{"id":424,"date":"2019-11-15T19:10:31","date_gmt":"2019-11-16T00:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/9-1-endocrine-introduction\/"},"modified":"2022-07-13T20:44:51","modified_gmt":"2022-07-14T00:44:51","slug":"9-1-endocrine-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/9-1-endocrine-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"9.1 Metabolic Regulation Introduction","rendered":"9.1 Metabolic Regulation Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"introduction-\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Understand the classifications and actions of endocrine system drugs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of when, how, and to whom endocrine system drugs may be administered<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with endocrine system drug therapy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the considerations and implications of using endocrine system medications across the lifespan<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process and clinical reasoning related to medications that affect the endocrine system<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify indications, side effects, and potential drug interactions associated with the use of herbal supplements<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]A1C[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"677\"]adrenal medulla[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"680\"]aldosterone[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"833\"]antidiuretic hormone[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"686\"]basal insulin[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"670\"]blood osmolarity[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"674\"]diabetes insipidus[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"681\"]exocrine gland[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"678\"]general adaptation syndrome[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"682\"]glycolysis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"694\"]hormones[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"669\"]humoral stimuli[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"723\"]hyperglycemia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"693\"]hypoparathyroidism[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"690\"]hyperthyroidism[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"689\"]hypothyroidism[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"688\"]hypoglycemia[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"693\"]hypoparathyroidism[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"676\"]hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"672\"]hypothalamus\u2013pituitary complex[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"689\"]hypothyroidism[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"683\"]insulin[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"679\"]mineralocorticoids[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"668\"]negative feedback loop[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"671\"]neural stimuli[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"673\"]osmoreceptors[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"691\"]parathyroid hormone[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"687\"]prandial insulins[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"675\"]tropic hormones[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"684\"]type 1 diabetes[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"685\"]type 2 diabetes[\/pb_glossary]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nHave you ever wondered how your body controls functions such as digestion, metabolism, and the stress response? The endocrine system is always working behind the scenes, regulating various organs by releasing hormones and using feedback loops. This chapter will discuss medications that affect three of the major endocrine glands: the adrenal glands, the pancreas, and the thyroid. But before we get started with discussing medications, let\u2019s review some key endocrine system concepts to understand the mechanism of action of endocrine medications.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"introduction-\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Understand the classifications and actions of endocrine system drugs<\/li>\n<li>Give examples of when, how, and to whom endocrine system drugs may be administered<\/li>\n<li>Identify the side effects and special considerations associated with endocrine system drug therapy<\/li>\n<li>Identify the considerations and implications of using endocrine system medications across the lifespan<\/li>\n<li>Apply evidence-based concepts when using the nursing process and clinical reasoning related to medications that affect the endocrine system<\/li>\n<li>Identify indications, side effects, and potential drug interactions associated with the use of herbal supplements<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_747\">A1C<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_677\">adrenal medulla<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_680\">aldosterone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_833\">antidiuretic hormone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_686\">basal insulin<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_670\">blood osmolarity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_674\">diabetes insipidus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_681\">exocrine gland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_678\">general adaptation syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_682\">glycolysis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_694\">hormones<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_669\">humoral stimuli<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_723\">hyperglycemia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_693\">hypoparathyroidism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_690\">hyperthyroidism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_689\">hypothyroidism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_688\">hypoglycemia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_693\">hypoparathyroidism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_676\">hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_672\">hypothalamus\u2013pituitary complex<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_689\">hypothyroidism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_683\">insulin<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_679\">mineralocorticoids<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_668\">negative feedback loop<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_671\">neural stimuli<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_673\">osmoreceptors<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_691\">parathyroid hormone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_687\">prandial insulins<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_675\">tropic hormones<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_684\">type 1 diabetes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_424_685\">type 2 diabetes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Have you ever wondered how your body controls functions such as digestion, metabolism, and the stress response? The endocrine system is always working behind the scenes, regulating various organs by releasing hormones and using feedback loops. This chapter will discuss medications that affect three of the major endocrine glands: the adrenal glands, the pancreas, and the thyroid. But before we get started with discussing medications, let\u2019s review some key endocrine system concepts to understand the mechanism of action of endocrine medications.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_424_747\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_747\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A lab test used to assess long-term blood glucose levels over 3 months. The general A1C target level is less than 7%.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_677\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_677\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Neuroendocrine tissue composed of postganglionic sympathetic nervous system (SNS) neurons that are stimulated by the autonomic nervous system to secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_680\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_680\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A mineralocorticoid, released by the adrenal cortex, that controls fluid and electrolyte balance through the regulation of sodium and potassium.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_833\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_833\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>ADH is released by the posterior pituitary in response to stimuli from osmoreceptors indicating high blood osmolarity. Its effect is to cause increased water reabsorption by the kidneys. As more water is reabsorbed by the kidneys, the greater the amount of water that is returned to the blood, thus causing a decrease in blood osmolarity. ADH is also known as vasopressin because, in very high concentrations, it causes constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_686\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_686\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Long-acting (insulin glargine or insulin detemir) or intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_670\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_670\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The concentration of solutes (such as sodium and glucose) in the blood.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_674\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_674\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A disease characterized by underproduction of ADH that causes chronic dehydration.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_681\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_681\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Gland that secretes digestive enzymes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_678\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_678\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The pattern in which the body responds in different ways to stress: The alarm reaction (otherwise known as the \u201cfight or flight response,\u201d the stage of resistance, and the stage of exhaustion).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_682\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_682\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Stimulated by insulin, the metabolism of glucose for generation of ATP.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_694\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_694\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Chemical signals sent by the endocrine organs and transported via the bloodstream throughout the body where they bind to receptors on target cells and induce a characteristic response.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_669\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_669\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Changes in blood levels of non-hormone chemicals that cause an endocrine gland to release or inhibit a hormone to maintain homeostasis. For example, high blood sugar causes the pancreas to release insulin.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_723\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_723\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Elevated blood sugar.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_693\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_693\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Abnormally low blood calcium levels caused by parathyroid hormone deficiency, which may develop following thyroid surgery. Low blood calcium can cause muscle twitching, cramping, spasms, or convulsions; severe deficits can paralyze muscles, including those involved in breathing, and can be fatal.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_690\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_690\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Abnormally elevated blood level of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, often caused by a pituitary tumor, thyroid tumor, or autoimmune reaction in which antibodies overstimulate the follicle cells of the thyroid gland<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_689\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_689\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Abnormally low blood levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 in the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_688\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_688\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A blood glucose level below 70 mg\/dL; severe hypoglycemia refers to a blood glucose level below 40.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_676\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_676\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The hypothalamus stimulates the release of ACTH from the pituitary, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce the hormone cortisol and steroid hormones important for the regulation of the stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrolyte balance, and inflammation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_672\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_672\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The \u201ccommand center\u201d of the endocrine system that secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands. In addition, the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary complex coordinates the messages of the endocrine and nervous systems.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_683\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_683\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A hormone that facilitates the uptake of glucose into skeletal and adipose body cells.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_679\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_679\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that regulate body minerals, especially sodium and potassium, that are essential for fluid and electrolyte balance. Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_668\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_668\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Characterized by the inhibition of further secretion of a hormone in response to adequate levels of that hormone.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_671\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_671\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Released in response to stimuli from the nervous system. For example, the activation of the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the fight-or-flight response is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_673\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_673\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Specialized cells within the hypothalamus that are sensitive to the concentration of sodium ions and other solutes in the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_691\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_691\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The hormone released by parathyroid glands; involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_687\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_687\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>During or relating to the eating of food.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_675\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_675\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Hormones that turn on or off the function of other endocrine glands, including ACTH, FSH, LH, and TSH.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_684\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_684\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An autoimmune disease that affects the beta cells of the pancreas so they do not produce insulin; thus, synthetic insulin must be administered by injection or infusion.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_424_685\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_424_685\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A condition where the body\u2019s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin. Over time, the beta cells become exhausted and if blood glucose levels cannot be controlled through a healthy diet and exercise, then oral diabetic medication must be implemented and eventually insulin administration may be required.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-424","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":423,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/424","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/424\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1298,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/424\/revisions\/1298"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/423"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/424\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=424"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=424"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=424"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=424"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}