{"id":20,"date":"2019-08-13T19:16:30","date_gmt":"2019-08-13T23:16:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/1-1-pharmacology-basics-introduction\/"},"modified":"2023-01-16T17:06:00","modified_gmt":"2023-01-16T22:06:00","slug":"pharmacology-basics-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/pharmacology-basics-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"1.1 Pharmacology Introduction","rendered":"1.1 Pharmacology Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Identify and describe the processes of pharmacokinetics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply principles of evidence-based practice to\u00a0identify pertinent information related to drugs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consider pharmacodynamic differences across the lifespan<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate among prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"560\"]absorption[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"581\"]adverse effects[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"574\"]affinity[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"575\"]agonist[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"576\"]antagonist[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"558\"]bioavailability[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"562\"]blood-brain barrier[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"812\"]clients[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"561\"]distribution[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"572\"]dose-response[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"805\"]drugs[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"568\"]duration[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"571\"]efficacy[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"564\"]excretion[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"799\"]first-pass effect[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"596\"]half-life[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"565\"]mechanism of action[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"563\"]metabolism[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"566\"]onset[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"567\"]peak[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"582\"]pharmacodynamics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"559\"]pharmacogenetics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"557\"]pharmacokinetics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"577\"]pharmacology[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"813\"]pharmacotherapeutics[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"578\"]potency[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"579\"]selectivity[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"580\"]side effect[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"570\"]therapeutic index[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"569\"]therapeutic window[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"807\"]trough[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSafe medication administration is a vital component of the nursing role. Each day it is common for nurses to make clinical judgments regarding the safety, appropriateness, and effectiveness of the medications administered to their clients.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Term: Clients<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nIn British Columbia, [pb_glossary id=\"812\"]clients[\/pb_glossary] are defined as, \"individual consumers of healthcare services who can be either a Patient or Resident or Tenant\". [footnote]Health Information Management. (2021). Glossary of Terms - Client. http:\/\/www.himconnect.ca\/meet-him\/faqs\/glossary-of-terms[\/footnote]. In this textbook, the words client and patient are used interchangeably.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nExamples of decisions that a nurse might make during client care include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Is my client's heart rate within the correct range to receive this beta-blocker medication?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does my client have adequate renal function prior to administering this dose of antibiotic?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is this pain medication effective in controlling my client's discomfort?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn order to make safe medication administration decisions, the nurse must have a strong understanding of\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"577\"]pharmacology[\/pb_glossary]. Symptom management, physical recovery, and individual well-being can be strongly connected to the use of medications in a client's treatment plan. Before a nurse reviews a medication order, checks a medication administration record, or administers a medication, it is important to have a foundational understanding of how medications work within the human body.\r\n\r\nNurses should understand the key components of pharmacology\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"813\"]Pharmacotherapeutics[\/pb_glossary]: The clinical purpose or reason for the medication<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pharmacokinetics: The movement of the drug through the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pharmacodynamics: The physiological response of the body to the drug.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese next sections will introduce pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Future chapters of this textbook will focus on the pharmacotherapeutics of specific drug classifications.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Identify and describe the processes of pharmacokinetics<\/li>\n<li>Apply principles of evidence-based practice to\u00a0identify pertinent information related to drugs<\/li>\n<li>Consider pharmacodynamic differences across the lifespan<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate among prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_560\">absorption<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_581\">adverse effects<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_574\">affinity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_575\">agonist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_576\">antagonist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_558\">bioavailability<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_562\">blood-brain barrier<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_812\">clients<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_561\">distribution<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_572\">dose-response<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_805\">drugs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_568\">duration<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_571\">efficacy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_564\">excretion<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_799\">first-pass effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_596\">half-life<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_565\">mechanism of action<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_563\">metabolism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_566\">onset<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_567\">peak<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_582\">pharmacodynamics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_559\">pharmacogenetics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_557\">pharmacokinetics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_577\">pharmacology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_813\">pharmacotherapeutics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_578\">potency<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_579\">selectivity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_580\">side effect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_570\">therapeutic index<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_569\">therapeutic window<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_807\">trough<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Safe medication administration is a vital component of the nursing role. Each day it is common for nurses to make clinical judgments regarding the safety, appropriateness, and effectiveness of the medications administered to their clients.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Term: Clients<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>In British Columbia, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_812\">clients<\/a> are defined as, &#8220;individual consumers of healthcare services who can be either a Patient or Resident or Tenant&#8221;. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Health Information Management. (2021). Glossary of Terms - Client. http:\/\/www.himconnect.ca\/meet-him\/faqs\/glossary-of-terms\" id=\"return-footnote-20-1\" href=\"#footnote-20-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>. In this textbook, the words client and patient are used interchangeably.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Examples of decisions that a nurse might make during client care include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Is my client&#8217;s heart rate within the correct range to receive this beta-blocker medication?<\/li>\n<li>Does my client have adequate renal function prior to administering this dose of antibiotic?<\/li>\n<li>Is this pain medication effective in controlling my client&#8217;s discomfort?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In order to make safe medication administration decisions, the nurse must have a strong understanding of\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_577\">pharmacology<\/a>. Symptom management, physical recovery, and individual well-being can be strongly connected to the use of medications in a client&#8217;s treatment plan. Before a nurse reviews a medication order, checks a medication administration record, or administers a medication, it is important to have a foundational understanding of how medications work within the human body.<\/p>\n<p>Nurses should understand the key components of pharmacology<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_20_813\">Pharmacotherapeutics<\/a>: The clinical purpose or reason for the medication<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacokinetics: The movement of the drug through the body<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacodynamics: The physiological response of the body to the drug.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These next sections will introduce pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Future chapters of this textbook will focus on the pharmacotherapeutics of specific drug classifications.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-20-1\">Health Information Management. (2021). Glossary of Terms - Client. http:\/\/www.himconnect.ca\/meet-him\/faqs\/glossary-of-terms <a href=\"#return-footnote-20-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_20_560\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_560\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The first stage of pharmacokinetics: medications enter the body and travel from the site of administration into the body's circulation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_581\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_581\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An unintended pharmacological effect that occurs when a medication is administered correctly.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_574\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_574\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The strength of binding between drug and receptor.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_575\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_575\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A drug which binds to its \"receptor\" and produces its characteristic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_576\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_576\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A molecule that prevents the action of other molecules, often by competing for a cellular receptor; opposite of agonist.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_558\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_558\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The ability of a drug or other chemical to be taken up by the body and made available in the tissue where it is needed.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_562\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_562\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A nearly impenetrable barricade that is built from a tightly woven mesh of capillaries cemented together to protect the brain from potentially dangerous substances such as poisons or viruses.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_812\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_812\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Individual consumer of healthcare services who can be either a patient, resident or tenant<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_561\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_561\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The second stage of pharmacokinetics; the process by which medication is distributed throughout the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_572\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_572\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>As the dose of a drug increases, the response should increase. The slope of the curve is characteristic of the particular drug-receptor interaction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_805\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_805\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Medications or other substances that have a physiological effect when introduced to the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_568\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_568\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The length of time that a medication is available within the body and producing its desired therapeutic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_571\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_571\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The maximum effect of which the drug is capable.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_564\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_564\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The final stage of pharmacokinetics; process by which the body eliminates waste or excess.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_799\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_799\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The breakdown of orally administered drugs in the liver and intestines.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_596\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_596\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The rate at which 50% of a drug is eliminated from the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_565\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_565\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>How a medication works at a cellular level within the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_563\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_563\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The breakdown of a drug molecule via enzymes in the liver (primarily) or intestines (secondarily).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_566\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_566\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>When a medication first begins to work and exerts a therapeutic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_567\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_567\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>When the maximum concentration of drug is in the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_582\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_582\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of how drugs act at target sites of action in the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_559\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_559\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of how people's genes affect their response to medicines.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_557\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_557\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_577\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_577\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The science dealing with actions of drugs on the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_813\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_813\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The clinical purpose or reason for the medication<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_578\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_578\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The drug dose required to produce a specific intensity of effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_579\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_579\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>How readily the drug targets specific cells to produce an intended therapeutic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_580\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_580\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The effect of a drug, other than the desired effect, sometimes in an organ other than the target organ.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_570\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_570\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A measurement of the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic effect compared to the amount of drug that produces a toxic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_569\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_569\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The dosing window in which the safest and most effective treatment will occur.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_20_807\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_20_807\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The trough level of medication indicates the lowest concentration of that medication in a person's body. Troughs of medication concentration occur after the drug has been broken down and metabolized by the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-20","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1596,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/20\/revisions\/1596"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/20\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=20"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=20"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}