{"id":152,"date":"2017-11-02T19:30:53","date_gmt":"2017-11-02T19:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=152"},"modified":"2024-11-22T16:58:35","modified_gmt":"2024-11-22T16:58:35","slug":"ell","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/chapter\/ell\/","title":{"raw":"English Language Learning (ELL)","rendered":"English Language Learning (ELL)"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>English Language Learning (ELL) is also known as English as a Second Language (ESL).<\/em><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--sidebar\">Last update: Nov 22\/24<\/div>\r\n<h1>Courses<\/h1>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/14QU2N191byzVgxRDosK1TMYMk8qYkYTG\">Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Also see Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students under \"Textbooks\"<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\nThis course was created for an advanced academic grammar course for ESL students. By the end of the course, students will recognize and demonstrate the appropriate use of advanced grammar structures. To meet these outcomes, students will listen to aural language that includes the target structures, identify and edit grammar errors in written language, read and analyze texts that include the target grammar structures, and demonstrate the correct and appropriate use of target structures in written and spoken language.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/oli.cmu.edu\/courses\/american-english-speech-open-free\/\">American English Speech<\/a>\u00a0(CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nLearn how to communicate with the sounds and music of American English. Improve your pronunciation in Standard American English by dealing with the sounds of the words that you speak. NOTE: This is a course on speaking American English, not learning the English language.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"size-full wp-image-729 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/213\/2017\/11\/icons8-canada-map-50.png\" alt=\"This is a Canadian created resource\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/eslau.ca\/\">Mobile ESL<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\nFrom Athabasca University in Alberta, this is a course of lessons and practice on the system of English. It is divided into eighty-six sections. Each section covers an area of basic grammar and contains a number of exercises.\r\n<p class=\"featured-item-title page-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oercommons.org\/browse\/featured-item\/703?__hub_id=34&amp;f.keyword=openwa-idea\">Project I-DEA<\/a><\/p>\r\nThe Integrated Digital English Acceleration (I-DEA) program teaches English language skills in the context of college and careers for learners who face the largest language gaps. Unlike traditional approaches \u2014 in which learners are expected to learn English before pursuing college or job-training \u2014 I-DEA teaches English in tandem with college and career skills. Students quickly learn skills relevant to their lives and careers.\r\n<h1>Monographs<\/h1>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/perspectives\/l2\/\">WAC and Second-Language Writers: Research Towards Linguistically and Culturally Inclusive Programs and Practices<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND)\r\n\r\nThis book looks at the differing perspectives, educational experiences, and voices of second-language writers. The chapters within this collection not only report new research but also share a wealth of pedagogical, curricular, and programmatic practices relevant to second-language writers. Representing a range of institutional perspectives\u2014including those of students and faculty at public universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, and English-language schools\u2014and a diverse set of geographical and cultural contexts, the editors and contributors report on work taking place in the United States, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.\r\n<h1>Readers<\/h1>\r\n<img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2000\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/213\/2020\/09\/BCOutlineFlag-e1601489104809.png\" alt=\"This is a British Columbia created resource.\" width=\"50\" height=\"56\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/globalstorybooks.net\/\">Global Storybooks Portal<\/a>\u00a0(CC BY)\r\n\r\nGlobal Storybooks is a collection of\u00a040 stories from the African Storybook available with text and audio in English, French, and the most widely spoken immigrant and refugee languages in countries all over the world. This resource was created in order to promote literacy and language learning in homes, schools, and communities.\r\n<h1>Supplemental Materials<\/h1>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/homeandschool\/\">Home and School<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\nThis book contains 10 easy picture stories for beginning students of English along with exercises and discussion prompts.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2000\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/213\/2020\/09\/BCOutlineFlag-e1601489104809.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"56\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/web2.uvcs.uvic.ca\/courses\/elc\/studyzone\/\">Study Zone<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nThe Study Zone is for students of the English Language Centre (ELC) at the University of Victoria. ELC teachers create English language lessons and practice exercises. The site is designed for our adult English language learners, but all are welcome to read the lessons and use the exercises.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/writingwithgrammar.wordpress.com\/\">Writing with Grammar<\/a> (CC BY-SA)\r\n\r\nPractice grammar with authentic writing and speaking activities.\r\n<h1>Textbooks<\/h1>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/harpercollege.pressbooks.pub\/lessonsonverbs\/\">51 Bite-Size Lessons on Verbs<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nThe book addresses some of the most frequently occurring verb errors made by English as a Second Language (ESL) students.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/14QU2N191byzVgxRDosK1TMYMk8qYkYTG\">Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Also see Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students under \"Courses\"<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\nThis textbook was created for an advanced academic grammar course for ESL students. By the end of the course, students will recognize and demonstrate the appropriate use of advanced grammar structures. To meet these outcomes, students will listen to aural language that includes the target structures, identify and edit grammar errors in written language, read and analyze texts that include the target grammar structures, and demonstrate the correct and appropriate use of target structures in written and spoken language.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openwa.pressbooks.pub\/commonamericanenglishpronunciationpatterns\/\">Common American English Pronunciation Patterns<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\nThis textbook was written for students enrolled in ELL 80 at Lake Washington Institute of Technology. It includes several English pronunciation lessons to make students more effective speakers.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/southseattle.edu\/esl-grammar-the-way-you-like-it-levels-1-5\/academic-esl-grammar-books\">ESL for Beginning Students: The Way You Like It, Levels 1\u20135<\/a> (CC BY-NC)\r\n\r\nA collection of English-grammar books ranging in levels from beginner to advanced. These books were created by Don Bissonnette of South Seattle College for students and teachers of English as a Second Language (ESL). These grammar-based books also include vocabulary, some pronunciation, punctuation, capitalization, and model paragraphs.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/explorations1\/\">Explorations 1: Grammar for the Experienced Beginner<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nThis English grammar textbook was designed for a class of Clackamas Community College (CCC) ESOL students who need only a review of the BE verb and are ready to learn the simple present and present progressive tenses.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1No0UiydxRIegKTHa8Y7zX3kuPADNai8v\/view\">Intermediate Reading and Writing<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\nOER Textbook for English as a Second Language. It uses themes found in the historical fiction novel\u00a0<i>Uprising<\/i>. Email\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:rebecca.alhaider@reedleycollege.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-linkindex=\"1\">rebecca.alhaider@reedleycollege.edu<\/a> if you have any questions.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/trace.tennessee.edu\/openbooks\/2\/\">It's All Greek to Me! Using the Authentic Readings to Improve Knowledge of the English Language and Western Culture<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nThis book includes entertaining stories, academic articles in a variety of disciplines, vocabulary crossover in literary and academic readings, connections to local, American, and Western culture, and plenty of chances for critical thinking for advanced students of English as a Second Language (ESL). All readings are authentic with minimal adaptation from a variety of sources.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iastate.pressbooks.pub\/oralcommunication\/\">Oral Communication for Non-Native Speakers of English<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nThis textbook is designed to serve as an instructional tool for both learners and teachers in the field of pronunciation. Topics covered include vowel and consonant sounds, word stress, thought groups, prominence, and intonation as well as materials on listening, speaking, lexicogrammar, pragmatics, and pronunciation. The book can be used as a self-paced instructional tool or a classroom resource for speaking or pronunciation courses.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iastate.pressbooks.pub\/teachingmath\/\">Teaching Math for Emergent Bilinguals: Building on Culture, Language, and Identity<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\nThis book is designed for pre-service\/in-service teachers and others who will work or work with K\u201312 students who have linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds, especially students of other languages (English language learners\/Emergent bilingual\/multilingual).\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iastate.pressbooks.pub\/teachingpronunciation\/\">Teaching Pronunciation with Confidence: A Resource for ESL\/EFL Teachers and Learners<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\nThis textbook is designed to effectively build strong pronunciation skills and knowledge of pronunciation. It covers key topics, including English sounds, word stress, intonation, rhythm, prominence, connected speech, and pronunciation diagnostics to guide improvement. The book includes a wide array of interactive H5P activities and sound recordings, which can be used for classroom teaching, or homework and individual practice. These exercises provide practical experience, reinforcing the concepts covered in each chapter.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu\/pdxopen\/19\/\">Transition with Purpose: Pathways from English Language to Academic Study<\/a> (CC BY-NC)\r\n\r\nThis textbook will guide students through their English language to academic degree studies. Part one of this textbook is a guide for moving from ESL study to academic study at a university. Part two focuses on how academic skills are used across various disciplines and is comprised of activities and assignments designed to practice these skills.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/open.umn.edu\/opentextbooks\/textbooks\/writing-for-change-an-advanced-ell-resource\">Writing for Change: An Advanced ELL Resource<\/a> (CC BY)\r\n\r\nThis ELL textbook includes anti-racist, culturally responsive, and decolonization approaches to learning English.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/textbooks.whatcom.edu\">Writing for Change: An Intermediate ELA Resource<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/textbooks.whatcom.edu\/WritingforChange\/\">Writing for Change: An Advanced ELA Resource<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>English Language Learning (ELL) is also known as English as a Second Language (ESL).<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--sidebar\">Last update: Nov 22\/24<\/div>\n<h1>Courses<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/14QU2N191byzVgxRDosK1TMYMk8qYkYTG\">Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Also see Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students under &#8220;Textbooks&#8221;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This course was created for an advanced academic grammar course for ESL students. By the end of the course, students will recognize and demonstrate the appropriate use of advanced grammar structures. To meet these outcomes, students will listen to aural language that includes the target structures, identify and edit grammar errors in written language, read and analyze texts that include the target grammar structures, and demonstrate the correct and appropriate use of target structures in written and spoken language.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oli.cmu.edu\/courses\/american-english-speech-open-free\/\">American English Speech<\/a>\u00a0(CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>Learn how to communicate with the sounds and music of American English. Improve your pronunciation in Standard American English by dealing with the sounds of the words that you speak. NOTE: This is a course on speaking American English, not learning the English language.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-729 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/213\/2017\/11\/icons8-canada-map-50.png\" alt=\"This is a Canadian created resource\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/eslau.ca\/\">Mobile ESL<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>From Athabasca University in Alberta, this is a course of lessons and practice on the system of English. It is divided into eighty-six sections. Each section covers an area of basic grammar and contains a number of exercises.<\/p>\n<p class=\"featured-item-title page-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oercommons.org\/browse\/featured-item\/703?__hub_id=34&amp;f.keyword=openwa-idea\">Project I-DEA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Integrated Digital English Acceleration (I-DEA) program teaches English language skills in the context of college and careers for learners who face the largest language gaps. Unlike traditional approaches \u2014 in which learners are expected to learn English before pursuing college or job-training \u2014 I-DEA teaches English in tandem with college and career skills. Students quickly learn skills relevant to their lives and careers.<\/p>\n<h1>Monographs<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wac.colostate.edu\/books\/perspectives\/l2\/\">WAC and Second-Language Writers: Research Towards Linguistically and Culturally Inclusive Programs and Practices<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND)<\/p>\n<p>This book looks at the differing perspectives, educational experiences, and voices of second-language writers. The chapters within this collection not only report new research but also share a wealth of pedagogical, curricular, and programmatic practices relevant to second-language writers. Representing a range of institutional perspectives\u2014including those of students and faculty at public universities, community colleges, liberal arts colleges, and English-language schools\u2014and a diverse set of geographical and cultural contexts, the editors and contributors report on work taking place in the United States, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.<\/p>\n<h1>Readers<\/h1>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2000\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/213\/2020\/09\/BCOutlineFlag-e1601489104809.png\" alt=\"This is a British Columbia created resource.\" width=\"50\" height=\"56\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/globalstorybooks.net\/\">Global Storybooks Portal<\/a>\u00a0(CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>Global Storybooks is a collection of\u00a040 stories from the African Storybook available with text and audio in English, French, and the most widely spoken immigrant and refugee languages in countries all over the world. This resource was created in order to promote literacy and language learning in homes, schools, and communities.<\/p>\n<h1>Supplemental Materials<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/homeandschool\/\">Home and School<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>This book contains 10 easy picture stories for beginning students of English along with exercises and discussion prompts.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2000\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/213\/2020\/09\/BCOutlineFlag-e1601489104809.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"56\" \/><a href=\"http:\/\/web2.uvcs.uvic.ca\/courses\/elc\/studyzone\/\">Study Zone<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>The Study Zone is for students of the English Language Centre (ELC) at the University of Victoria. ELC teachers create English language lessons and practice exercises. The site is designed for our adult English language learners, but all are welcome to read the lessons and use the exercises.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writingwithgrammar.wordpress.com\/\">Writing with Grammar<\/a> (CC BY-SA)<\/p>\n<p>Practice grammar with authentic writing and speaking activities.<\/p>\n<h1>Textbooks<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/harpercollege.pressbooks.pub\/lessonsonverbs\/\">51 Bite-Size Lessons on Verbs<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>The book addresses some of the most frequently occurring verb errors made by English as a Second Language (ESL) students.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/14QU2N191byzVgxRDosK1TMYMk8qYkYTG\">Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Also see Advanced Academic Grammar for ESL Students under &#8220;Courses&#8221;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>This textbook was created for an advanced academic grammar course for ESL students. By the end of the course, students will recognize and demonstrate the appropriate use of advanced grammar structures. To meet these outcomes, students will listen to aural language that includes the target structures, identify and edit grammar errors in written language, read and analyze texts that include the target grammar structures, and demonstrate the correct and appropriate use of target structures in written and spoken language.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openwa.pressbooks.pub\/commonamericanenglishpronunciationpatterns\/\">Common American English Pronunciation Patterns<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>This textbook was written for students enrolled in ELL 80 at Lake Washington Institute of Technology. It includes several English pronunciation lessons to make students more effective speakers.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/a\/southseattle.edu\/esl-grammar-the-way-you-like-it-levels-1-5\/academic-esl-grammar-books\">ESL for Beginning Students: The Way You Like It, Levels 1\u20135<\/a> (CC BY-NC)<\/p>\n<p>A collection of English-grammar books ranging in levels from beginner to advanced. These books were created by Don Bissonnette of South Seattle College for students and teachers of English as a Second Language (ESL). These grammar-based books also include vocabulary, some pronunciation, punctuation, capitalization, and model paragraphs.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openoregon.pressbooks.pub\/explorations1\/\">Explorations 1: Grammar for the Experienced Beginner<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>This English grammar textbook was designed for a class of Clackamas Community College (CCC) ESOL students who need only a review of the BE verb and are ready to learn the simple present and present progressive tenses.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1No0UiydxRIegKTHa8Y7zX3kuPADNai8v\/view\">Intermediate Reading and Writing<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>OER Textbook for English as a Second Language. It uses themes found in the historical fiction novel\u00a0<i>Uprising<\/i>. Email\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:rebecca.alhaider@reedleycollege.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-linkindex=\"1\">rebecca.alhaider@reedleycollege.edu<\/a> if you have any questions.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/trace.tennessee.edu\/openbooks\/2\/\">It&#8217;s All Greek to Me! Using the Authentic Readings to Improve Knowledge of the English Language and Western Culture<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>This book includes entertaining stories, academic articles in a variety of disciplines, vocabulary crossover in literary and academic readings, connections to local, American, and Western culture, and plenty of chances for critical thinking for advanced students of English as a Second Language (ESL). All readings are authentic with minimal adaptation from a variety of sources.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iastate.pressbooks.pub\/oralcommunication\/\">Oral Communication for Non-Native Speakers of English<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>This textbook is designed to serve as an instructional tool for both learners and teachers in the field of pronunciation. Topics covered include vowel and consonant sounds, word stress, thought groups, prominence, and intonation as well as materials on listening, speaking, lexicogrammar, pragmatics, and pronunciation. The book can be used as a self-paced instructional tool or a classroom resource for speaking or pronunciation courses.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iastate.pressbooks.pub\/teachingmath\/\">Teaching Math for Emergent Bilinguals: Building on Culture, Language, and Identity<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p>This book is designed for pre-service\/in-service teachers and others who will work or work with K\u201312 students who have linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds, especially students of other languages (English language learners\/Emergent bilingual\/multilingual).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/iastate.pressbooks.pub\/teachingpronunciation\/\">Teaching Pronunciation with Confidence: A Resource for ESL\/EFL Teachers and Learners<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>This textbook is designed to effectively build strong pronunciation skills and knowledge of pronunciation. It covers key topics, including English sounds, word stress, intonation, rhythm, prominence, connected speech, and pronunciation diagnostics to guide improvement. The book includes a wide array of interactive H5P activities and sound recordings, which can be used for classroom teaching, or homework and individual practice. These exercises provide practical experience, reinforcing the concepts covered in each chapter.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu\/pdxopen\/19\/\">Transition with Purpose: Pathways from English Language to Academic Study<\/a> (CC BY-NC)<\/p>\n<p>This textbook will guide students through their English language to academic degree studies. Part one of this textbook is a guide for moving from ESL study to academic study at a university. Part two focuses on how academic skills are used across various disciplines and is comprised of activities and assignments designed to practice these skills.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/open.umn.edu\/opentextbooks\/textbooks\/writing-for-change-an-advanced-ell-resource\">Writing for Change: An Advanced ELL Resource<\/a> (CC BY)<\/p>\n<p>This ELL textbook includes anti-racist, culturally responsive, and decolonization approaches to learning English.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/textbooks.whatcom.edu\">Writing for Change: An Intermediate ELA Resource<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/textbooks.whatcom.edu\/WritingforChange\/\">Writing for Change: An Advanced ELA Resource<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA)<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Media Attributions<\/h2><ul><li about=\"https:\/\/icons8.com\/icon\/58448\/canada-map\"><a rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"https:\/\/icons8.com\/icon\/58448\/canada-map\" property=\"dc:title\">Canada Map Icon<\/a>  &copy;  <a rel=\"dc:creator\" href=\"https:\/\/icons8.com\/\" property=\"cc:attributionName\">Icons8<\/a>    is licensed under a  <a rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-ND (Attribution NoDerivatives)<\/a> license<\/li><li about=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BCOutlineFlag.png\"><a rel=\"cc:attributionURL\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BCOutlineFlag.png\" property=\"dc:title\">BC Map<\/a>  &copy;  Adamwashere    is licensed under a  <a rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike)<\/a> license<\/li><\/ul><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-152","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":149,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3695,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/152\/revisions\/3695"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/149"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/152\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=152"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=152"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/oerdiscipline\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}