{"id":1125,"date":"2019-08-20T16:27:22","date_gmt":"2019-08-20T16:27:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistryclone\/?post_type=back-matter&p=1125"},"modified":"2019-08-20T16:27:22","modified_gmt":"2019-08-20T16:27:22","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistryclone\/back-matter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"","rendered":"
\n
abbreviated electron configuration<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An electron configuration that uses one of the noble gases to represent the core of electrons up to that element.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

absolute zero<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The minimum possible temperature, labelled 0 K (zero kelvins).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

acid<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An ionic compound of the H+ cation dissolved in water.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

activity series<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A list of elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

actual yield<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The amount that is actually produced in a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

angular momentum quantum number (\u2113)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An index that affects the energy and the spatial distribution of an electron in an atom.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

anion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A species with an overall negative charge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atmosphere (atm)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A unit of pressure equal to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level; defined as exactly 760 mmHg.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atom<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The smallest piece of an element that maintains the identity of that element.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atomic mass<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The weighted average of the masses of the isotopes that compose an element.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atomic mass unit<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

One-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atomic number<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The number of protons in an atom.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atomic radius<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An indication of the size of an atom.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atomic symbol<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A one- or two-letter representation of the name of an element.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

atomic theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The concept that atoms play a fundamental role in chemistry.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

aufbau principle<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The way that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. From the German for \"building up.\"<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Avogadro\u2019s law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas law that relates number of particles to volume.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

balanced chemical equation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A condition when the reactants and products of a chemical equation have the same number of atoms of all elements present.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

base<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A compound that increases the amount of OH\u2212 ions in an aqueous solution.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Boyle\u2019s law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas law that relates pressure and volume at constant temperature and amount.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

calorie<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A unit of energy measurement originally defined in terms of warming up a given quantity of water. 1 cal = 4.184 J<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

calorimeter<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A container used to measure the heat of a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

calorimetry<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process of measuring enthalpy changes in chemical reactions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

cation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A species with an overall positive charge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Charles\u2019s law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas law that relates volume and temperature at constant pressure and amount.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

chemical change<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process of demonstrating a chemical property.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

chemical equation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A concise way of representing a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

chemical property<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A characteristic that describes how matter changes form in the presence of other matter.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

chemistry<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The study of the interactions of matter with other matter and with energy.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

coefficient<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The raised number to the right of a 10 indicating the number of factors of 10 in the original number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

combined gas law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas law that combines pressure, volume, and temperature.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

complete ionic equation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical equation in which the dissolved ionic compounds are written as separated ions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

composition reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction in which a single substance is produced from multiple reactants.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

compound<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A combination of more than one element.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

compressibility factor<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A measure of the extent of deviation from ideal gas behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

continuous spectrum<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An image that contains all colours of light.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

conversion factor<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A fraction that can be used to convert a quantity from one unit to another.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

covalent bond<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing electrons.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

d block<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The columns of the periodic table in which\u00a0d<\/em> subshells are being occupied.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Dalton\u2019s law of partial pressures<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The total pressure of a gas mixture,\u00a0P_tot, is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the components,\u00a0P_i.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

decomposition reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction in which a single substance becomes more than one substance.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

degrees<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The unit of temperature scales.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

derived unit<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A unit that is a product or a quotient of a fundamental unit.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

diffusion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The movement of gas molecules through one or more additional types of gas via random molecular motion.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

double-replacement reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction in which parts of two ionic compounds are exchanged.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

effective nuclear charge<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The net nuclear charge felt by valence electrons. Denoted as Z_eff (\"zed-effective\").<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

effusion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The movement of gas molecules from one container to another via a tiny hole.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

electromagnetic spectrum<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The full span of the possible wavelengths, frequencies, and energies of light.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

electron<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A tiny subatomic particle with a negative charge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

electron affinity (EA)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The energy change when a gas-phase atom accepts an electron.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

electron configuration<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A listing of the shell and subshell labels.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

electron shell<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term used to describe electrons with the same principal quantum number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

element<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

endothermic<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction that has a positive change in enthalpy.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

energy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The ability to do work.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

enthalpy change<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The heat of a process at constant pressure. Denoted as \u0394H.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

enthalpy of formation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The enthalpy change for a formation reaction; denoted as \u0394Hf.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

exact number<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A number from a defined relationship that technically has an infinite number of significant figures.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

exothermic<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction that has a negative change in enthalpy.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

experiment<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A test of the natural universe to see if a guess (hypothesis) is correct.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

exponent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The raised number to the right of a 10 indicating the number of factors of 10 in the original number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

f block<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The columns of the periodic table in which\u00a0f<\/em> subshells are being occupied.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

formation reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction that forms one mole of a substance from its constituent elements in their standard states.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

frequency<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The number of cycles of light that pass a given point in one second.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

fundamental units<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

One of the seven basic units of SI used in science.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

gas law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A simple mathematical formula that allows one to model, or predict, the behaviour of a gas.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Gay-Lussac\u2019s law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas law that relates pressure with absolute temperature.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Graham\u2019s law of effusion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A law that relates the rate of effusion of a gas to the inverse of the square root of its molar mass.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

heat<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The transfer of energy from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Hess\u2019s law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When chemical equations are combined algebraically, their enthalpies can be combined in exactly the same way.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

heterogeneous mixture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A non-uniform combination of more than one substance.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

homogeneous mixture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A uniform mixture of more than one substance that behaves as a single substance.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Hund\u2019s rule<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

One electron is placed in each degenerate orbital before pairing electrons in the same orbital.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

hydronium ion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The actual chemical species that represents a hydrogen ion in aqueous solution.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

hypothesis<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An educated guess about how the natural universe works.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ideal gas<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas that conforms exactly to the tenets of the kinetic molecular theory.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ideal gas law<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas law that relates all four independent physical properties of a gas under any conditions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A species with an overall electric charge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ionic bond<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The attraction between oppositely charged ions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ionic compound<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A compound formed from positive and negative ions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

ionization energy (IE)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

isolated system<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A system that does not allow a transfer of energy or matter into or out of itself.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

isotopes<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

joule<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The SI unit of energy.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

kelvin<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The fundamental unit of temperature in SI.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

kinetic energy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Energy due to motion.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

kinetic molecular theory of gases<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A model that helps us understand gases and their physical properties at the molecular level.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

lattice energy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The measured strength of ionic bonding.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

law of conservation of energy<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Law of physics that states that the total energy of an isolated system does not increase or decrease.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Lewis diagram<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A representation of the valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

limiting reagent<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The reactant that runs out first for a given chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

magnetic quantum number (m\u2113)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The index that determines the orientation of the electron\u2019s spatial distribution.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mass number<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mass-mass calculation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A calculation in which you start with a given mass of a substance and calculate the mass of another substance involved in the chemical equation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

matter<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Anything that has mass and takes up space.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mean free path<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The average distance travelled by a molecule between collisions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

metal<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An element that conducts electricity and heat well and is shiny, silvery, solid, ductile, and malleable.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

millimetre of mercury (mmHg)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The amount of pressure exerted by a column of mercury exactly 1 mm high. Approximately 1 mmHg is equal to 1 torr.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mixture<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A physical combination of more than one substance.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

molar mass<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The mass of 1 mol of a substance in grams.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

molar volume<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The volume of exactly 1 mol of a gas; equal to 22.4 L at STP.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mole<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The number of things equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12; equals 6.022 \u00d7 10 to the power of 23 things.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mole fraction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in a system.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mole-mass calculation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A calculation in which you start with a given number of moles of a substance and calculate the mass of another substance involved in the chemical equation, or vice versa.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

mole-mole calculation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A stoichiometry calculation in which one starts with moles of one substance and converts to moles of another substance using the balanced chemical equation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

molecular mass<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

net ionic equation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical equation with the spectator ions removed.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

neutralization reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The reaction of an acid with a base to produce water and a salt.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

neutron<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A subatomic particle with no charge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

nonmetal<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An element that exists in various colors and phases, is brittle, and does not conduct electricity or heat well.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

nuclear model<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The model of an atom that has the protons and neutrons in a central nucleus with the electrons in orbit about the nucleus.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

nucleus<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The centre of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

numerical prefix<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A prefix used with a unit that refers to a multiple or fraction of a fundamental unit to make a more conveniently sized unit for a specific quantity.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

octet rule<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The trend that atoms like to have eight electrons in their valence shell.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

orbital<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The specific set of principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers for an electron.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

oxidation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The loss of one or more electrons by an atom; an increase in oxidation number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

oxidation number<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A number assigned to an atom that helps keep track of the number of electrons on the atom.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

p block<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The columns of the periodic table in which p<\/em> subshells are being occupied.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

partial pressure<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The pressure that an individual gas in a mixture has.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Pauli exclusion principle<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

percent yield<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Actual yield divided by theoretical yield times 100%, which gives a percentage between 0% and 100%.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

periodic table<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chart of all the elements.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

periodic trends<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The variation of properties versus position on the periodic table.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

phase<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An important physical property that defines whether matter is a solid, liquid, gas or supercritical fluid. Also known as a state.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

photon<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The name of a discrete unit of light acting as a particle.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

physical change<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A change that occurs when a sample of matter changes one or more of its physical properties.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

physical property<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A characteristic that describes matter as it exists.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

Planck\u2019s constant<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The proportionality constant between the frequency and the energy of light: 6.626 \u00d7 10 to the power of \u221234 J\u00b7s.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

precipitate<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A solid that falls out of solution in a precipitation reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

precipitation reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction in which two ionic compounds are dissolved in water and form a new ionic compound that does not dissolve.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

pressure<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Force per unit area.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

principal quantum number (n)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The index that largely determines the energy of an electron in an atom.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

product<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A final substance in a chemical equation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

proton<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A subatomic particle with a positive charge.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

qualitative<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A description of the quality of an object.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quantitative<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A description of a specific amount of something.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quantization<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

When a quantity is restricted to having only certain values.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quantum mechanics<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The theory of electrons that treats them as a wave.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

quantum number<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An index that corresponds to a property of an electron, like its energy.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

reactant<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An initial substance in a chemical equation.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

real gas<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A gas that deviates from ideal behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

reduction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The gain of one or more electrons by an atom; a decrease in oxidation number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

root-mean-square (rms) speed<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The speed of molecules having exactly the same kinetic energy as the average kinetic energy of the sample.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

s block<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The columns of the periodic table in which\u00a0s<\/em>\u00a0subshells are being occupied.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

science<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The process of knowing about the natural universe through observation and experiment.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

scientific notation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An expression of a number using powers of 10.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

semimetal<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

significant figures<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The limit of the number of places a measurement can be properly expressed with.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

single-replacement reaction<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical reaction in which one element is substituted for another element in a compound.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

solubility rules<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

General statements that predict which ionic compounds dissolve and which do not.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

specific heat capacity<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The proportionality constant between heat, mass, and temperature change; also called specific heat.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

spectator ion<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An ion that does nothing in the overall course of a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

spin quantum number<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The index that indicates one of two spin states for an electron.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

standard notation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A straightforward expression of a number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

standard temperature and pressure (STP)<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A set of benchmark conditions used to compare other properties of gases: 100 kPa for pressure and 273 K for temperature.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

stoichiometry<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The relating of one chemical substance to another using a balanced chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

subshell<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A term used to describe electrons in a shell that have the same angular momentum quantum number.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

substance<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

Matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

system<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The part of the universe that is under study.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

temperature<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A measure of the average amount of kinetic energy a system contains.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

theoretical yield<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An amount that is theoretically produced as calculated using the balanced chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

theory<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A general statement that explains a large number of observations.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

thermochemical equation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

A chemical equation that includes an enthalpy change.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

valence electron<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An electron in the highest-numbered shell or in the last unfilled subshell. Valence electrons are those that are most likely to be involved in chemical reactions.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

valence shell<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The highest-numbered shell in an atom that contains electrons.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

van der Waals equation<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

An equation that compensates for deviations from ideal gas behaviour, correcting for intermolecular forces and the volume of gas molecules.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

vapour pressure<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

The partial pressure exerted by evaporation of a liquid.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n

wavelength<\/dfn><\/dt>\n
\n

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