{"id":380,"date":"2019-11-19T16:58:39","date_gmt":"2019-11-19T21:58:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/8-1-cns-cognition-introduction\/"},"modified":"2022-07-13T20:32:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-14T00:32:08","slug":"8-1-cns-cognition-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/8-1-cns-cognition-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"8.1 CNS Regulation, Mood, and Cognition Introduction","rendered":"8.1 CNS Regulation, Mood, and Cognition Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"module-learning-objectives\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Identify the classifications and actions of drugs related to the central nervous system (CNS), mood, and cognition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consider examples of when, how, and to whom CNS, mood and cognition drugs may be administered<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with CNS, mood, and cognitive therapy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify considerations and implications of using CNS, mood, and cognitive medications across the lifespan<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consider evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process, clinical reasoning, and decision-making related to medications that affect the CNS, mood, and cognition.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"737\"]action potential[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"711\"]acute dystonia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"835\"]affect[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"710\"]akathisia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"836\"]anxiety[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"562\"]blood-brain barrier[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"701\"]bradykinesia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"695\"]central nervous system[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"698\"]chemical synapse[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"810\"]cognition[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"741\"]\"DRESS\"[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"703\"]dystonia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"699\"]electrical synapse[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"709\"]extrapyramidal symptoms[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"702\"]gait disturbance[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"706\"]hypertensive crisis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"740\"]mania[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"834\"]mood[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"742\"]nerve[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"708\"]neuroleptic malignant syndrome[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"609\"]neurons[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"565\"]mechanism of action[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"589\"]methicillin-resistant S. aureus[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"591\"]narrow-spectrum antimicrobial[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"583\"]pathogen[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"722\"]prototype[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"586\"]resistance[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"585\"]sensitivity analysis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"593\"]superinfection[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"599\"]synergistic interaction[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"598\"]time dependent[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"807\"]trough[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"590\"]vancomycin-resistant S. aureus[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe nervous system is a very complex organ system. Even though progress has continued at an amazing rate within the scientific discipline of neuroscience, our understanding of the intricacies within this science is limited. The nervous system may be just too complex for us to completely understand, and you may notice evidence of this within some of the \u201cMechanisms of Action\" statements later in this chapter where exact understanding is unknown. The complexity of the nervous system and understanding of the brain can make treating and preventing diseases that affect this system complicated.[footnote]This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\"  rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"module-learning-objectives\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Identify the classifications and actions of drugs related to the central nervous system (CNS), mood, and cognition<\/li>\n<li>Consider examples of when, how, and to whom CNS, mood and cognition drugs may be administered<\/li>\n<li>Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with CNS, mood, and cognitive therapy<\/li>\n<li>Identify considerations and implications of using CNS, mood, and cognitive medications across the lifespan<\/li>\n<li>Consider evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process, clinical reasoning, and decision-making related to medications that affect the CNS, mood, and cognition.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_737\">action potential<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_711\">acute dystonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_835\">affect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_710\">akathisia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_836\">anxiety<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_562\">blood-brain barrier<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_701\">bradykinesia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_695\">central nervous system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_698\">chemical synapse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_810\">cognition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_741\">\"DRESS\"<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_703\">dystonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_699\">electrical synapse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_709\">extrapyramidal symptoms<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_702\">gait disturbance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_706\">hypertensive crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_740\">mania<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_834\">mood<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_742\">nerve<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_708\">neuroleptic malignant syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_609\">neurons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_565\">mechanism of action<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_589\">methicillin-resistant S. aureus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_591\">narrow-spectrum antimicrobial<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_583\">pathogen<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_722\">prototype<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_586\">resistance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_585\">sensitivity analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_593\">superinfection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_599\">synergistic interaction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_598\">time dependent<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_807\">trough<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_380_590\">vancomycin-resistant S. aureus<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The nervous system is a very complex organ system. Even though progress has continued at an amazing rate within the scientific discipline of neuroscience, our understanding of the intricacies within this science is limited. The nervous system may be just too complex for us to completely understand, and you may notice evidence of this within some of the \u201cMechanisms of Action&#8221; statements later in this chapter where exact understanding is unknown. The complexity of the nervous system and understanding of the brain can make treating and preventing diseases that affect this system complicated.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" id=\"return-footnote-380-1\" href=\"#footnote-380-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-380-1\">This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-380-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_380_737\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_737\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in transmission of an electrical signal; unique to neurons and muscle fibers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_711\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_711\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Painful muscle spasms.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_835\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_835\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the observable response a person has to his or her own feelings, <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jean Giddens, Concepts of Nursing Practice \u2013 2nd edition (Missouri: Elsevier, 2017), page 299.\" id=\"return-footnote-380-1\" href=\"#footnote-380-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_710\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_710\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Distressing motor restlessness.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_836\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_836\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>an alert to the human condition of impending doom, either real or imagined, and is accompanied by autonomic responses that serve as protective <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jean Giddens, Concepts of Nursing Practice \u2013 2nd edition (Missouri: Elsevier, 2017), page 310.\" id=\"return-footnote-380-2\" href=\"#footnote-380-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_562\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_562\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A nearly impenetrable barricade that is built from a tightly woven mesh of capillaries cemented together to protect the brain from potentially dangerous substances such as poisons or viruses.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_701\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_701\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Slowness in initiation and execution of voluntary movements.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_695\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_695\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Anatomical division of the nervous system located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_698\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_698\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Connection between two neurons, or between a neuron and its target, where a neurotransmitter diffuses across a very short distance.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_810\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_810\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the process of thought that embodies perception, attention, visuospatial cognition, language, learning, memory, and executive function with the higher order thinking skills of comprehension, insight, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, creativity, and metacognition<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_741\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_741\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><strong>Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS):<\/strong> A condition reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs. Some of these events have been fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically presents with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and\/or facial swelling.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_703\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_703\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Inappropriate and continuous muscle contraction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_699\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_699\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Connection between two neurons, or any two electrically active cells, where ions flow directly through channels spanning their adjacent cell membranes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_709\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_709\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Involuntary motor symptoms similar to those associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Includes symptoms such as akathisia (distressing motor restlessness) and acute dystonia (painful muscle spasms.) Often treated with anticholinergic medications such as benztropine and trihexyphenidyl.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_702\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_702\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An abnormal way of walking, such as shuffling feet.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_706\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_706\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Severe hypertension (blood pressure greater than 180\/120 mm Hg) with evidence of organ dysfunction. Symptoms may include occipital headache (which may radiate frontally), palpitations, neck stiffness or soreness, nausea or vomiting, sweating, dilated pupils, photophobia, shortness of breath, or confusion. Either tachycardia or bradycardia may be present and may be associated with constricting chest pain. Seizures may also occur. Intracranial bleeding, sometimes fatal, has been reported in association with the increase in blood pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_740\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_740\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Periods of extreme highs in bipolar disorder. Manic episodes may include these symptoms rapid speech, hyperactivity, reduced need for sleep, flight of ideas, grandiosity, poor judgement, aggression\/hostility, risky sexual behavior, neglected basic self-care, or decreased impulse control.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_834\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_834\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the way a person feels <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jean Giddens, Concepts of Nursing Practice \u2013 2nd edition (Missouri: Elsevier, 2017), page 299.\" id=\"return-footnote-380-3\" href=\"#footnote-380-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_742\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_742\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_708\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_708\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Potentially life-threatening adverse effect that includes high fever, unstable blood pressure, and myoglobinemia.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_609\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_609\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Cells that carry electrical impulses to the synapse of a target organ.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_565\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_565\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>How a medication works at a cellular level within the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_589\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_589\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that is difficult to treat because it exhibits resistance to nearly all available antibiotics.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_591\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_591\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An antibiotic that targets only specific subsets of bacterial pathogens.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_583\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_583\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An organism causing disease to its host.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_722\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_722\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A common individual drug that represents a drug class or group of medications having similar chemical structures, mechanism of action and mode of action.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_586\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_586\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A characteristic of bacteria demonstrating lack of effective treatment by an antibiotic when a sensitivity analysis is performed.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_585\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_585\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A test performed in addition to a culture in order to select an effective antibiotic to treat the microorganism.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_593\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_593\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A secondary infection in a patient having a preexisting infection. C diff and yeast infections as a result of antibiotic therapy are examples of superinfections.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_599\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_599\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Concurrent drug administration producing a synergistic interaction that is better than the efficacy of either drug alone.  An example of synergistic drug combinations is trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_598\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_598\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Time dependency occurs when greater therapeutic effects are seen with lower blood levels over a longer period of time.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_807\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_807\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The trough level of medication indicates the lowest concentration of that medication in a person's body. Troughs of medication concentration occur after the drug has been broken down and metabolized by the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_380_590\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_380_590\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An infection caused by Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that is difficult to treat because it exhibits resistance to nearly all available antibiotics.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-380","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":379,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1290,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380\/revisions\/1290"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/379"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=380"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=380"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}