{"id":91,"date":"2020-05-19T10:48:42","date_gmt":"2020-05-19T10:48:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/mathfortrades2\/chapter\/pressure-measurments\/"},"modified":"2022-07-13T18:09:50","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T18:09:50","slug":"pressure-measurments","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/mathfortrades2\/chapter\/pressure-measurments\/","title":{"raw":"Pressure Measurements","rendered":"Pressure Measurements"},"content":{"raw":" \r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/media.bccampus.ca\/id\/0_7bn2qe43?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753\r\n\r\nClick play on the following audio player to listen along as you read this section.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/media.bccampus.ca\/id\/0_y8wv26my?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nDealing with the pressures of life can certainly be a balancing act. There is family, work, money and all the other fun stuff that makes up life. How would you describe that pressure?\r\n\r\nThe pressure we\u2019re going to talk about in this section differs from the pressures of everyday life.\r\n\r\nThe word pressure actually has a few different definitions. The version we are going to work with goes something like this:\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nPressure:<\/strong> The force exerted by an object on another object or the force exerted by an object per unit area. That area could be any area you could come up with but for the most part we use a square inch or a square metre.\r\n\r\nWhen dealing with pressure our starting point is going to be pounds per square inch (psi). Pounds per square inch is the imperial version of pressure and the one most of us are most likely familiar with. We use this measurement when dealing with things like pumping up car or bike tires or when dealing with water pressure.\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nThe most common metric version of pressure is known as the Pascal (Pa) and quite often we put Pascals into groups of 1000 and just like the metric system likes to do it\u2019s called a kilopascal (kPa). Now as pressure is defined as force per unit area we should define what a Pascal actually is. One Pascal is equal to a pressure of one Newton per metre square (n\/m2) where a Newton is a measure of force.\r\n\r\nIf we want to get technical here is the definition of what a newton is.\r\n\r\nNewton: <\/strong>is the force needed to move (or accelerate) an object weighing one kilogram at one metre per second squared.\r\n\r\nWe can also include pounds in the idea of force where pounds can be defined as a unit of force as well. It is sometimes referred to as pounds-force or lbf.\r\n\r\nWhatever the case we basically have our two measurements of force to work with. One being the Pascal (Pa) (or kilopascal(kPa)) and the other being pounds per square inch (psi).\r\n\r\nThose are not the only pressure measurements that we\u2019ll deal with. Another couple of pressure measurements that are common in the world of trades are inches of water column and feet of head.\r\n\r\n\"A\r\n\r\nBoth are in reference to a column of water. The idea is that having a column of water creates a pressure at the base of the column. The higher the column of water the greater the pressure. One pound per square inch is equivalent to having a column of water 2.31 feet in height. The pressure at the base of that column of water would be 1 psi. As it turns out 27.72 inches is equal to 2.31 feet so if we had a column of water 27.72 inches (2.31 feet) we would have a pressure of one pound per square inch at the base of that column of water.\r\n\r\nIf you are wondering if this will work for other liquids the answer is yes. Inches of mercury (Hg) is another common way to measure pressure.\r\n\r\nInch of mercury (Hg): <\/strong>This one we might actually use as its common when measuring a vacuum. We would be required to measure vacuum for such things as vacuum pumps in medical facilities or to measure vacuum in refrigeration systems. 2.04 inches of mercury is equal to 1 pound per square inch.\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s throw in another few examples of ways pressure can be expressed.\r\n\r\nBar: <\/strong>Approximately the average pressure at sea level. (It\u2019s actually 1.013 Bar). It\u2019s also equivalent to 100,000 Pascals.\r\n\r\nTorr: <\/strong>Was originally meant to be equal to 1 mmHg but it\u2019s not quite that anymore. It is now defined as 1\/760 of an atmosphere where one atmosphere is defined as 101.325 kPa. One atmosphere is essentially the pressure at sea level exerted on all objects. You might sometimes also hear it referred to as standard atmospheric pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure is also known to be 14.7 psi.\r\n\r\nIn any event a Torr is roughly equal to 133.32 Pascals.\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s put all the main players when dealing with pressure into a table with the starting point being one pound per square inch.\r\n\r\nOne pound per square inch equals:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • 6.895 kilopascals (kPa)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 2.04 inches of mercury (Hg)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 2.31 feet of head (ft\/hd) (water)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • 27.72 inches of water column (\u2033 w.c.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs we have done in the previous parts of the chapter it\u2019s time to go through some examples working between these numbers.\r\n
    \r\n

    Example<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    \r\n\r\nHow many kilopascals are there in 10 psi?\r\n\r\nStep 1: <\/strong>Find the number that works for kilopascals and psi. In this case:\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\text{1 psi} = 6.895 \\text{ kilopascals} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 2: <\/strong>As usual build a ratio\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\dfrac{\\text{1 psi}}{\\text{10 psi}} = \\dfrac{6.895 \\text{ kPa}}{\\text{X kPa}} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 3:<\/strong> Cross multiply\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\begin{array}{c} \\dfrac{\\text{1 psi}}{\\text{10 psi}} = \\dfrac{6.895 \\text{ kPa}}{\\text{X kPa}} \\\\ 1 \\times \\text{X} = 10 \\times 6.895 \\\\ \\text{X} = 68.95 \\\\ \\text{Answer} = 68.95 \\text{ kPa} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n

    Example<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    \r\n\r\nHow many pounds per square inch are there in 150 kilopascals?\r\n\r\nStep 1: <\/strong>Find a number that works for kilopascals and psi.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\text{1 psi} = 6.895 \\text{ kilopascals} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 2: <\/strong>Build a ratio.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\dfrac{\\text{1 psi}}{\\text{X psi}} = \\dfrac{6.895 \\text{ kPa}}{\\text{150 kPa}}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 3:<\/strong> Cross multiply.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\begin{array}{c} \\dfrac{\\text{1 psi}}{\\text{X psi}} = \\dfrac{6.895 \\text{ kPa}}{\\text{150 kPa}} \\\\ 1 \\times 150 = \\text{X} \\times 6.895 \\\\ \\text{X} = \\dfrac{150}{6.895} = 21.75 \\\\ \\text{Answer} = 21.75 \\text{ psi} \\end{array} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n

    Example<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    \r\n\r\nA column of water has a pressure at the base of 14 pounds per square inch. What is that pressure in feet of head (ft\/hd)?\r\n\r\nStep 1: <\/strong>Find a number that works for psi and feet of head.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large 1 \\text{ psi} = 2.31 \\text{ feet of head} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 2: <\/strong>Build a ratio.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\dfrac{1 \\text{ psi}}{14 \\text{ psi}} = \\dfrac{2.31 \\text{ ft\/hd}}{\\text{X ft\/hd}} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 3:<\/strong> Cross multiply.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\begin{array}{c} \\dfrac{1 \\text{ psi}}{14 \\text{ psi}} = \\dfrac{2.31 \\text{ ft\/hd}}{\\text{X ft\/hd}} \\\\ 1 \\times \\text{X} = 14 \\times 2.31 \\\\ \\text{X} = 32.34 \\\\ \\text{Answer} = 32.34 \\text{ ft\/hd}\\end{array} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nNow change that feet of head into inches of water column.\r\n\r\nStep 1: <\/strong>Find a number that works between feet of head and inches of water column.\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nDo you see a problem? The issue here is that we don\u2019t have a number than translates between the two of them. Although we could figure this number out mathematically it would mean that in the end we would have a lot more numbers to remember.\r\n\r\nThe solution here is to find a number that they both relate to and that number is pounds per square inch. What we can then do is go from feet of head to pounds per square inch and then from pounds per square inch to inches of water column.\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nStep 2 (really step 1): <\/strong>We first need to change the feet of head to psi.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large 1 \\text{ psi} = 2.31 \\text{ feet of head}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 3:<\/strong> Build a ratio.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\dfrac{1 \\text{ psi}}{\\text{X psi}} = \\dfrac{2.31 \\text{ ft\/hd}}{32.34 \\text{ ft\/hd}} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 4:<\/strong> Cross Multiply.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\begin{array}{c}\\dfrac{1 \\text{ psi}}{\\text{X psi}} = \\dfrac{2.31 \\text{ ft\/hd}}{32.34 \\text{ ft\/hd}} \\\\ 1 \\times 32.34 = \\text{X} \\times 2.31 \\\\ \\text{X} = \\dfrac{32.34}{2.31} = 14 \\\\ \\text{Answer} = 14 \\text{ psi}\\end{array} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nWhat you\u2019ll notice here is that we are back to where we started from. We actually just proved that our first calculation was correct.\r\n\r\nStep 5: <\/strong>Change the pounds per square inch into inches of water column. Find the number that translates between those two.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large 1 \\text{ psi} = 27.72 \\text{ \u2033 w.c.} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 6: <\/strong>Build a ratio.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large \\dfrac{\\text{1 psi}}{\\text{14 psi}} = \\dfrac{27.72 \\text{ \u2033 w.c.}}{\\text{X \u2033 w.c.}} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 7:<\/strong> Cross multiply.\r\n

    [latex]\\Large\\begin{array}{c} \\dfrac{\\text{1 psi}}{\\text{14 psi}} = \\dfrac{27.72 \\text{ \u2033 w.c.}}{\\text{X \u2033 w.c.}} \\\\ 1 \\times \\text{X} = 14 \\times 27.72 \\\\ \\text{X} = 388.08 \\\\ \\text{Answer} = 388.08 \\text{ \u2033 w.c.}\\end{array} [\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Practice Questions<\/h1>\r\nTry a couple of practice questions yourself and check the video answers to see how you did.\r\n
    \r\n

    Question 1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nAdam and Riley are both gas fitters and today they are installing a new boiler in a warehouse. They checked the gas pressure gauge leading into the warehouse and it reads 34.5 kilopascals. What is that in pounds per square inch?\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/media.bccampus.ca\/id\/0_7luyx3c3?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n

    Question 2<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nZhang Wei is a plumber originally from China. He is now a plumber in Canada and has decided to specialize in hydronic heating. He is required to buy a circulating pump that puts out 32 feet of head. As he is used to working in pounds per square inch he wants to translate 32 feet of head into psi. How many psi is going to be required from the pump?\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/media.bccampus.ca\/id\/0_ymprv017?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

     <\/p>\n