{"id":2965,"date":"2016-11-15T16:16:18","date_gmt":"2016-11-15T16:16:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2965"},"modified":"2019-06-05T22:17:12","modified_gmt":"2019-06-05T22:17:12","slug":"chapter-1-history-and-overview","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/chapter\/chapter-1-history-and-overview\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 1. History and Overview","rendered":"Chapter 1. History and Overview"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Specify the commonly understood definitions of tourism and tourist<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Classify tourism into distinct industry groups using North American Industry Classification Standards (NAICS)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define\u00a0hospitality<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gain knowledge about the origins of the tourism industry<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide an overview of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism worldwide<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand the history of tourism development in Canada and British Columbia<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyze the value of tourism in Canada and British Columbia<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify key industry associations and understand their mandates<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>What Is Tourism?<\/h2>\r\nBefore engaging in\u00a0a study of <strong>tourism<\/strong>, let's\u00a0have a closer look\u00a0at what this term means.\r\n<h3>Definition of Tourism<\/h3>\r\nThere are a number of ways tourism can be defined, and for this reason, the <strong>United Nations World Tourism Organization<\/strong> <strong>(UNWTO)<\/strong>\u00a0embarked on a project from 2005 to 2007 to create a common glossary of terms for tourism. It\u00a0defines tourism as follows:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business\/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (<span>United Nations World Tourism Organization<\/span>, 2008).<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nUsing this definition,\u00a0we can see that tourism is the movement of people for a number of purposes (whether business or pleasure).\r\n<h3>Definition of Tourist<\/h3>\r\nBuilding on the definition of tourism, a commonly accepted description of a\u00a0<strong>tourist <\/strong>is \"someone who travels at least 80 km from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or leisure or other reasons\" (LinkBC, 2008, p.8). The United Nations World Tourism Organization\u00a0(1995) helps us break down this definition\u00a0further by stating tourists can be:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Domestic (residents of a\u00a0given country travelling only within that\u00a0country)<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"column\"><span>Inbound\u00a0(non-residents travelling in a\u00a0given country)<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"column\">Outbound (residents of one country\u00a0travelling in another country)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe scope of tourism, therefore, is broad and encompasses a number of activities.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On:\u00a0United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nUNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible \"for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism\" (UNWTO, 2014b). Its\u00a0membership includes 156 countries and over 400 affiliates such as private companies and non-governmental organizations. It promotes tourism as a\u00a0way of developing communities while encouraging ethical behaviour to mitigate negative impacts. For more information, visit <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/\" target=\"_self\">the UNWTO website<\/a>: http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>NAICS: The North American Industry Classification\u00a0System<\/h2>\r\nGiven the sheer size of the tourism industry, it can be helpful to\u00a0break it\u00a0down into broad industry groups using a common classification system. The <strong>North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)<\/strong> was jointly created by the Canadian, US, and Mexican governments to ensure common analysis across all three countries (British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training, 2013a). The tourism-related\u00a0groupings\u00a0created using\u00a0NAICS are (in alphabetical order):\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Accommodation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Food and beverage services (commonly known as \"F &amp;\u00a0B\")<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recreation and entertainment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transportation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Travel services<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThese industry groups are based on the similarity of the \"labour processes and inputs\" used for each (Government of Canada, 2013). For instance, the types of employees and resources required to run an accommodation business -- whether it be a hotel, motel, or even a campground -- are quite similar. All these businesses need staff to check in\u00a0guests, provide housekeeping, employ maintenance workers, and provide a place for people to sleep. As such, they can be grouped together under the heading of accommodation. The same is true of the other four groupings, and the rest\u00a0of this text explores these<span>\u00a0industry\u00a0groups, and other aspects of tourism, in more detail.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_132\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/NelsonLinkBC.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-132\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/NelsonLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.1 Welcoming storefronts in Nelson[\/caption]\r\n<h3>The Hospitality Industry<\/h3>\r\nWhen looking at tourism it's important to consider the term\u00a0<strong>hospitality<\/strong>. Some define hospitality as \"t<span>he business of helping people to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoy themselves\" (Discover Hospitality, 2015,\u00a0\u00b6 3). <\/span>Simply put, the hospitality industry is the combination of the accommodation and food and beverage\u00a0groupings, collectively making up\u00a0the largest segment of the\u00a0industry. <span>You'll learn more about accommodations and F &amp; B in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, respectively.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nBefore we seek to understand the five industry groupings in more detail, it's important to have an overview of\u00a0the history and impacts of tourism to date.\r\n<h2>Global Overview<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Origins of Tourism<\/h3>\r\nTravel for leisure purposes has evolved from an experience reserved for very few people into something enjoyed by many. Historically, the ability to travel was reserved for royalty and the upper classes. From ancient Roman times through to the 17th century, young men of high standing were encouraged to travel through Europe on a \"grand tour\"\u00a0(Chaney, 2000). Through the Middle Ages, many societies encouraged the practice of religious pilgrimage, as reflected in Chaucer's <em>Canterbury Tales<\/em> and other literature.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0word <em>hospitality\u00a0<\/em>predates the use of the word <em>tourism<\/em>, and first appeared in the 14th century.\u00a0It is derived\u00a0from the Latin <em>hospes<\/em>, which encompasses the words <em>guest, host<\/em>, and <em>foreigner<\/em> (Latdict,\u00a02014). The word <em>tourist\u00a0<\/em>appeared in print much later, in\u00a01772 (Griffiths and Griffiths, 1772). William Theobald suggests that the word\u00a0<em>tour\u00a0<\/em>comes from Greek and Latin words for <em>circle<\/em> and <em>turn, <\/em>and that <em>tourism<\/em> and <em>tourist\u00a0<\/em>represent the activities of<em>\u00a0<\/em>circling away from home, and then returning (Theobald, 1998).\r\n<h3>Tourism Becomes Business<\/h3>\r\nCox &amp; Kings, the first known travel agency, was founded in 1758 when Richard Cox became official travel agent of the British Royal Armed Forces (Cox &amp; Kings, 2014). \u00a0Almost 100\u00a0years later, in\u00a0June 1841, Thomas Cook opened the first leisure travel agency, designed to help Britons improve their lives by seeing the world and participating in the\u00a0temperance movement. In 1845, he ran his first commercial packaged tour, complete with cost-effective railway tickets and a printed guide (Thomas Cook, 2014).\r\n\r\nThe continued popularity of rail travel and the\u00a0emergence\u00a0of the automobile presented additional milestones in the development of tourism. In fact, a long journey\u00a0taken by Karl Benz's wife in 1886 served to kick off interest in auto travel and helped to publicize his budding car company, which would one day become Mercedes Benz (Auer, 2006). We take a closer look at the importance of car travel later this chapter, and of transportation to the tourism industry in Chapter 2.\r\n\r\nFast forward to 1952 with the first commercial air flights\u00a0from London, England,\u00a0to Johannesburg, South Africa,\u00a0and Colombo, Sri Lanka\u00a0(Flightglobal, 2002) and the dawn of the jet age, which many herald as the start of the modern tourism industry. The 1950s also saw the creation of Club\u00a0M\u00e9dit\u00e9rann\u00e9e (Gyr,\u00a02010) and similar club holiday destinations, the precursor of today's all-inclusive resorts.\r\n\r\nThe decade that followed is considered to have been a significant\u00a0period in tourism development, as more travel companies came onto the scene, increasing competition for customers and moving toward \"mass tourism, introducing new destinations and modes of holidaying\" (Gyr, 2010, p.\u00a032).\r\n\r\nIndustry growth has been interrupted at several key points in history, including World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II. At\u00a0the start of this century,\u00a0global events thrust international travel into decline including the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center in New York City\u00a0(known as 9\/11), the\u00a0war in Iraq, perceived threat of future terrorist attacks, and health scares including SARS, BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), and West Nile\u00a0virus (Government of Canada, 2006).\r\n\r\nAt the same time, the\u00a0industry began\u00a0a massive technological shift as increased internet use revolutionized travel services. Through the 2000s, online travel bookings grew exponentially, and by\u00a02014 global leader Expedia had expanded to include\u00a0brands such as\u00a0Hotels.com, the Hotwire Group, trivago, and Expedia CruiseShip Centers, earning\u00a0revenues of over $4.7 million (Expedia Inc., 2013).\r\n\r\nA more in-depth exploration of the impact of the online marketplace, and other trends in global tourism, is provided\u00a0in Chapter 14. But as you can already see,\u00a0the\u00a0impacts of the global tourism industry today are impressive and far reaching. Let's have a closer look at some of these outcomes.\r\n<h2>Tourism Impacts<\/h2>\r\nTourism impacts can be grouped into three main categories:\u00a0economic, social, and environmental. These impacts are analyzed using data gathered by businesses, governments, and industry organizations.\r\n<h3>Economic Impacts<\/h3>\r\nAccording to a UNWTO report,\u00a0in 2011, \"international tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion for the first time\" (UNWTO, 2012). <span>UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai stated this excess of $1\u00a0trillion was especially important news given the\u00a0global economic crisis of 2008, as tourism could help rebuild\u00a0still-struggling economies, because it is a key export and labour intensive (UNWTO, 2012).\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_131\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CaseStudentsLinkBC.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-131\" alt=\"Four students dressed in formal business attire.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CaseStudentsLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"329\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.2 Students visiting Vancouver for a conference[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTourism around the world is now worth over $1 trillion annually, and it's a growing industry almost everywhere. Regions\u00a0with the highest growth in terms of tourism dollars earned are the\u00a0Americas,\u00a0Europe,\u00a0Asia and the Pacific,\u00a0and\u00a0Africa.\u00a0Only the Middle East posted negative growth at the time of the report (UNWTO, 2012).\r\n\r\nWhile North and South America are growing the fastest, Europe continues to lead the way in terms of overall percentage of dollars earned\u00a0(UNWTO, 2012):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Europe (45%)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Asia and the Pacific (28%)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>North and South America (19%)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Middle East (4%)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nGlobal industry growth\u00a0and high receipts are expected to continue. In its August 2014 expenditure barometer, the UNWTO found worldwide visitation had increased by 22 million people\u00a0in\u00a0the first half of the year over the previous year, to reach 517 million visits (UNWTO, 2014a). As well,\u00a0the <span>UNWTO's\u00a0<em>Tourism 2020 Vision<\/em> predicts that<span>\u00a0international arrivals will\u00a0reach nearly 1.6 billion by\u00a02020<\/span>. Read more about the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/abs\/10.18111\/9789284403394\" target=\"_self\">Tourism 2020 Vision<\/a><\/span>: http:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/abs\/10.18111\/9789284403394\r\n<h3>Social Impacts<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_133\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/VIUTotemLinkBC.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-133\" alt=\"A First Nations totem pole.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/VIUTotemLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.3 First Nations art on display at Vancouver Island University[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn addition to the economic benefits of tourism development, positive social impacts include an increase in amenities (e.g., parks, recreation facilities), investment in arts and culture, celebration of First Nations people, and community pride. When developed conscientiously, tourism can, and does, contribute to a positive quality of life for residents.\r\n\r\nHowever, as identified by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2003a), negative social impacts of tourism can include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Change or loss of indigenous identity and values<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Culture clashes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Physical causes of social stress (increased demand for resources)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ethical issues (such as an increase in sex tourism or the exploitation of child workers)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSome of these issues are explored in further detail in Chapter 12, which examines the development of Aboriginal tourism in British Columbia.\r\n<h3>Environmental Impacts<\/h3>\r\nTourism relies on, and greatly impacts, the natural environment in which it operates. Even though\u00a0many areas of the world are conserved in the form of parks and protected areas, tourism development can have severe negative impacts. According to UNEP (2003b), these\u00a0can include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Depletion of natural resources (water, forests, etc.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pollution (air pollution, noise, sewage, waste and littering)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Physical impacts (construction activities, marina development, trampling, loss of biodiversity)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe environmental impacts of tourism can reach outside local areas and have an effect on the global ecosystem. One example is increased air travel, which is a major contributor to climate change. Chapter 10 looks at the environmental impacts of tourism in more detail.\r\n\r\nWhether positive or negative, tourism is a force for change around the world, and the industry is transforming at a staggering rate. But before we delve deeper into our understanding of tourism, let's take a look at the development of the sector in our own backyard.\r\n<h2>Canada Overview<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Origins of Tourism in Canada<\/h3>\r\nTourism has long been a source of economic development for our country. Some argue that as early as 1534 the explorers of the day, such as\u00a0Jacques Cartier, were Canada's first tourists (Dawson, 2004), but most agree the major developments in Canada's\u00a0tourism industry followed milestones in the transportation sector: by\u00a0rail, by car, and eventually, in the skies.\r\n<h4>Railway Travel: The Ties That Bind<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_176\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CP.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-176\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CP.jpg\" alt=\"A train.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.4 Canadian Pacific 4-4-0 A-2-m No 136[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe dawn of the railway age in Canada came midway through the 19th century. The first railway was launched in 1836 (Library and Archives Canada, n.d.),\u00a0and by the onset of World\u00a0War I in 1914, four railways dominated the Canadian landscape: <strong>Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR),<\/strong> Canadian Northern Railway (CNOR),\u00a0the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), and the Grand Trunk Pacific (GTP). Unfortunately, their rapid expansion soon brought the last three into near bankruptcy (Library and Archives Canada, n.d.).\r\n\r\nIn 1923, these three rail companies were amalgamated into the Canadian National Railway (CNR), and together with the CPR, these trans-continentals dominated the Canadian travel landscape until\u00a0other forms of transportation became more popular. In 1978, with declining interest in rail travel, the CPR and CNR were forced to combine their passenger services to form VIA Rail (Library and Archives Canada, n.d.).\r\n<h4>The Rise of the Automobile<\/h4>\r\nThe rising popularity of car travel was\u00a0partially to blame for the decline in rail travel, although it took time to develop. When the\u00a0first cross-country road\u00a0trip took place in 1912, there were only\u00a016 kilometres\u00a0of paved road across Canada\u00a0(MacEachern,\u00a02012). Cars were initially considered\u00a0a nuisance, and the National Parks Branch banned entry to automobiles,\u00a0but later slowly began to embrace them. By\u00a0the 1930s, some parks, such as\u00a0Cape Breton Highlands National Park, were actually created to provide visitors with\u00a0scenic drives\u00a0(MacEachern,\u00a02012).\r\n\r\nIt would take decades before a coast-to-coast highway was created, with the Trans-Canada Highway officially opening in Revelstoke in 1962. When it was fully completed in 1970, it was the longest national highway in the world, spanning one-fifth of the globe (MacEachern,\u00a02012).\r\n<h4>Early Tourism Promotion<\/h4>\r\nAs early as 1892, enterprising Canadians like the Brewsters became the country's first tour operators, leading guests through areas such as Banff National Park (Brewster Travel Canada, 2014). Communities across Canada developed their own marketing strategies as transportation development took hold. For instance, the\u00a0town of Maisonneuve in Quebec launched a campaign from 1907 to 1915 calling itself \"Le Pittsburg du Canada.\"\u00a0And by\u00a01935 Quebec was spending $250,000 promoting tourism, with\u00a0Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia also enjoying\u00a0established provincial tourism bureaus (Dawson, 2004).\r\n<h4>National Airlines<\/h4>\r\nOur national airline, Air Canada, was formed in 1937 as Trans-Canada Air Lines. In many ways, Air Canada was a world leader in passenger aviation, introducing\u00a0the world\u2019s first computerized reservations system in 1963 (<em>Globe and Mail<\/em>, 2014).\u00a0Through the 1950s and 1960s, reduced\u00a0airfares saw increased mass travel.\u00a0Competitors\u00a0including\u00a0Canadian Pacific (which became Canadian Airlines in 1987) began to launch international flights during this time to Australia, Japan, and South America (<em>Canadian Geographic, <\/em>2000).\u00a0By 2000, Air Canada was facing\u00a0financial peril and forced to restructure. A numbered company, owned in part by Air Canada, purchased 82% of Canadian Airline\u2019s shares, with the result of\u00a0Air Canada becoming the country\u2019s only national airline (<em>Canadian Geographic, <\/em>2000).\r\n<h4>Parks and Protected Areas<\/h4>\r\nA look at the evolution of tourism in Canada would be incomplete without a quick study of our national parks and protected areas. The official\u00a0conserving of our natural spaces began around the same time as the railway boom, and\u00a0in 1885 Banff was established as Canada's first national park.\u00a0By 1911, the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act created the Dominion Parks Branch, the first of its kind in the world (Shoalts,\u00a02011).\r\n\r\nThe systemic conservation and celebration of Canada's parks over the next century would help shape Canada's identity, both at home and abroad. Through the 1930s, conservation officers and interpreters were hired to enhance visitor experiences. By 1970, the\u00a0National Park System Plan divided\u00a0Canada into 39 regions, with the goal of preserving each distinct ecosystem for future generations. In 1987, the country's first\u00a0national marine park was\u00a0established in Ontario,\u00a0and in the 20 years that followed, 10 new national\u00a0parks and marine conservation areas\u00a0were created (Shoalts,\u00a02011).\r\n\r\nThe role of parks and protected areas in tourism is explored in greater detail in Chapter 5 (recreation) and Chapter 10 (environmental stewardship).\r\n<h4>Global Shock\u00a0and Industry Decline<\/h4>\r\nAs with the global industry, Canada's tourism industry was impacted by world events such as the Great Depression and the World Wars.\r\n\r\nMore recently, global events such as 9\/11, the SARS outbreak, and the war in Iraq took their toll on tourism receipts. Worldwide arrivals to Canada dropped 1% to 694 million in 2003, after three years\u00a0of stagnant growth. In 2005, spending reached $61.4 billion with domestic travel accounting for 71% (Government of Canada, 2006).\r\n<h3>Tourism in Canada Today<\/h3>\r\nIn 2011, tourism created\u00a0$78.8 billion in total economic activity and 603,400 jobs. Tourism accounted for more of Canada's gross domestic product (GDP) than agriculture, forestry, and fisheries combined (Tourism Industry Association of Canada, 2014).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On: The Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFounded in 1930 and based in Ottawa, the <strong>Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC) <\/strong>is the national private-sector advocate for the industry. Its\u00a0goal is to support policies and programs that help the industry grow, while representing over 400 members including airports, concert halls, festivals and events, travel services providers, and businesses of all sizes. For more information, visit\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/tiac.travel\/About.html\" target=\"_self\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada's website<\/a>: http:\/\/tiac.travel\/About.html\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nUnfortunately, while overall receipts from tourism appear\u00a0healthy, and globally the industry is growing, according to a recent report, Canada's historic reliance on the US market (which traditionally accounts for 75% of our market) is troubling. Because three out of every four international visitors to Canada originates in the United States, the 55% decline in that market since 2000 is being very strongly felt here.\u00a0Many feel the decline in American visitors\u00a0to Canada can be attributed to tighter passport and border regulations, the economic downturn (including the 2008 global economic crisis), and a stronger Canadian dollar (TIAC, 2014).\r\n\r\nDespite\u00a0disappointing numbers from the United States, Canada continues to see strong visitation from\u00a0the\u00a0United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia, and China. In 2011, we welcomed\u00a03,180,262 tourists from our top 15 inbound countries (excluding the United States).\u00a0Canadians travelling domestically accounted for 80% of tourism revenues in the country, and TIAC suggested that\u00a0a\u00a0focus on rebounding US visitation would\u00a0help grow the industry (TIAC, 2014).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On:\u00a0The Canadian Tourism Commission <\/strong>\r\n\r\nHoused in Vancouver, <strong>Destination Canada<\/strong>, previously the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC), is responsible for promoting\u00a0Canada in several\u00a0foreign\u00a0markets: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It\u00a0works with private companies, travel services providers,\u00a0meeting professionals, and government organizations\u00a0to help leverage Canada\u2019s tourism brand,\u00a0<em>Canada. Keep Exploring<\/em>. It\u00a0also conducts research and has a significant image library (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2014). For more information, visit\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.destinationcanada.com\/about-ctc\" target=\"_self\">Destination Canada website<\/a>: http:\/\/en.destinationcanada.com\/about-ctc.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs organizations like TIAC work to confront barriers to travel,\u00a0the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) is active abroad, encouraging more visitors to explore our country. In Chapter 8, we'll delve more into\u00a0the challenges and triumphs\u00a0of selling tourism at home and abroad.\r\n\r\nThe great news for British Columbia\u00a0is that once in Canada, most international visitors tend to remain in the province they landed in, and BC is\u00a0one of three provinces that receives the bulk of this traffic (TIAC, 2012). In fact, BC's tourism industry is one of the healthiest in Canada today. Let's have a look at how our provincial industry was established and where it stands now.\r\n<h2>British Columbia Overview<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Origins of Tourism in BC<\/h3>\r\nAs with the history of tourism in Canada, it's often stated that the first tourists to BC were explorers. In 1778,\u00a0Captain James Cook touched down on Vancouver Island,\u00a0followed by James Douglas in 1842, a British agent who had been sent to find new headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company, ultimately choosing\u00a0Victoria. Through the 1860s, BC's gold rush attracted prospectors from around the world, with towns and economies springing up along the trail (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).\r\n<h4>Railway Travel: Full Steam Ahead!<\/h4>\r\nThe\u00a0development of BC's tourism industry began in earnest in the late 1800s\u00a0when\u00a0the CPR built accommodation properties along itsnewly completed trans-Canada route,\u00a0capturing revenues from overnight stays to\u00a0help alleviate their increasing corporate debt. Following the 1886 construction of\u00a0small lodges at stops in\u00a0Field, Rogers Pass, and Fraser Canyon, the CPR\u00a0opened the Hotel Vancouver in May 1887 (Dawson, 2004).\r\n\r\nAs opposed to Atlantic Canada, where tourism promotion centred around attracting hunters and fishermen for a temporary infusion of cash, in British Columbia\u00a0tourism was seen as a way to lure farmers and settlers to stay in the new province. Industry associations began to form quickly: the Tourist Association of Victoria (TAV) in\u00a0February 1902, and the Vancouver Tourist Association in June of the same year\u00a0(Dawson, 2004).\r\n\r\nMany of the campaigns struck by these and other organizations\u00a0between 1890 and 1930 centred on the province's natural assets, as\u00a0people sought to escape modern convenience and enjoy the environment. A collaborative\u00a0group called the Pacific Northwest Travel Association (BC, Washington, and Oregon) promoted\u00a0\"The Pacific Northwest: The World's Greatest Out of Doors,\" calling BC \"The Switzerland of North America.\" Promotions like these seemed to have had an effect: in\u00a01928, over 370,000 tourists visited Victoria, spending over $3.5 million\u00a0(Dawson, 2004).\r\n<h4>The Great Depression and World War II<\/h4>\r\nAs the world's economy was sent into peril during\u00a0the Great Depression in the 1930s, tourism was seen as an economic solution. A\u00a0newly renamed Greater Victoria Publicity Bureau touted a \"100 for 1\" multiplier effect of tourism spending, with visitor revenues accounting for around\u00a013.5%\u00a0of BC's\u00a0income in\u00a01930. By 1935, an organization known as the\u00a0TTDA (Tourist Trade Development Association of Victoria and Vancouver Island) looked to create a more stable industry through strategies to increase visitors' length of stay (Dawson, 2004).\r\n\r\nIn 1937, the provincial Bureau of Industrial and Tourist Development (BITD) was formed through special legislation\u00a0with a goal of increasing tourist traffic. By 1938, the organization changed its\u00a0name to the <strong>British Columbia Government Travel Bureau (BCGTB)<\/strong> and was granted a budget increase to $105,000. This was soon\u00a0followed by an expansion of the BC Tourist Council designed to solicit input from across the province. And in 1939, Vancouver welcomed the King and Queen of England and celebrated the opening of the Lions Gate Bridge, activities that reportedly bolstered tourism numbers (Dawson, 2004).\r\n\r\nThe December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii\u00a0had negative repercussions for tourism on the Pacific Rim and was responsible for\u00a0an era of decreased visitation to British Columbia, despite attempts by some to market the region as exciting. From 1939 to 1943, US visits to Vancouver (measured at the border) dropped from over 307,000 to approximately 183,600. Just two years later, however, that number jumped to 369,250, the result of campaigns like the 1943 initiative aimed at Americans that\u00a0marketed BC as \"comrades in war\" (Dawson, 2004).\r\n<h4>Post-War Rebound<\/h4>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>We, with all due modesty, cannot help but claim that we are entering British Columbia's half-century, and cannot help but observe that B.C. also stands for BOOM COUNTRY. - Phil Gagliardi, BC Minister of Highways, 1955 (Dawson, 2004, p.190)<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nA burst of post-war spending began in 1946, and although short-lived, was supported by steady government investment in\u00a0marketing throughout the 1950s. As tourism grew in BC, however, so did competition for US dollars from Mexico, the Caribbean, and Europe. The decade that followed saw an emphasis on promoting BC's history, its \"Britishness,\" and a commodification of Aboriginal culture. The BCGTB began marketing efforts to extend the travel season, encouraging travel\u00a0in September, prime fishing season. It\u00a0also tried to\u00a0push visitors to specific areas, including the Lower Fraser Valley, the Okanagan-Fraser Canyon Loop, and the Kamloops-Cariboo region\u00a0(Dawson, 2004).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_135\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/VIURestaurantLinkBC.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-135\" alt=\"A table setting in a fancy restaurant.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/VIURestaurantLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.5 Dining at the Culinary Institute of Vancouver Island[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn 1954, <span>Vancouver hosted the British Empire Games, investing in the construction of Empire Stadium. <\/span>A few years later, an\u00a0increased emphasis\u00a0on events and convention business saw the Greater Vancouver Tourist Association\u00a0change its\u00a0name in 1962 to the Greater Vancouver Visitors and Convention\u00a0Bureau (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).\r\n\r\nThe ski industry was also on the rise: in 1961, the lodge and chairlift on Tod Mountain (now\u00a0Sun Peaks) opened, and Whistler followed suit five years later\u00a0(PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Ski partners became pioneers of collaborative marketing in the province with the foundation of the Ski Marketing Advisory Committee (SMAC) supported by Tod Mountain and Big White, evolving into today's Canada\u2019s West Ski Area Association (Magnes, 2010). This pioneer spirit was evident across the ski sector: the entire sport of heliskiing was invented by Hans Gosmer of BC's Canadian Mountain Holidays, and today the province holds 90% of the world's heliskiing market share (McLeish, 2014).\r\n\r\nThe concept of collaboration extended throughout the province as innovative funding structures saw the cost of marketing programs shared between government and industry in BC. These programs were distributed through regional channels (originally eight regions in the province), and considered \u201cthe most constructive and forward looking plan of its kind in Canada\u201d (Dawson 2004, p.194).\r\n\r\nTourism in BC continued to grow through the 1970s. In 1971, the Hotel Room Tax Act was introduced, allowing for a\u00a05% tax to be collected on room nights with the funds collected to be put\u00a0toward marketing and development. By 1978, construction had begun\u00a0on Whistler Village, with Blackcomb Mountain opening two years later (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Funding programs in the late 1970s and early 1980s such as the Canada BC Tourism Agreement (CBCTA) and Travel Industry Development Subsidiary Agreement (TIDSA) allowed communities to invest in projects that would make them more attractive tourism destinations. In the mountain community of Kimberley, for instance, the following improvements were implemented through a $3.1 million forgivable loan: a new road to the ski resort, a covered tennis court, a mountain lodge, an alpine slide, and nine more holes for the golf course (e-Know, 2011).\r\n\r\nAround the same time, the\u00a0\"Super, Natural British Columbia\" brand was\u00a0introduced, and a formal bid was approved for Vancouver\u00a0to host a fair then known as Transpo 86 (later Expo 86). Tourism in the province was about to truly take off.\r\n<h4>Expo 86 and Beyond<\/h4>\r\nBy the time the world fair Expo 86 came to a close in October 1986, it had played host to\u00a020,111,578 guests. Infrastructure developments, including rapid rail, airport improvements, a new trade and convention centre at Canada Place (with a cruise ship terminal), and hotel construction, had positioned the city and the province for further growth (PricewaterhouseCooopers, 2009). The construction and opening of the Coquihalla Highway through to 1990 enhanced the travel experience and reduced travel times to vast sections of the province (Magnes, 2010).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: The Value of Tourism<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTourism Vancouver Island, with the support of many partners, has created a website that directly addresses the value of tourism in the region. The site looks at the economics of tourism, social benefits of tourism, and a \"what's your role?\" feature that helps users understand where they fit in. Explore the <a href=\"http:\/\/valueoftourism.ca\/\">Tourism Vancouver Island website<\/a>: http:\/\/valueoftourism.ca\/.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nBy 2000, Vancouver International Airport (YVR) was named number one in the world by the\u00a0International Air Transport Association\u2019s survey of international passengers. Five years later, the airport welcomed\u00a0a record 16.4 million passengers (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).\r\n<h4>Going for Gold<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_178\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CanadavsSwitzerland.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-178\" alt=\"A crowd of people dressed in red and white Canadian jerseys cheer.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CanadavsSwitzerland.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.6 Canada vs Switzerland[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn 2003, the International Olympic Committee named\u00a0Vancouver\/Whistler\u00a0as the host city for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Infrastructure development followed, including\u00a0the expansion of the Sea-to-Sky Highway, the creation of Vancouver Convention Centre West, and the construction of the Canada Line, a rapid transport line connecting the airport with the city's downtown.\r\n\r\nAs BC prepared to host the Games, its international reputation continued to grow.\u00a0Vancouver was voted \u201cBest City in the Americas\u201d by <em>Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveller<\/em> magazine three years in a row. Kelowna was named\u00a0\u201cBest Canadian Golf City\u201d by Canada\u2019s largest golf magazine, and BC was named\u00a0the \u201cBest Golf Destination in North America\u201d by the International\u00a0Association of Golf Tour Operators. Kamloops, known as\u00a0Canada\u2019s Tournament City, hosted over 100 sports tournaments that same year, and nearby Sun Peaks Resort was named the \u201cBest Family Resort in North America\u201d by the <em>Great Skiing and\u00a0Snowboarding Guide<\/em> in 2008 (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).\r\n\r\nBy\u00a0the time the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Games took place, over 80 participating countries, 6,000 athletes, and 3 billion viewers put British Columbia on centre stage.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On: Destination British Columbia<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Destination BC <\/strong>is a Crown corporation founded in November 2012 by the Government of British Columbia. Its\u00a0mandate includes marketing the province\u00a0as a tourist destination (at home and around the world), promoting the development and growth of the industry, providing advice and recommendations to the tourism minister on related matters, and enhancing public awareness of tourism and its economic value to British Columbia (Province of British Columbia, 2013b).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Tourism in BC Today<\/h3>\r\nBuilding on the momentum generated by hosting the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, tourism in BC remains\u00a0big business. In 2012, the industry\u00a0generated $13.5 billion in revenue.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0provincial\u00a0industry is made up of over 18,000 businesses, the majority of which are SMEs (small to medium enterprises), and together they employ approximately 127,300 people (Tourism Industry Association of BC, 2014). It may surprise you to learn\u00a0that in British Columbia, tourism provides more jobs than high tech, oil and gas, mining, and forestry (Porges, 2014).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On: The Tourism Industry Association of BC <\/strong>\r\n\r\nFounded in 1993\u00a0as the Council of Tourism Associations, today the <strong>Tourism Industry Association of\u00a0BC\u00a0(TIABC)<\/strong> is a not-for-profit trade association comprising\u00a0members from private sector tourism businesses, industry associations, and <strong>destination marketing organizations<\/strong> <strong>(DMOs).<\/strong> Its\u00a0goal is to ensure the best working environment for a competitive tourism industry. It\u00a0hosts industry networking events and engages in advocacy efforts as \"the voice of the BC tourism industry.\" Students are encouraged to join TIABC to take advantage of their connections and receive a discount at numerous industry events. For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/student-membership\">Tourism Industry Association of BC's website<\/a>: http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/student-membership\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nOne of the challenges for BC's tourism industry, it has long been argued, is <strong>fragmentation.<\/strong> Back in September 1933, an article in the <em>Victoria Daily Times<\/em> argued for more coordination across organizations in order to capitalize on what they\u00a0saw as Canada's \"largest dividend payer\" (Dawson, 2004). Today, more than\u00a080 years later, you will often hear BC tourism professionals\u00a0say the same thing.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, some experts believe that the industry is simply a model of <strong>diversity,<\/strong> acknowledging that tourism is a compilation of a multitude of businesses, services, organizations, and communities. They see the ways in which these components are working together toward success, rather than focusing on friction between the groups.\r\n\r\nMany communities are placing a renewed focus on educating the general public and other businesses about the value of tourism and the ways in which stakeholders work together. The following case study highlights this in more detail:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: Tourism Pays in Richmond, BC\r\n<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe community of\u00a0Richmond, BC, brings to life the far-reaching positive economic effects of tourism in action. Watch the short video called <a href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/31624689\">\"Tourism Pays\"<\/a> to see what we mean!: http:\/\/vimeo.com\/31624689\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_136\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CTCBoardroomLinkBC.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-136\" alt=\"The entry to a Board Room in the Canadian Tourism College with a small air plane statue outside.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CTCBoardroomLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" \/><\/a> Figure 1.7 Canadian Tourism College[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThroughout the rest of this textbook, you'll have a chance to learn\u00a0more about the history and current outlook for\u00a0tourism in BC, with in-depth coverage of some of the triumphs and challenges we've faced as an industry. You will\u00a0also learn about the Canadian\u00a0and global contexts of the tourism\u00a0industry's development.\r\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\r\nAs we've seen in this chapter, tourism is a complex set of industries including accommodation, recreation and\u00a0entertainment, food and beverage services, transportation, and travel services. It encompasses domestic, inbound, and outbound travel for business, leisure, or other purposes. And because of this large scope, tourism development requires participation from all walks of life,\u00a0including private business, governmental agencies,\u00a0educational institutions, communities, and citizens.\r\n\r\nRecognizing the diverse nature of the industry and the significant contributions tourism makes toward economic and social value for British Columbians is important. There remains a great deal of work to better educate members of the tourism industry, other sectors, and the public about the ways tourism contributes to our province.\r\n\r\nGiven this opportunity for greater awareness, it is hoped that students like you will help share this information as you learn more about the sector. So let's begin our exploration in Chapter 2 with a closer look at a\u00a0critical sector: transportation.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>British Columbia Government Travel Bureau<\/strong> (<strong>BCGTB)<\/strong>: the first recognized provincial government organization responsible for the tourism marketing of British Columbia<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)<\/strong>:\u00a0a national railway company\u00a0widely regarded as establishing tourism in Canada and BC in the late 1800s and early 1900s<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Destination BC: <\/strong>the provincial destination marketing organization (DMO) responsible for tourism marketing and development in BC, formerly known as Tourism BC<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Destination Canada:<\/strong> the national government Crown corporation responsible for marketing Canada abroad, formerly known as the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Destination marketing organization (DMO):\u00a0<\/strong><span>also known as a destination management organization; includes national tourism boards, state\/provincial tourism offices, and community convention and visitor bureaus<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Diversity:<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> a term used by some in the industry to describe the makeup of the industry in a positive way; acknowledging that tourism is a diverse compilation of a multitude of businesses, services, organizations, and communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fragmentation:<\/strong> a phenomenon observed by some industry insiders whereby the tourism industry is unable to work together toward common marketing and lobbying (policy-setting) objectives<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Hospitality:<\/strong>\u00a0the accommodations and food and\u00a0beverage industry groupings<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)<\/strong>:\u00a0a way to group tourism activities based on similarities in business practices, primarily used for statistical analysis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Tourism:<\/strong>\u00a0the business of attracting and serving the needs of people travelling and staying outside their home communities for business and pleasure<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of BC<\/strong> (<strong>TIABC)<\/strong>:\u00a0a membership-based advocacy group formerly known as the Council of Tourism Associations of BC (COTA)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC):<\/strong> the\u00a0national industry advocacy group<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Tourist:<\/strong>\u00a0someone who travels at least 80 kilometres\u00a0from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or pleasure or other reasons; can be further classified as domestic, inbound, or outbound<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)<\/strong>: UN agency\u00a0responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism worldwide<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>List the three types of tourist and provide\u00a0an example of\u00a0each.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the UNWTO? Visit its\u00a0website, and name one recent project or study the organization has\u00a0undertaken.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List the five\u00a0industry groups according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).\u00a0Using your\u00a0 understanding of tourism as an industry, create your own definition and classification of tourism. What did you add? What did you take out? Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In 2011, how much money was generated by tourism worldwide? What percentage of this money was collected in Europe? Where was the least amount of money collected?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to UNEP, what are the four\u00a0types of negative environmental tourism impact? For each of these, list an example in your own community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What major transportation developments gave rise to the tourism industry in Canada?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Historically, what percentage of international visitors to Canada are from the United States? Why is this an important issue today?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name three key events in the history of BC tourism that resonate with you. Why do you find these events of interest?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Watch the video in the \"Take a Closer Look\" feature on Richmond.\u00a0Now think about the value of tourism in your community.\u00a0How might this be communicated to local residents? List two\u00a0ways you will contribute to communicating the value of tourism this semester.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose one article or document from the reference list below and read it in detail. Report back to the class about what you've learned.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Case Study: Tourism - Canada's Surprise Blind Spot<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nIn a 2014\u00a0episode of the <em>Voice of Canadian Business<\/em>, the Canadian Chamber of Commerce's podcast, host Mary Anne Carter sat\u00a0down with Greg Klassen, the CTC\u2019s president and CEO, and Michele Saran, executive director of Business Events Canada. Their\u00a0discussion highlighted the reasons Canada is struggling to remain competitive within the sector, and underscores the role and impact Canada\u2019s tourism industry has on the economy.Listen to the 14-minute <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chamber.ca\/media\/pictures-videos\/140407-podcast-tourism\/\" target=\"_self\">podcast on tourism in Canada<\/a> and answer the following questions:\u00a0www.chamber.ca\/media\/pictures-videos\/140407-podcast-tourism\/\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Why are governments around the world starting to invest in tourism infrastructure? What does this mean for the competitive environment for Canada's tourism product?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How do we compare to the United States as a destination for business travel?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>According to Greg, why is the $200 million investment in Brand USA a \"double-edged sword\" for tourism in Canada? What is beneficial about this? Why does it make things more difficult?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the relationship between tourism and people's understanding of a country's image?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What ranking is Canada's brand? What other industries are affected by this brand?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe one activity the CTC participates in\u00a0to sell Canadian tourism product abroad.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name two\u00a0\"sectors of excellence\" for Canada. Why is the CTC focussing their business events sales strategies on these industries?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What does the CTC consider to be the benefits of Vancouver hosting the 2014 and 2015 TED conferences?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nBrewster Travel Canada. (2014). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/\"><em>About Us - Brewster History<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/\r\n\r\n<span>British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training<\/span>. (2013a).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em> BC Stats: Industry Classification<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx\r\n\r\nBritish Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training. (2013b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm\" target=\"_self\"><em>Bill 3 - 2013: Destination BC Corp Act<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm\r\n\r\n<em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. (2000, September). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp\" target=\"_self\">Flying through time: Canadian aviation history<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp\r\n\r\nCanadian Tourism Commission. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc\" target=\"_self\"><em>About the CTC.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc\r\n\r\nChaney, Edward. (2000). <em>The evolution of the grand tour: Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance<\/em>. Portland OR: Routledge.\r\n\r\nCox &amp; Kings. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history\" target=\"_self\"><em>About us - History.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history\r\n\r\nDawson, Michael. (2004). <em>Selling British Columbia: Tourism and consumer culture, 1890-1970<\/em>. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.\r\n\r\nDiscover Hospitality. (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>What is hospitality?<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/\r\n\r\ne-Know. (2011, November). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/\"><em>Ogilvie\u2019s past in lock step with last 50 years of Kimberley\u2019s history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/\r\n\r\nExpedia, Inc. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF\" target=\"_self\"><em>Expedia: Annual report 2013.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF\r\n\r\nFlightglobal. (2002). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>Sixty years of the jet age.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/\r\n\r\n<em>Globe and Mail, The. <\/em>(2014, March 28). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all\" target=\"_self\">Ten things you don't know about Air Canada.<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all\r\n\r\nGovernment of Canada. (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Building a national tourism strategy.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf\r\n\r\nGovernment of Canada. (2013, July 5). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm\" target=\"_self\"><em>Appendix E: Tourism industries in the human resource module<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm\r\n\r\nGriffiths, Ralph, Griffiths, G. E. (1772). Pennant's tour in Scotland in 1769. <em>The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal XLVI<\/em>: 150<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">.\u00a0Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=xS8oAAAAYAAJ&amp;vq=tourist&amp;dq=tourist&amp;pg=PA150&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=tourist&amp;f=false\" target=\"_self\">Google Books<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nGyr, Ueli. (2010, December 3). <a href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism\" target=\"_self\">The history of tourism: Structures on the path to modernity.<\/a> <em>European History Online (EHO).<\/em> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis\" target=\"_self\">Latin definition for hospes, hospitis.<\/a> (2014).In <em>Latdict - Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources<\/em>. \u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis\r\n\r\nLibrary and Archives Canada. (n.d.). <em>Ties that bind: Essay.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>A brief history of railways in Canada.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html\r\n\r\nLinkBC. (2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Transforming communities through tourism: A handbook for community tourism champions.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf\r\n\r\nMacEachern, A. (2012, August 17). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/\" target=\"_self\">Goin\u2019 down the road: The story of the first cross-Canada car trip.<\/a> <em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/\r\n\r\nMcLeish. (2014, July 23). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/\"><em>History of heliskiing in Canada. <\/em><\/a>Retrieved from www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/\r\n\r\nMagnes, W. (2010, May 26). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf\"><em>The evolution of British Columbia's tourism regions: 1970-2010<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf\r\n\r\nPorges, R. (2014, September). Tell me something I don't know: Promoting the value of tourism. <i>Tourism Drives the Provincial Economy<\/i>. Presentation hosted by the Tourism Industry Association of BC, Vancouver, BC.\r\n\r\nPricewaterhouseCooopers, LLC. (2009). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Opportunity BC 2020: Tourism sector.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Prepared for the BC Business Council. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf\r\n<p class=\"indepth\">Shoalts, A. (2011, April). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp\" target=\"_self\">How our national parks evolved:\u00a0From Grey Owl to Chr\u00e9tien and beyond, 100 years of Parks Canada.<\/a>\u00a0<em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp<\/p>\r\nTheobald, William F. (1998).\u00a0<i>Global Tourism<\/i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth\u2013Heinemann, pp.\u00a06-7.\r\n\r\nThomas Cook Group of Companies. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/\"><em>Thomas Cook history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/\r\n\r\nTourism Industry Association of BC. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit\"><em>Value of tourism toolkit: Why focus on the value of tourism?\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit\r\n\r\nTourism Industry Association of Canada. (2014, October 14). <a href=\"http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential\" target=\"_self\"><em>Travel industry poised to boost Canadian exports: US market and border efficiencies central to growth potential<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential\r\n\r\nTourism Industry Association of Canada, HLT Advisory. (2012). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>The Canadian tourism industry: A special report<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf\r\n\r\nUnited Nations and World Tourism Organization. (1995). <a href=\"http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Recommendations on tourism statistics.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf\r\n\r\nUnited Nations Environment Programme. (2003a). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>Negatives Socio-cultural impacts from tourism<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx\r\n\r\nUnited Nations Environment Programme. (2003b). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/TheTourismandEnvironmentProgramme\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/EnvironmentalImpacts\/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas\/tabid\/78776\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>Tourism's three main impact areas.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/TheTourismandEnvironmentProgramme\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/EnvironmentalImpacts\/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas\/tabid\/78776\/Default.aspx\r\n\r\nUnited Nations World Tourism Organization. (2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary\" target=\"_self\"><em>Understanding tourism: Basic glossary<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary\r\n\r\nUnited Nations World Tourism Organization. (2012, May 7). <a href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/press-release\/2012-05-07\/international-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011\" target=\"_self\"><em>International tourism receipts surpass US$ 1 trillion in 2011.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/press-release\/2012-05-07\/international-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011\r\n\r\nUnited Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014a). <a href=\"http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_barom14_04_august_excerpt_0.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>UNWTO world tourism barometer, 12<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> (1). Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_barom14_04_august_excerpt_0.pdf\r\n\r\nUnited Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014b). <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0\"><em>Who we are.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0\r\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Figure 1.1\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/9266174558\/\">Selkirk College and Nelson<\/a>\u00a0by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 1.2<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/10594703525\/\">Capilano University's Team<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 1.3<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/14149493456\/in\/set-72157644633462932\">Vancouver Island University<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 1.4\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/remedy451\/6215336772\/\"><span>Canadian Pacific 4-4-0 A-2-m No 136<\/span><\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/remedy451\/\">Peter Broster<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 1.5<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/14169303681\/in\/set-72157644633462932\">Vancouver Island University<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 1.6<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/syume\/4369406071\/\">Switzerland vs. Canada<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/syume\/\">s.yume<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 1.7<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/12752996025\/in\/set-72157641472831824\">CTC's Boardroom<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Specify the commonly understood definitions of tourism and tourist<\/li>\n<li>Classify tourism into distinct industry groups using North American Industry Classification Standards (NAICS)<\/li>\n<li>Define\u00a0hospitality<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Gain knowledge about the origins of the tourism industry<\/li>\n<li>Provide an overview of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism worldwide<\/li>\n<li>Understand the history of tourism development in Canada and British Columbia<\/li>\n<li>Analyze the value of tourism in Canada and British Columbia<\/li>\n<li>Identify key industry associations and understand their mandates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What Is Tourism?<\/h2>\n<p>Before engaging in\u00a0a study of <strong>tourism<\/strong>, let&#8217;s\u00a0have a closer look\u00a0at what this term means.<\/p>\n<h3>Definition of Tourism<\/h3>\n<p>There are a number of ways tourism can be defined, and for this reason, the <strong>United Nations World Tourism Organization<\/strong> <strong>(UNWTO)<\/strong>\u00a0embarked on a project from 2005 to 2007 to create a common glossary of terms for tourism. It\u00a0defines tourism as follows:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business\/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (<span>United Nations World Tourism Organization<\/span>, 2008).<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Using this definition,\u00a0we can see that tourism is the movement of people for a number of purposes (whether business or pleasure).<\/p>\n<h3>Definition of Tourist<\/h3>\n<p>Building on the definition of tourism, a commonly accepted description of a\u00a0<strong>tourist <\/strong>is &#8220;someone who travels at least 80 km from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or leisure or other reasons&#8221; (LinkBC, 2008, p.8). The United Nations World Tourism Organization\u00a0(1995) helps us break down this definition\u00a0further by stating tourists can be:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Domestic (residents of a\u00a0given country travelling only within that\u00a0country)<\/li>\n<li class=\"column\"><span>Inbound\u00a0(non-residents travelling in a\u00a0given country)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"column\">Outbound (residents of one country\u00a0travelling in another country)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The scope of tourism, therefore, is broad and encompasses a number of activities.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On:\u00a0United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>UNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible &#8220;for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism&#8221; (UNWTO, 2014b). Its\u00a0membership includes 156 countries and over 400 affiliates such as private companies and non-governmental organizations. It promotes tourism as a\u00a0way of developing communities while encouraging ethical behaviour to mitigate negative impacts. For more information, visit <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/\" target=\"_self\">the UNWTO website<\/a>: http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>NAICS: The North American Industry Classification\u00a0System<\/h2>\n<p>Given the sheer size of the tourism industry, it can be helpful to\u00a0break it\u00a0down into broad industry groups using a common classification system. The <strong>North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)<\/strong> was jointly created by the Canadian, US, and Mexican governments to ensure common analysis across all three countries (British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training, 2013a). The tourism-related\u00a0groupings\u00a0created using\u00a0NAICS are (in alphabetical order):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Accommodation<\/li>\n<li>Food and beverage services (commonly known as &#8220;F &amp;\u00a0B&#8221;)<\/li>\n<li>Recreation and entertainment<\/li>\n<li>Transportation<\/li>\n<li>Travel services<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>These industry groups are based on the similarity of the &#8220;labour processes and inputs&#8221; used for each (Government of Canada, 2013). For instance, the types of employees and resources required to run an accommodation business &#8212; whether it be a hotel, motel, or even a campground &#8212; are quite similar. All these businesses need staff to check in\u00a0guests, provide housekeeping, employ maintenance workers, and provide a place for people to sleep. As such, they can be grouped together under the heading of accommodation. The same is true of the other four groupings, and the rest\u00a0of this text explores these<span>\u00a0industry\u00a0groups, and other aspects of tourism, in more detail.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_132\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-132\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/NelsonLinkBC.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/NelsonLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-132\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.1 Welcoming storefronts in Nelson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>The Hospitality Industry<\/h3>\n<p>When looking at tourism it&#8217;s important to consider the term\u00a0<strong>hospitality<\/strong>. Some define hospitality as &#8220;t<span>he business of helping people to feel welcome and relaxed and to enjoy themselves&#8221; (Discover Hospitality, 2015,\u00a0\u00b6 3). <\/span>Simply put, the hospitality industry is the combination of the accommodation and food and beverage\u00a0groupings, collectively making up\u00a0the largest segment of the\u00a0industry. <span>You&#8217;ll learn more about accommodations and F &amp; B in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4, respectively.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Before we seek to understand the five industry groupings in more detail, it&#8217;s important to have an overview of\u00a0the history and impacts of tourism to date.<\/p>\n<h2>Global Overview<\/h2>\n<h3>Origins of Tourism<\/h3>\n<p>Travel for leisure purposes has evolved from an experience reserved for very few people into something enjoyed by many. Historically, the ability to travel was reserved for royalty and the upper classes. From ancient Roman times through to the 17th century, young men of high standing were encouraged to travel through Europe on a &#8220;grand tour&#8221;\u00a0(Chaney, 2000). Through the Middle Ages, many societies encouraged the practice of religious pilgrimage, as reflected in Chaucer&#8217;s <em>Canterbury Tales<\/em> and other literature.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0word <em>hospitality\u00a0<\/em>predates the use of the word <em>tourism<\/em>, and first appeared in the 14th century.\u00a0It is derived\u00a0from the Latin <em>hospes<\/em>, which encompasses the words <em>guest, host<\/em>, and <em>foreigner<\/em> (Latdict,\u00a02014). The word <em>tourist\u00a0<\/em>appeared in print much later, in\u00a01772 (Griffiths and Griffiths, 1772). William Theobald suggests that the word\u00a0<em>tour\u00a0<\/em>comes from Greek and Latin words for <em>circle<\/em> and <em>turn, <\/em>and that <em>tourism<\/em> and <em>tourist\u00a0<\/em>represent the activities of<em>\u00a0<\/em>circling away from home, and then returning (Theobald, 1998).<\/p>\n<h3>Tourism Becomes Business<\/h3>\n<p>Cox &amp; Kings, the first known travel agency, was founded in 1758 when Richard Cox became official travel agent of the British Royal Armed Forces (Cox &amp; Kings, 2014). \u00a0Almost 100\u00a0years later, in\u00a0June 1841, Thomas Cook opened the first leisure travel agency, designed to help Britons improve their lives by seeing the world and participating in the\u00a0temperance movement. In 1845, he ran his first commercial packaged tour, complete with cost-effective railway tickets and a printed guide (Thomas Cook, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>The continued popularity of rail travel and the\u00a0emergence\u00a0of the automobile presented additional milestones in the development of tourism. In fact, a long journey\u00a0taken by Karl Benz&#8217;s wife in 1886 served to kick off interest in auto travel and helped to publicize his budding car company, which would one day become Mercedes Benz (Auer, 2006). We take a closer look at the importance of car travel later this chapter, and of transportation to the tourism industry in Chapter 2.<\/p>\n<p>Fast forward to 1952 with the first commercial air flights\u00a0from London, England,\u00a0to Johannesburg, South Africa,\u00a0and Colombo, Sri Lanka\u00a0(Flightglobal, 2002) and the dawn of the jet age, which many herald as the start of the modern tourism industry. The 1950s also saw the creation of Club\u00a0M\u00e9dit\u00e9rann\u00e9e (Gyr,\u00a02010) and similar club holiday destinations, the precursor of today&#8217;s all-inclusive resorts.<\/p>\n<p>The decade that followed is considered to have been a significant\u00a0period in tourism development, as more travel companies came onto the scene, increasing competition for customers and moving toward &#8220;mass tourism, introducing new destinations and modes of holidaying&#8221; (Gyr, 2010, p.\u00a032).<\/p>\n<p>Industry growth has been interrupted at several key points in history, including World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II. At\u00a0the start of this century,\u00a0global events thrust international travel into decline including the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center in New York City\u00a0(known as 9\/11), the\u00a0war in Iraq, perceived threat of future terrorist attacks, and health scares including SARS, BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), and West Nile\u00a0virus (Government of Canada, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, the\u00a0industry began\u00a0a massive technological shift as increased internet use revolutionized travel services. Through the 2000s, online travel bookings grew exponentially, and by\u00a02014 global leader Expedia had expanded to include\u00a0brands such as\u00a0Hotels.com, the Hotwire Group, trivago, and Expedia CruiseShip Centers, earning\u00a0revenues of over $4.7 million (Expedia Inc., 2013).<\/p>\n<p>A more in-depth exploration of the impact of the online marketplace, and other trends in global tourism, is provided\u00a0in Chapter 14. But as you can already see,\u00a0the\u00a0impacts of the global tourism industry today are impressive and far reaching. Let&#8217;s have a closer look at some of these outcomes.<\/p>\n<h2>Tourism Impacts<\/h2>\n<p>Tourism impacts can be grouped into three main categories:\u00a0economic, social, and environmental. These impacts are analyzed using data gathered by businesses, governments, and industry organizations.<\/p>\n<h3>Economic Impacts<\/h3>\n<p>According to a UNWTO report,\u00a0in 2011, &#8220;international tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion for the first time&#8221; (UNWTO, 2012). <span>UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai stated this excess of $1\u00a0trillion was especially important news given the\u00a0global economic crisis of 2008, as tourism could help rebuild\u00a0still-struggling economies, because it is a key export and labour intensive (UNWTO, 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_131\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-131\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CaseStudentsLinkBC.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-131\" alt=\"Four students dressed in formal business attire.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CaseStudentsLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"329\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-131\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.2 Students visiting Vancouver for a conference<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Tourism around the world is now worth over $1 trillion annually, and it&#8217;s a growing industry almost everywhere. Regions\u00a0with the highest growth in terms of tourism dollars earned are the\u00a0Americas,\u00a0Europe,\u00a0Asia and the Pacific,\u00a0and\u00a0Africa.\u00a0Only the Middle East posted negative growth at the time of the report (UNWTO, 2012).<\/p>\n<p>While North and South America are growing the fastest, Europe continues to lead the way in terms of overall percentage of dollars earned\u00a0(UNWTO, 2012):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Europe (45%)<\/li>\n<li>Asia and the Pacific (28%)<\/li>\n<li>North and South America (19%)<\/li>\n<li>Middle East (4%)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Global industry growth\u00a0and high receipts are expected to continue. In its August 2014 expenditure barometer, the UNWTO found worldwide visitation had increased by 22 million people\u00a0in\u00a0the first half of the year over the previous year, to reach 517 million visits (UNWTO, 2014a). As well,\u00a0the <span>UNWTO&#8217;s\u00a0<em>Tourism 2020 Vision<\/em> predicts that<span>\u00a0international arrivals will\u00a0reach nearly 1.6 billion by\u00a02020<\/span>. Read more about the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/abs\/10.18111\/9789284403394\" target=\"_self\">Tourism 2020 Vision<\/a><\/span>: http:\/\/www.e-unwto.org\/doi\/abs\/10.18111\/9789284403394<\/p>\n<h3>Social Impacts<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_133\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/VIUTotemLinkBC.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133\" alt=\"A First Nations totem pole.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/VIUTotemLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.3 First Nations art on display at Vancouver Island University<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In addition to the economic benefits of tourism development, positive social impacts include an increase in amenities (e.g., parks, recreation facilities), investment in arts and culture, celebration of First Nations people, and community pride. When developed conscientiously, tourism can, and does, contribute to a positive quality of life for residents.<\/p>\n<p>However, as identified by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP, 2003a), negative social impacts of tourism can include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Change or loss of indigenous identity and values<\/li>\n<li>Culture clashes<\/li>\n<li>Physical causes of social stress (increased demand for resources)<\/li>\n<li>Ethical issues (such as an increase in sex tourism or the exploitation of child workers)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some of these issues are explored in further detail in Chapter 12, which examines the development of Aboriginal tourism in British Columbia.<\/p>\n<h3>Environmental Impacts<\/h3>\n<p>Tourism relies on, and greatly impacts, the natural environment in which it operates. Even though\u00a0many areas of the world are conserved in the form of parks and protected areas, tourism development can have severe negative impacts. According to UNEP (2003b), these\u00a0can include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Depletion of natural resources (water, forests, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Pollution (air pollution, noise, sewage, waste and littering)<\/li>\n<li>Physical impacts (construction activities, marina development, trampling, loss of biodiversity)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The environmental impacts of tourism can reach outside local areas and have an effect on the global ecosystem. One example is increased air travel, which is a major contributor to climate change. Chapter 10 looks at the environmental impacts of tourism in more detail.<\/p>\n<p>Whether positive or negative, tourism is a force for change around the world, and the industry is transforming at a staggering rate. But before we delve deeper into our understanding of tourism, let&#8217;s take a look at the development of the sector in our own backyard.<\/p>\n<h2>Canada Overview<\/h2>\n<h3>Origins of Tourism in Canada<\/h3>\n<p>Tourism has long been a source of economic development for our country. Some argue that as early as 1534 the explorers of the day, such as\u00a0Jacques Cartier, were Canada&#8217;s first tourists (Dawson, 2004), but most agree the major developments in Canada&#8217;s\u00a0tourism industry followed milestones in the transportation sector: by\u00a0rail, by car, and eventually, in the skies.<\/p>\n<h4>Railway Travel: The Ties That Bind<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_176\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-176\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-176\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CP.jpg\" alt=\"A train.\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-176\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.4 Canadian Pacific 4-4-0 A-2-m No 136<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The dawn of the railway age in Canada came midway through the 19th century. The first railway was launched in 1836 (Library and Archives Canada, n.d.),\u00a0and by the onset of World\u00a0War I in 1914, four railways dominated the Canadian landscape: <strong>Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR),<\/strong> Canadian Northern Railway (CNOR),\u00a0the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), and the Grand Trunk Pacific (GTP). Unfortunately, their rapid expansion soon brought the last three into near bankruptcy (Library and Archives Canada, n.d.).<\/p>\n<p>In 1923, these three rail companies were amalgamated into the Canadian National Railway (CNR), and together with the CPR, these trans-continentals dominated the Canadian travel landscape until\u00a0other forms of transportation became more popular. In 1978, with declining interest in rail travel, the CPR and CNR were forced to combine their passenger services to form VIA Rail (Library and Archives Canada, n.d.).<\/p>\n<h4>The Rise of the Automobile<\/h4>\n<p>The rising popularity of car travel was\u00a0partially to blame for the decline in rail travel, although it took time to develop. When the\u00a0first cross-country road\u00a0trip took place in 1912, there were only\u00a016 kilometres\u00a0of paved road across Canada\u00a0(MacEachern,\u00a02012). Cars were initially considered\u00a0a nuisance, and the National Parks Branch banned entry to automobiles,\u00a0but later slowly began to embrace them. By\u00a0the 1930s, some parks, such as\u00a0Cape Breton Highlands National Park, were actually created to provide visitors with\u00a0scenic drives\u00a0(MacEachern,\u00a02012).<\/p>\n<p>It would take decades before a coast-to-coast highway was created, with the Trans-Canada Highway officially opening in Revelstoke in 1962. When it was fully completed in 1970, it was the longest national highway in the world, spanning one-fifth of the globe (MacEachern,\u00a02012).<\/p>\n<h4>Early Tourism Promotion<\/h4>\n<p>As early as 1892, enterprising Canadians like the Brewsters became the country&#8217;s first tour operators, leading guests through areas such as Banff National Park (Brewster Travel Canada, 2014). Communities across Canada developed their own marketing strategies as transportation development took hold. For instance, the\u00a0town of Maisonneuve in Quebec launched a campaign from 1907 to 1915 calling itself &#8220;Le Pittsburg du Canada.&#8221;\u00a0And by\u00a01935 Quebec was spending $250,000 promoting tourism, with\u00a0Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia also enjoying\u00a0established provincial tourism bureaus (Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<h4>National Airlines<\/h4>\n<p>Our national airline, Air Canada, was formed in 1937 as Trans-Canada Air Lines. In many ways, Air Canada was a world leader in passenger aviation, introducing\u00a0the world\u2019s first computerized reservations system in 1963 (<em>Globe and Mail<\/em>, 2014).\u00a0Through the 1950s and 1960s, reduced\u00a0airfares saw increased mass travel.\u00a0Competitors\u00a0including\u00a0Canadian Pacific (which became Canadian Airlines in 1987) began to launch international flights during this time to Australia, Japan, and South America (<em>Canadian Geographic, <\/em>2000).\u00a0By 2000, Air Canada was facing\u00a0financial peril and forced to restructure. A numbered company, owned in part by Air Canada, purchased 82% of Canadian Airline\u2019s shares, with the result of\u00a0Air Canada becoming the country\u2019s only national airline (<em>Canadian Geographic, <\/em>2000).<\/p>\n<h4>Parks and Protected Areas<\/h4>\n<p>A look at the evolution of tourism in Canada would be incomplete without a quick study of our national parks and protected areas. The official\u00a0conserving of our natural spaces began around the same time as the railway boom, and\u00a0in 1885 Banff was established as Canada&#8217;s first national park.\u00a0By 1911, the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act created the Dominion Parks Branch, the first of its kind in the world (Shoalts,\u00a02011).<\/p>\n<p>The systemic conservation and celebration of Canada&#8217;s parks over the next century would help shape Canada&#8217;s identity, both at home and abroad. Through the 1930s, conservation officers and interpreters were hired to enhance visitor experiences. By 1970, the\u00a0National Park System Plan divided\u00a0Canada into 39 regions, with the goal of preserving each distinct ecosystem for future generations. In 1987, the country&#8217;s first\u00a0national marine park was\u00a0established in Ontario,\u00a0and in the 20 years that followed, 10 new national\u00a0parks and marine conservation areas\u00a0were created (Shoalts,\u00a02011).<\/p>\n<p>The role of parks and protected areas in tourism is explored in greater detail in Chapter 5 (recreation) and Chapter 10 (environmental stewardship).<\/p>\n<h4>Global Shock\u00a0and Industry Decline<\/h4>\n<p>As with the global industry, Canada&#8217;s tourism industry was impacted by world events such as the Great Depression and the World Wars.<\/p>\n<p>More recently, global events such as 9\/11, the SARS outbreak, and the war in Iraq took their toll on tourism receipts. Worldwide arrivals to Canada dropped 1% to 694 million in 2003, after three years\u00a0of stagnant growth. In 2005, spending reached $61.4 billion with domestic travel accounting for 71% (Government of Canada, 2006).<\/p>\n<h3>Tourism in Canada Today<\/h3>\n<p>In 2011, tourism created\u00a0$78.8 billion in total economic activity and 603,400 jobs. Tourism accounted for more of Canada&#8217;s gross domestic product (GDP) than agriculture, forestry, and fisheries combined (Tourism Industry Association of Canada, 2014).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On: The Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Founded in 1930 and based in Ottawa, the <strong>Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC) <\/strong>is the national private-sector advocate for the industry. Its\u00a0goal is to support policies and programs that help the industry grow, while representing over 400 members including airports, concert halls, festivals and events, travel services providers, and businesses of all sizes. For more information, visit\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/tiac.travel\/About.html\" target=\"_self\">Tourism Industry Association of Canada&#8217;s website<\/a>: http:\/\/tiac.travel\/About.html<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Unfortunately, while overall receipts from tourism appear\u00a0healthy, and globally the industry is growing, according to a recent report, Canada&#8217;s historic reliance on the US market (which traditionally accounts for 75% of our market) is troubling. Because three out of every four international visitors to Canada originates in the United States, the 55% decline in that market since 2000 is being very strongly felt here.\u00a0Many feel the decline in American visitors\u00a0to Canada can be attributed to tighter passport and border regulations, the economic downturn (including the 2008 global economic crisis), and a stronger Canadian dollar (TIAC, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Despite\u00a0disappointing numbers from the United States, Canada continues to see strong visitation from\u00a0the\u00a0United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia, and China. In 2011, we welcomed\u00a03,180,262 tourists from our top 15 inbound countries (excluding the United States).\u00a0Canadians travelling domestically accounted for 80% of tourism revenues in the country, and TIAC suggested that\u00a0a\u00a0focus on rebounding US visitation would\u00a0help grow the industry (TIAC, 2014).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On:\u00a0The Canadian Tourism Commission <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Housed in Vancouver, <strong>Destination Canada<\/strong>, previously the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC), is responsible for promoting\u00a0Canada in several\u00a0foreign\u00a0markets: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It\u00a0works with private companies, travel services providers,\u00a0meeting professionals, and government organizations\u00a0to help leverage Canada\u2019s tourism brand,\u00a0<em>Canada. Keep Exploring<\/em>. It\u00a0also conducts research and has a significant image library (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2014). For more information, visit\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.destinationcanada.com\/about-ctc\" target=\"_self\">Destination Canada website<\/a>: http:\/\/en.destinationcanada.com\/about-ctc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As organizations like TIAC work to confront barriers to travel,\u00a0the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) is active abroad, encouraging more visitors to explore our country. In Chapter 8, we&#8217;ll delve more into\u00a0the challenges and triumphs\u00a0of selling tourism at home and abroad.<\/p>\n<p>The great news for British Columbia\u00a0is that once in Canada, most international visitors tend to remain in the province they landed in, and BC is\u00a0one of three provinces that receives the bulk of this traffic (TIAC, 2012). In fact, BC&#8217;s tourism industry is one of the healthiest in Canada today. Let&#8217;s have a look at how our provincial industry was established and where it stands now.<\/p>\n<h2>British Columbia Overview<\/h2>\n<h3>Origins of Tourism in BC<\/h3>\n<p>As with the history of tourism in Canada, it&#8217;s often stated that the first tourists to BC were explorers. In 1778,\u00a0Captain James Cook touched down on Vancouver Island,\u00a0followed by James Douglas in 1842, a British agent who had been sent to find new headquarters for the Hudson&#8217;s Bay Company, ultimately choosing\u00a0Victoria. Through the 1860s, BC&#8217;s gold rush attracted prospectors from around the world, with towns and economies springing up along the trail (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).<\/p>\n<h4>Railway Travel: Full Steam Ahead!<\/h4>\n<p>The\u00a0development of BC&#8217;s tourism industry began in earnest in the late 1800s\u00a0when\u00a0the CPR built accommodation properties along itsnewly completed trans-Canada route,\u00a0capturing revenues from overnight stays to\u00a0help alleviate their increasing corporate debt. Following the 1886 construction of\u00a0small lodges at stops in\u00a0Field, Rogers Pass, and Fraser Canyon, the CPR\u00a0opened the Hotel Vancouver in May 1887 (Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>As opposed to Atlantic Canada, where tourism promotion centred around attracting hunters and fishermen for a temporary infusion of cash, in British Columbia\u00a0tourism was seen as a way to lure farmers and settlers to stay in the new province. Industry associations began to form quickly: the Tourist Association of Victoria (TAV) in\u00a0February 1902, and the Vancouver Tourist Association in June of the same year\u00a0(Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>Many of the campaigns struck by these and other organizations\u00a0between 1890 and 1930 centred on the province&#8217;s natural assets, as\u00a0people sought to escape modern convenience and enjoy the environment. A collaborative\u00a0group called the Pacific Northwest Travel Association (BC, Washington, and Oregon) promoted\u00a0&#8220;The Pacific Northwest: The World&#8217;s Greatest Out of Doors,&#8221; calling BC &#8220;The Switzerland of North America.&#8221; Promotions like these seemed to have had an effect: in\u00a01928, over 370,000 tourists visited Victoria, spending over $3.5 million\u00a0(Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<h4>The Great Depression and World War II<\/h4>\n<p>As the world&#8217;s economy was sent into peril during\u00a0the Great Depression in the 1930s, tourism was seen as an economic solution. A\u00a0newly renamed Greater Victoria Publicity Bureau touted a &#8220;100 for 1&#8221; multiplier effect of tourism spending, with visitor revenues accounting for around\u00a013.5%\u00a0of BC&#8217;s\u00a0income in\u00a01930. By 1935, an organization known as the\u00a0TTDA (Tourist Trade Development Association of Victoria and Vancouver Island) looked to create a more stable industry through strategies to increase visitors&#8217; length of stay (Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>In 1937, the provincial Bureau of Industrial and Tourist Development (BITD) was formed through special legislation\u00a0with a goal of increasing tourist traffic. By 1938, the organization changed its\u00a0name to the <strong>British Columbia Government Travel Bureau (BCGTB)<\/strong> and was granted a budget increase to $105,000. This was soon\u00a0followed by an expansion of the BC Tourist Council designed to solicit input from across the province. And in 1939, Vancouver welcomed the King and Queen of England and celebrated the opening of the Lions Gate Bridge, activities that reportedly bolstered tourism numbers (Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<p>The December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii\u00a0had negative repercussions for tourism on the Pacific Rim and was responsible for\u00a0an era of decreased visitation to British Columbia, despite attempts by some to market the region as exciting. From 1939 to 1943, US visits to Vancouver (measured at the border) dropped from over 307,000 to approximately 183,600. Just two years later, however, that number jumped to 369,250, the result of campaigns like the 1943 initiative aimed at Americans that\u00a0marketed BC as &#8220;comrades in war&#8221; (Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<h4>Post-War Rebound<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<div>We, with all due modesty, cannot help but claim that we are entering British Columbia&#8217;s half-century, and cannot help but observe that B.C. also stands for BOOM COUNTRY. &#8211; Phil Gagliardi, BC Minister of Highways, 1955 (Dawson, 2004, p.190)<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>A burst of post-war spending began in 1946, and although short-lived, was supported by steady government investment in\u00a0marketing throughout the 1950s. As tourism grew in BC, however, so did competition for US dollars from Mexico, the Caribbean, and Europe. The decade that followed saw an emphasis on promoting BC&#8217;s history, its &#8220;Britishness,&#8221; and a commodification of Aboriginal culture. The BCGTB began marketing efforts to extend the travel season, encouraging travel\u00a0in September, prime fishing season. It\u00a0also tried to\u00a0push visitors to specific areas, including the Lower Fraser Valley, the Okanagan-Fraser Canyon Loop, and the Kamloops-Cariboo region\u00a0(Dawson, 2004).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_135\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-135\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/VIURestaurantLinkBC.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135\" alt=\"A table setting in a fancy restaurant.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/VIURestaurantLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"451\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-135\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.5 Dining at the Culinary Institute of Vancouver Island<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 1954, <span>Vancouver hosted the British Empire Games, investing in the construction of Empire Stadium. <\/span>A few years later, an\u00a0increased emphasis\u00a0on events and convention business saw the Greater Vancouver Tourist Association\u00a0change its\u00a0name in 1962 to the Greater Vancouver Visitors and Convention\u00a0Bureau (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>The ski industry was also on the rise: in 1961, the lodge and chairlift on Tod Mountain (now\u00a0Sun Peaks) opened, and Whistler followed suit five years later\u00a0(PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Ski partners became pioneers of collaborative marketing in the province with the foundation of the Ski Marketing Advisory Committee (SMAC) supported by Tod Mountain and Big White, evolving into today&#8217;s Canada\u2019s West Ski Area Association (Magnes, 2010). This pioneer spirit was evident across the ski sector: the entire sport of heliskiing was invented by Hans Gosmer of BC&#8217;s Canadian Mountain Holidays, and today the province holds 90% of the world&#8217;s heliskiing market share (McLeish, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>The concept of collaboration extended throughout the province as innovative funding structures saw the cost of marketing programs shared between government and industry in BC. These programs were distributed through regional channels (originally eight regions in the province), and considered \u201cthe most constructive and forward looking plan of its kind in Canada\u201d (Dawson 2004, p.194).<\/p>\n<p>Tourism in BC continued to grow through the 1970s. In 1971, the Hotel Room Tax Act was introduced, allowing for a\u00a05% tax to be collected on room nights with the funds collected to be put\u00a0toward marketing and development. By 1978, construction had begun\u00a0on Whistler Village, with Blackcomb Mountain opening two years later (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Funding programs in the late 1970s and early 1980s such as the Canada BC Tourism Agreement (CBCTA) and Travel Industry Development Subsidiary Agreement (TIDSA) allowed communities to invest in projects that would make them more attractive tourism destinations. In the mountain community of Kimberley, for instance, the following improvements were implemented through a $3.1 million forgivable loan: a new road to the ski resort, a covered tennis court, a mountain lodge, an alpine slide, and nine more holes for the golf course (e-Know, 2011).<\/p>\n<p>Around the same time, the\u00a0&#8220;Super, Natural British Columbia&#8221; brand was\u00a0introduced, and a formal bid was approved for Vancouver\u00a0to host a fair then known as Transpo 86 (later Expo 86). Tourism in the province was about to truly take off.<\/p>\n<h4>Expo 86 and Beyond<\/h4>\n<p>By the time the world fair Expo 86 came to a close in October 1986, it had played host to\u00a020,111,578 guests. Infrastructure developments, including rapid rail, airport improvements, a new trade and convention centre at Canada Place (with a cruise ship terminal), and hotel construction, had positioned the city and the province for further growth (PricewaterhouseCooopers, 2009). The construction and opening of the Coquihalla Highway through to 1990 enhanced the travel experience and reduced travel times to vast sections of the province (Magnes, 2010).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: The Value of Tourism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tourism Vancouver Island, with the support of many partners, has created a website that directly addresses the value of tourism in the region. The site looks at the economics of tourism, social benefits of tourism, and a &#8220;what&#8217;s your role?&#8221; feature that helps users understand where they fit in. Explore the <a href=\"http:\/\/valueoftourism.ca\/\">Tourism Vancouver Island website<\/a>: http:\/\/valueoftourism.ca\/.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>By 2000, Vancouver International Airport (YVR) was named number one in the world by the\u00a0International Air Transport Association\u2019s survey of international passengers. Five years later, the airport welcomed\u00a0a record 16.4 million passengers (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).<\/p>\n<h4>Going for Gold<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_178\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-178\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CanadavsSwitzerland.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-178\" alt=\"A crowd of people dressed in red and white Canadian jerseys cheer.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CanadavsSwitzerland.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-178\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.6 Canada vs Switzerland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 2003, the International Olympic Committee named\u00a0Vancouver\/Whistler\u00a0as the host city for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Infrastructure development followed, including\u00a0the expansion of the Sea-to-Sky Highway, the creation of Vancouver Convention Centre West, and the construction of the Canada Line, a rapid transport line connecting the airport with the city&#8217;s downtown.<\/p>\n<p>As BC prepared to host the Games, its international reputation continued to grow.\u00a0Vancouver was voted \u201cBest City in the Americas\u201d by <em>Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveller<\/em> magazine three years in a row. Kelowna was named\u00a0\u201cBest Canadian Golf City\u201d by Canada\u2019s largest golf magazine, and BC was named\u00a0the \u201cBest Golf Destination in North America\u201d by the International\u00a0Association of Golf Tour Operators. Kamloops, known as\u00a0Canada\u2019s Tournament City, hosted over 100 sports tournaments that same year, and nearby Sun Peaks Resort was named the \u201cBest Family Resort in North America\u201d by the <em>Great Skiing and\u00a0Snowboarding Guide<\/em> in 2008 (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>By\u00a0the time the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Games took place, over 80 participating countries, 6,000 athletes, and 3 billion viewers put British Columbia on centre stage.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On: Destination British Columbia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Destination BC <\/strong>is a Crown corporation founded in November 2012 by the Government of British Columbia. Its\u00a0mandate includes marketing the province\u00a0as a tourist destination (at home and around the world), promoting the development and growth of the industry, providing advice and recommendations to the tourism minister on related matters, and enhancing public awareness of tourism and its economic value to British Columbia (Province of British Columbia, 2013b).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Tourism in BC Today<\/h3>\n<p>Building on the momentum generated by hosting the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, tourism in BC remains\u00a0big business. In 2012, the industry\u00a0generated $13.5 billion in revenue.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0provincial\u00a0industry is made up of over 18,000 businesses, the majority of which are SMEs (small to medium enterprises), and together they employ approximately 127,300 people (Tourism Industry Association of BC, 2014). It may surprise you to learn\u00a0that in British Columbia, tourism provides more jobs than high tech, oil and gas, mining, and forestry (Porges, 2014).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On: The Tourism Industry Association of BC <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Founded in 1993\u00a0as the Council of Tourism Associations, today the <strong>Tourism Industry Association of\u00a0BC\u00a0(TIABC)<\/strong> is a not-for-profit trade association comprising\u00a0members from private sector tourism businesses, industry associations, and <strong>destination marketing organizations<\/strong> <strong>(DMOs).<\/strong> Its\u00a0goal is to ensure the best working environment for a competitive tourism industry. It\u00a0hosts industry networking events and engages in advocacy efforts as &#8220;the voice of the BC tourism industry.&#8221; Students are encouraged to join TIABC to take advantage of their connections and receive a discount at numerous industry events. For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/student-membership\">Tourism Industry Association of BC&#8217;s website<\/a>: http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/student-membership<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>One of the challenges for BC&#8217;s tourism industry, it has long been argued, is <strong>fragmentation.<\/strong> Back in September 1933, an article in the <em>Victoria Daily Times<\/em> argued for more coordination across organizations in order to capitalize on what they\u00a0saw as Canada&#8217;s &#8220;largest dividend payer&#8221; (Dawson, 2004). Today, more than\u00a080 years later, you will often hear BC tourism professionals\u00a0say the same thing.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, some experts believe that the industry is simply a model of <strong>diversity,<\/strong> acknowledging that tourism is a compilation of a multitude of businesses, services, organizations, and communities. They see the ways in which these components are working together toward success, rather than focusing on friction between the groups.<\/p>\n<p>Many communities are placing a renewed focus on educating the general public and other businesses about the value of tourism and the ways in which stakeholders work together. The following case study highlights this in more detail:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: Tourism Pays in Richmond, BC<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The community of\u00a0Richmond, BC, brings to life the far-reaching positive economic effects of tourism in action. Watch the short video called <a href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/31624689\">&#8220;Tourism Pays&#8221;<\/a> to see what we mean!: http:\/\/vimeo.com\/31624689<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_136\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-136\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2014\/10\/CTCBoardroomLinkBC.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-136\" alt=\"The entry to a Board Room in the Canadian Tourism College with a small air plane statue outside.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/CTCBoardroomLinkBC.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-136\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1.7 Canadian Tourism College<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Throughout the rest of this textbook, you&#8217;ll have a chance to learn\u00a0more about the history and current outlook for\u00a0tourism in BC, with in-depth coverage of some of the triumphs and challenges we&#8217;ve faced as an industry. You will\u00a0also learn about the Canadian\u00a0and global contexts of the tourism\u00a0industry&#8217;s development.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>As we&#8217;ve seen in this chapter, tourism is a complex set of industries including accommodation, recreation and\u00a0entertainment, food and beverage services, transportation, and travel services. It encompasses domestic, inbound, and outbound travel for business, leisure, or other purposes. And because of this large scope, tourism development requires participation from all walks of life,\u00a0including private business, governmental agencies,\u00a0educational institutions, communities, and citizens.<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing the diverse nature of the industry and the significant contributions tourism makes toward economic and social value for British Columbians is important. There remains a great deal of work to better educate members of the tourism industry, other sectors, and the public about the ways tourism contributes to our province.<\/p>\n<p>Given this opportunity for greater awareness, it is hoped that students like you will help share this information as you learn more about the sector. So let&#8217;s begin our exploration in Chapter 2 with a closer look at a\u00a0critical sector: transportation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>British Columbia Government Travel Bureau<\/strong> (<strong>BCGTB)<\/strong>: the first recognized provincial government organization responsible for the tourism marketing of British Columbia<\/li>\n<li><strong>Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)<\/strong>:\u00a0a national railway company\u00a0widely regarded as establishing tourism in Canada and BC in the late 1800s and early 1900s<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destination BC: <\/strong>the provincial destination marketing organization (DMO) responsible for tourism marketing and development in BC, formerly known as Tourism BC<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destination Canada:<\/strong> the national government Crown corporation responsible for marketing Canada abroad, formerly known as the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Destination marketing organization (DMO):\u00a0<\/strong><span>also known as a destination management organization; includes national tourism boards, state\/provincial tourism offices, and community convention and visitor bureaus<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Diversity:<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> a term used by some in the industry to describe the makeup of the industry in a positive way; acknowledging that tourism is a diverse compilation of a multitude of businesses, services, organizations, and communities<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Fragmentation:<\/strong> a phenomenon observed by some industry insiders whereby the tourism industry is unable to work together toward common marketing and lobbying (policy-setting) objectives<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hospitality:<\/strong>\u00a0the accommodations and food and\u00a0beverage industry groupings<\/li>\n<li><strong>North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)<\/strong>:\u00a0a way to group tourism activities based on similarities in business practices, primarily used for statistical analysis<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism:<\/strong>\u00a0the business of attracting and serving the needs of people travelling and staying outside their home communities for business and pleasure<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of BC<\/strong> (<strong>TIABC)<\/strong>:\u00a0a membership-based advocacy group formerly known as the Council of Tourism Associations of BC (COTA)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism Industry Association of Canada (TIAC):<\/strong> the\u00a0national industry advocacy group<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourist:<\/strong>\u00a0someone who travels at least 80 kilometres\u00a0from his or her home for at least 24 hours, for business or pleasure or other reasons; can be further classified as domestic, inbound, or outbound<\/li>\n<li><strong>United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)<\/strong>: UN agency\u00a0responsible for promoting responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism worldwide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>List the three types of tourist and provide\u00a0an example of\u00a0each.<\/li>\n<li>What is the UNWTO? Visit its\u00a0website, and name one recent project or study the organization has\u00a0undertaken.<\/li>\n<li>List the five\u00a0industry groups according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).\u00a0Using your\u00a0 understanding of tourism as an industry, create your own definition and classification of tourism. What did you add? What did you take out? Why?<\/li>\n<li>In 2011, how much money was generated by tourism worldwide? What percentage of this money was collected in Europe? Where was the least amount of money collected?<\/li>\n<li>According to UNEP, what are the four\u00a0types of negative environmental tourism impact? For each of these, list an example in your own community.<\/li>\n<li>What major transportation developments gave rise to the tourism industry in Canada?<\/li>\n<li>Historically, what percentage of international visitors to Canada are from the United States? Why is this an important issue today?<\/li>\n<li>Name three key events in the history of BC tourism that resonate with you. Why do you find these events of interest?<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Watch the video in the &#8220;Take a Closer Look&#8221; feature on Richmond.\u00a0Now think about the value of tourism in your community.\u00a0How might this be communicated to local residents? List two\u00a0ways you will contribute to communicating the value of tourism this semester.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Choose one article or document from the reference list below and read it in detail. Report back to the class about what you&#8217;ve learned.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Case Study: Tourism &#8211; Canada&#8217;s Surprise Blind Spot<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>In a 2014\u00a0episode of the <em>Voice of Canadian Business<\/em>, the Canadian Chamber of Commerce&#8217;s podcast, host Mary Anne Carter sat\u00a0down with Greg Klassen, the CTC\u2019s president and CEO, and Michele Saran, executive director of Business Events Canada. Their\u00a0discussion highlighted the reasons Canada is struggling to remain competitive within the sector, and underscores the role and impact Canada\u2019s tourism industry has on the economy.Listen to the 14-minute <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chamber.ca\/media\/pictures-videos\/140407-podcast-tourism\/\" target=\"_self\">podcast on tourism in Canada<\/a> and answer the following questions:\u00a0www.chamber.ca\/media\/pictures-videos\/140407-podcast-tourism\/<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Why are governments around the world starting to invest in tourism infrastructure? What does this mean for the competitive environment for Canada&#8217;s tourism product?<\/li>\n<li>How do we compare to the United States as a destination for business travel?<\/li>\n<li>According to Greg, why is the $200 million investment in Brand USA a &#8220;double-edged sword&#8221; for tourism in Canada? What is beneficial about this? Why does it make things more difficult?<\/li>\n<li>What is the relationship between tourism and people&#8217;s understanding of a country&#8217;s image?<\/li>\n<li>What ranking is Canada&#8217;s brand? What other industries are affected by this brand?<\/li>\n<li>Describe one activity the CTC participates in\u00a0to sell Canadian tourism product abroad.<\/li>\n<li>Name two\u00a0&#8220;sectors of excellence&#8221; for Canada. Why is the CTC focussing their business events sales strategies on these industries?<\/li>\n<li>What does the CTC consider to be the benefits of Vancouver hosting the 2014 and 2015 TED conferences?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Brewster Travel Canada. (2014). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/\"><em>About Us &#8211; Brewster History<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brewster.ca\/corporate\/about-brewster\/brewster-history\/<\/p>\n<p><span>British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training<\/span>. (2013a).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em> BC Stats: Industry Classification<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/BusinessIndustry\/IndustryClassification.aspx<\/p>\n<p>British Columbia Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training. (2013b). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm\" target=\"_self\"><em>Bill 3 &#8211; 2013: Destination BC Corp Act<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.leg.bc.ca\/39th5th\/1st_read\/gov03-1.htm<\/p>\n<p><em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. (2000, September). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp\" target=\"_self\">Flying through time: Canadian aviation history<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/so00\/aviation_history.asp<\/p>\n<p>Canadian Tourism Commission. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc\" target=\"_self\"><em>About the CTC.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/about-ctc<\/p>\n<p>Chaney, Edward. (2000). <em>The evolution of the grand tour: Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance<\/em>. Portland OR: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>Cox &amp; Kings. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history\" target=\"_self\"><em>About us &#8211; History.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.coxandkings.co.uk\/aboutus-history<\/p>\n<p>Dawson, Michael. (2004). <em>Selling British Columbia: Tourism and consumer culture, 1890-1970<\/em>. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.<\/p>\n<p>Discover Hospitality. (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>What is hospitality?<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/discoverhospitality.com.au\/what-is-hospitality\/<\/p>\n<p>e-Know. (2011, November). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/\"><em>Ogilvie\u2019s past in lock step with last 50 years of Kimberley\u2019s history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from www.e-know.ca\/news\/ogilvie\u2019s-past-in-lock-step-with-last-50-years-of-kimberley\u2019s-history\/<\/p>\n<p>Expedia, Inc. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF\" target=\"_self\"><em>Expedia: Annual report 2013.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/files.shareholder.com\/downloads\/EXPE\/3546131959x0x750253\/48AF365A-F894-4E9C-8F4A-8AB11FEE8D2A\/EXPE_2013_Annual_Report.PDF<\/p>\n<p>Flightglobal. (2002). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>Sixty years of the jet age.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/jet-age\/<\/p>\n<p><em>Globe and Mail, The. <\/em>(2014, March 28). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all\" target=\"_self\">Ten things you don&#8217;t know about Air Canada.<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/travel\/travel-news\/10-things-you-likely-dont-know-about-air-canada\/article17725796\/?page=all<\/p>\n<p>Government of Canada. (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Building a national tourism strategy.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/034.nsf\/vwapj\/tourism_e.pdf\/$FILE\/tourism_e.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Government of Canada. (2013, July 5). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm\" target=\"_self\"><em>Appendix E: Tourism industries in the human resource module<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/13-604-m\/2013072\/appe-anne-eng.htm<\/p>\n<p>Griffiths, Ralph, Griffiths, G. E. (1772). Pennant&#8217;s tour in Scotland in 1769. <em>The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal XLVI<\/em>: 150<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">.\u00a0Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=xS8oAAAAYAAJ&amp;vq=tourist&amp;dq=tourist&amp;pg=PA150&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=tourist&amp;f=false\" target=\"_self\">Google Books<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Gyr, Ueli. (2010, December 3). <a href=\"http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism\" target=\"_self\">The history of tourism: Structures on the path to modernity.<\/a> <em>European History Online (EHO).<\/em> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/ieg-ego.eu\/en\/threads\/europe-on-the-road\/the-history-of-tourism<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis\" target=\"_self\">Latin definition for hospes, hospitis.<\/a> (2014).In <em>Latdict &#8211; Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources<\/em>. \u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.latin-dictionary.net\/definition\/22344\/hospes-hospitis<\/p>\n<p>Library and Archives Canada. (n.d.). <em>Ties that bind: Essay.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>A brief history of railways in Canada.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.collectionscanada.gc.ca\/trains\/021006-1000-e.html<\/p>\n<p>LinkBC. (2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Transforming communities through tourism: A handbook for community tourism champions.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/TCTT.pdf<\/p>\n<p>MacEachern, A. (2012, August 17). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/\" target=\"_self\">Goin\u2019 down the road: The story of the first cross-Canada car trip.<\/a> <em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/goin-down-the-road-the-story-of-the-first-cross-canada-car-trip\/article4487425\/<\/p>\n<p>McLeish. (2014, July 23). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/\"><em>History of heliskiing in Canada. <\/em><\/a>Retrieved from www.lastfrontierheli.com\/news\/1607\/history-of-heliskiing-in-canada\/<\/p>\n<p>Magnes, W. (2010, May 26). <a target=\"_self\" href=\"http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf\"><em>The evolution of British Columbia&#8217;s tourism regions: 1970-2010<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from http:\/\/linkbc.ca\/siteFiles\/85\/files\/LinkBCMagnesPaper2011.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Porges, R. (2014, September). Tell me something I don&#8217;t know: Promoting the value of tourism. <i>Tourism Drives the Provincial Economy<\/i>. Presentation hosted by the Tourism Industry Association of BC, Vancouver, BC.<\/p>\n<p>PricewaterhouseCooopers, LLC. (2009). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Opportunity BC 2020: Tourism sector.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Prepared for the BC Business Council. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.bcbc.com\/content\/558\/2020_200910_Mansfield_Tourism.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"indepth\">Shoalts, A. (2011, April). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp\" target=\"_self\">How our national parks evolved:\u00a0From Grey Owl to Chr\u00e9tien and beyond, 100 years of Parks Canada.<\/a>\u00a0<em>Canadian Geographic<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/magazine\/apr11\/national_parks_evolution.asp<\/p>\n<p>Theobald, William F. (1998).\u00a0<i>Global Tourism<\/i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth\u2013Heinemann, pp.\u00a06-7.<\/p>\n<p>Thomas Cook Group of Companies. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/\"><em>Thomas Cook history.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.thomascook.com\/thomas-cook-history\/<\/p>\n<p>Tourism Industry Association of BC. (2014). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit\"><em>Value of tourism toolkit: Why focus on the value of tourism?\u00a0<\/em><\/a>Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tiabc.ca\/value-of-tourism-toolkit<\/p>\n<p>Tourism Industry Association of Canada. (2014, October 14). <a href=\"http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential\" target=\"_self\"><em>Travel industry poised to boost Canadian exports: US market and border efficiencies central to growth potential<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/tiac.travel\/cgi\/page.cgi\/_zine.html\/TopStories\/Travel_Industry_Poised_to_Boost_Canadian_Exports_US_Market_and_Border_Efficiencies_Central_to_Growth_Potential<\/p>\n<p>Tourism Industry Association of Canada, HLT Advisory. (2012). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>The Canadian tourism industry: A special report<\/em> [PDF]<\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.hlta.ca\/reports\/The_Canadian_Tourism_Industry_-_A_Special_Report_Web_Optimized_.pdf<\/p>\n<p>United Nations and World Tourism Organization. (1995). <a href=\"http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Recommendations on tourism statistics.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/newsletter\/unsd_workshops\/tourism\/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf<\/p>\n<p>United Nations Environment Programme. (2003a). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>Negatives Socio-cultural impacts from tourism<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/Socio-CulturalImpacts\/NegativeSocio-CulturalImpactsFromTourism\/tabid\/78781\/Default.aspx<\/p>\n<p>United Nations Environment Programme. (2003b). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/TheTourismandEnvironmentProgramme\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/EnvironmentalImpacts\/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas\/tabid\/78776\/Default.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>Tourism&#8217;s three main impact areas.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unep.org\/resourceefficiency\/Business\/SectoralActivities\/Tourism\/TheTourismandEnvironmentProgramme\/FactsandFiguresaboutTourism\/ImpactsofTourism\/EnvironmentalImpacts\/TourismsThreeMainImpactAreas\/tabid\/78776\/Default.aspx<\/p>\n<p>United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary\" target=\"_self\"><em>Understanding tourism: Basic glossary<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/content\/understanding-tourism-basic-glossary<\/p>\n<p>United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2012, May 7). <a href=\"http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/press-release\/2012-05-07\/international-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011\" target=\"_self\"><em>International tourism receipts surpass US$ 1 trillion in 2011.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/media.unwto.org\/en\/press-release\/2012-05-07\/international-tourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011<\/p>\n<p>United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014a). <a href=\"http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_barom14_04_august_excerpt_0.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>UNWTO world tourism barometer, 12<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> (1). Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_barom14_04_august_excerpt_0.pdf<\/p>\n<p>United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2014b). <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0\"><em>Who we are.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/content\/who-we-are-0<\/p>\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.1\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/9266174558\/\">Selkirk College and Nelson<\/a>\u00a0by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.2<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/10594703525\/\">Capilano University&#8217;s Team<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.3<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/14149493456\/in\/set-72157644633462932\">Vancouver Island University<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.4\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/remedy451\/6215336772\/\"><span>Canadian Pacific 4-4-0 A-2-m No 136<\/span><\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/remedy451\/\">Peter Broster<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.5<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/14169303681\/in\/set-72157644633462932\">Vancouver Island University<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.6<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/syume\/4369406071\/\">Switzerland vs. Canada<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/syume\/\">s.yume<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1.7<\/strong>\u00a0<span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/12752996025\/in\/set-72157641472831824\">CTC&#8217;s Boardroom<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/83374808@N05\/\">LinkBC<\/a>\u00a0is used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2965","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2957,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2965\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3175,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2965\/revisions\/3175"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2957"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2965\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2965"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2965"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}