Spinoza’s Ethics, Part One: Concerning God (1677) Definitions Axioms Propositions Appendix Spinoza was born into a community of Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam who had fled the Inquisition. In 1656, Spinoza was excommunicated. In part, the deed of excommunication reads thus: ‘Having long known of the evil opinions and acts of Baruch de Spinoza … The … Continue reading Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)