{"id":3126,"date":"2016-11-15T16:30:36","date_gmt":"2016-11-15T16:30:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3126"},"modified":"2019-06-05T22:56:12","modified_gmt":"2019-06-05T22:56:12","slug":"chapter-14-back-to-the-big-picture-globalization-and-trends","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/chapter\/chapter-14-back-to-the-big-picture-globalization-and-trends\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 14. Back to the Big Picture: Globalization and Trends","rendered":"Chapter 14. Back to the Big Picture: Globalization and Trends"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify the impacts and benefits globalization has on the tourism industry, as well as tourism\u2019s influence on globalization<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the PEEST model to describe\u00a0political, economic, environmental, social, and technological trends affecting global tourism and travel<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define key terms related to globalization<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss\u00a0the advantages\u00a0and disadvantages\u00a0of the interplay of globalization and tourism<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Overview<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2364\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/aroundtheworld.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2364\" alt=\"A toy plane in front of a globe.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/aroundtheworld.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.1 \u00a0Around the world[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn today's\u00a0integrated and interdependent world, multiple forces represent both opportunities and threats to tourism.\u00a0This chapter explores the topic\u00a0of globalization and\u00a0how\u00a0it relates to tourism, and then examines trends (political, economic, environmental, societal, and technological influences).\u00a0The chapter closes with a reflection on what all this means for tourism in British Columbia.\r\n<h2>Globalization and the Tourism Industry<\/h2>\r\nDepending\u00a0on the focus of the discussion, <strong>globalization<\/strong> can be defined in several ways. One broad definition is:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political and technological exchanges and connections. (Campbell, MacKinnon, &amp; Stevens, 2011, p.4)<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nGlobalization can also be simply described as the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world. The term was first used in the early 1950s to recognize the increasing interdependence of economies and societies around the world. Globalization, however, has existed for centuries by way of evolving trade routes, including the slave trade, colonization, and immigration.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2361\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/3697916755_bf371c5217_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2361\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/3697916755_bf371c5217_z.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"452\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.2 Bye floating market in Thailand[\/caption]\r\n\r\nToday, we are divided into separate\u00a0countries, each looking out for its own national self-interest. At the same\u00a0time, other entities such as\u00a0multinational corporations cross borders, which leads to global economic and political integration. Many benefits can result from global integration and interdependence, but we also need to heed its negative effects.\r\n\r\nWe can look at\u00a0the relationship between globalization and tourism in several ways. For the purposes of this chapter,\u00a0we will\u00a0consider the impact of tourism and travel on\u00a0globalization, and the impact of globalization on tourism.\u00a0But first, let\u2019s keep in mind why it is important for a local tour operator, general manager, or tourism business owner to think about globalization.\u00a0More importantly, let's consider where we should be looking to understand globalization and future trends. The rest of this chapter will\u00a0address these topics.\r\n<h3>The Impact of Globalization on\u00a0Tourism<\/h3>\r\nWe can assess the impact of globalization on tourism from a number of perspectives. Here, we will discuss five\u00a0examples: global mobility and ease of travel; population and demographic trends; terrorism, safety, and security; increased awareness of new destinations; and poverty.\r\n<h4>Global Mobility and Ease of Travel<\/h4>\r\nThe advances made in transportation that have enabled global mobility are particularly significant. Modern aircraft, cruise ships, trains, and other modes of transport allow people to move\u00a0quickly and relatively cheaply. Aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner have opened new\u00a0routes by creating an aircraft capable of flying \"long haul\" distances with a larger\u00a0passenger load. Fast trains, road systems, and even city bike rental programs enable people to move, tour, and explore the world. These changes have allowed more people to travel more often in less time.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2366\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5457283218_a39e0d7522_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2366 size-full\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5457283218_a39e0d7522_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"124\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.3 The Vancouver International Airport official opening in 1931[\/caption]\r\n\r\nEase of travel has also helped to overcome the barriers of fear, frustration, and expense.\u00a0For example, an international banking system allows access to money almost anywhere in the world. Multinational corporations, which provide flights, local transportation, and\u00a0accommodation and food, have allowed for \"one-stop shopping\" for travel bookings. Handheld devices have also changed the nature of travel in terms of what travellers do and how they interact with a destination, making it easier to, for example, select a\u00a0restaurant, navigate\u00a0a big city, or translate a foreign language. As a result, there are fewer unexplored\u00a0places in the world anymore.\r\n<h4>Population and Demographic Trends<\/h4>\r\nAccording to the United Nations Population Fund (2015), the world population reached 7 billion in 2011 and is projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050. The population continues to increase, but not uniformly across the world. Birth and death rates are vastly different between developed and developing nations (Population Reference Bureau, 2013). In the developed world, there are more\u00a0older citizens (over 60 years old) than there are children (under 14). This ratio, which first tilted in favour of older people\u00a0in the late 1990s, is\u00a0increasing (<em>Business Insider,<\/em> 2014). In contrast, in the developing world, this is not expected to occur until the middle of this century. This demographic divide is expected to widen between the richer and poorer countries of the world in the near future before possibly trending together in 40 or 50 years.\r\n\r\nOther critical population trends affecting global development and tourism include the following (UNPF, 2015; World Tourism Organization, 2010; York, 2014):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are approximately 1.8 billion young people in the world (between 10 and 24 years), which is the largest that this group has ever been. They have tremendous opportunity for economic and social progress, resulting in a \u201cyouth dividend\u201d for countries that embrace this demographic and their youthful vitality. This group is also travelling more than ever before in history.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>By the end of this century, approximately 40% of the world\u2019s population is expected to be African. While birth rates are tending to fall around the world, they are still higher across Africa than in most other parts of the globe. This could result in a youth dividend or further exacerbate problems on the African continent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>More people are migrating than ever before, with 232 million recent migrants compared with about 175 million in 2000. The top five destinations are the United States, the Russian Federation, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>More than half of the global population is urban, and the urbanization trend is expected to continue as people search for more jobs, more services, and more activities. Not everyone benefits equally though, as housing and other infrastructure struggles to keep up with the growing urban population.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTo keep up with all of these changes in demographics, destinations will need to provide products and services to suit the older, culturally diverse, multi-generational travellers as well as the adventurous youth. Additionally, hiring and retaining staff will require a rethinking of human resource policies and procedures, compensation, and other aspects for the changing population of employees.\r\n<h4>Terrorism, Safety, and Security<\/h4>\r\nTerrorist attacks and political unrest globally have\u00a0certainly disrupted tourism, but not halted it. The areas most affected, of course, are those where unrest has occurred and has been the focus of extensive media attention. A global terrorism index produced by the Vision of Humanity organization shows a fivefold increase in terrorist fatalities since 9\/11\u00a0(MacAskill, 2014). The Islamic State (ISIS), Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaida are groups\u00a0responsible for many of the 18,000 terrorism-related deaths in 2013, which represented an increase of 60% over the previous year.\r\n\r\nWhile safety and security may not be the driving reasons for tourists selecting a particular destination, certainly a lack of safety and security often eliminates a location from travellers' \"wish lists.\"\r\n\r\nSafety and security for travellers is becoming more important as countries move to protect their citizens. Government agencies around the world produce advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous locations and political unrest.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: Travel Advisories<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTravel advisories serve as warning systems for people from specific countries to avoid particular destinations because of actual or potential threats to citizens. To learn more about advisories for specific countries, see the\u00a0Canadian government page at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/travel.gc.ca\/travelling\/advisories\">Canada's Travel Advisories<\/a> (http:\/\/travel.gc.ca\/travelling\/advisories)\u00a0and compare them\u00a0to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.smartraveller.gov.au\">Australia's Travel Advisories<\/a> (http:\/\/www.smartraveller.gov.au), the <a href=\"http:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/passports\/english\/alertswarnings.html\">United States' Travel Advisories<\/a> (http:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/passports\/english\/alertswarnings.html), and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/foreign-travel-advice\">United Kingdom's Travel Advisories<\/a> (https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/foreign-travel-advice).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe focus on safety and security has had several impacts on\u00a0travellers. Most notably, security at most airports has been increased in an effort to protect people and planes (Flight Global, 2015). Screening procedures can take longer and some items are no longer allowed on board. Other security requirements, such as showing passports and providing fingerprints, have been implemented for entry into some countries. While all acts of terrorism cannot be stopped, the tourism industry is attempting to provide as much safety and security as it can.\r\n<h4>Increased Awareness of New Destinations<\/h4>\r\nAnother influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness of destinations and the range of leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit around the world. Generating knowledge of a destination is obviously a key first step in marketing a destination, and this is achieved by way of travel shows, films, blogs, and other forms of communication.\u00a0The competition to attract visitors is fierce considering the sheer number of places available for travel; it can be easy to get lost in the noise of global competition.\r\n<h4>Poverty<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2357\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/guatemala.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2357 size-full\" alt=\"A small child with cloth wrapped around its head plays with debris in the street.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/guatemala.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.4 This image of a child playing in the streets of Guatemala was captured by a visitor.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nGlobalization has contributed to increased demand for goods and services and overall economic growth, with the result of global poverty having decreased over the years. However,\u00a0at the same time, the gap between the richest and poorest has expanded.\u00a0A significant portion of the world\u2019s population is simply unable to participate in, or benefit from, tourism.\u00a0The economic gains from a tourism economy in a developing country\u00a0such as Honduras versus a developed country such as Canada is unequal. Simply put, not everyone\u00a0 has the same opportunities to profit. Environmental costs are also unevenly distributed in the world, with poor countries lacking the resources to adapt to impacts (such as droughts, increased disease, soil erosion), and\u00a0shouldering the majority of the repercussions of phenomena such as global warming.\r\n\r\nAnother way\u00a0to analyze the interplay between\u00a0tourism and globalization is to consider the reverse view:\u00a0the impact of tourism on globalization.\r\n<h3>Impact of Tourism on Globalization<\/h3>\r\nIn this section, we will look at tourism as a global force \u2014\u00a0for peace, for cultural homogenization, for commodifying cultures, and for\u00a0shaping the way we see the world.\r\n<h4>Tourism as a Force for Peace<\/h4>\r\nIn the 1980s, a popular hypothesis was that tourism supported global peace by\u00a0allowing travellers to learn about other cultures and meet people from other nations, as well as offering benefits accrued from international business. Peace is an obvious requirement for tourism if the industry is to be robust and\u00a0sustainable.\u00a0However, to date, there is little empirical evidence to support the claim that tourism fosters peace, however attractive as the idea may be.\r\n<h4>Tourism as Cultural Homogenizer<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2378\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5979621073_997b5d1eda_z-2.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2378\" alt=\"People dressed up in disney costumes perform for a crowd of children.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5979621073_997b5d1eda_z-2.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.5 A \"Patriotic Kick Line\" on a cruise from Alaska to Vancouver[\/caption]\r\n\r\nNevertheless, tourism does offer the opportunity to teach people about how to respect other cultures.\u00a0Some argue that globalization has a <strong>homogenizing<\/strong> effect on cultures, as\u00a0Western values are spread\u00a0through music, fashion, film, and food, rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next.\r\n\r\nSome beliefs and values,\u00a0such as embracing equality and diversity, or the need to protect children from harm, should be shared around the world. In the context of tourism and travel, these two\u00a0issues are significant. For instance, companies need to ensure that their human resource practices are consistent and fair throughout the world. Exploiting children for sex is illegal, punishable in both the country visited and the home country of the tourist; some airlines and hotels are actively involved in supporting the prohibition of child sex tourism. Travellers are expected not to deface heritage sites or take rare or endangered natural or cultural objects as souvenirs. Such regulations speak to the universality of certain values and beliefs, which we all are required to follow as global citizens.\r\n<h4>Tourism as\u00a0Commodifier<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2369\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5466294789_0e6696d86a_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2369\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5466294789_0e6696d86a_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.6 Dancers at Germaine's Luau near Honolulu, Hawaii[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAnother possible influence of tourism on globalization is the process of <strong>cultural commodification,<\/strong> which refers to the drive toward putting a monetary value on every aspect of culture, from buying a sculpture stolen from an ancient temple, to buying endangered objects such as ivory and coral.\u00a0This trend results in the degradation or devaluing of cultural values and beliefs and was explored in Chapter 12 on aboriginal tourism.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world\u2019s largest industries, tourism impacts local, regional, and global economies.\u00a0Resorts dot coastlines around the world and offer a welcome respite from colder climates to anyone wishing to experience a tropical beach, as well as the local culture and nature.\u00a0While benefit comes to the community in the form of jobs, more often than not the larger share of the wealth leaks offshore. In response, local entrepreneurs and aid organizations have helped with initiatives that embrace local ownership in order for the wealth generated from tourism to stay<strong> in country<\/strong>.\u00a0Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and social entrepreneurship all aim to bring greater benefit to local communities.\r\n<h4>Tourism\u00a0As a World View<\/h4>\r\nTourism is also a major influence in how we see and understand the world. Keith Hollinshead (2006) refers to it as <strong>tourism world-making<\/strong>, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and\/or presented to tourists. Unlike local people, travellers experience a place for a few days, with limited knowledge of the culture and local way of life.\u00a0Some visitors rely on available tourist information to make the most of the experience and to see the highlights. Others turn away and attempt to \"go local\" in search of the authentic experience with the belief that they can truly understand a place by avoiding the tourist sites.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2359\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/3726535035_1a1f5052c6_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2359\" alt=\"An elephant lies in a stream while a person washes his body with a brush.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/3726535035_1a1f5052c6_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.7. An elephant is washed at Maesa Elehant Camp in Thailand in preparation for a show for visitors[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIf tourists stay in their resort in a given country, their only interaction with a local culture may be the staff at the hotel. In many cases, visitors experience a place in a fragmented, disconnected way, seeing only a portion of a place. How much can be gained from such short and transient experiences? This debate leads to one of the often discussed, if not hotly debated, topics in tourism, that of <strong>authenticity of experience<\/strong>. In 1976,\u00a0Dean MacCannell released his book\u00a0<em>The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class<\/em>, in which he argued that even those events that seem to be authentic are in some way staged for the visitor (Drumond, 2013).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: Cannibal Tours<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn 1988, Dean O'Rourke shot a documentary profiling the experiences of jet-set travellers as they encountered locals in Papua New Guinea. The movie\u00a0highlights the challenges that happen when visitors meet with \"the other,\" in that their expectations shape the behaviours of the locals. The movie features interviews with the locals as well as tourists. To watch the movie, visit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KUQ_8wl93HM\" target=\"_self\"><em>Cannibal Tours<\/em><\/a>: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KUQ_8wl93HM\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow let's look at some predominant trends in the industry.\r\n<h2>Top Trends<\/h2>\r\nThroughout this textbook, a range of trends have been identified that exemplify some of the forces and influences associated with globalization. This section revisits some of those trends.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: Trends Reports<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn the tourism and hospitality industry, and in global business, many minds work to decipher industry trends in order to keep\u00a0informed and make smart decisions.\u00a0One example is the\u00a0<em>Global Competitiveness Report,<\/em> a product of the World Economic Forum, which\u00a0can be read here:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015\"><em>Global Competitiveness Report, 2014-2015<\/em><\/a>: http:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0UNWTO produces a <a href=\"http:\/\/mkt.unwto.org\/barometer\">World Tourism Barometer<\/a> that is updated regularly, available on a subscription basis: http:\/\/mkt.unwto.org\/barometer\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nFirst, let's take a closer look at the difference between <strong>trends<\/strong> and <strong>fads<\/strong>.\u00a0While trends and fads may look the same initially, fads will almost always have a definite start and end; they are finite.\u00a0Examples include\u00a0tornado tourism (storm chasing tours) and shack tourism (where affluent people stay in impoverished neighbourhoods), which appear destined to disappear as quickly as they appeared.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, trends influence things for long periods of time, potentially shifting the focus or direction of industry and society in a completely different direction. For example, the growing awareness of tourism impacts seems to be a long-term trend, leading to greater focus on developing sustainable experiences, products, and services for the mindful traveller. With hindsight, we can identify the trends versus the fads. Predicting the future, however, is not as\u00a0easy.\r\n\r\nA useful tool to use in the\u00a0analysis of global trends is\u00a0<strong>PEEST<\/strong>, an acronym for political, economic, environmental, social, and technological forces that affect the person, organization, or destination under study. Let's delve into PEEST in more detail.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: Analysis Tools\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe more complicated the world gets, the more it's imperative that\u00a0business leaders and decision-makers employ a framework for analyzing trends. While this chapter uses a PEEST approach, other acronyms include PEST (omitting the environmental review), or PESTLE \u00a0(including legal and environmental reviews). For more information about these frameworks, to access templates, and learn to use them in your own analysis, visit\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessballs.com\/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm\" target=\"_self\">PEST Analysis Free Template<\/a>: www.businessballs.com\/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Political Trends<\/h3>\r\nWhile\u00a0we may be intrigued by global issues and their macro implications on the world in which we live, we also need to pay attention to local politics and policies. Let\u2019s have a look at political trends from different scales.\r\n<h4>Global\u00a0Policies<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2371\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/7044885247_6d28e455cd_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2371\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/7044885247_6d28e455cd_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.8 The secretary-general of UNWTO visits Greece in 2012[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAccording to the UNWTO report <em>Policy and Practice for Global Tourism<\/em>, whereas\u00a0\"growth and development were major priorities in the period since the 1950s, the new millennium is characterised by intense destination competition\" (2011, p.3). Traditional Western destinations are under pressure to formulate policies and create\u00a0strategies and spending patterns that will\u00a0enable them to compete with emerging destinations.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On: The International Civil Aviation Organization <\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe <strong>International Civil Aviation Organization (<\/strong><strong>ICAO)<\/strong> was created in 1944 with the signing of the Chicago Convention as a specialized agency of the United Nations. It works with 191 countries to help develop aviation policies and build capacity in countries with underdeveloped air industries. For more information, visit\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icao.int\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_self\">International Civil Aviation Organization website<\/a>: www.icao.int\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nEach country is responsible for creating and funding its own organizations responsible for tourism development at the federal, state\/provincial, and local level. In the United States, for example, the Office of Travel and Tourism Industries (OTTI) is responsible for actively participating in domestic and international policy creation. One such policy is\u00a0a memorandum of understanding with China regarding leisure group travel. The OTTI is engaged in international tourism discussions with organizations such as the OECD and APEC (see Spotlight On below), and has a representative at UNWTO (OTTI, n.d).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On: International Economic Groups<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOn the international stage, several groups are responsible for developing and setting policy that has an impact on tourism development. Two examples are:\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0<strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)<\/strong> has 31 member countries that gather to discuss a range of policy issues, with\u00a0a special committee dedicated to tourism. For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/cfe\/tourism\/\" target=\"_self\">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development website<\/a>: www.oecd.org\/cfe\/tourism\/\r\n\r\nThe <strong>Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)<\/strong> forum also has a Tourism Working Group that recognizes the importance of sustainable tourism development for countries in the Asia Pacific Rim region. For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apec.org\/Groups\/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation\/Working-Groups\/Tourism.aspx\" target=\"_self\">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation website<\/a>: www.apec.org\/Groups\/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation\/Working-Groups\/Tourism.aspx\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>National Policies<\/h4>\r\nWhile from a policy perspective, countries such as New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom have embraced tourism growth through a planned approach, tourism policy in Canada tends to struggle in comparison to the attention given to other sectors such as oil and gas.\r\n\r\nA number of organizations, including the Conference Board of Canada\u00a0and the Tourism Industry Association of Canada, have made recommendations\u00a0for strong government policy support that could help strengthen the industry. Two key policy reforms suggested include\u00a0(Deloitte, 2013):\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Changes to\u00a0air travel regulations, such as\u00a0increasing air access, phasing out rents paid by airports to the federal government, and transferring airport ownership to local authorities<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Streamlining the travel visa issuance process, using technology to make it faster\u00a0for visitors to obtain visas and continue to pursue visa-related\u00a0partnerships with other countries<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Take a Closer Look: Passport to Growth\u00a0\u2014 How International Tourist Arrivals Stimulate Canadian Exports<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA 2013 report from Deloitte details the ways in which the tourism industry supports overall economic development in Canada. It highlights industry trends and summarizes recommendations made by tourism industry advocates for enhancing the sector. For more information visit,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><i>Passport to Growth<\/i> [PDF]<\/a>: http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Spotlight On: The Five Country Conference <\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe Five Country Conference (FCC) is a partnership of the governments of\u00a0Australia, Canada, the New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. Their goal is to work together to restrict the travel of individuals who pose security and immigration risks,\u00a0and at the same time increase the efficiency and customer service for other travellers. For more information, visit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fivecountryconference.org\" target=\"_self\">www.fivecountryconference.org<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe trend here may be the ongoing need to convince and lobby governments at all levels of the potential of tourism and the value of strategic planning and investment in tourism. It is perhaps not surprising that the tourism and hospitality sector, with such diverse\u00a0organizations involved, struggles to find a single voice at times. This leads to a\u00a0cycle where the sector rallies around initiatives such as Expo 86 and the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, and then experiences a period of fragmentation.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2374\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"250\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/backingbid.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2374\" alt=\"A sign posted on a pub's window reads, &quot;I'm backing the bid. 2010 Vancouver.&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/backingbid.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.9 BC businesses, including this pub, rallied around the bid to bring the 2010 Olympic Winter Games to Vancouver[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Environmental Trends<\/h3>\r\nThe United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has produced irrefutable evidence that climate change is human-made. We are already witnessing significant shifts in weather patterns, and climatic events such as tornadoes, drought, and flooding are occurring with greater frequency and impact. Yet dependence on a global economy fuelled by population growth and ever-increasing demand for consumer goods has led to significant debate as to how to respond to climate change, although action is clearly required.\r\n<h4>Environmental\u00a0Impacts<\/h4>\r\nFrom a tourism and travel perspective, we have seen examples throughout the chapters of this textbook of how climate change is impacting tourism. In the transportation sector, drastic temperature changes from sudden ice thaws to heatwave conditions affect highways and runways, landslides close road systems, and\u00a0rising sea levels threaten infrastructure such as airports and cruise ship wharves. In the accommodations sector, coastal storms impact resorts, summer water shortages put pressure on\u00a0resort communities, and unpredictable snowfalls close ski resorts. Food and beverage operators are facing increased food costs as\u00a0drought conditions make growing certain crops more and more expensive. In the recreation and entertainment sector, both natural and built attractions are threatened by unpredictable weather patterns. And travel services providers struggle to stay abreast of the effects of superstorms and polar vortexes.\r\n\r\nThe question here is the extent to which we can globally respond to these impacts by adapting and mitigating climate change to foster more resilient forms of economic growth, of which tourism is a part.\u00a0Does this mean less air travel?\u00a0 Possibly.\u00a0The\u00a0challenge for tourism is that our economic interdependence requires far-reaching transportation routes, be it by air, sea, or land.\r\n<h3>Economic Trends<\/h3>\r\nLike most other industrial sectors, tourism is affected by global economic trends. Tourism was initially negatively impacted after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, with international tourism arrivals dropping globally (Papatheodorou, Rossello, &amp; Xiao, 2010).\u00a0 However, the industry was quick to rebound, with the number of travellers increasing by 2010, surpassing the 1 billion mark in 2012 (UNWTO, 2014).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2376\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/3527686378_a2912fffbe_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2376\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/3527686378_a2912fffbe_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.10 A crowd gathers at an airport that now serves as a museum[\/caption]\r\n\r\nEconomic uncertainties for the tourism industry have persisted, however, leading many industry insiders to monitor\u00a0several economic\u00a0trends, including collaborative consumption, shifts in emerging economies, and conscious consumerism.\r\n<h4>Collaborative Consumption<\/h4>\r\nAlthough the phenomenon of<strong> collaborative consumption<\/strong>, also known as the sharing economy, began\u00a0before the global financial crisis, it gained strength as a result of it. Collaborative consumption is a blend of economy, technology, and a social movement where access to goods and skills is more important than ownership (Sacks, 2011).\r\n\r\nAirbnb was one of the first, and arguably most well known, examples of the tourism sharing marketplace, but several other companies have joined it, including Zipcar, Uber, and Couchsurfing.\u00a0 According to Nielsen (2014a), more than two-thirds of global respondents to a poll are interested in joining this revolution.\u00a0The impacts on the tourism industry are still to be determined, although young travellers, budget-conscious families, and tourists seeking authentic local experiences seem to be drawn to these services (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2014).\u00a0This is one trend that is likely to persist for some time into the future.\r\n<h4>Emerging Economies<\/h4>\r\nIn 2001, a new acronym was introduced into the economic world \u2014\u00a0<strong>BRIC<\/strong>.\u00a0This refers to the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (Northam, 2014).\u00a0 These turbo-charged emerging economies were growing fast and looking to be the new powerhouses in global economic circles, even forming political and economic alliances. South Africa joined the group in 2010 and they became known as the <strong>BRICS.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWith this growth came travellers looking for new destinations to visit.\u00a0Outbound tourism development from China has been especially energetic, with numbers increasing from 58 million in 2010 to almost 100 million in 2013 (Flannery, 2014). But all has not gone well for these emerging economies and only China has maintained the pace of expansion.\u00a0Other countries have since joined the race, creating another new acronym \u2014\u00a0<strong>MINTS<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 for the countries of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea.\u00a0Time will tell where new tourism growth and opportunities arise in the frenetic global economy, and who will be the next powerhouse to watch.\r\n<h4>Conscious Consumerism<\/h4>\r\n<strong>Conscious consumerism,<\/strong> or socially conscious consumer behaviour, is another economic trend with implications for the tourism industry.\u00a0This term refers to consumers who are using their purchasing power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs, leading organizations to project a more ethical or responsible image (Government of Canada, 2012).\r\n\r\nThis socially and environmentally responsible purchasing by many consumers (Freestone &amp; McGoldrick, 2008) can direct travellers to more sustainable services and products.\u00a0Destinations and businesses interested in pursuing this market need to be acutely aware of social and environmental issues, potentially ranging from organic produce and animal welfare to human rights (Shaw, Grehan, Shiu, Hassan, &amp; Thomson, 2005).\u00a0 Some of the key principles for consideration by the tourism industry include an assumption that the traditional industrial model is not working and needs to be replaced, that awareness of the issues require a different mindset, and that change will come from the grassroots rather than from above (Pollack, 2012). This is a shift that has profitability and culture change firmly in its sights (Nielsen, 2014b).\r\n<h3>Cultural and\u00a0Social Trends<\/h3>\r\nDefining culture as \"a way of life\" brings us to consider the implications of globalization as a defining influence in how we live and, therefore, who we are as individuals. Some argue that globalization has created a culture crisis, with values, beliefs, and identity all made secondary to economic interests and the pervasive and ever-growing nature of technology in our lives. Below are three cultural trends, followed by two societal trends.\r\n<h4>The Tourist Experience as the Good Life<\/h4>\r\nSome people are motivated to travel as a form of escape from the pressures of the globally interconnected world.\u00a0Unplugging, where a hotel or resort offers no technological access in the form of Wi-Fi, television, or phones, is certainly one way to get people to slow down and, perhaps ironically, reconnect with themselves and loved ones. Biking, walking, small sailboat cruises, rural tourism, as well as the slow food movement are examples of experiences that simplify life in order to better appreciate and enjoy it.\r\n<h4>Travel as a Time to Bond<\/h4>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2388\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/6050201278_fea4b72fab_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2388\" alt=\"A group of people wearing light blue shirts.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/6050201278_fea4b72fab_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"229\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.11 A group of visiting athletes at the 2011 Western Canada Summer Games in Kamloops[\/caption]\r\n\r\nVisiting\u00a0friends and relatives, known in the industry simply as <strong>VFR<\/strong>, is a common and important subset of tourism demand worldwide. With their busy lives, people are seeking\u00a0a moment, place, and activity to share with family or friends. In addition to the growing VFR trend is the increasing popularity of group travel, as exemplified in the sports tourism sector (see Chapter 6 on entertainment)\u00a0with sports clubs and\u00a0teams\u00a0who travel together, and associations that bring together people with shared interests in cuisine, walking, birdwatching, or other avocations.\r\n<h4>Global Migration<\/h4>\r\nCertainly a trend in globalization is the significant movement of people around the world. For British Columbia, immigrants (35,160) and non-permanent residents (11,949) represented the main source of population growth in 2014, along with just over 10,000 people from other provinces (BC Stats 2015).\u00a0The population of British Columbia as of January 1, 2015, was estimated at 4.6 million\u00a0of which nearly 25% are a visible minority (BC Stats 2015).\u00a0The largest groups are Chinese (10.0%),\u00a0South Asian (6.4%), Filipino (2.2%), and Korean (1.2%) (British Columbia Ministry of Attorney General, 2008).\r\n\r\nImplications for the tourism industry include a growing need to address the challenges of a multicultural workforce, including\u00a0preconceptions related to customer service and management. It's important for diverse teams to be able to work well together and to communicate well with visitors and guests.\r\n<h3>Technology<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2390\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"208\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5865722847_96e36c545d_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2390 size-medium\" alt=\"Two woman in front of an old castle. The woman on a right holds an ipad.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5865722847_96e36c545d_z-208x300.jpg\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.12. Ireland's Tourism Minister (right) launches apps for travellers in 2011[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFor many years,\u00a0technology has been strongly tied to tourism as the industry has looked to take advantage of developments and changes, opening destinations and providing new products and services.\u00a0From the early days of Thomas Cook's first recognized tours, offering train rides to the seaside,\u00a0to the adoption of mobile technology today, tourism and hospitality has\u00a0incorporated technological advances into all aspects of the industry. Two\u00a0key technology trends affecting tourism and hospitality today and into the foreseeable future are\u00a0mobile technology and access.\r\n<h4>Wireless Ways<\/h4>\r\nMobile technology and wireless connections affect many aspects of the tourism industry on a global scale.\u00a0Mobile technology allows people increased freedom to negotiate their day-to-day lives while staying connected (Dickinson, Ghali, Cherrett, Speed, Davies, &amp; Norgate, 2014).\u00a0 Online user-generated content, whether through social media (e.g., Facebook, Snapchat) or travel-rating sites (e.g., TripAdvisor, Zagat), is shaping where people go, where they stay and eat, and the types of activities they engage in.\r\n\r\nSmartphones and applications (or apps) provide access to information and the ability for tourists to shape their travel en route, affecting tourism travel decisions and behaviours in a more fluid way than ever before (Kramer, Modsching, Hagen, &amp;\u00a0Gretzel, 2007; Wang, Park, &amp; Fesenmaier, 2011).\u00a0Travellers can book hotels instantly, searching for the best deals available.\u00a0Mobile apps are replacing the hotel concierge by providing up-to-date information, along with maps and directions, for many of the desired activities at destinations.\r\n\r\nWireless technology has also given rise to location-based advertising, allowing product or service providers to market themselves when travellers are in the general area (Hopken, Fuchs, Zanker, &amp; Beer, 2010).\u00a0Attraction alerts and special offers, often triggered by applications, provoke the user\u2019s attention to elicit an immediate response.\r\n\r\nInternet access has become a standard requirement for accommodations, ahead of other amenities such as in-house restaurants or pools. The\u00a0importance of mobile technology and applications is expected to increase as travellers become more independent and less reliant on packaged options (Buhalis &amp; Law, 2008). Proponents of technology suggest that traditional ways of providing tourism and hospitality information will disappear as mobile technology becomes even more prevalent (Dickinson et al., 2014).\r\n<h4>Advancing Access<\/h4>\r\nTechnological advances in transportation are affecting not only how people travel to and within destinations, but also the impacts that those forms of transportation are having on the environment.\u00a0Transportation is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels, and tourism is one of the biggest contributors to that consumption (Conrady, 2012); consequently the\u00a0tourism industry is taking steps to improve sustainability and reduce impacts.\u00a0For example, newer planes, such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, use less fuel, generate less noise, and produce fewer emissions than previous models (Boeing, 2015).\u00a0Efforts are also being made to offer alternatives for tourism transportation (World Economic Forum, 2011), including increases in the number of electric cars available through rental agencies.\r\n\r\nTransportation advances are also opening more access to the world for more people. In adjusted dollars, the cost of flights per mile has fallen by about 50% in the past 30 years (Thompson, 2013), allowing more people to travel.\u00a0There are now even new vehicles for outer space that have created opportunities for people to begin to explore \"the last frontier.\" The cost of these flights is still prohibitively expensive for most people (approximately $20 million), but with continued advances in technology, this futuristic travel could eventually become commonplace.\r\n<h2>Conclusion: The View from British Columbia<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2394\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/527200645_d9c9f8424f_z.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2394\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/527200645_d9c9f8424f_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.13 A cruise ship leaving Vancouver harbour for Alaska[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTourism in BC is already being impacted by globalization.\u00a0The doors of the province have opened to travellers around the world, but especially from emerging markets such as China. Shifting products and services to meet the needs and desires of these new visitors will require flexibility and creativity for BC\u2019s tourism industry in the future.\r\n\r\nBC has also been impacted by the increase in new destinations, fighting for share of the growing tourism economy. Social media and other recent innovations in communication will continue to grow in importance for BC to generate awareness of its many tourism products and services. BC\u2019s many unique cultures and experiences will help keep the province competitive as long as the industry also recognizes the potential negative impacts that tourism can have.\r\n\r\nRecognition of tourism\u2019s importance in BC\u2019s economy, along with supportive legislation and funding, is key to the long-term survival of the industry. At the same time, steps must be taken to prepare for the effects of climate change, with potentially shorter winters and reductions in precipitation. BC\u2019s tourism industry is already feeling the effects of collaborative consumption as services such as Airbnb grow in popularity in the province. The spread of technological advances and improved wireless access will help the industry satisfy this aspect of the market, while also increasing the means to raise awareness with more potential visitors.\r\n\r\nTo take advantage of these global opportunities, British Columbia's tourism industry\u00a0will have to react quickly to existing and emerging trends. In the meantime, we hope this textbook will serve as foundation for\u00a0emerging tourism and hospitality professionals as they continue to learn about the industry.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><strong>Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): <\/strong><\/strong>a forum that brings together countries from the Asia Pacific region (including Canada), and which has a Tourism Working Group\u00a0that looks at policy development in a tourism\u00a0context<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Authenticity of experience: <\/strong>a hot topic in tourism that started with MacCannell in 1976 and continues to today; discussion of the extent to which experiences are staged for visitors<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>BRIC:\u00a0<\/strong>an acronym for the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>BRICS: <\/strong>the acronym for the BRIC\u00a0countries with the addition of South Africa<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Collaborative consumption:\u00a0<\/strong>also known as the sharing economy, a blend of economy, technology, and social movement where access to goods and skills is more important than ownership (e.g., Airbnb)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Conscious consumerism:\u00a0<\/strong>refers to consumers using their purchasing power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cultural commodification:<\/strong> the drive toward putting a monetary value on aspects of a culture<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fad: <\/strong>something taken up in a finite, short amount of time -- can represent a valuable business opportunity, but investment can be risky<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Globalization:<\/strong> the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Homogenizing: <\/strong>making the same, as in the effect of tourism helping to spread Western values,\u00a0rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>In country:<\/strong> a term to describe using a local-ownership approach in order for the wealth generated from tourism to stay\u00a0in a destination<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>International Civil Aviation Organization\u00a0(ICAO): <\/strong>a specialized agency of the United Nations that creates global air policy and helps to develop industry capacity and safety<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>MINTS:\u00a0<\/strong>an acronym for the countries of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):<\/strong> an organization 31 member countries who gather to discuss a range of policy issues, with\u00a0a special committee dedicated to tourism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>PEEST:<\/strong>\u00a0an acronym for political, economic, environmental, social, and technological forces<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Tourism world-making:<\/strong> the way in which a place or culture is marketed and\/or presented to tourists<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Trend<\/strong>: a phenomenon that influences things for a long period of time, potentially shifting the focus or direction of industry and society in a completely different direction<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>VFR<\/strong>: an acronym for visiting\u00a0friends and relatives; a tourism consumer market<\/li>\r\n<\/ul><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What are three benefits of globalization in terms of tourism?\u00a0What are three negative impacts due to global tourism?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why is it important for a local tour operator, general manager, or tourism business owner to think about globalization? Where should we be looking to understand globalization and future trends? Name three sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How can you tell the difference between a fad and a trend?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify two current political trends by reading this week's headlines or scanning a social media news feed.\u00a0What impacts do you see those trends having on tourism and hospitality?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The claim of an authentic experience is a common promise for tourism marketers. Thinking back to previous chapters (e.g., Chapter 3 on accommodation, Chapter 6 on entertainment, Chapter 12 on Aboriginal tourism), name two\u00a0ways visitors can determine whether an experience is authentic.\u00a0In your own words, what is the value of authenticity, if any, in a globalized world?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The industry has lobbied the Canadian government for policy changes that could help our country become a more competitive destination. Name two areas where these changes could be made.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name an\u00a0economic trend that is prevalent in today's news and media\u00a0(e.g., the position of Canada's dollar versus the\u00a0U.S. dollar).\u00a0List the five sectors of tourism, and next to each, identify two\u00a0impacts this economic trend will have on the sector. Will the effects be the same across the industry? Or different?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name three environmental trends (e.g., climate change). For help, you can refer back to Chapter 10 on environmental stewardship.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Destinations are beginning to\u00a0recognize a\u00a0trend toward travel as a bonding experience for families and groups. What kinds of experiences can be developed to attract this market? Name three examples.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Thinking into the future, predict one trend in each PEEST area\u00a0(political, economic, environmental, social, and\u00a0technological)\u00a0that you feel will have long-lasting effects on tourism and hospitality.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Imagine you own a small tourism or hospitality business. Using one\u00a0future trend you identified in\u00a0the previous question, and referring back to Chapter 11 on risk management and legal liability, identify three ways you could mitigate the negative impacts of this trend.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Case Study: The Rise of Dark Tourism<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nA 2014 article in the <em>The Atlantic,\u00a0<\/em> \"The Rise of Dark Tourism,\" profiled the increase in travel to destinations and cities related to war, famine, disease, or other dark cultural phenomena, often in real time.\r\n\r\nThe article primarily used examples of travel to war-torn areas of the Middle East. For instance, a tour that culminates at\u00a0the Quneitra Viewpoint allows visitors to watch battles of the Syrian civil war in real time. Tour leaders include a retired Israel Defense Forces colonel who shared that tourists to the area \u201cfeel that they are a part of it. They can go home and tell their friends, \u2018I was on the border and I saw a battle'\" (Kamin, 2014, \u00b6 2). Other tours travel to the Israeli border town of Sderot, an area on the Gaza Strip under heavy rocket fire.\r\n\r\nAccording to Philip Stone, director of the Institute for Dark Tourism Research at the U.K.\u2019s University of Central Lancashire, while war tourism is not a new phenomenon, the increased commercialization has marked a new trend. Dark tourism now has a more sophisticated infrastructure than the days when Thomas Cook took visitors to see hangings, and the increase in technology and interpersonal communications has caused this area of tourism to grow at a faster rate (Kamin, 2014).\r\n\r\nThe article cites media phenomena such as VICE videos (online documentaries) and celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain\u2019s show <em>Parts Unknown<\/em>, as well as the growth of the adventure tourism industry, as contributing factors. They list hyper-extreme tour operators such as War Zone Tours and Wild Frontiers (both in operation since the 1990s) as pioneers of the sector. More recent examples include former journalist Nicholas Wood, who formed Political Tours, a company that takes around a year to plan small-group excursions to political hot spots such as Libya, to the tune of $7,000 per guest (Kamin, 2014).\r\n\r\nIn addition to group tours, FIT (fully independent travellers) are creating their own extreme experiences, such as joining protestors in Kiev\u2019s Independence Square and visiting Tahrir Square in Egypt to witness the election of Mohammed Morsi (Kamin, 2014).\r\n\r\nTravel to North Korea is also a\u00a0growing market, doubling in size each year with between 6,000 and 7,000 people making the trip in 2013. Some travellers cite their visits to countries and areas such as these with motivating them toward becoming journalists and activists. Others state their experiences are therapeutic, helping them to understand their own difficult experiences or those of others, such as the military service of family members (Kamin, 2014). According to one of these tourists, \u201cYou go to the most extreme place in order to not be alone with your feelings. You really can\u2019t be anywhere else but there\u201d (Kamin, 2014, \u00b6 25).\r\n\r\nRefer to the <a href=\"http:\/\/dark-tourism.org.uk\/\">Institute for Dark Tourism Research<\/a> (http:\/\/dark-tourism.org.uk) and answer the following questions:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Would you classify this type of travel as a trend,\u00a0or a fad?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The article seems to imply that dark tourism is an extension of adventure tourism. Do you agree? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does the concept of authenticity of experience factor into dark tourism?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Imagine you are a citizen in a part of the world that is experiencing hardship and this type of tourism is increasing in your community. How might you feel about it?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Imagine you go to a famous battlefield where Canadians had fought and died, such as Vimy Ridge the World War I battlefield in France.\u00a0What are the visitor motivations and what is the outcome of the visitor experience?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Would you classify visits to Ground Zero in New York as dark tourism? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are the implications for tourism operators in these areas in terms of risk management and legal liability?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nBritish Columbia Ministry of Attorney General.\u00a0(June 2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.welcomebc.ca\/welcome_bc\/media\/Media-Gallery\/docs\/communities\/visible_minorities_ethnic_origins.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>The diversity of visible minorities and ethnic origins in BC<\/em>. [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from www.welcomebc.ca\/welcome_bc\/media\/Media-Gallery\/docs\/communities\/visible_minorities_ethnic_origins.pdf\r\n\r\nBC Stats. (March 15, 2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/Demography.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>Quarterly population highlights<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from \u00a0www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/Demography.aspx\r\n\r\nBoeing. (2015).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boeing.com\/boeing\/commercial\/787family\/background.page?\" target=\"_self\"><em>About the 787 family.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0www.boeing.com\/boeing\/commercial\/787family\/background.page?\r\n\r\nBuhalis, D. &amp; Law, R. (2008).\u00a0Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet - the state of eTourism research. <em>Tourism Management, 29<\/em>, 609-623.\r\n\r\n<em>Business Insider.<\/em> (2014). George Magnus: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/5-demographic-trends-shaping-the-world-2014-4\">These 5 big demographic trends are shaping the world right now.<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/5-demographic-trends-shaping-the-world-2014-4\r\n\r\nCampbell, P., MacKinnon, A &amp; Stevens, C. (2010).\u00a0<em>Global studies.<\/em> Chichester, Surrey, UK: Blackwell.\r\n\r\nCanadian Tourism Commission. (2014).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/content\/ctc_news\/travel-trends-2014\"><em>Three travel trends to watch in 2014<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/content\/ctc_news\/travel-trends-2014\r\n\r\nConrady, R. (2012).\u00a0Status quo and future prospects of sustainable mobility. In Conrady, R. &amp; Buck, M. (Eds.). <em>Trends and issues in global tourism,<\/em>\u00a0pp. 237-260.\r\n\r\nDeloitte. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Passport to growth: How international arrivals stimulate Canadian exports.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf\r\n\r\nDickinson, J.E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., &amp; Norgate, S. (2014).\u00a0 Tourism and the smartphone app:\u00a0 capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. <em>Current Issues in Tourism, 17(<\/em>1), 84-101.\r\n\r\nDrumond, A. (2013).<em> <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.commons.georgetown.edu\/cctp-725-fall2013\/2013\/12\/14\/contextualizing-authenticity-in-tourism-an-examination-of-postmodern-tourism-theory\/#_edn\" target=\"_self\">Contextualizing authenticity in tourism: An examination of postmodern tourism theory<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/blogs.commons.georgetown.edu\/cctp-725-fall2013\/2013\/12\/14\/contextualizing-authenticity-in-tourism-an-examination-of-postmodern-tourism-theory\/#_edn1\r\n\r\nFlannery, R. (2014, March 19).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/russellflannery\/2014\/03\/19\/chinas-travel-and-tourism-growth-slower-than-expected-govt-red-tape-hurts-business\/\" target=\"_self\">China\u2019s travel and tourism growth slower than expected; Gov\u2019t red tape hurts business.<\/a> <em>Forbes<\/em>. Retrieved from www.forbes.com\/sites\/russellflannery\/2014\/03\/19\/chinas-travel-and-tourism-growth-slower-than-expected-govt-red-tape-hurts-business\/\r\n\r\nFlight Global. (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/9-11\/airport-security\/\"><em>Airport security.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/9-11\/airport-security\/\r\n\r\nFreestone, O., &amp; McGoldrick, P. (2008). Motivations of the ethical consumer. <em>Journal of Business Ethics, 79<\/em>(4):\u00a0 445-467.\r\n\r\nGovernment of Canada. (2012).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www5.agr.gc.ca\/resources\/prod\/Internet-Internet\/MISB-DGSIM\/ATS-SEA\/PDF\/6308-eng.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Socially conscious consumer trends: sustainability<\/em>. [PDF]<\/a> \u00a0Retrieved from www5.agr.gc.ca\/resources\/prod\/Internet-Internet\/MISB-DGSIM\/ATS-SEA\/PDF\/6308-eng.pdf\r\n\r\nHollinshead, K. (2006). 'Worldmaking' and the transformation of place and culture: The enlargement of Meethan's analysis of tourism and global change. In Ateljevic, I., Pritchard, A. &amp; Morgan, N., (Eds.) <em>The critical turn in tourism studies: innovative research methods<\/em>. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, pp. 165-195.\r\n\r\nHopken, W., Fuchs, M., Zanker, M., &amp; Beer, T. (2010).\u00a0Context-based adaptation of mobile applications in tourism. <em>Information Technology and Tourism, 12<\/em>, 175-195.\r\n\r\nKamin, D. (2014, July 15). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2014\/07\/the-rise-of-dark-tourism\/374432\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>The rise of dark tourism<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2014\/07\/the-rise-of-dark-tourism\/374432\/\r\n\r\nKramer, R., Modsching, M., Hagen, K., &amp; Gretzel, U. (2007).\u00a0<em>Behavioural impacts of mobile tour guides<\/em>. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2007: Proceedings of the International Conference in Ljubljana, Slovenia, 109-118.\r\n\r\nMacAskill, H. (2014, Nov 18). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2014\/nov\/18\/fivefold-increase-terrorism-fatalities-global-index\">Five-fold increase in terrorism fatalities since 9\/11, says report.<\/a> <em>The Guardian<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2014\/nov\/18\/fivefold-increase-terrorism-fatalities-global-index\r\n\r\nNielsen. (2014a).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/is-sharing-the-new-buying1.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>Is sharing the new buying?<\/em><\/a>\u00a0 Retrieved from\u00a0www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/is-sharing-the-new-buying1.html\r\n\r\nNielsen. (2014b).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/doing-well-by-doing-good.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>Doing well by doing good<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/doing-well-by-doing-good.html\r\n\r\nNortham, J. (2014, May 13). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/parallels\/2014\/05\/13\/311852601\/the-global-economy-will-mint-countries-be-the-new-brics\" target=\"_self\">The global economy: a world of acronyms.<\/a> <em>NPR<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0\u00a0from www.npr.org\/blogs\/parallels\/2014\/05\/13\/311852601\/the-global-economy-will-mint-countries-be-the-new-brics\r\n\r\nOTTI. (n.d.). <a href=\"http:\/\/travel.trade.gov\/about\/tourism_policy.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>Office of Travel &amp; Tourism Industries - Tourism policy<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/travel.trade.gov\/about\/tourism_policy.html\r\n\r\nPapatheodorou, A., Rossello, J., &amp; Xiao, H. (2010).\u00a0Global economic crisis and tourism: consequences and perspectives. <em>Journal of Travel Research, 49<\/em>(1), 39-45.\r\n\r\nPollack, A. (2012). <a href=\"http:\/\/conscious.travel\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>Conscious travel: Signposts towards a new model for tourism.<\/em><\/a> 2nd UNWTO Ethics and Tourism Congress. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/conscious.travel\/\r\n\r\nPopulation Reference Bureau. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.prb.org\/Publications\/Datasheets\/2013\/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>2013 World population data sheet.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0www.prb.org\/Publications\/Datasheets\/2013\/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx\r\n\r\nSacks, D. (2011). The sharing economy<em>.<\/em> <em>Fast Company, 155<\/em>, 88-131.\r\n\r\nShaw, D., Grehan, E., Shiu, E., Hassan, L., &amp; Thomson, J. (2005). An exploration of values in ethical consumer decision making. <em>Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4<\/em>(3), 185-200.\r\n\r\nThompson, D.\u00a0 (2013, Feb 28). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2013\/02\/how-airline-ticket-prices-fell-50-in-30-years-and-why-nobody-noticed\/273506\/\" target=\"_self\">How airline ticket prices fell 50% in 30 years (and why nobody noticed)<\/a>.<em>The Atlantic<\/em>. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2013\/02\/how-airline-ticket-prices-fell-50-in-30-years-and-why-nobody-noticed\/273506\/\r\n\r\nUnited Nations Population Fund (UNPF). (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/world-population-trends\"><em>World population trends.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/world-population-trends\r\n\r\nUNWTO. (2011). <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/publication\/policy-and-practice-global-tourism\" target=\"_self\"><em>Policy and practice for global tourism.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/publication\/policy-and-practice-global-tourism\r\n\r\nUNWTO. (2014).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_highlights14_en.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>World tourism highlights 2014.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_highlights14_en.pdf\r\n\r\nWang, D., Park, S., &amp;\u00a0Fesenmaier, D.R. (2011).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&amp;context=gradconf_hospitality\" target=\"_self\"><em>An examination of information services and smartphone applications.\u00a0<\/em><\/a>16th graduate students research conference, Houston, TX. Retrieved from\u00a0 http:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&amp;context=gradconf_hospitality\r\n\r\nWorld Economic Forum. (2011).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_RepoweringTransport_ProjectWhitePaper_2011.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Repowering transport: Project white paper<\/em>. [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved\u00a0from www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_RepoweringTransport_ProjectWhitePaper_2011.pdf\r\n\r\nWorld Tourism Organization. (2010). <em>Demographic change and tourism<\/em>. World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.\r\n\r\nYork, G. (2014, Aug 12). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/africa-to-experience-population-boom\/article19998373\/\">Population boom: 40% of all humans will be African by end of century.<\/a>\u00a0<em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/africa-to-experience-population-boom\/article19998373\/\r\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Figure 14.1<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/artisandhu\/6812254573\/in\/photolist-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q-b7ntgR-dQjhVm-9x5UvH-9x5sYB-uySAn-oBqTaW-5T4HuB-9x5Suc-9x5XQH-9x8AQ7-9x8LwY-9x5RQ8-oBn9sV-9x5MvR-9x5Ng2-9x5zSa-DhMzJ-dEuQLq-9x8qS3-9x8vj5-5CfdX9-9y6P5d-9x8KQ7-DPU88-5T93cs-9x5WdK-opjhf5-9x8R6J-5PdEbP-9x5JzB-9y49Di-q1Gy8H-9x8K5b-9x8SY5-5MjwEy-9x8Yxm-WfChp-9x64AR-ok9nCT-9x8Ae7\">Around the world<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/artisandhu\/\">Arti Sandhu<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.2\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/3697916755\/in\/photolist-6CLMPr-9YYnf-imuSfm-dQdEQx-4CPy1F-5ChVBS-pjGqtH-oXzeiT-q3rAm5-dJQfCn-aspwNd-aaWwLZ-7J82U4-arhtV8-at2SJ3-eVuFXh-f6L8ih-oBB96L-dJQ9kR-ok9nCc-9KdPZQ-9y4buT-9KaZSc-8tB8db-bL7uL-9x8tn9-9x5xvv-DhMzK-9y6WNY-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q-b7ntgR-dQjhVm-9x5UvH-9x5sYB-uySAn-oBqTaW-5T4HuB-9x5Suc-9x5XQH-9x8AQ7-9x8LwY\">Bye Floating Market<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/\">Dennis Jarvis<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-SA 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.3\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vancouver-archives\/5457283218\/in\/photolist-9jf1aY-6nJjfW-6Qui31-9uFDa-eKANhd-eKpnR6-bVkDtj-6tzYoT-8RJXNM-dHj1D-jKNcp-b5Euj4-8n982y-2WwwAV-8xhJ6o-9RMLkc-5jP3vi-6K6Pbb-ykw8j-6he9YC-81P3p3-6968vY-4DD3nP-5ag1C-6M83DS-aKzDv-4EEYAB-4Q8kcq-4DHjd3-7eQz2D-5AqZyc-5bFjBh-8n615V-8n98Ff-8n98vN-8n98cL-8n5ZND-8n9845-8n5ZSa-8n5ZD8-8n5ZKV-6K6PoN-b5Qpep-VfLAC-ykw9J-ahCW5u-6ZJTu9-47XkVH-mU18A-fpQCBg\">Official airport opening<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vancouver-archives\/\">City of Vancouver Archives<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.4\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tfjensen\/8102443082\/in\/photolist-dkZ93w-oVXseD-dkAMPj-9KdQ1u-6Fit34-9eBLXg-fKvviU-djRYE9-9KdQ3C-izzg6z-9KdQ2N-6CLMPr-9YYnf-imuSfm-dQdEQx-4CPy1F-5ChVBS-pjGqtH-oXzeiT-q3rAm5-dJQfCn-aspwNd-aaWwLZ-7J82U4-arhtV8-at2SJ3-eVuFXh-f6L8ih-oBB96L-dJQ9kR-ok9nCc-9KdPZQ-9y4buT-9KaZSc-8tB8db-bL7uL-9x8tn9-9x5xvv-DhMzK-9y6WNY-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q\">Small kid playing around<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tfjensen\/\">Thomas Frost Jensen<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.5\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/oldpatterns\/5979621073\/in\/photolist-a7p824-7NwdjS-owFPD3-aDWP6k-aECjsR-aEGgpW-aDveP1-aEBKjZ-aE1HH1-aDriQv-aECdFt-aDvf2Q-bruR3J-aEBP8r-aEFAGJ-aE1MHj-oFL6KE-aDWLCP-aDvaCG-aDXbGi-aDrj4F-aDXaLc-aDWYZR-oWzX4N-dtoNn7-Du5f9-oH1DXm-6xPndF-aEFEks-aEGiWh-Uh7mU-2cfALC-aDvdS5-7PMk4T-d9utcm-6baCMJ-aEFBFo-6NkqwA-6Nkqef-6Ngf1z-583WWs-5843wu-584giu-6xPmdn-UfyWB-4PWYr7-pFdmJS-6NbdqM-6b9R4s-6Nbzgt\">Patriotic Kick Line<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/oldpatterns\/\">Peter Lee<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.6\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/adamtheo\/5466294789\/in\/photolist-86L7mG-72rsmt-9k3aVk-9k6dPA-9k3aZX-9k3bZT-9k6eWE-9k6f9N-9k6eHy-9k6feu-86GUJD-93A4i-9k6day-9k39aK-9k3brp-9k38XT-9k393P-5vF3R1-7tvJr2-8fzfCW-8fvZg6-5GSjxB-5GS6hc-5GWrGG-5GSdm4-5GWGVj-5GWgPG-5GS36i-5GRZAR-aCXUCU-2Ys3UK-bDfBjr-677gvA-9HyYc1-6732Y6-qCmDk-7Dz4Vb\">Dancers at Germaine's Luau<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/adamtheo\/\">Adam Theo<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.7\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/3726535035\/in\/photolist-6Fit34-9eBLXg-fKvviU-djRYE9-9KdQ3C-izzg6z-9KdQ2N-6CLMPr-9YYnf-imuSfm-dQdEQx-4CPy1F-5ChVBS-pjGqtH-oXzeiT-q3rAm5-dJQfCn-aspwNd-aaWwLZ-7J82U4-arhtV8-at2SJ3-eVuFXh-f6L8ih-oBB96L-dJQ9kR-ok9nCc-9KdPZQ-9y4buT-9KaZSc-8tB8db-bL7uL-9x8tn9-9x5xvv-DhMzK-9y6WNY-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q-b7ntgR-dQjhVm-9x5UvH-9x5sYB\">Maesa Elehant Camp<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/\">Dennis Jarvis<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-SA 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.8\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/unwto\/7044885247\/in\/photolist-bJwSWK-bz9uvV-aNj1bc-aNiWvM-bvC73u-bJwSAZ-bz9tyv-9RMsEt-a5ExMR-aNiY9p-aNiXSZ-aNiXBD-aNiXai-aNiWdF-aNiW14-aNiVLF-aNiVzK-aNiVir-aNiUWe-aNiUGH-aNiUpx-aNiU8X-aNiTYg-aNiTM2-aNiTwR-aNiTaD-aNiSUv-aNiSCp-aNiSni-aNiSaX-aNiS3i-aNiRLt-aNiRqg-aNiReX-aNiQFZ-aNiQwp-aNiQnc-aNiQbV-aNiPZD-aNiPKH-aNiPhR-aNiP2a-aNiNDM-aNiNhg-aNiLBt-aNiJ5v-aNiGZF-aNiG3v-aNiFDT-aNiFcF\">Secretary-general of UNWTO visits Greece<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/unwto\/\">UNWTO<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a> license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.9\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/teflon\/14348855399\/in\/photolist-nRXCNB-8C6BaG-7AN28S-7Da1eB-7GTCtf-7EQREi-7UcquY-7UceA5-7U8YLT-7WDvFy-7Ucem7-7WDy6o-7WDBH3-7WDvL9-7UccyG-7UccGS-7UcdhL-7U8WbX-7Ucf5b-7Uc8Ys-7UcwvY-7U8VJH-7U8ZMc-7U8ZET-7UcfEj-7U8W2X-7UcedS-7Ucces-7U92ax-7Uc7H7-7U8Taa-7U8TZV-7Ucc6C-7U8ToZ-7U8XLV-7U8YUp-7U8ZrB-7Ucy4q-7U8YsP-7U8Uuv-7Uc9KW-7U9i9T-7U8WDv-7UcfnN-7Uc8F9-7U9hec-7U9hFp-7Uce7U-7Uc9F3-7U91dF\">Backing the Bid<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/teflon\/\">Martin Deutsch<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.10\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/snapsi42\/3527686378\/in\/photolist-6nJjfW-6Qui31-9uFDa-eKANhd-eKpnR6-bVkDtj-6tzYoT-8RJXNM-dHj1D-jKNcp-b5Euj4-8n982y-2WwwAV-8xhJ6o-9RMLkc-5jP3vi-6K6Pbb-ykw8j-6he9YC-81P3p3-6968vY-4DD3nP-5ag1C-4DHjd3-7eQz2D-5AqZyc-5bFjBh-8n615V-8n98Ff-8n98vN-8n98cL-8n5ZND-8n9845-8n5ZSa-8n5ZD8-8n5ZKV-6K6PoN-aKzDv-b5Qpep-VfLAC-ykw9J-4EEYAB-ahCW5u-4Q8kcq-6ZJTu9-47XkVH-mU18A-6M83DS-vAnbe-annXJo\">Last call<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/snapsi42\/\">SnaPsi<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.11\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/bcgovphotos\/6050201278\/in\/photolist-adCS49-b2ZN7M-7FiT8W-akqw2x-7FN7fD-7Gkm6W-7EknHQ-6c1BSo-6c1CQy-6c1E77-6c1EHS-6c1Fvm-7FT3LL-7Gb4Qx-7EhJPs-7Ekhvf-7FUUzt-7GkzRE-7GgDNB-7GgxeX-7GkuCJ-7GkyvC-7FPGNi-7GRjVj-7G2ioH-7G2inp-cRfbJQ-7Mf4RY-cRfb9o-cqqbMh-7GrFJ9-q3PDbd-7FPfEV-7DXysm-7DXfh5-7DTyDk-7E4Hpu-7Ee49g-7GD1aL-cRfajU-7GCRU5-7EgtfK-7GCYad-6bNu4S-7GnLtZ-a9t2tT-7FnY8n-cqqbDC-7EtfWk-7EwHGb\">Team BC first at Western Canada Summer Games <\/a>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/unwto\/\">UNWTO<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.12\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dupphotos\/5865722847\/in\/photolist-iUiY32-m2HLXv-ph9kuo-pz2Aws-pzMjj8-pfHEp5-phfbgR-h8KC4n-dr9SEu-dbqxVm-9GDhxw-dbHwEj-9Wkn3x-azRdDe\">Arlene Foster Launches New Tourism Apps<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dupphotos\/\">DUP photos<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 14.13\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ozboi-nz\/527200645\/in\/photolist-NA3oi-6Gt9ys-6Nkn9z-wE4m-8Eze5R-6BxtJu-NzzPm-wE5h-5tmQnM-5trcEd-5treB1-5trcMf-5tmPzn-5tmQgB-5trdaj-5treuU-5tmP9p-5tmPYz-5tmQ9e-5treob-5tmPtH-5tmPRF-5trdUd-5tmRj8-AEWur-8ECmvo-wE3y-5tmQHZ-5tre2C-5tregf-AETFw-AEWuo-AESAQ-8ECoum-8ECoz9-9ErTJQ-8EzdBv-3Zv1D-wE3t-dgnYri-dasujk-25YqiT-263W3W-dokcX-5hCfgU-dasr65-iago66-iagBhE-iagka8-iago5C\">Serenade of the Seas, bound for Alaska, sails out of the Vancouver harbour<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ozboi-nz\/\">Nathan<\/a> is\u00a0used\u00a0under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the impacts and benefits globalization has on the tourism industry, as well as tourism\u2019s influence on globalization<\/li>\n<li>Use the PEEST model to describe\u00a0political, economic, environmental, social, and technological trends affecting global tourism and travel<\/li>\n<li>Define key terms related to globalization<\/li>\n<li>Discuss\u00a0the advantages\u00a0and disadvantages\u00a0of the interplay of globalization and tourism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Overview<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2364\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2364\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/aroundtheworld.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2364\" alt=\"A toy plane in front of a globe.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/aroundtheworld.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2364\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.1 \u00a0Around the world<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In today&#8217;s\u00a0integrated and interdependent world, multiple forces represent both opportunities and threats to tourism.\u00a0This chapter explores the topic\u00a0of globalization and\u00a0how\u00a0it relates to tourism, and then examines trends (political, economic, environmental, societal, and technological influences).\u00a0The chapter closes with a reflection on what all this means for tourism in British Columbia.<\/p>\n<h2>Globalization and the Tourism Industry<\/h2>\n<p>Depending\u00a0on the focus of the discussion, <strong>globalization<\/strong> can be defined in several ways. One broad definition is:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political and technological exchanges and connections. (Campbell, MacKinnon, &amp; Stevens, 2011, p.4)<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Globalization can also be simply described as the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world. The term was first used in the early 1950s to recognize the increasing interdependence of economies and societies around the world. Globalization, however, has existed for centuries by way of evolving trade routes, including the slave trade, colonization, and immigration.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2361\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2361\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/3697916755_bf371c5217_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2361\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/3697916755_bf371c5217_z.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"452\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2361\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.2 Bye floating market in Thailand<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Today, we are divided into separate\u00a0countries, each looking out for its own national self-interest. At the same\u00a0time, other entities such as\u00a0multinational corporations cross borders, which leads to global economic and political integration. Many benefits can result from global integration and interdependence, but we also need to heed its negative effects.<\/p>\n<p>We can look at\u00a0the relationship between globalization and tourism in several ways. For the purposes of this chapter,\u00a0we will\u00a0consider the impact of tourism and travel on\u00a0globalization, and the impact of globalization on tourism.\u00a0But first, let\u2019s keep in mind why it is important for a local tour operator, general manager, or tourism business owner to think about globalization.\u00a0More importantly, let&#8217;s consider where we should be looking to understand globalization and future trends. The rest of this chapter will\u00a0address these topics.<\/p>\n<h3>The Impact of Globalization on\u00a0Tourism<\/h3>\n<p>We can assess the impact of globalization on tourism from a number of perspectives. Here, we will discuss five\u00a0examples: global mobility and ease of travel; population and demographic trends; terrorism, safety, and security; increased awareness of new destinations; and poverty.<\/p>\n<h4>Global Mobility and Ease of Travel<\/h4>\n<p>The advances made in transportation that have enabled global mobility are particularly significant. Modern aircraft, cruise ships, trains, and other modes of transport allow people to move\u00a0quickly and relatively cheaply. Aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner have opened new\u00a0routes by creating an aircraft capable of flying &#8220;long haul&#8221; distances with a larger\u00a0passenger load. Fast trains, road systems, and even city bike rental programs enable people to move, tour, and explore the world. These changes have allowed more people to travel more often in less time.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2366\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2366\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5457283218_a39e0d7522_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2366 size-full\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5457283218_a39e0d7522_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"124\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2366\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.3 The Vancouver International Airport official opening in 1931<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ease of travel has also helped to overcome the barriers of fear, frustration, and expense.\u00a0For example, an international banking system allows access to money almost anywhere in the world. Multinational corporations, which provide flights, local transportation, and\u00a0accommodation and food, have allowed for &#8220;one-stop shopping&#8221; for travel bookings. Handheld devices have also changed the nature of travel in terms of what travellers do and how they interact with a destination, making it easier to, for example, select a\u00a0restaurant, navigate\u00a0a big city, or translate a foreign language. As a result, there are fewer unexplored\u00a0places in the world anymore.<\/p>\n<h4>Population and Demographic Trends<\/h4>\n<p>According to the United Nations Population Fund (2015), the world population reached 7 billion in 2011 and is projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050. The population continues to increase, but not uniformly across the world. Birth and death rates are vastly different between developed and developing nations (Population Reference Bureau, 2013). In the developed world, there are more\u00a0older citizens (over 60 years old) than there are children (under 14). This ratio, which first tilted in favour of older people\u00a0in the late 1990s, is\u00a0increasing (<em>Business Insider,<\/em> 2014). In contrast, in the developing world, this is not expected to occur until the middle of this century. This demographic divide is expected to widen between the richer and poorer countries of the world in the near future before possibly trending together in 40 or 50 years.<\/p>\n<p>Other critical population trends affecting global development and tourism include the following (UNPF, 2015; World Tourism Organization, 2010; York, 2014):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are approximately 1.8 billion young people in the world (between 10 and 24 years), which is the largest that this group has ever been. They have tremendous opportunity for economic and social progress, resulting in a \u201cyouth dividend\u201d for countries that embrace this demographic and their youthful vitality. This group is also travelling more than ever before in history.<\/li>\n<li>By the end of this century, approximately 40% of the world\u2019s population is expected to be African. While birth rates are tending to fall around the world, they are still higher across Africa than in most other parts of the globe. This could result in a youth dividend or further exacerbate problems on the African continent.<\/li>\n<li>More people are migrating than ever before, with 232 million recent migrants compared with about 175 million in 2000. The top five destinations are the United States, the Russian Federation, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.<\/li>\n<li>More than half of the global population is urban, and the urbanization trend is expected to continue as people search for more jobs, more services, and more activities. Not everyone benefits equally though, as housing and other infrastructure struggles to keep up with the growing urban population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To keep up with all of these changes in demographics, destinations will need to provide products and services to suit the older, culturally diverse, multi-generational travellers as well as the adventurous youth. Additionally, hiring and retaining staff will require a rethinking of human resource policies and procedures, compensation, and other aspects for the changing population of employees.<\/p>\n<h4>Terrorism, Safety, and Security<\/h4>\n<p>Terrorist attacks and political unrest globally have\u00a0certainly disrupted tourism, but not halted it. The areas most affected, of course, are those where unrest has occurred and has been the focus of extensive media attention. A global terrorism index produced by the Vision of Humanity organization shows a fivefold increase in terrorist fatalities since 9\/11\u00a0(MacAskill, 2014). The Islamic State (ISIS), Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaida are groups\u00a0responsible for many of the 18,000 terrorism-related deaths in 2013, which represented an increase of 60% over the previous year.<\/p>\n<p>While safety and security may not be the driving reasons for tourists selecting a particular destination, certainly a lack of safety and security often eliminates a location from travellers&#8217; &#8220;wish lists.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Safety and security for travellers is becoming more important as countries move to protect their citizens. Government agencies around the world produce advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous locations and political unrest.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: Travel Advisories<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Travel advisories serve as warning systems for people from specific countries to avoid particular destinations because of actual or potential threats to citizens. To learn more about advisories for specific countries, see the\u00a0Canadian government page at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/travel.gc.ca\/travelling\/advisories\">Canada&#8217;s Travel Advisories<\/a> (http:\/\/travel.gc.ca\/travelling\/advisories)\u00a0and compare them\u00a0to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.smartraveller.gov.au\">Australia&#8217;s Travel Advisories<\/a> (http:\/\/www.smartraveller.gov.au), the <a href=\"http:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/passports\/english\/alertswarnings.html\">United States&#8217; Travel Advisories<\/a> (http:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/passports\/english\/alertswarnings.html), and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/foreign-travel-advice\">United Kingdom&#8217;s Travel Advisories<\/a> (https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/foreign-travel-advice).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The focus on safety and security has had several impacts on\u00a0travellers. Most notably, security at most airports has been increased in an effort to protect people and planes (Flight Global, 2015). Screening procedures can take longer and some items are no longer allowed on board. Other security requirements, such as showing passports and providing fingerprints, have been implemented for entry into some countries. While all acts of terrorism cannot be stopped, the tourism industry is attempting to provide as much safety and security as it can.<\/p>\n<h4>Increased Awareness of New Destinations<\/h4>\n<p>Another influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness of destinations and the range of leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit around the world. Generating knowledge of a destination is obviously a key first step in marketing a destination, and this is achieved by way of travel shows, films, blogs, and other forms of communication.\u00a0The competition to attract visitors is fierce considering the sheer number of places available for travel; it can be easy to get lost in the noise of global competition.<\/p>\n<h4>Poverty<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2357\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2357\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/guatemala.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2357 size-full\" alt=\"A small child with cloth wrapped around its head plays with debris in the street.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/guatemala.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2357\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.4 This image of a child playing in the streets of Guatemala was captured by a visitor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Globalization has contributed to increased demand for goods and services and overall economic growth, with the result of global poverty having decreased over the years. However,\u00a0at the same time, the gap between the richest and poorest has expanded.\u00a0A significant portion of the world\u2019s population is simply unable to participate in, or benefit from, tourism.\u00a0The economic gains from a tourism economy in a developing country\u00a0such as Honduras versus a developed country such as Canada is unequal. Simply put, not everyone\u00a0 has the same opportunities to profit. Environmental costs are also unevenly distributed in the world, with poor countries lacking the resources to adapt to impacts (such as droughts, increased disease, soil erosion), and\u00a0shouldering the majority of the repercussions of phenomena such as global warming.<\/p>\n<p>Another way\u00a0to analyze the interplay between\u00a0tourism and globalization is to consider the reverse view:\u00a0the impact of tourism on globalization.<\/p>\n<h3>Impact of Tourism on Globalization<\/h3>\n<p>In this section, we will look at tourism as a global force \u2014\u00a0for peace, for cultural homogenization, for commodifying cultures, and for\u00a0shaping the way we see the world.<\/p>\n<h4>Tourism as a Force for Peace<\/h4>\n<p>In the 1980s, a popular hypothesis was that tourism supported global peace by\u00a0allowing travellers to learn about other cultures and meet people from other nations, as well as offering benefits accrued from international business. Peace is an obvious requirement for tourism if the industry is to be robust and\u00a0sustainable.\u00a0However, to date, there is little empirical evidence to support the claim that tourism fosters peace, however attractive as the idea may be.<\/p>\n<h4>Tourism as Cultural Homogenizer<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2378\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2378\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5979621073_997b5d1eda_z-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2378\" alt=\"People dressed up in disney costumes perform for a crowd of children.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5979621073_997b5d1eda_z-2.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2378\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.5 A &#8220;Patriotic Kick Line&#8221; on a cruise from Alaska to Vancouver<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nevertheless, tourism does offer the opportunity to teach people about how to respect other cultures.\u00a0Some argue that globalization has a <strong>homogenizing<\/strong> effect on cultures, as\u00a0Western values are spread\u00a0through music, fashion, film, and food, rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next.<\/p>\n<p>Some beliefs and values,\u00a0such as embracing equality and diversity, or the need to protect children from harm, should be shared around the world. In the context of tourism and travel, these two\u00a0issues are significant. For instance, companies need to ensure that their human resource practices are consistent and fair throughout the world. Exploiting children for sex is illegal, punishable in both the country visited and the home country of the tourist; some airlines and hotels are actively involved in supporting the prohibition of child sex tourism. Travellers are expected not to deface heritage sites or take rare or endangered natural or cultural objects as souvenirs. Such regulations speak to the universality of certain values and beliefs, which we all are required to follow as global citizens.<\/p>\n<h4>Tourism as\u00a0Commodifier<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2369\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2369\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5466294789_0e6696d86a_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2369\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5466294789_0e6696d86a_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2369\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.6 Dancers at Germaine&#8217;s Luau near Honolulu, Hawaii<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Another possible influence of tourism on globalization is the process of <strong>cultural commodification,<\/strong> which refers to the drive toward putting a monetary value on every aspect of culture, from buying a sculpture stolen from an ancient temple, to buying endangered objects such as ivory and coral.\u00a0This trend results in the degradation or devaluing of cultural values and beliefs and was explored in Chapter 12 on aboriginal tourism.<\/p>\n<p>As one of the world\u2019s largest industries, tourism impacts local, regional, and global economies.\u00a0Resorts dot coastlines around the world and offer a welcome respite from colder climates to anyone wishing to experience a tropical beach, as well as the local culture and nature.\u00a0While benefit comes to the community in the form of jobs, more often than not the larger share of the wealth leaks offshore. In response, local entrepreneurs and aid organizations have helped with initiatives that embrace local ownership in order for the wealth generated from tourism to stay<strong> in country<\/strong>.\u00a0Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and social entrepreneurship all aim to bring greater benefit to local communities.<\/p>\n<h4>Tourism\u00a0As a World View<\/h4>\n<p>Tourism is also a major influence in how we see and understand the world. Keith Hollinshead (2006) refers to it as <strong>tourism world-making<\/strong>, or the way in which a place or culture is marketed and\/or presented to tourists. Unlike local people, travellers experience a place for a few days, with limited knowledge of the culture and local way of life.\u00a0Some visitors rely on available tourist information to make the most of the experience and to see the highlights. Others turn away and attempt to &#8220;go local&#8221; in search of the authentic experience with the belief that they can truly understand a place by avoiding the tourist sites.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2359\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2359\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/3726535035_1a1f5052c6_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2359\" alt=\"An elephant lies in a stream while a person washes his body with a brush.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/3726535035_1a1f5052c6_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2359\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.7. An elephant is washed at Maesa Elehant Camp in Thailand in preparation for a show for visitors<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>If tourists stay in their resort in a given country, their only interaction with a local culture may be the staff at the hotel. In many cases, visitors experience a place in a fragmented, disconnected way, seeing only a portion of a place. How much can be gained from such short and transient experiences? This debate leads to one of the often discussed, if not hotly debated, topics in tourism, that of <strong>authenticity of experience<\/strong>. In 1976,\u00a0Dean MacCannell released his book\u00a0<em>The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class<\/em>, in which he argued that even those events that seem to be authentic are in some way staged for the visitor (Drumond, 2013).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: Cannibal Tours<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In 1988, Dean O&#8217;Rourke shot a documentary profiling the experiences of jet-set travellers as they encountered locals in Papua New Guinea. The movie\u00a0highlights the challenges that happen when visitors meet with &#8220;the other,&#8221; in that their expectations shape the behaviours of the locals. The movie features interviews with the locals as well as tourists. To watch the movie, visit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KUQ_8wl93HM\" target=\"_self\"><em>Cannibal Tours<\/em><\/a>: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KUQ_8wl93HM<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now let&#8217;s look at some predominant trends in the industry.<\/p>\n<h2>Top Trends<\/h2>\n<p>Throughout this textbook, a range of trends have been identified that exemplify some of the forces and influences associated with globalization. This section revisits some of those trends.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: Trends Reports<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the tourism and hospitality industry, and in global business, many minds work to decipher industry trends in order to keep\u00a0informed and make smart decisions.\u00a0One example is the\u00a0<em>Global Competitiveness Report,<\/em> a product of the World Economic Forum, which\u00a0can be read here:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015\"><em>Global Competitiveness Report, 2014-2015<\/em><\/a>: http:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0UNWTO produces a <a href=\"http:\/\/mkt.unwto.org\/barometer\">World Tourism Barometer<\/a> that is updated regularly, available on a subscription basis: http:\/\/mkt.unwto.org\/barometer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>First, let&#8217;s take a closer look at the difference between <strong>trends<\/strong> and <strong>fads<\/strong>.\u00a0While trends and fads may look the same initially, fads will almost always have a definite start and end; they are finite.\u00a0Examples include\u00a0tornado tourism (storm chasing tours) and shack tourism (where affluent people stay in impoverished neighbourhoods), which appear destined to disappear as quickly as they appeared.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, trends influence things for long periods of time, potentially shifting the focus or direction of industry and society in a completely different direction. For example, the growing awareness of tourism impacts seems to be a long-term trend, leading to greater focus on developing sustainable experiences, products, and services for the mindful traveller. With hindsight, we can identify the trends versus the fads. Predicting the future, however, is not as\u00a0easy.<\/p>\n<p>A useful tool to use in the\u00a0analysis of global trends is\u00a0<strong>PEEST<\/strong>, an acronym for political, economic, environmental, social, and technological forces that affect the person, organization, or destination under study. Let&#8217;s delve into PEEST in more detail.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: Analysis Tools\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The more complicated the world gets, the more it&#8217;s imperative that\u00a0business leaders and decision-makers employ a framework for analyzing trends. While this chapter uses a PEEST approach, other acronyms include PEST (omitting the environmental review), or PESTLE \u00a0(including legal and environmental reviews). For more information about these frameworks, to access templates, and learn to use them in your own analysis, visit\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessballs.com\/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm\" target=\"_self\">PEST Analysis Free Template<\/a>: www.businessballs.com\/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Political Trends<\/h3>\n<p>While\u00a0we may be intrigued by global issues and their macro implications on the world in which we live, we also need to pay attention to local politics and policies. Let\u2019s have a look at political trends from different scales.<\/p>\n<h4>Global\u00a0Policies<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2371\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2371\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/7044885247_6d28e455cd_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2371\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/7044885247_6d28e455cd_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2371\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.8 The secretary-general of UNWTO visits Greece in 2012<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>According to the UNWTO report <em>Policy and Practice for Global Tourism<\/em>, whereas\u00a0&#8220;growth and development were major priorities in the period since the 1950s, the new millennium is characterised by intense destination competition&#8221; (2011, p.3). Traditional Western destinations are under pressure to formulate policies and create\u00a0strategies and spending patterns that will\u00a0enable them to compete with emerging destinations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On: The International Civil Aviation Organization <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>International Civil Aviation Organization (<\/strong><strong>ICAO)<\/strong> was created in 1944 with the signing of the Chicago Convention as a specialized agency of the United Nations. It works with 191 countries to help develop aviation policies and build capacity in countries with underdeveloped air industries. For more information, visit\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icao.int\/Pages\/default.aspx\" target=\"_self\">International Civil Aviation Organization website<\/a>: www.icao.int<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Each country is responsible for creating and funding its own organizations responsible for tourism development at the federal, state\/provincial, and local level. In the United States, for example, the Office of Travel and Tourism Industries (OTTI) is responsible for actively participating in domestic and international policy creation. One such policy is\u00a0a memorandum of understanding with China regarding leisure group travel. The OTTI is engaged in international tourism discussions with organizations such as the OECD and APEC (see Spotlight On below), and has a representative at UNWTO (OTTI, n.d).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On: International Economic Groups<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On the international stage, several groups are responsible for developing and setting policy that has an impact on tourism development. Two examples are:<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)<\/strong> has 31 member countries that gather to discuss a range of policy issues, with\u00a0a special committee dedicated to tourism. For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/cfe\/tourism\/\" target=\"_self\">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development website<\/a>: www.oecd.org\/cfe\/tourism\/<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)<\/strong> forum also has a Tourism Working Group that recognizes the importance of sustainable tourism development for countries in the Asia Pacific Rim region. For more information, visit the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apec.org\/Groups\/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation\/Working-Groups\/Tourism.aspx\" target=\"_self\">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation website<\/a>: www.apec.org\/Groups\/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation\/Working-Groups\/Tourism.aspx<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>National Policies<\/h4>\n<p>While from a policy perspective, countries such as New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom have embraced tourism growth through a planned approach, tourism policy in Canada tends to struggle in comparison to the attention given to other sectors such as oil and gas.<\/p>\n<p>A number of organizations, including the Conference Board of Canada\u00a0and the Tourism Industry Association of Canada, have made recommendations\u00a0for strong government policy support that could help strengthen the industry. Two key policy reforms suggested include\u00a0(Deloitte, 2013):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Changes to\u00a0air travel regulations, such as\u00a0increasing air access, phasing out rents paid by airports to the federal government, and transferring airport ownership to local authorities<\/li>\n<li>Streamlining the travel visa issuance process, using technology to make it faster\u00a0for visitors to obtain visas and continue to pursue visa-related\u00a0partnerships with other countries<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Take a Closer Look: Passport to Growth\u00a0\u2014 How International Tourist Arrivals Stimulate Canadian Exports<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A 2013 report from Deloitte details the ways in which the tourism industry supports overall economic development in Canada. It highlights industry trends and summarizes recommendations made by tourism industry advocates for enhancing the sector. For more information visit,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><i>Passport to Growth<\/i> [PDF]<\/a>: http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Spotlight On: The Five Country Conference <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Five Country Conference (FCC) is a partnership of the governments of\u00a0Australia, Canada, the New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States. Their goal is to work together to restrict the travel of individuals who pose security and immigration risks,\u00a0and at the same time increase the efficiency and customer service for other travellers. For more information, visit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fivecountryconference.org\" target=\"_self\">www.fivecountryconference.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The trend here may be the ongoing need to convince and lobby governments at all levels of the potential of tourism and the value of strategic planning and investment in tourism. It is perhaps not surprising that the tourism and hospitality sector, with such diverse\u00a0organizations involved, struggles to find a single voice at times. This leads to a\u00a0cycle where the sector rallies around initiatives such as Expo 86 and the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, and then experiences a period of fragmentation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2374\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2374\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/backingbid.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2374\" alt=\"A sign posted on a pub's window reads, &quot;I'm backing the bid. 2010 Vancouver.&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/backingbid.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"333\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2374\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.9 BC businesses, including this pub, rallied around the bid to bring the 2010 Olympic Winter Games to Vancouver<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Environmental Trends<\/h3>\n<p>The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has produced irrefutable evidence that climate change is human-made. We are already witnessing significant shifts in weather patterns, and climatic events such as tornadoes, drought, and flooding are occurring with greater frequency and impact. Yet dependence on a global economy fuelled by population growth and ever-increasing demand for consumer goods has led to significant debate as to how to respond to climate change, although action is clearly required.<\/p>\n<h4>Environmental\u00a0Impacts<\/h4>\n<p>From a tourism and travel perspective, we have seen examples throughout the chapters of this textbook of how climate change is impacting tourism. In the transportation sector, drastic temperature changes from sudden ice thaws to heatwave conditions affect highways and runways, landslides close road systems, and\u00a0rising sea levels threaten infrastructure such as airports and cruise ship wharves. In the accommodations sector, coastal storms impact resorts, summer water shortages put pressure on\u00a0resort communities, and unpredictable snowfalls close ski resorts. Food and beverage operators are facing increased food costs as\u00a0drought conditions make growing certain crops more and more expensive. In the recreation and entertainment sector, both natural and built attractions are threatened by unpredictable weather patterns. And travel services providers struggle to stay abreast of the effects of superstorms and polar vortexes.<\/p>\n<p>The question here is the extent to which we can globally respond to these impacts by adapting and mitigating climate change to foster more resilient forms of economic growth, of which tourism is a part.\u00a0Does this mean less air travel?\u00a0 Possibly.\u00a0The\u00a0challenge for tourism is that our economic interdependence requires far-reaching transportation routes, be it by air, sea, or land.<\/p>\n<h3>Economic Trends<\/h3>\n<p>Like most other industrial sectors, tourism is affected by global economic trends. Tourism was initially negatively impacted after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, with international tourism arrivals dropping globally (Papatheodorou, Rossello, &amp; Xiao, 2010).\u00a0 However, the industry was quick to rebound, with the number of travellers increasing by 2010, surpassing the 1 billion mark in 2012 (UNWTO, 2014).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2376\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2376\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/3527686378_a2912fffbe_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2376\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/3527686378_a2912fffbe_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2376\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.10 A crowd gathers at an airport that now serves as a museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Economic uncertainties for the tourism industry have persisted, however, leading many industry insiders to monitor\u00a0several economic\u00a0trends, including collaborative consumption, shifts in emerging economies, and conscious consumerism.<\/p>\n<h4>Collaborative Consumption<\/h4>\n<p>Although the phenomenon of<strong> collaborative consumption<\/strong>, also known as the sharing economy, began\u00a0before the global financial crisis, it gained strength as a result of it. Collaborative consumption is a blend of economy, technology, and a social movement where access to goods and skills is more important than ownership (Sacks, 2011).<\/p>\n<p>Airbnb was one of the first, and arguably most well known, examples of the tourism sharing marketplace, but several other companies have joined it, including Zipcar, Uber, and Couchsurfing.\u00a0 According to Nielsen (2014a), more than two-thirds of global respondents to a poll are interested in joining this revolution.\u00a0The impacts on the tourism industry are still to be determined, although young travellers, budget-conscious families, and tourists seeking authentic local experiences seem to be drawn to these services (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2014).\u00a0This is one trend that is likely to persist for some time into the future.<\/p>\n<h4>Emerging Economies<\/h4>\n<p>In 2001, a new acronym was introduced into the economic world \u2014\u00a0<strong>BRIC<\/strong>.\u00a0This refers to the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (Northam, 2014).\u00a0 These turbo-charged emerging economies were growing fast and looking to be the new powerhouses in global economic circles, even forming political and economic alliances. South Africa joined the group in 2010 and they became known as the <strong>BRICS.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>With this growth came travellers looking for new destinations to visit.\u00a0Outbound tourism development from China has been especially energetic, with numbers increasing from 58 million in 2010 to almost 100 million in 2013 (Flannery, 2014). But all has not gone well for these emerging economies and only China has maintained the pace of expansion.\u00a0Other countries have since joined the race, creating another new acronym \u2014\u00a0<strong>MINTS<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014 for the countries of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea.\u00a0Time will tell where new tourism growth and opportunities arise in the frenetic global economy, and who will be the next powerhouse to watch.<\/p>\n<h4>Conscious Consumerism<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Conscious consumerism,<\/strong> or socially conscious consumer behaviour, is another economic trend with implications for the tourism industry.\u00a0This term refers to consumers who are using their purchasing power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs, leading organizations to project a more ethical or responsible image (Government of Canada, 2012).<\/p>\n<p>This socially and environmentally responsible purchasing by many consumers (Freestone &amp; McGoldrick, 2008) can direct travellers to more sustainable services and products.\u00a0Destinations and businesses interested in pursuing this market need to be acutely aware of social and environmental issues, potentially ranging from organic produce and animal welfare to human rights (Shaw, Grehan, Shiu, Hassan, &amp; Thomson, 2005).\u00a0 Some of the key principles for consideration by the tourism industry include an assumption that the traditional industrial model is not working and needs to be replaced, that awareness of the issues require a different mindset, and that change will come from the grassroots rather than from above (Pollack, 2012). This is a shift that has profitability and culture change firmly in its sights (Nielsen, 2014b).<\/p>\n<h3>Cultural and\u00a0Social Trends<\/h3>\n<p>Defining culture as &#8220;a way of life&#8221; brings us to consider the implications of globalization as a defining influence in how we live and, therefore, who we are as individuals. Some argue that globalization has created a culture crisis, with values, beliefs, and identity all made secondary to economic interests and the pervasive and ever-growing nature of technology in our lives. Below are three cultural trends, followed by two societal trends.<\/p>\n<h4>The Tourist Experience as the Good Life<\/h4>\n<p>Some people are motivated to travel as a form of escape from the pressures of the globally interconnected world.\u00a0Unplugging, where a hotel or resort offers no technological access in the form of Wi-Fi, television, or phones, is certainly one way to get people to slow down and, perhaps ironically, reconnect with themselves and loved ones. Biking, walking, small sailboat cruises, rural tourism, as well as the slow food movement are examples of experiences that simplify life in order to better appreciate and enjoy it.<\/p>\n<h4>Travel as a Time to Bond<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2388\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2388\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/6050201278_fea4b72fab_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2388\" alt=\"A group of people wearing light blue shirts.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/6050201278_fea4b72fab_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"229\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2388\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.11 A group of visiting athletes at the 2011 Western Canada Summer Games in Kamloops<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Visiting\u00a0friends and relatives, known in the industry simply as <strong>VFR<\/strong>, is a common and important subset of tourism demand worldwide. With their busy lives, people are seeking\u00a0a moment, place, and activity to share with family or friends. In addition to the growing VFR trend is the increasing popularity of group travel, as exemplified in the sports tourism sector (see Chapter 6 on entertainment)\u00a0with sports clubs and\u00a0teams\u00a0who travel together, and associations that bring together people with shared interests in cuisine, walking, birdwatching, or other avocations.<\/p>\n<h4>Global Migration<\/h4>\n<p>Certainly a trend in globalization is the significant movement of people around the world. For British Columbia, immigrants (35,160) and non-permanent residents (11,949) represented the main source of population growth in 2014, along with just over 10,000 people from other provinces (BC Stats 2015).\u00a0The population of British Columbia as of January 1, 2015, was estimated at 4.6 million\u00a0of which nearly 25% are a visible minority (BC Stats 2015).\u00a0The largest groups are Chinese (10.0%),\u00a0South Asian (6.4%), Filipino (2.2%), and Korean (1.2%) (British Columbia Ministry of Attorney General, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>Implications for the tourism industry include a growing need to address the challenges of a multicultural workforce, including\u00a0preconceptions related to customer service and management. It&#8217;s important for diverse teams to be able to work well together and to communicate well with visitors and guests.<\/p>\n<h3>Technology<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2390\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2390\" style=\"width: 208px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/5865722847_96e36c545d_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2390 size-medium\" alt=\"Two woman in front of an old castle. The woman on a right holds an ipad.\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/5865722847_96e36c545d_z-208x300.jpg\" width=\"208\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2390\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.12. Ireland&#8217;s Tourism Minister (right) launches apps for travellers in 2011<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For many years,\u00a0technology has been strongly tied to tourism as the industry has looked to take advantage of developments and changes, opening destinations and providing new products and services.\u00a0From the early days of Thomas Cook&#8217;s first recognized tours, offering train rides to the seaside,\u00a0to the adoption of mobile technology today, tourism and hospitality has\u00a0incorporated technological advances into all aspects of the industry. Two\u00a0key technology trends affecting tourism and hospitality today and into the foreseeable future are\u00a0mobile technology and access.<\/p>\n<h4>Wireless Ways<\/h4>\n<p>Mobile technology and wireless connections affect many aspects of the tourism industry on a global scale.\u00a0Mobile technology allows people increased freedom to negotiate their day-to-day lives while staying connected (Dickinson, Ghali, Cherrett, Speed, Davies, &amp; Norgate, 2014).\u00a0 Online user-generated content, whether through social media (e.g., Facebook, Snapchat) or travel-rating sites (e.g., TripAdvisor, Zagat), is shaping where people go, where they stay and eat, and the types of activities they engage in.<\/p>\n<p>Smartphones and applications (or apps) provide access to information and the ability for tourists to shape their travel en route, affecting tourism travel decisions and behaviours in a more fluid way than ever before (Kramer, Modsching, Hagen, &amp;\u00a0Gretzel, 2007; Wang, Park, &amp; Fesenmaier, 2011).\u00a0Travellers can book hotels instantly, searching for the best deals available.\u00a0Mobile apps are replacing the hotel concierge by providing up-to-date information, along with maps and directions, for many of the desired activities at destinations.<\/p>\n<p>Wireless technology has also given rise to location-based advertising, allowing product or service providers to market themselves when travellers are in the general area (Hopken, Fuchs, Zanker, &amp; Beer, 2010).\u00a0Attraction alerts and special offers, often triggered by applications, provoke the user\u2019s attention to elicit an immediate response.<\/p>\n<p>Internet access has become a standard requirement for accommodations, ahead of other amenities such as in-house restaurants or pools. The\u00a0importance of mobile technology and applications is expected to increase as travellers become more independent and less reliant on packaged options (Buhalis &amp; Law, 2008). Proponents of technology suggest that traditional ways of providing tourism and hospitality information will disappear as mobile technology becomes even more prevalent (Dickinson et al., 2014).<\/p>\n<h4>Advancing Access<\/h4>\n<p>Technological advances in transportation are affecting not only how people travel to and within destinations, but also the impacts that those forms of transportation are having on the environment.\u00a0Transportation is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels, and tourism is one of the biggest contributors to that consumption (Conrady, 2012); consequently the\u00a0tourism industry is taking steps to improve sustainability and reduce impacts.\u00a0For example, newer planes, such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, use less fuel, generate less noise, and produce fewer emissions than previous models (Boeing, 2015).\u00a0Efforts are also being made to offer alternatives for tourism transportation (World Economic Forum, 2011), including increases in the number of electric cars available through rental agencies.<\/p>\n<p>Transportation advances are also opening more access to the world for more people. In adjusted dollars, the cost of flights per mile has fallen by about 50% in the past 30 years (Thompson, 2013), allowing more people to travel.\u00a0There are now even new vehicles for outer space that have created opportunities for people to begin to explore &#8220;the last frontier.&#8221; The cost of these flights is still prohibitively expensive for most people (approximately $20 million), but with continued advances in technology, this futuristic travel could eventually become commonplace.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion: The View from British Columbia<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2394\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2394\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2015\/04\/527200645_d9c9f8424f_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2394\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2016\/11\/527200645_d9c9f8424f_z.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2394\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.13 A cruise ship leaving Vancouver harbour for Alaska<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Tourism in BC is already being impacted by globalization.\u00a0The doors of the province have opened to travellers around the world, but especially from emerging markets such as China. Shifting products and services to meet the needs and desires of these new visitors will require flexibility and creativity for BC\u2019s tourism industry in the future.<\/p>\n<p>BC has also been impacted by the increase in new destinations, fighting for share of the growing tourism economy. Social media and other recent innovations in communication will continue to grow in importance for BC to generate awareness of its many tourism products and services. BC\u2019s many unique cultures and experiences will help keep the province competitive as long as the industry also recognizes the potential negative impacts that tourism can have.<\/p>\n<p>Recognition of tourism\u2019s importance in BC\u2019s economy, along with supportive legislation and funding, is key to the long-term survival of the industry. At the same time, steps must be taken to prepare for the effects of climate change, with potentially shorter winters and reductions in precipitation. BC\u2019s tourism industry is already feeling the effects of collaborative consumption as services such as Airbnb grow in popularity in the province. The spread of technological advances and improved wireless access will help the industry satisfy this aspect of the market, while also increasing the means to raise awareness with more potential visitors.<\/p>\n<p>To take advantage of these global opportunities, British Columbia&#8217;s tourism industry\u00a0will have to react quickly to existing and emerging trends. In the meantime, we hope this textbook will serve as foundation for\u00a0emerging tourism and hospitality professionals as they continue to learn about the industry.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong><strong>Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): <\/strong><\/strong>a forum that brings together countries from the Asia Pacific region (including Canada), and which has a Tourism Working Group\u00a0that looks at policy development in a tourism\u00a0context<\/li>\n<li><strong>Authenticity of experience: <\/strong>a hot topic in tourism that started with MacCannell in 1976 and continues to today; discussion of the extent to which experiences are staged for visitors<\/li>\n<li><strong>BRIC:\u00a0<\/strong>an acronym for the growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China<\/li>\n<li><strong>BRICS: <\/strong>the acronym for the BRIC\u00a0countries with the addition of South Africa<\/li>\n<li><strong>Collaborative consumption:\u00a0<\/strong>also known as the sharing economy, a blend of economy, technology, and social movement where access to goods and skills is more important than ownership (e.g., Airbnb)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conscious consumerism:\u00a0<\/strong>refers to consumers using their purchasing power to shape the world according to their values and beliefs<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cultural commodification:<\/strong> the drive toward putting a monetary value on aspects of a culture<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fad: <\/strong>something taken up in a finite, short amount of time &#8212; can represent a valuable business opportunity, but investment can be risky<\/li>\n<li><strong>Globalization:<\/strong> the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around the world<\/li>\n<li><strong>Homogenizing: <\/strong>making the same, as in the effect of tourism helping to spread Western values,\u00a0rendering one culture indistinguishable from the next<\/li>\n<li><strong>In country:<\/strong> a term to describe using a local-ownership approach in order for the wealth generated from tourism to stay\u00a0in a destination<\/li>\n<li><strong>International Civil Aviation Organization\u00a0(ICAO): <\/strong>a specialized agency of the United Nations that creates global air policy and helps to develop industry capacity and safety<\/li>\n<li><strong>MINTS:\u00a0<\/strong>an acronym for the countries of Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, and South Korea<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):<\/strong> an organization 31 member countries who gather to discuss a range of policy issues, with\u00a0a special committee dedicated to tourism<\/li>\n<li><strong>PEEST:<\/strong>\u00a0an acronym for political, economic, environmental, social, and technological forces<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tourism world-making:<\/strong> the way in which a place or culture is marketed and\/or presented to tourists<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trend<\/strong>: a phenomenon that influences things for a long period of time, potentially shifting the focus or direction of industry and society in a completely different direction<\/li>\n<li><strong>VFR<\/strong>: an acronym for visiting\u00a0friends and relatives; a tourism consumer market<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>What are three benefits of globalization in terms of tourism?\u00a0What are three negative impacts due to global tourism?<\/li>\n<li>Why is it important for a local tour operator, general manager, or tourism business owner to think about globalization? Where should we be looking to understand globalization and future trends? Name three sources.<\/li>\n<li>How can you tell the difference between a fad and a trend?<\/li>\n<li>Identify two current political trends by reading this week&#8217;s headlines or scanning a social media news feed.\u00a0What impacts do you see those trends having on tourism and hospitality?<\/li>\n<li>The claim of an authentic experience is a common promise for tourism marketers. Thinking back to previous chapters (e.g., Chapter 3 on accommodation, Chapter 6 on entertainment, Chapter 12 on Aboriginal tourism), name two\u00a0ways visitors can determine whether an experience is authentic.\u00a0In your own words, what is the value of authenticity, if any, in a globalized world?<\/li>\n<li>The industry has lobbied the Canadian government for policy changes that could help our country become a more competitive destination. Name two areas where these changes could be made.<\/li>\n<li>Name an\u00a0economic trend that is prevalent in today&#8217;s news and media\u00a0(e.g., the position of Canada&#8217;s dollar versus the\u00a0U.S. dollar).\u00a0List the five sectors of tourism, and next to each, identify two\u00a0impacts this economic trend will have on the sector. Will the effects be the same across the industry? Or different?<\/li>\n<li>Name three environmental trends (e.g., climate change). For help, you can refer back to Chapter 10 on environmental stewardship.<\/li>\n<li>Destinations are beginning to\u00a0recognize a\u00a0trend toward travel as a bonding experience for families and groups. What kinds of experiences can be developed to attract this market? Name three examples.<\/li>\n<li>Thinking into the future, predict one trend in each PEEST area\u00a0(political, economic, environmental, social, and\u00a0technological)\u00a0that you feel will have long-lasting effects on tourism and hospitality.<\/li>\n<li>Imagine you own a small tourism or hospitality business. Using one\u00a0future trend you identified in\u00a0the previous question, and referring back to Chapter 11 on risk management and legal liability, identify three ways you could mitigate the negative impacts of this trend.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Case Study: The Rise of Dark Tourism<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>A 2014 article in the <em>The Atlantic,\u00a0<\/em> &#8220;The Rise of Dark Tourism,&#8221; profiled the increase in travel to destinations and cities related to war, famine, disease, or other dark cultural phenomena, often in real time.<\/p>\n<p>The article primarily used examples of travel to war-torn areas of the Middle East. For instance, a tour that culminates at\u00a0the Quneitra Viewpoint allows visitors to watch battles of the Syrian civil war in real time. Tour leaders include a retired Israel Defense Forces colonel who shared that tourists to the area \u201cfeel that they are a part of it. They can go home and tell their friends, \u2018I was on the border and I saw a battle'&#8221; (Kamin, 2014, \u00b6 2). Other tours travel to the Israeli border town of Sderot, an area on the Gaza Strip under heavy rocket fire.<\/p>\n<p>According to Philip Stone, director of the Institute for Dark Tourism Research at the U.K.\u2019s University of Central Lancashire, while war tourism is not a new phenomenon, the increased commercialization has marked a new trend. Dark tourism now has a more sophisticated infrastructure than the days when Thomas Cook took visitors to see hangings, and the increase in technology and interpersonal communications has caused this area of tourism to grow at a faster rate (Kamin, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>The article cites media phenomena such as VICE videos (online documentaries) and celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain\u2019s show <em>Parts Unknown<\/em>, as well as the growth of the adventure tourism industry, as contributing factors. They list hyper-extreme tour operators such as War Zone Tours and Wild Frontiers (both in operation since the 1990s) as pioneers of the sector. More recent examples include former journalist Nicholas Wood, who formed Political Tours, a company that takes around a year to plan small-group excursions to political hot spots such as Libya, to the tune of $7,000 per guest (Kamin, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>In addition to group tours, FIT (fully independent travellers) are creating their own extreme experiences, such as joining protestors in Kiev\u2019s Independence Square and visiting Tahrir Square in Egypt to witness the election of Mohammed Morsi (Kamin, 2014).<\/p>\n<p>Travel to North Korea is also a\u00a0growing market, doubling in size each year with between 6,000 and 7,000 people making the trip in 2013. Some travellers cite their visits to countries and areas such as these with motivating them toward becoming journalists and activists. Others state their experiences are therapeutic, helping them to understand their own difficult experiences or those of others, such as the military service of family members (Kamin, 2014). According to one of these tourists, \u201cYou go to the most extreme place in order to not be alone with your feelings. You really can\u2019t be anywhere else but there\u201d (Kamin, 2014, \u00b6 25).<\/p>\n<p>Refer to the <a href=\"http:\/\/dark-tourism.org.uk\/\">Institute for Dark Tourism Research<\/a> (http:\/\/dark-tourism.org.uk) and answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Would you classify this type of travel as a trend,\u00a0or a fad?<\/li>\n<li>The article seems to imply that dark tourism is an extension of adventure tourism. Do you agree? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<li>How does the concept of authenticity of experience factor into dark tourism?<\/li>\n<li>Imagine you are a citizen in a part of the world that is experiencing hardship and this type of tourism is increasing in your community. How might you feel about it?<\/li>\n<li>Imagine you go to a famous battlefield where Canadians had fought and died, such as Vimy Ridge the World War I battlefield in France.\u00a0What are the visitor motivations and what is the outcome of the visitor experience?<\/li>\n<li>Would you classify visits to Ground Zero in New York as dark tourism? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<li>What are the implications for tourism operators in these areas in terms of risk management and legal liability?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>British Columbia Ministry of Attorney General.\u00a0(June 2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.welcomebc.ca\/welcome_bc\/media\/Media-Gallery\/docs\/communities\/visible_minorities_ethnic_origins.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>The diversity of visible minorities and ethnic origins in BC<\/em>. [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from www.welcomebc.ca\/welcome_bc\/media\/Media-Gallery\/docs\/communities\/visible_minorities_ethnic_origins.pdf<\/p>\n<p>BC Stats. (March 15, 2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/Demography.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>Quarterly population highlights<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from \u00a0www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca\/StatisticsBySubject\/Demography.aspx<\/p>\n<p>Boeing. (2015).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.boeing.com\/boeing\/commercial\/787family\/background.page?\" target=\"_self\"><em>About the 787 family.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0www.boeing.com\/boeing\/commercial\/787family\/background.page?<\/p>\n<p>Buhalis, D. &amp; Law, R. (2008).\u00a0Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the internet &#8211; the state of eTourism research. <em>Tourism Management, 29<\/em>, 609-623.<\/p>\n<p><em>Business Insider.<\/em> (2014). George Magnus: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/5-demographic-trends-shaping-the-world-2014-4\">These 5 big demographic trends are shaping the world right now.<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/5-demographic-trends-shaping-the-world-2014-4<\/p>\n<p>Campbell, P., MacKinnon, A &amp; Stevens, C. (2010).\u00a0<em>Global studies.<\/em> Chichester, Surrey, UK: Blackwell.<\/p>\n<p>Canadian Tourism Commission. (2014).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/content\/ctc_news\/travel-trends-2014\"><em>Three travel trends to watch in 2014<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/en-corporate.canada.travel\/content\/ctc_news\/travel-trends-2014<\/p>\n<p>Conrady, R. (2012).\u00a0Status quo and future prospects of sustainable mobility. In Conrady, R. &amp; Buck, M. (Eds.). <em>Trends and issues in global tourism,<\/em>\u00a0pp. 237-260.<\/p>\n<p>Deloitte. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Passport to growth: How international arrivals stimulate Canadian exports.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/ca\/Documents\/press-releases\/ca-en-tourism-and-trade.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Dickinson, J.E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N., &amp; Norgate, S. (2014).\u00a0 Tourism and the smartphone app:\u00a0 capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. <em>Current Issues in Tourism, 17(<\/em>1), 84-101.<\/p>\n<p>Drumond, A. (2013).<em> <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.commons.georgetown.edu\/cctp-725-fall2013\/2013\/12\/14\/contextualizing-authenticity-in-tourism-an-examination-of-postmodern-tourism-theory\/#_edn\" target=\"_self\">Contextualizing authenticity in tourism: An examination of postmodern tourism theory<\/a><\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/blogs.commons.georgetown.edu\/cctp-725-fall2013\/2013\/12\/14\/contextualizing-authenticity-in-tourism-an-examination-of-postmodern-tourism-theory\/#_edn1<\/p>\n<p>Flannery, R. (2014, March 19).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/russellflannery\/2014\/03\/19\/chinas-travel-and-tourism-growth-slower-than-expected-govt-red-tape-hurts-business\/\" target=\"_self\">China\u2019s travel and tourism growth slower than expected; Gov\u2019t red tape hurts business.<\/a> <em>Forbes<\/em>. Retrieved from www.forbes.com\/sites\/russellflannery\/2014\/03\/19\/chinas-travel-and-tourism-growth-slower-than-expected-govt-red-tape-hurts-business\/<\/p>\n<p>Flight Global. (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/9-11\/airport-security\/\"><em>Airport security.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/features\/9-11\/airport-security\/<\/p>\n<p>Freestone, O., &amp; McGoldrick, P. (2008). Motivations of the ethical consumer. <em>Journal of Business Ethics, 79<\/em>(4):\u00a0 445-467.<\/p>\n<p>Government of Canada. (2012).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www5.agr.gc.ca\/resources\/prod\/Internet-Internet\/MISB-DGSIM\/ATS-SEA\/PDF\/6308-eng.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Socially conscious consumer trends: sustainability<\/em>. [PDF]<\/a> \u00a0Retrieved from www5.agr.gc.ca\/resources\/prod\/Internet-Internet\/MISB-DGSIM\/ATS-SEA\/PDF\/6308-eng.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Hollinshead, K. (2006). &#8216;Worldmaking&#8217; and the transformation of place and culture: The enlargement of Meethan&#8217;s analysis of tourism and global change. In Ateljevic, I., Pritchard, A. &amp; Morgan, N., (Eds.) <em>The critical turn in tourism studies: innovative research methods<\/em>. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, pp. 165-195.<\/p>\n<p>Hopken, W., Fuchs, M., Zanker, M., &amp; Beer, T. (2010).\u00a0Context-based adaptation of mobile applications in tourism. <em>Information Technology and Tourism, 12<\/em>, 175-195.<\/p>\n<p>Kamin, D. (2014, July 15). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2014\/07\/the-rise-of-dark-tourism\/374432\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>The rise of dark tourism<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2014\/07\/the-rise-of-dark-tourism\/374432\/<\/p>\n<p>Kramer, R., Modsching, M., Hagen, K., &amp; Gretzel, U. (2007).\u00a0<em>Behavioural impacts of mobile tour guides<\/em>. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2007: Proceedings of the International Conference in Ljubljana, Slovenia, 109-118.<\/p>\n<p>MacAskill, H. (2014, Nov 18). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2014\/nov\/18\/fivefold-increase-terrorism-fatalities-global-index\">Five-fold increase in terrorism fatalities since 9\/11, says report.<\/a> <em>The Guardian<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2014\/nov\/18\/fivefold-increase-terrorism-fatalities-global-index<\/p>\n<p>Nielsen. (2014a).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/is-sharing-the-new-buying1.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>Is sharing the new buying?<\/em><\/a>\u00a0 Retrieved from\u00a0www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/is-sharing-the-new-buying1.html<\/p>\n<p>Nielsen. (2014b).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/doing-well-by-doing-good.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>Doing well by doing good<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/reports\/2014\/doing-well-by-doing-good.html<\/p>\n<p>Northam, J. (2014, May 13). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/blogs\/parallels\/2014\/05\/13\/311852601\/the-global-economy-will-mint-countries-be-the-new-brics\" target=\"_self\">The global economy: a world of acronyms.<\/a> <em>NPR<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0\u00a0from www.npr.org\/blogs\/parallels\/2014\/05\/13\/311852601\/the-global-economy-will-mint-countries-be-the-new-brics<\/p>\n<p>OTTI. (n.d.). <a href=\"http:\/\/travel.trade.gov\/about\/tourism_policy.html\" target=\"_self\"><em>Office of Travel &amp; Tourism Industries &#8211; Tourism policy<\/em><\/a>. Retrieved from\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/travel.trade.gov\/about\/tourism_policy.html<\/p>\n<p>Papatheodorou, A., Rossello, J., &amp; Xiao, H. (2010).\u00a0Global economic crisis and tourism: consequences and perspectives. <em>Journal of Travel Research, 49<\/em>(1), 39-45.<\/p>\n<p>Pollack, A. (2012). <a href=\"http:\/\/conscious.travel\/\" target=\"_self\"><em>Conscious travel: Signposts towards a new model for tourism.<\/em><\/a> 2nd UNWTO Ethics and Tourism Congress. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/conscious.travel\/<\/p>\n<p>Population Reference Bureau. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.prb.org\/Publications\/Datasheets\/2013\/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx\" target=\"_self\"><em>2013 World population data sheet.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0www.prb.org\/Publications\/Datasheets\/2013\/2013-world-population-data-sheet.aspx<\/p>\n<p>Sacks, D. (2011). The sharing economy<em>.<\/em> <em>Fast Company, 155<\/em>, 88-131.<\/p>\n<p>Shaw, D., Grehan, E., Shiu, E., Hassan, L., &amp; Thomson, J. (2005). An exploration of values in ethical consumer decision making. <em>Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4<\/em>(3), 185-200.<\/p>\n<p>Thompson, D.\u00a0 (2013, Feb 28). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2013\/02\/how-airline-ticket-prices-fell-50-in-30-years-and-why-nobody-noticed\/273506\/\" target=\"_self\">How airline ticket prices fell 50% in 30 years (and why nobody noticed)<\/a>.<em>The Atlantic<\/em>. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2013\/02\/how-airline-ticket-prices-fell-50-in-30-years-and-why-nobody-noticed\/273506\/<\/p>\n<p>United Nations Population Fund (UNPF). (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/world-population-trends\"><em>World population trends.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/world-population-trends<\/p>\n<p>UNWTO. (2011). <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/publication\/policy-and-practice-global-tourism\" target=\"_self\"><em>Policy and practice for global tourism.<\/em><\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www2.unwto.org\/publication\/policy-and-practice-global-tourism<\/p>\n<p>UNWTO. (2014).\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_highlights14_en.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>World tourism highlights 2014.<\/em> [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net\/sites\/all\/files\/pdf\/unwto_highlights14_en.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Wang, D., Park, S., &amp;\u00a0Fesenmaier, D.R. (2011).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&amp;context=gradconf_hospitality\" target=\"_self\"><em>An examination of information services and smartphone applications.\u00a0<\/em><\/a>16th graduate students research conference, Houston, TX. Retrieved from\u00a0 http:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&amp;context=gradconf_hospitality<\/p>\n<p>World Economic Forum. (2011).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_RepoweringTransport_ProjectWhitePaper_2011.pdf\" target=\"_self\"><em>Repowering transport: Project white paper<\/em>. [PDF]<\/a> Retrieved\u00a0from www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_RepoweringTransport_ProjectWhitePaper_2011.pdf<\/p>\n<p>World Tourism Organization. (2010). <em>Demographic change and tourism<\/em>. World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.<\/p>\n<p>York, G. (2014, Aug 12). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/africa-to-experience-population-boom\/article19998373\/\">Population boom: 40% of all humans will be African by end of century.<\/a>\u00a0<em>The Globe and Mail<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/africa-to-experience-population-boom\/article19998373\/<\/p>\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.1<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/artisandhu\/6812254573\/in\/photolist-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q-b7ntgR-dQjhVm-9x5UvH-9x5sYB-uySAn-oBqTaW-5T4HuB-9x5Suc-9x5XQH-9x8AQ7-9x8LwY-9x5RQ8-oBn9sV-9x5MvR-9x5Ng2-9x5zSa-DhMzJ-dEuQLq-9x8qS3-9x8vj5-5CfdX9-9y6P5d-9x8KQ7-DPU88-5T93cs-9x5WdK-opjhf5-9x8R6J-5PdEbP-9x5JzB-9y49Di-q1Gy8H-9x8K5b-9x8SY5-5MjwEy-9x8Yxm-WfChp-9x64AR-ok9nCT-9x8Ae7\">Around the world<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/artisandhu\/\">Arti Sandhu<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.2\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/3697916755\/in\/photolist-6CLMPr-9YYnf-imuSfm-dQdEQx-4CPy1F-5ChVBS-pjGqtH-oXzeiT-q3rAm5-dJQfCn-aspwNd-aaWwLZ-7J82U4-arhtV8-at2SJ3-eVuFXh-f6L8ih-oBB96L-dJQ9kR-ok9nCc-9KdPZQ-9y4buT-9KaZSc-8tB8db-bL7uL-9x8tn9-9x5xvv-DhMzK-9y6WNY-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q-b7ntgR-dQjhVm-9x5UvH-9x5sYB-uySAn-oBqTaW-5T4HuB-9x5Suc-9x5XQH-9x8AQ7-9x8LwY\">Bye Floating Market<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/\">Dennis Jarvis<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-SA 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.3\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vancouver-archives\/5457283218\/in\/photolist-9jf1aY-6nJjfW-6Qui31-9uFDa-eKANhd-eKpnR6-bVkDtj-6tzYoT-8RJXNM-dHj1D-jKNcp-b5Euj4-8n982y-2WwwAV-8xhJ6o-9RMLkc-5jP3vi-6K6Pbb-ykw8j-6he9YC-81P3p3-6968vY-4DD3nP-5ag1C-6M83DS-aKzDv-4EEYAB-4Q8kcq-4DHjd3-7eQz2D-5AqZyc-5bFjBh-8n615V-8n98Ff-8n98vN-8n98cL-8n5ZND-8n9845-8n5ZSa-8n5ZD8-8n5ZKV-6K6PoN-b5Qpep-VfLAC-ykw9J-ahCW5u-6ZJTu9-47XkVH-mU18A-fpQCBg\">Official airport opening<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vancouver-archives\/\">City of Vancouver Archives<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.4\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tfjensen\/8102443082\/in\/photolist-dkZ93w-oVXseD-dkAMPj-9KdQ1u-6Fit34-9eBLXg-fKvviU-djRYE9-9KdQ3C-izzg6z-9KdQ2N-6CLMPr-9YYnf-imuSfm-dQdEQx-4CPy1F-5ChVBS-pjGqtH-oXzeiT-q3rAm5-dJQfCn-aspwNd-aaWwLZ-7J82U4-arhtV8-at2SJ3-eVuFXh-f6L8ih-oBB96L-dJQ9kR-ok9nCc-9KdPZQ-9y4buT-9KaZSc-8tB8db-bL7uL-9x8tn9-9x5xvv-DhMzK-9y6WNY-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q\">Small kid playing around<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tfjensen\/\">Thomas Frost Jensen<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC-BY 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.5\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/oldpatterns\/5979621073\/in\/photolist-a7p824-7NwdjS-owFPD3-aDWP6k-aECjsR-aEGgpW-aDveP1-aEBKjZ-aE1HH1-aDriQv-aECdFt-aDvf2Q-bruR3J-aEBP8r-aEFAGJ-aE1MHj-oFL6KE-aDWLCP-aDvaCG-aDXbGi-aDrj4F-aDXaLc-aDWYZR-oWzX4N-dtoNn7-Du5f9-oH1DXm-6xPndF-aEFEks-aEGiWh-Uh7mU-2cfALC-aDvdS5-7PMk4T-d9utcm-6baCMJ-aEFBFo-6NkqwA-6Nkqef-6Ngf1z-583WWs-5843wu-584giu-6xPmdn-UfyWB-4PWYr7-pFdmJS-6NbdqM-6b9R4s-6Nbzgt\">Patriotic Kick Line<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/oldpatterns\/\">Peter Lee<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.6\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/adamtheo\/5466294789\/in\/photolist-86L7mG-72rsmt-9k3aVk-9k6dPA-9k3aZX-9k3bZT-9k6eWE-9k6f9N-9k6eHy-9k6feu-86GUJD-93A4i-9k6day-9k39aK-9k3brp-9k38XT-9k393P-5vF3R1-7tvJr2-8fzfCW-8fvZg6-5GSjxB-5GS6hc-5GWrGG-5GSdm4-5GWGVj-5GWgPG-5GS36i-5GRZAR-aCXUCU-2Ys3UK-bDfBjr-677gvA-9HyYc1-6732Y6-qCmDk-7Dz4Vb\">Dancers at Germaine&#8217;s Luau<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/adamtheo\/\">Adam Theo<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.7\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/3726535035\/in\/photolist-6Fit34-9eBLXg-fKvviU-djRYE9-9KdQ3C-izzg6z-9KdQ2N-6CLMPr-9YYnf-imuSfm-dQdEQx-4CPy1F-5ChVBS-pjGqtH-oXzeiT-q3rAm5-dJQfCn-aspwNd-aaWwLZ-7J82U4-arhtV8-at2SJ3-eVuFXh-f6L8ih-oBB96L-dJQ9kR-ok9nCc-9KdPZQ-9y4buT-9KaZSc-8tB8db-bL7uL-9x8tn9-9x5xvv-DhMzK-9y6WNY-bnYzX4-9x8yA3-9x8zc9-5PhYou-bGv7Rg-dJQ6q8-gjaDk8-5T8WAh-9x8xX5-9y6V2q-b7ntgR-dQjhVm-9x5UvH-9x5sYB\">Maesa Elehant Camp<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/archer10\/\">Dennis Jarvis<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-SA 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.8\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/unwto\/7044885247\/in\/photolist-bJwSWK-bz9uvV-aNj1bc-aNiWvM-bvC73u-bJwSAZ-bz9tyv-9RMsEt-a5ExMR-aNiY9p-aNiXSZ-aNiXBD-aNiXai-aNiWdF-aNiW14-aNiVLF-aNiVzK-aNiVir-aNiUWe-aNiUGH-aNiUpx-aNiU8X-aNiTYg-aNiTM2-aNiTwR-aNiTaD-aNiSUv-aNiSCp-aNiSni-aNiSaX-aNiS3i-aNiRLt-aNiRqg-aNiReX-aNiQFZ-aNiQwp-aNiQnc-aNiQbV-aNiPZD-aNiPKH-aNiPhR-aNiP2a-aNiNDM-aNiNhg-aNiLBt-aNiJ5v-aNiGZF-aNiG3v-aNiFDT-aNiFcF\">Secretary-general of UNWTO visits Greece<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/unwto\/\">UNWTO<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a> license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.9\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/teflon\/14348855399\/in\/photolist-nRXCNB-8C6BaG-7AN28S-7Da1eB-7GTCtf-7EQREi-7UcquY-7UceA5-7U8YLT-7WDvFy-7Ucem7-7WDy6o-7WDBH3-7WDvL9-7UccyG-7UccGS-7UcdhL-7U8WbX-7Ucf5b-7Uc8Ys-7UcwvY-7U8VJH-7U8ZMc-7U8ZET-7UcfEj-7U8W2X-7UcedS-7Ucces-7U92ax-7Uc7H7-7U8Taa-7U8TZV-7Ucc6C-7U8ToZ-7U8XLV-7U8YUp-7U8ZrB-7Ucy4q-7U8YsP-7U8Uuv-7Uc9KW-7U9i9T-7U8WDv-7UcfnN-7Uc8F9-7U9hec-7U9hFp-7Uce7U-7Uc9F3-7U91dF\">Backing the Bid<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/teflon\/\">Martin Deutsch<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.10\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/snapsi42\/3527686378\/in\/photolist-6nJjfW-6Qui31-9uFDa-eKANhd-eKpnR6-bVkDtj-6tzYoT-8RJXNM-dHj1D-jKNcp-b5Euj4-8n982y-2WwwAV-8xhJ6o-9RMLkc-5jP3vi-6K6Pbb-ykw8j-6he9YC-81P3p3-6968vY-4DD3nP-5ag1C-4DHjd3-7eQz2D-5AqZyc-5bFjBh-8n615V-8n98Ff-8n98vN-8n98cL-8n5ZND-8n9845-8n5ZSa-8n5ZD8-8n5ZKV-6K6PoN-aKzDv-b5Qpep-VfLAC-ykw9J-4EEYAB-ahCW5u-4Q8kcq-6ZJTu9-47XkVH-mU18A-6M83DS-vAnbe-annXJo\">Last call<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/snapsi42\/\">SnaPsi<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.11\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/bcgovphotos\/6050201278\/in\/photolist-adCS49-b2ZN7M-7FiT8W-akqw2x-7FN7fD-7Gkm6W-7EknHQ-6c1BSo-6c1CQy-6c1E77-6c1EHS-6c1Fvm-7FT3LL-7Gb4Qx-7EhJPs-7Ekhvf-7FUUzt-7GkzRE-7GgDNB-7GgxeX-7GkuCJ-7GkyvC-7FPGNi-7GRjVj-7G2ioH-7G2inp-cRfbJQ-7Mf4RY-cRfb9o-cqqbMh-7GrFJ9-q3PDbd-7FPfEV-7DXysm-7DXfh5-7DTyDk-7E4Hpu-7Ee49g-7GD1aL-cRfajU-7GCRU5-7EgtfK-7GCYad-6bNu4S-7GnLtZ-a9t2tT-7FnY8n-cqqbDC-7EtfWk-7EwHGb\">Team BC first at Western Canada Summer Games <\/a>by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/unwto\/\">UNWTO<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.12\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dupphotos\/5865722847\/in\/photolist-iUiY32-m2HLXv-ph9kuo-pz2Aws-pzMjj8-pfHEp5-phfbgR-h8KC4n-dr9SEu-dbqxVm-9GDhxw-dbHwEj-9Wkn3x-azRdDe\">Arlene Foster Launches New Tourism Apps<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dupphotos\/\">DUP photos<\/a> is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 14.13\u00a0<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ozboi-nz\/527200645\/in\/photolist-NA3oi-6Gt9ys-6Nkn9z-wE4m-8Eze5R-6BxtJu-NzzPm-wE5h-5tmQnM-5trcEd-5treB1-5trcMf-5tmPzn-5tmQgB-5trdaj-5treuU-5tmP9p-5tmPYz-5tmQ9e-5treob-5tmPtH-5tmPRF-5trdUd-5tmRj8-AEWur-8ECmvo-wE3y-5tmQHZ-5tre2C-5tregf-AETFw-AEWuo-AESAQ-8ECoum-8ECoz9-9ErTJQ-8EzdBv-3Zv1D-wE3t-dgnYri-dasujk-25YqiT-263W3W-dokcX-5hCfgU-dasr65-iago66-iagBhE-iagka8-iago5C\">Serenade of the Seas, bound for Alaska, sails out of the Vancouver harbour<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ozboi-nz\/\">Nathan<\/a> is\u00a0used\u00a0under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\">CC-BY-NC-ND 2.0<\/a>\u00a0license.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["geoffrey-bird-and-eugene-thomlinson"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[67],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3126","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-geoffrey-bird-and-eugene-thomlinson"],"part":2957,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3195,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3126\/revisions\/3195"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2957"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3126\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3126"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3126"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introtourism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}