The dynamics of married living<\/em>. The Free Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Christensen, C. P. & Weinfeld, M. (1993). The black family in Canada: A preliminary exploration of family patterns and inequality. Canadian Ethnic Studies\/\u00c9tudes ethniques au Canada,<\/em> 25(3), 26\u201345.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Coltrane, S. (2004). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work<\/a>. Journal of Marriage and the Family,<\/em> 62, 1209\u20131233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Comacchio, C. (2000). \u201cThe history of us\u201d: Social science, history, and the relations of family in Canada<\/a>. Labour \/ Le Travail<\/i>, 46<\/i>, 167\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25149099<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Crano, W. D. & Aronoff, J. (August, 1978). A cross-cultural study of expressive and instrumental role complementarity in the family<\/a>. American Sociological Review,<\/em> 43(4), 463\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2094772<\/p>\n

                                                                                      De Toledo, S. & Brown, D. E. (1995). Grandparents as parents: A survival guide for raising a second family<\/em>. Guilford Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Employment and Social Development Canada. (2014a). Indicators of well-being in Canada: Family life \u2013 divorce.<\/a>\u00a0Employment and Social Development Canada. <\/em>http:\/\/www4.hrsdc.gc.ca\/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=76<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Employment and Social Development Canada. (2014b). Indicators of well-being in Canada: Family life \u2013 marriage.<\/a>\u00a0Employment and Social Development Canada.<\/em> http:\/\/www4.hrsdc.gc.ca\/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=78<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. <\/em>W.W. Norton & Company.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Houseknecht, S. & Sastry, J. (1996). Family \u2018decline\u2019 and child well-being<\/a>. Journal of Marriage and the Family,\u00a0<\/em>58(3), 726\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353732<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Human Resources Development Canada. (2003, September). A new generation of Canadian families raising young children: A new look at data from national surveys<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. Human Resources Development Canada: Applied Research Branch. http:\/\/www.gov.mb.ca\/healthychild.\/ecd\/raising_young_children.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Hurley, D. (2005, April 19). Divorce rate: It\u2019s not as high as you think.<\/a>\u00a0New York Times<\/em>.<\/em><\/span> http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/19\/health\/19divo.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Jayson, S. (2010, October 14). Report: Cohabiting has little effect on marriage success.<\/a> USA Today<\/em>. http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/health\/2010-03-02-cohabiting02_N.htm<\/p>\n

                                                                                      LaRossa, R. & Reitzes, D. (1993). Symbolic interactionism and family studies. Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods: A Contextual Approach<\/em>. Plenum Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Le Bourdais, C. & Juby, H. (2002). The impact of cohabitation on the family life course in contemporary North America: Insights from across the border. In Booth, Alan and Ann Crouter (Eds.), Just living together: Implications of cohabitation for children, family and social policy (pp. 107\u2013118). <\/em>Psychology Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Lee, G. (1982). Family structure and interaction: A Comparative Analysis<\/em>. University of Minnesota Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Livingstone, A., & Weinfeld, M. (2015). Black families and socio-economic inequality in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies 47<\/em>(3), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ces.2015.0026.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Milan, A. (2013, July). Marital status: Overview, 2011<\/a> [PDF] Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 91-209-X. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/91-209-x\/2013001\/article\/11788-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Murdock, G. (1949). Social structure<\/i>. The MacMillan Company.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Parsons, T. (1943). The kinship system of the contemporary United States.\u00a0 American Anthropologist,<\/em> 45 (1), 22\u201338.
                                                                                      \n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Roberts, S. (2007, January 16). 51% of women are now living without a spouse.<\/a>\u00a0New York Times. <\/em>http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/16\/us\/16census.html?pagewanted=all0.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Smith, D. (1985). Women, class, and family. In Burstyn, V. & D. Smith (Eds), Women<\/em>, class<\/em>, family and the state<\/em>. Garamond Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2012a). Portrait of families and living arrangements in Canada: Families, households and marital status, 2011 census of population<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-312-X2011001. http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2011\/as-sa\/98-312-x\/98-312-x2011001-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2012b). Chapter 14: Families, households and housing<\/a>.\u00a0Canada Year Book 2011. Statistics Canada Catalogue \u00a0no. 11-402-X. <\/em>https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-402-x\/2011000\/pdf\/families-familles-eng.pdf?st=3DSW6fF5
                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2017). Portrait of children\u2019s family life in Canada in 2016<\/a>.\u00a0Statistics Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/as-sa\/98-200-x\/2016006\/98-200-x2016006-eng.cfm
                                                                                      \n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2019a, May 1). Family Matters: Being common law, married, separated or divorced in Canada<\/a>.\u00a0The Daily.<\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/190501\/dq190501b-eng.pdf?st=HRfjUQVM<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2019b, August 2<\/span>). Families, households and marital status: <\/span><\/a>Key results from the 2016 Census<\/a>.\u00a0The Daily.<\/em> https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/170802\/dq170802a-eng.pdf?st=kXdAfDw2<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      To, T., Guttmann, A., Dick, P. T., Rosenfield, J. D., Parkin, P. C., Tassoudji, M., Vydykhan, T. N., Cao, H., & Harris, J. K. (2004). Risk markers for poor developmental attainment in young children: results from a longitudinal national survey<\/a>. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 158<\/em>(7), 643\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.643<\/p>\n

                                                                                      U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Current population survey (CPS).<\/a> http:\/\/www.census.gov\/population\/www\/cps\/cpsdef.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                      U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). America\u2019s children: Key national indicators of well-being.<\/a> Forum on Child and Family Statistics<\/em>. http:\/\/www.childstats.gov\/americaschildren\/famsoc1.asp<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Venugopal, A. (2011, December 10). New York leads in never-married women.<\/a>\u00a0WNYC<\/em>. https:\/\/www.wnyc.org\/story\/160010-blog-new-york-never-married-women\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                      V\u00e9zina<\/span><\/span>, M. (2012). 2011 General Social Survey:<\/span><\/span><\/span> Overview of families in Canada \u2013<\/span><\/span> Being a parent in a stepfamily: A<\/span><\/span><\/a> profile<\/a>. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89\u2011650\u2011X \u2014 No. 002<\/span>.<\/em> https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/89-650-x\/89-650-x2012002-eng.pdf?st=fctF4VtA<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                      Williams, C. (2010, December). Economic well-being. Women in Canada: A gender\u2013based statistical report.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89-503-X.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-503-x\/2010001\/article\/11388-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      14.3 Challenges Families Face<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                      \nAmato, P. (2000). What children learn from divorce. Journal of Family Issues,<\/em> 21(8), 1061\u20131086.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Amato, P., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis<\/a>. Psychological Bulletin,\u00a0<\/em>110, 26\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.110.1.26<\/p>\n

                                                                                      BC Ministry of Attorney General. (2003, March). The involvement of children in divorce and custody mediation: A literature review<\/a> [PDF].\u00a0BC Ministry of Attorney General<\/em>. http:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/assets\/gov\/law-crime-and-justice\/about-bc-justice-system\/justice-services-branch\/fjsd\/mediation.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Benson, M. & Fox, G. (2004). When violence hits home: How economics and neighborhood play a role<\/em>. National Institutes of Justice.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Berlin, L. (2009, September 14). Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers.<\/a> Child Development,<\/em> 80(5), 1403\u20131420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Catalano, S. (2007). Intimate partner violence in the United States<\/em><\/a> [PDF]. US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. http:\/\/bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/ipvus.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      CBC News. (2004, January 30). Supreme Court upholds spanking law.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News. <\/em>http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/supreme-court-upholds-spanking-law-1.496454<\/p>\n

                                                                                      CBC News. (2013, June 19). Dozens of children seized from Manitoba Mennonite community: RCMP lay multiple assault charges against 3 men and a woman.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News. <\/em>http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/manitoba\/dozens-of-children-seized-from-manitoba-mennonite-community-1.1323892.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Centers for Disease Control. (2012). Understanding intimate partner violence. [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved January 16, 2012, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/ipv_factsheet-a.pdf.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Clark, W. & Crompton, S. (Summer 2006). Till death do us part? The risk of first and second marriage dissolution. [PDF]<\/a>\u00a0Canadian Social Trends. <\/em>Statistics Canada \u2014 Catalogue No. 11-008. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/11-008-x\/2006001\/pdf\/9198-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Durrant, J. & Ensom, R. (2012). Physical punishment of children: Lessons from 20 years of research<\/a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal,\u00a0<\/em>184(12), 1373\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.101314<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Elliot, D. (2010). Embracing the institution of marriage: The characteristics of remarried Americans<\/em>. U.S. Census Bureau.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Fletcher, J. (2012, September 4). Positive parenting, not physical punishment.<\/a> Canadian Medical Association Journal,<\/em> 184(12), 1339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.121070<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Goodwin, S. N., Chandler, S. & Meisel, J. (2003). Violence against women: The role of welfare reform<\/em>. Final Report to the National Institute of Justice.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Hitchen, I. (2013, June 6). Community’s children apprehended by province: Four old order Mennonite members accused of assaulting youths.<\/a>\u00a0Winnipeg Free Press. <\/em>http:\/\/www.winnipegfreepress.com\/local\/communitys-children-apprehended-by-province-212106141.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Kelly, M. B. (Spring 2010). The processing of divorce cases through civil court in seven provinces and territories<\/a> [PDF]. \u00a0Statistics Canada<\/em> Juristat Article, <\/em>30 (1). http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-002-x\/2010001\/article\/11158-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Kreider, R. (2006). Remarriage in the United States<\/em>. U.S. Census Bureau.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      McKay, S. (2010). The effects of twins and multiple births on families and their living standards<\/em><\/a>. University of Birmingham. https:\/\/twinstrust.org\/asset\/$F01090B4-013A-4495-97102255A16F89D4\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Michael, R.T. (1978). The rise in divorce rates, 1960\u20131974: Age-specific components<\/a>. Demography 15<\/em>, 177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2060521<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Pearce, T. (2012, February 2). Spanking your kid: Does it help or hurt?<\/a>\u00a0The Toronto Globe and Mail. <\/em>http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/parenting\/spanking-your-kid-does-it-help-or-hurt\/article543483\/<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Popenoe, D. & Whitehead, B. D. (2001). Top ten myths of divorce.<\/em> University of Virginia\/National Marriage Project\/The State of Our Unions.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Popenoe, D. & Whitehead, B. D. (2004). Ten important research findings on marriage and choosing a marriage partner. University of Virginia\/National Marriage Project\/The State of Our Unions.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Public Health Agency of Canada. (2010). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect \u2013 2008: Major findings.<\/em> Public Health Agency of Canada.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Roper Starch Worldwide. (1995). Domestic violence: Views on campus survey<\/em>. Liz Claiborne.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Silverman, J. G., A. Raj, L. A. Mucci, and J. E. Hathaway. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance abuse, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy and suicide<\/a>.\u00a0Journal of the American Medical Association,<\/em> 286, 572\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.286.5.572<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Sinha, M. (2012, May 22). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2010<\/a> [PDF]. Statistics Canada Juristat Article.<\/em> Catalogue no. 85-002-X. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-002-x\/2012001\/article\/11643-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Sinha, M. (2013, February 25). Measuring violence against women: Statistical trends<\/a> [PDF].\u00a0Statistics Canada<\/em>. Catalogue no. 85-224-X.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-002-x\/2013001\/article\/11766-eng.pdf.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Sinha, Maire. (2014, February). Parenting and child support after separation or divorce<\/a> [PDF]. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 89\u2011652\u2011X–No. 001.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/89-652-x\/89-652-x2014001-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Statistics Canada. (2011, January). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile<\/a> [PDF]. Statistics Canada Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. <\/em>Catalogue no. 85-224-X. http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/85-224-x\/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Temke, M. W. (2006). The effects of divorce on children<\/em>. University of New Hampshire.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Wallerstein, J. & Blakeslee, S. (1989). Second Chances.<\/em> Bantam.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Wolfinger, N. (2005). Understanding the divorce cycle<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h2>\n

                                                                                      1 A, |\u00a02 C,\u00a0|\u00a03 C,\u00a0|\u00a04 D,\u00a0|\u00a05 B,\u00a0|\u00a06 A,\u00a0|\u00a07 D,\u00a0|\u00a08 C,\u00a0|\u00a09 A,\u00a0|\u00a010 C,\u00a0|\u00a011 D,\u00a0|\u00a012 A,\u00a0|\u00a013 C,\u00a0|\u00a014 C,\u00a0| 15 B, [Return to Quiz]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-507","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":478,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/507","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":508,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/507\/revisions\/508"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/478"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/507\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=507"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=507"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdedition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}