{"id":151,"date":"2019-10-17T17:02:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T21:02:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/4-1-autonomic-nervous-system-introduction\/"},"modified":"2022-07-13T19:28:05","modified_gmt":"2022-07-13T23:28:05","slug":"4-1-autonomic-nervous-system-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/4-1-autonomic-nervous-system-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"4.1 Autonomic Nervous System Regulation Introduction","rendered":"4.1 Autonomic Nervous System Regulation Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Identify the classifications and actions of autonomic nervous system drugs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of when, how, and to whom autonomic nervous system drugs may be administered<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with autonomic nervous system drugs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include considerations and implications of using autonomic nervous system drugs across the lifespan<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process and clinical reasoning related to medications that affect the autonomic nervous system<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"612\"]acetylcholine (ACh)[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"615\"]adrenergic[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"616\"]adrenergic agonists[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"618\"]adrenergic antagonists[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"626\"]anticholinergics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"604\"]autonomic nervous system[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"725\"]catecholamines[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"695\"]central nervous system[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"614\"]cholinergic[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"623\"]chronotropic[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"726\"]fight or flight response[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"724\"]glyconeogenesis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"779\"]hemostasis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"723\"]hyperglycemia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"621\"]inotropic[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"605\"]involuntary responses[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"602\"]motor neurons[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"624\"]muscarinic agonists[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"609\"]neurons[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"620\"]nonselective beta blockers[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"625\"]parasympathomimetics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"696\"]peripheral nervous system[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"613\"]postganglionic neurons[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"611\"]preganglionic neurons[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"619\"]selective beta blockers[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"601\"]sensory neurons[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"802\"]\u201cSLUDGE\u201d[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"603\"]somatic nervous system[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"606\"]sympathetic division[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"617\"]sympathomimetics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nHave you ever wondered what causes your heart to beat or your lungs to breathe? These are examples of <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"605\"]involuntary responses[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> the brain controls without the need for conscious thought. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) works using a balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that regulate the body's involuntary functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion, and sweating. Many medications are used to control various cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal conditions by acting on ANS receptors. Beta-blockers and anticholinergic medications are the most commonly prescribed medications in this category.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Identify the classifications and actions of autonomic nervous system drugs<\/li>\n<li>Give examples of when, how, and to whom autonomic nervous system drugs may be administered<\/li>\n<li>Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with autonomic nervous system drugs<\/li>\n<li>Include considerations and implications of using autonomic nervous system drugs across the lifespan<\/li>\n<li>Include evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process and clinical reasoning related to medications that affect the autonomic nervous system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_612\">acetylcholine (ACh)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_615\">adrenergic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_616\">adrenergic agonists<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_618\">adrenergic antagonists<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_626\">anticholinergics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_604\">autonomic nervous system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_725\">catecholamines<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_695\">central nervous system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_614\">cholinergic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_623\">chronotropic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_726\">fight or flight response<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_724\">glyconeogenesis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_779\">hemostasis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_723\">hyperglycemia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_621\">inotropic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_605\">involuntary responses<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_602\">motor neurons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_624\">muscarinic agonists<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_609\">neurons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_620\">nonselective beta blockers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_625\">parasympathomimetics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_696\">peripheral nervous system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_613\">postganglionic neurons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_611\">preganglionic neurons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_619\">selective beta blockers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_601\">sensory neurons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_802\">\u201cSLUDGE\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_603\">somatic nervous system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_606\">sympathetic division<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_617\">sympathomimetics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Have you ever wondered what causes your heart to beat or your lungs to breathe? These are examples of <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_151_605\">involuntary responses<\/a><\/strong> the brain controls without the need for conscious thought. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) works using a balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that regulate the body&#8217;s involuntary functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion, and sweating. Many medications are used to control various cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal conditions by acting on ANS receptors. Beta-blockers and anticholinergic medications are the most commonly prescribed medications in this category.<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_151_612\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_612\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Binds to both nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors in the PNS.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_615\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_615\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Postganglionic neuron where neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine are released. Includes alpha (\u03b1) receptors and beta (\u03b2) receptors.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_616\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_616\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Mimic the effects of the body\u2019s natural SNS stimulation on alpha (\u03b1) and beta (\u03b2) receptors. Also called sympathomimetics.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_618\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_618\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Block the effects of the SNS receptors.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_626\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_626\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Inhibit acetylcholine (ACh) which allows the SNS to dominate. Also called parasympatholytics or muscarinic antagonists. Overall use is to relax smooth muscle.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_604\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_604\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue; associated with involuntary responses.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_725\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_725\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Include norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine. Stimulate the adrenergic receptors.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_695\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_695\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Anatomical division of the nervous system located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_614\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_614\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Postganglionic neuron where acetylcholine (ACh) is released that stimulates nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. Also relating to drugs that inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of ACh.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_623\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_623\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it, such as by changing the rhythm (increasing) produced by the sinoatrial node. Positive chronotropes increase heart rate; negative chronotropes decrease heart rate.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_726\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_726\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The response when the SNS is stimulated causing the main effects of increased heart rate; increased blood pressure; and bronchodilation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_724\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_724\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The breakdown of glycogen into glucose, causing elevated blood sugar.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_779\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_779\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process by which the body temporarily seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further loss of blood.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_723\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_723\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Elevated blood sugar.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_621\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_621\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Stimulation causes increased force of contraction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_605\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_605\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Responses that the brain controls without the need for conscious thought.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_602\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_602\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Consist of the somatic nervous system that stimulates voluntary movement of muscles, and the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary responses.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_624\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_624\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Also called parasympathomimetics. Primarily cause smooth muscle contraction, resulting in decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, increased GI\/GU tone, and pupil constriction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_609\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_609\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Cells that carry electrical impulses to the synapse of a target organ.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_620\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_620\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Medications that block both Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors, thus affecting both the heart and lungs.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_625\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_625\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Also called muscarinic agonists.  Primarily cause smooth muscle contraction, resulting in decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, increased GI\/GU tone, and pupil constriction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_696\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_696\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An anatomical division of the nervous system that is largely outside the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely all parts except the brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_613\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_613\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Postganglionic neurons of the autonomic system are classified as either cholinergic, meaning that acetylcholine (ACh) is released, or adrenergic, meaning that norepinephrine is released.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_611\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_611\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>All preganglionic neurons (in the SNS and PNS) release acetylcholine (ACh).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_619\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_619\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Medications that mostly inhibit B1 receptors.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_601\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_601\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sense the environment and conduct signals to the brain that become a conscious perception of that stimulus.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_802\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_802\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Mnemonic for the effects of anticholinergics: Salivation decreased; Lacrimation decreased; Urinary retention; Drowsiness\/dizziness; GI upset; Eyes (blurred vision\/dry eyes).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_603\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_603\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Causes contraction of skeletal muscles; associated with voluntary responses.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_606\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_606\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Associated with the \u201cfight or flight response.\u201d Stimulation causes the main effects of increased heart rate, increased blood pressure via the constriction of blood vessels, and bronchodilation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_151_617\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_151_617\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Mimic the effects of the body\u2019s natural SNS stimulation of adrenergic receptors. Also called adrenergic agonists.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-151","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":150,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/151","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1247,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/151\/revisions\/1247"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/150"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/151\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=151"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=151"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}