Pattern Development: Sheet Metal Level 1

parts-of-a-circle-2

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Step-1

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Step-2

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Step-3-1

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Step-4_1-2

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construct-triangles-Step-1

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Construct-Triangles-Step-2

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Construct-Triangles-Step-3

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Construct-Triangles-Step-4

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Step-1_1-1

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Step-2_2

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Step-3_1-1

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Step-4_1-3

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Bisect-A-Line-Step-1

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Bisect-A-Line-Step-2

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Bisect-A-Line-Step-3

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Bisect-A-Line-Step-4

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Step-1_1-2

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Step-2_1-4

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Step-3-20

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Step-4-14

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Step-5-9

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Bisect-An-Arc-Step-1

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Bisect-An-Arc-Step-2

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Bisect-An-Arc-Step-3

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Bisect-An-Arc-Step-4

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Bisect-An-Arc-Step-5

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Step-1_1-3

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Step-2_1-5

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Step-3_1-2

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Step-4_1-4

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Step-5_1-4

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Bisect-An-Angle-Step-1

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Bisect-An-Angle-Step-2

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Bisect-An-Angle-Step-3

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Bisect-An-Angle-Step-4

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Bisect-An-Angle-Step-5a

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Bisect-An-Angle-Step-5b

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step1-1

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step2-1

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Step-3-4

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step4-1

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Copy-An-Angle-Step-1

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Copy-An-Angle-Step-2

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Copy-An-Angle-Step-3

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Copy-An-Angle-Step-4

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Step-1_1-4

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Step-2_1-6

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Step-3_1-3

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Step-4_1-5

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Create-A-Parallel-Line-Step-1

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Create-A-Parallel-Line-Step-2

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Create-A-Parallel-Line-Step-3

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Create-A-Parallel-Line-Step-4

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Step-1_2-1

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Step-2_2-1

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Step-3_1-4

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Step-1_2-2

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Step-2_3

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Step-3_1-5

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Step-4_1-6

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Step-5_2

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Step-6_1-1

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-Middle-Step-1

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-Middle-Step-2

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-Middle-Step-3

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-End-Step-1

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-End-Step-2

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-End-Step-3

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-End-Step-4

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-End-Step-5

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Create-A-Perpendicular-Line-End-Step-6

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step-1_1-8

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step-2_1-7

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step-3_1-6

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step-4_1-7

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step-5_1-5

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step-6_1-2

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-1

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-2

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-3

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-4

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-5

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-6a

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Draw-Line-Through-Three-Points-6b

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Step-1_1-9

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Step-2_1-8

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Step-3_4-1

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Divide-Circle-12-Equal-Parts-Step-1

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Divide-Circle-12-Equal-Parts-Step-2

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Divide-Circle-12-Equal-Parts-Step-3

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Divide-Circle-12-Equal-Parts-Step-4

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Step-1_2-3

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Step-2_4

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Step-3_2

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Step-4_2

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Divide-A-Line-Using-Ruler-On-Angle-Step-1

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Divide-A-Line-Using-Ruler-On-Angle-Step-2

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Divide-A-Line-Using-Ruler-On-Angle-Step-3

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Divide-A-Line-Using-Ruler-On-Angle-Step-4a

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Divide-A-Line-Using-Ruler-On-Angle-Step-4b

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Divide-A-Line-Using-Ruler-On-Angle-Step-4c

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Step-3_4

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Step-4-15

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Create-Hexagon-Step-2

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Create-Hexagon-Step-3

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Create-Hexagon-Step-4

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step-1_2-4

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step-2_1-9

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step-3_1-7

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step-4_1-8

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step-5-10

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step-7_1-1

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Pipe-On-Miter-Step-1

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Pipe-On-Miter-Step-2

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Pipe-On-Miter-Step-3

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Pipe-On-Miter-Step-4

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Pipe-On-Miter-Step-5

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Pipe-On-Miter-Step-7

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Step-1_1-10

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Step-2_2-3

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Step-3_2-1

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Step-4_2-1

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Step-5_2-1

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Step-6_2

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Step-7_1-2

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Step-8_2

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-1

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-2

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-3

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-4

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-5

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-6

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-7

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Equal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-8

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Step-1_1_2

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Step-1_2_1

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Step-1_3_1

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Step-1_4_1

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Step-1_5_2

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Step-1_6_3

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Step-1_7_2

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-1

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-2

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-3

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-4

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-5

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-6

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Unequal-Diameter-90-Deg-Tee-Step-7

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Step-1_1-11

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Step-2_1-10

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Step-3_1-8

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Step-4_1-9

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Step-5_1-7

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Step-6_1-3

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Step-7_1-3

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Step-8_1-2

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-1

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-2

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-3

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-4

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-5

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-6

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-7

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Off-Center-90-Deg-Tee-Step-8

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step-1_1-12

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step-2_1-12

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step-3_1-9

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step-4_1-10

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step-5_1-8

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step-6_1-4

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Step-7_1-4

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Step-8_1-3

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Oblique-Tee-Step-1

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Oblique-Tee-Step-2

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Oblique-Tee-Step-3

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Oblique-Tee-Step-4

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Oblique-Tee-Step-5

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Oblique-Tee-Step-6

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Oblique-Tee-Step-7

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Oblique-Tee-Step-8

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Step-1_1-13

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Step-2_1-11

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Step-3-0_1

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Step-3-1_1

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Step-3-2_1

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Step-3-3_1

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Step-3-4_1

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Step-3-5_1

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Step-3-6_1

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Step-3-7_1

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Step-5_1-9

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Step-6_1-5

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Step-7_1-5

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Round-Elbow-Step-1

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Round-Elbow-Step-2

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.0

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.1

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.2

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.3

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.4

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.5

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.6

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Round-Elbow-Step-3.7

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Round-Elbow-Step-5

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Round-Elbow-Step-6

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Round-Elbow-Step-7

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Step-1_1-14

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Step-2_1-13

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Step-3_1-10

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Step-4_1-11

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Step-5_1-10

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Step-6_1-6

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Step-7_1-6

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Step-8_1-4

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Step-9_1-1

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Right-Cone-Step-1

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Right-Cone-Step-2

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Right-Cone-Step-3

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Right-Cone-Step-4

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Right-Cone-Step-5

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Right-Cone-Step-6

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Right-Cone-Step-7

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Right-Cone-Step-8

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Right-Cone-Step-9

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Step-1_1-15

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Step-2_1-14

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Step-3_1-11

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Step-4_1-12

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Step-5_1-11

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Step-6_1-7

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Pyramid-Step-1

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Pyramid-Step-2

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Pyramid-Step-3

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Pyramid-Step-4

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Pyramid-Step-5

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Pyramid-Step-6

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Step-1_1-16

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Step-2_1-15

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Step-3_1-12

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Step-4-16

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Step-5_1-12

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Step-6_2-1

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Step-7_2

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Step-8_2-1

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Step-9_2

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Step-10_2

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-1

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-2

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-3

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-4

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-5

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-6

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-7

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-8

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-9

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Frustum-Of-A-Cone-Step-10

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Step-1_1-17

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Step-2_1-16

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Step-3_1-13

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Step-4_1-14

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Step-5_2-2

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Step-6-11

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Step-7-6

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Step-8-4

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Step-9-2

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Step-10-2

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Step-11-1

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Step-13

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Step-14-1

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-1

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-2

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-3

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-4

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-5

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-6

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-7

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-8

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-9

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-10

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-11

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-12

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-13

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Cone-On-Pitch-Miter-Step-14

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Step-1_1

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Step-2_1-1

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Step-3_1

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Step-4_1

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examples-1

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Construct Triangles - "Triangulation"

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:37 +0000

When the Three Lengths Are Known (3-4-5)

Draw a line equal to one of the known lengths.
Set your compass to the second known length (6 inches) and swing an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] from one end of the line (point A).
Set your compass to the third known length (3 inches) and swing an arc from the other end (point B) of the line, crossing the first arc.
Complete the triangle by drawing two lines from the ends (points A and B) of the line to the cross point of the two arcs.

Bisect a Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:39 +0000

Draw a line
Set your compass to approximately ¾ of the length of the line. (The important thing is that it is set to more than half. The further away from half way, the more accurate, but the larger the space required becomes.)
Keeping this distance set on your compass, swing an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] from both ends of the line towards the centre of the line.
Draw a line, connecting the two intersection points of the arcs.

Bisect an Arc

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:42 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary].
Draw a line ([pb_glossary id="493"]chord[/pb_glossary]) that connects the two points of the arc (now, [pb_glossary id="474"]bisect[/pb_glossary] the line).
Set your compass to approximately ¾ of the length of the line. (The important thing is to set it to more than half. The further past half way, the more accurate, but the larger the space required becomes.)
Keeping this distance set on your compass, swing arcs from both ends of the line, directed towards the centre.
Draw a line through the two intersection points of the arcs.

Bisect an Angle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:44 +0000

Set your compass to a radius of reasonable distance inside the angle and swing it from the [pb_glossary id="503"]vertex[/pb_glossary] to create an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] inside the angle.
. Draw a line ([pb_glossary id="493"]chord[/pb_glossary]) from the two points that cross the lines that make the angle.
Now, [pb_glossary id="474"]bisect[/pb_glossary] the line (chord). You can use the vertex as one point, so you only need arc outside the chord. Set your compass to approximately ¾ of the length of the line.
Keeping this distance set on your compass, swing arcs from both ends of the line.
Draw a line through the vertex to the intersection of the arcs.

Copy an Angle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:46 +0000

This is a similar process to creating a triangle.

Draw the angle to be copied and label it A-B-C. Then, draw a baseline for the new angle and label it A-B.
Set your compass to a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] of reasonable distance. Swing it from the [pb_glossary id="503"]vertex[/pb_glossary] point of the original angle and from point A of the new baseline.
Pick up the distance of this [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] from the original angle and transfer it to the copied angle.
Draw in the line from point A to the intersection point to form the angle. Pick up distance A-C and transfer if required.

Create a Parallel Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:48 +0000

Draw a line.
Set your compass equal to the distance required for the [pb_glossary id="489"]parallel[/pb_glossary] line.
Swing at least two [pb_glossary id="491"]arcs[/pb_glossary] from the line.
Create the parallel line from the peak ([pb_glossary id="508"]point of tangency[/pb_glossary]) of the arcs.

Create a Perpendicular Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:52 +0000

Create a Perpendicular Line at the Middle of a Line

Draw a line.
[pb_glossary id="474"]Bisect[/pb_glossary] the line.
In bisecting the line, we have created a [pb_glossary id="500"]perpendicular[/pb_glossary] line (x-y axis).

Create a Perpendicular Line at the End of a Line

Draw a line.
Set your compass to a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] of reasonable distance.
Swing that arc from the end of the line.
Using the same distance (radius) on your compass, swing that distance along the arc twice. Each time you swing the radius along its own arc/[pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary], it create a 60° angle and [pb_glossary id="496"]sector[/pb_glossary].
Bisect the arc between the last two points. We are bisecting the second 60° sector to create two 30° sectors. If we then look at the arc, we have a 60° sector and a 30° sector, which combine to make a 90° [pb_glossary id="498"]quadrant[/pb_glossary].
From the end of the line, draw a line through the last point.

Draw an Arc Through Three Points

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:56 +0000

Establish three random points. (Under normal conditions, these points will not be random).
Draw two lines to connect the points.
[pb_glossary id="474"]Bisect[/pb_glossary] the two lines and create [pb_glossary id="500"]perpendicular[/pb_glossary] lines.
Where the two perpendicular lines cross becomes the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] point for the [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary].
Set your compass from the established radius point to one of the three points.
Swing the arc through the points.

Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:58 +0000

Draw an x-y axis.
Draw a circle.
From each [pb_glossary id="498"]quadrant[/pb_glossary] point, swing the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] in both directions to cross the [pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary]. (Remember, when we swing the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] along an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] of equal distance, we create 60°.) As we do it both ways, we end up with 30°-60°-90° all the way around the circumference.

This is one of the most common techniques we use. Know it well!!!

Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:00 +0000

Draw a rectangle.
Determine a larger length that divides easily into how many equal spaces you want. (For example, if four equal spaces are required, 10 inches, 12 inches, 16 inches, etc. are good choices.)
Angle the ruler so that zero and the number chosen, in this case 10 inches, are on the [pb_glossary id="502"]vertical[/pb_glossary], outside edges of the rectangle (you may need to extend the vertical lines of the rectangle).
Mark the divisions along the ruler and square them vertically. If four divisions are required and 10 inches is chosen, then mark every 2.5 inches on the ruler.

This is one of the most common techniques we use. Know it well!!!

Create a Hexagon

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:02 +0000

If we think of a hexagon inside a circle, it has a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] equal to the length of any given side. This makes it quite easy to construct.

Set your compass to the desired radius or side length.
Draw a circle
Using the same radius, swing it along the [pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary] six times. Remember, this creates 60° [pb_glossary id="496"]sectors[/pb_glossary].
Connect the points to create the hexagon.

Step-4_1-4-1

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:12 +0000

Way-Off-Center-Square-to-Round-EXAMPLES

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Way-Off-Center-Square-to-Round-1

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Way-Off-Center-Square-to-Round-2

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Way-Off-Center-Square-to-Round-3

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Way-Off-Center-Square-to-Round-4

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Glossary

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:18 +0000

Versioning History

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 18:33:13 +0000

This page provides a record of edits and changes made to this book since its initial publication. Whenever edits or updates are made in the text, we provide a record and description of those changes here. If the change is minor, the version number increases by 0.01. If the edits involve substantial updates, the version number increases to the next full number. The files posted by this book always reflect the most recent version. If you find an error in this book, please fill out the Report an Error form.

Version	Date	Change	Details
1.00	August 13, 2021	Book published.

Cover Image

hfriedman — Thu, 08 Dec 2022 21:07:19 +0000

Construct Triangles - "Triangulation"

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:36 +0000

When the Three Lengths Are Known (3-4-5)

Draw a line equal to one of the known lengths.
Set your compass to the second known length (6 inches) and swing an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] from one end of the line (point A).
Set your compass to the third known length (3 inches) and swing an arc from the other end (point B) of the line, crossing the first arc.
Complete the triangle by drawing two lines from the ends (points A and B) of the line to the cross point of the two arcs.

Bisect a Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:38 +0000

Draw a line.
Set your compass to approximately ¾ of the length of the line. (The important thing is that it is set to more than half. The further away from half way, the more accurate, but the larger the space required becomes.)
Keeping this distance set on your compass, swing an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] from both ends of the line towards the centre of the line.
Draw a line, connecting the two intersection points of the arcs.

Bisect an Arc

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:41 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary].
Draw a line ([pb_glossary id="493"]chord[/pb_glossary]) that connects the two points of the arc (now, [pb_glossary id="474"]bisect[/pb_glossary] the line).
Set your compass to approximately ¾ of the length of the line. (The important thing is to set it to more than half. The further past half way, the more accurate, but the larger the space required becomes.)
Keeping this distance set on your compass, swing arcs from both ends of the line, directed towards the centre.
Draw a line through the two intersection points of the arcs.

Create Other Polygons

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:02 +0000

Choose how many side you want.
Choose a side length. Think of this line as a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary].
Draw a baseline double that length.
Set you compass to the side length (radius).
Draw a half circle from the centre of the line.
Divide the half circle into the number of sides required and number it (other geometric construction techniques will be used here).
Draw a line from the radius point to the third point and label the angle/triangle A-B-C. This will create an angle equal to the polygon angle (for example, five sides equals 5 ÷ 360 = 72°).
Use "Draw an Arc Through Three Points" to find the radius point for A-B-C.
Use this radius to draw a complete circle.
Set your compass to the required side length and swing it along the [pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary] however many times needed to complete the polygon.

Video: Geometric Construction

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:02 +0000

Watch the following video: Geometric Construction (30 minutes)

Pipe on a Miter

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:05 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan[/pb_glossary] (top) and [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] (front) of the project, complete with the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line.
Divide the [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts) and label it. It is common practice to label a round object with numbers.
Project the plan view divisions down into the elevation view.
Draw the [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] directly to the right of the elevation view and divide it into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label it to match the plan view and make sure to start the labeling where you want the seam. Add any required seam allowances outside of the stretch-out.
At the points where the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] cross the miter line, project them into the stretch-out.
Following the labeling, circle the intersection points on the stretch-out. Don't put a dot over the points, but circle around them.
Using a flexible curve, join the points to draw in the miter line, completing the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].

Watch the following video: Parallel Line - Pipe on a Miter (21 minutes)

Equal Diameter 90 Degree Tee

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:09 +0000

We can start to take some short-cuts in our drawing. Instead of drawing a full plan view, we will use profiles. You can always go back to drawing the full plan view!

Draw a full front [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] and end elevation view (right side). Notice that the tee does not go passed centre of the pipe, it never will. Because of that, we can delete that portion of the drawing.
Draw [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary] on the tee in both views and divide into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts). Include all labeling. Keep in mind that the labeling will rotate 90° with the view.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the profile divisions.
Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end elevation view, project them [pb_glossary id="473"]horizontally[/pb_glossary] into the front view.
Following the labeling, draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line in the front view.
Draw the tee [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] and divide into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label the stretch-out to match the elevation views.
Transfer/project the corresponding points from the elevation views to the stretch-out.
Use a flexible curve to draw in the miter line, completing the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].

Watch the following video: Parallel Line - Equal Diameter 90 Degree Tee (18 minutes)

Unequal Diameter 90 Degree Tee-Shop Method

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:12 +0000

We will continue to use short-cuts. In this example, we move the views into the blank size and minimize our drawing. It still gives us the point "where the tee hits the pipe" and it is much more manageable to do in the shop. This method can be used on any tee besides an oblique tee.

Calculate the blank size. Use the stretch-out for one dimension ([pb_glossary id="473"]horizontal[/pb_glossary]) and the seam height plus the radius of the pipe for the second (vertical) dimension. Add any seam allowances on before shearing the blank size.
With your dividers, swing the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] of the pipe to 180° at the bottom of the blank. Then, from the same radius point, swing the radius of the tee and divide it into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts) and label it. Remember that only the tee is divided. Also, notice that the half circles are symmetrical, so a quarter circle is the minimum required in this case.
Project the divisions of the tee [pb_glossary id="502"]vertically[/pb_glossary] into the pipe and where they intersect, project them horizontally.
Divide the blank size into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Remember to only divide the circumference, any seam allowance should not be included in the divisions.
Label the [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] to match the [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary], starting at the seam.
Start the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary] at your seam and follow the labeling. Notice the pattern of over 1, up/down 1, until you reach the last line and then it reverses.
Draw the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line on the pattern with a flexible curve

Watch the following video: Parallel Line - Unequal Diameter 90 Degree Tee (15 minutes)

Off Centre 90 Degree Tee

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:16 +0000

Draw a full front [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] and end elevation view.
Draw [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary] on the tee in both views and divide into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts). Include all labeling. Remember that the labeling will flip with the view.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the profile divisions.
Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end view, project them [pb_glossary id="473"]horizontally[/pb_glossary] into the front view.
Following the labeling, draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line in the front view.
Draw the tee [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] and divide into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label the stretch-out to match the elevation view.
Transfer/project the corresponding points from the front elevation view to the stretch-out.
Circle the points and use a flexible curve to complete the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].

Watch the following video: Parallel Line - Off Center Tee (9 minutes)

Oblique Tee

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:19 +0000

Note: This is the only tee which requires a full front elevation view.

Draw a full front and end [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary].
Draw [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary] on the tee in both views and divide into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts). Include all labeling.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the profile divisions.
Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end view, project them [pb_glossary id="473"]horizontally[/pb_glossary] into the front view.
Following the labeling, draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line in the front view.
Draw the tee [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] to the right and divide it into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label to match the elevation views.
Using your compass, transfer the corresponding points from the front elevation view to the stretch-out. Note: The element lines cannot be projected in this case because the stretch-out is not perpendicular to the tee. In the case of a 90° tee, it is at a right angle to the stretch-out. To be able to project an oblique tee, the stretch-out must be draw at an angle equal to the tee angle. This usually takes too much room to justify doing so.
Use a flexible curve to join the points and complete the pattern.

Watch the following video: Parallel Line - Oblique Tee (7 minutes)

Round Elbow

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:25 +0000

For this example we will use a 6" diameter-6" throat radius-4pc-90°.

Use the [pb_glossary id="506"]elbow rule[/pb_glossary] (# of pcs × 2 − 2) to find the number of [pb_glossary id="488"]gores[/pb_glossary]. For our example, it is 4 × 2 − 2 = 6. Each end piece is made up of one [pb_glossary id="488"]gore[/pb_glossary] and each middle piece is made up of two gores.
Use the angle of the elbow divided by the number of gores to find the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] angle. In our case, 90° ÷ 6 = 15°.
Now that we know the miter angle is 15°, we can use an end gore and lay it out similar to a "Pipe on a Miter" (see Pipe on a Miter).
1. Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], complete with the miter line.
2. Draw a profile below (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts) and label it.
3. Project the [pb_glossary id="478"]profile[/pb_glossary] divisions up into the elevation view.
4. Draw the [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] (6 × Pi) directly to the right of the elevation view and divide it into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label it to match the elevation view and make sure to start the labeling on centre of the gore. Add any required seam allowances outside of the stretch-out.
5. At the points where the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] cross the miter line, project them into the stretch-out.
6. Following the labeling, circle the intersection points on the stretch-out. Don't put a dot over the points, but circle around them.
7. Using a flexible curve, join the points to draw in the miter line, completing the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].
We now need to finish the calculation for the blank size of the elbow. We already have the stretch-out, but we need the height. This is found by multiplying the seam height by the number of gores. For our example, simply measure the elevation view and find the height of the element line on centre of the gore. This should be 2 7/16". 2 7/16" × 6 =14 5/8".
Now, cut out the blank size.
Mark the seam height of each gore vertically on the stretch-out.
To complete the elbow, trace or transfer the first gore pattern onto the blank and cut it out. Then, flip it and trace it for the rest of the gores. Do not flip left to right, only up and down and remember that you must leave 2 seam heights (2 gores) for the middle pieces. This will allow the seams to be orientated on opposing sides and produce the “fish” pattern.

Watch the following video: Parallel Line - Round Elbow (24 minutes)

Right Cone

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:30 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary].
[pb_glossary id="478"]Profile[/pb_glossary] the base of the elevation view and divide it into six equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts).
Label the profile from 1 to 7 and project the divisions vertically into the base of the cone.
Project the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the base to the [pb_glossary id="480"]apex[/pb_glossary] of the cone.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern. Unlike Parallel line, it doesn’t matter where this is. There is no projection into the pattern like we used before. But keep in mind that you may require enough room to fit a diameter equal to two slant heights.
With your compass, take the [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] from the elevation view and swing an arc ([pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary]). Because we don’t know how long the arc needs to be yet, we use best judgement. We do know that it will be equal to the base circumference. The shallower the cone is, the larger the stretch-out angle will be. A very steep cone will be a much smaller angle
Establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point. The starting point can be anywhere along the arc
Set your compass to a step-off. From your starting point, swing it 12 times along the stretch-out arc.
Connect the last point back to the radius point to complete the pattern.

Watch the following video: Radial Line - Right Cone (17 minutes)

Pyramid

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:32 +0000

Any number of sides can be developed with this same method.

Draw a [pb_glossary id="477"]plan[/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary]. When a pyramid is being developed, the plan view must have a point on the X axis to to give it a true length in the elevation view.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern.
With your compass, take the [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] from the elevation view and swing an arc ([pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary]).
Establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point. The starting point can be anywhere along the arc.
Set your compass to a length equal to one side of the base. From your starting point, swing it as many times as sides along the stretch-out arc.
Connect all the points back to the radius point to complete the pattern.

Watch the following video: Radial Line - Pyramid (5 minutes)

Frustum of a Cone

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:37 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], including the [pb_glossary id="480"]apex[/pb_glossary] point.
[pb_glossary id="478"]Profile[/pb_glossary] the base of the elevation view and divide it into 6 equal parts.
Label the profile from 1 to 7 and project the divisions vertically into the base of the cone.
Project the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the base to the apex of the cone.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern.
With your compass, take the large [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] from the elevation view and swing an arc from the radius point.
Set your compass to the small slant height and swing it from the same radius point.
Along the [pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] (large) arc, establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point.
Set your compass to a step-off. From your starting point, swing it 12 times along the stretch-out arc. In this case, this must be done on the large or stretch-out arc because that is where the step-off is taken from.
Connect the last point back to the radius point to complete the pattern.

Watch the following video: Radial Line - Frustum of a Cone (5 minutes)

Cone on a Pitch/Miter

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:43 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], including the [pb_glossary id="480"]apex[/pb_glossary] point.
[pb_glossary id="478"]Profile[/pb_glossary] the base of the elevation view and divide it into six equal parts.
Label the profile from 1 to 7 and project the divisions vertically into the base of the cone.
Project the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the base to the apex of the cone.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line.
Where the element lines cross the miter line, project them horizontally to the outside edge. This now creates seven different slant heights.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern.
With your compass, take the large [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] and swing an arc.
Set your compass to all of the remaining slant heights and swing them from the radius point.
Establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point.
Set your compass to a step-off. From your starting point, swing it 12 times along the [pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary] and label each point to match the elevation view. Start your numbering where you want the seam, commonly put on the short side of the cone.
Connect the all of the points back to the radius point.
Following your numbering, circle each intersection point. This will create the pattern of over 1, down 1.
Use a flexible curve to connect the points and create the pattern.

Watch the following video: Radial Line - Cone on a Pitch (14 minutes)

On-Centre Square to Round

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:49 +0000

A square to round can only be formed in halves, so we always develop a half pattern.

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Label one half of the plan view, the round end with numbers and the square end with letters. Notice the lines of symmetry in the plan view. Parts of the drawing can be deleted because of this symmetry. In this case, it is on centre in both directions, so a quarter plan view is the minimum required to avoid duplication. But, sometimes it is easier to draw at least a half plan, there is no harm in drawing more than the minimum required.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]true length diagram (TLD)[/pb_glossary] with the vertical height of the fitting and a horizontal length long enough to fit any of the element lines.
Take the element lines A-1, A-2 and C-7 from the plan view and place them in the horizontal of the TLD. In this case, all other lines will be a duplicates of these 3 lines. Still, label the TLD with ALL of the element lines so you don’t make a mistake!!!
Draw a baseline equal to line A-B. We are now ready to triangulate
From the TLD, pick up the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line A-4 and swing it upwards from point A towards the centre. Then swing it from point B. Where these arcs cross is point 4. We now have our first triangle, A-B-4. This is our first step of triangulating. Remember that triangulation means using two known points to create a third. In this case, the known points are A and B and the unknown is 4.
Next, pick up true length of line A-3 and swing it from point A. In this step our two known points are now points A and 4 (or B and 4) and the unknown is 3. In each step, we will use the last point created as one of our new known points. Because the fitting is symmetrical, continue to work both sides at the same time. We will only discuss one side here, but the steps repeat on the other side.
Pick up line 3-4, a step-off, from the plan view and swing it from point 4, to create point 3. When we look at our plan view, we have labeled it in a way that numbers are at one end and letters on the other. So, when we go from one end to the other (number to letter), we need to find the true length, but when we go from number to number (or letter to letter) we don’t have any elevation change involved. We are just going horizontally along the end, which means it is a true length in the plan view.
Pick up line A-2 and swing it from point A.
Pick up a step-off and swing it from point 3, to create point 2
Pick up line A-1 and swing it from point A.
Pick up a step-off and swing it from 2, to create point 1.
Pick up line C-1 and swing it from 1. This is our first step where we are not swinging from A; we now must swing from 1. Always be thinking of the known points and the unknown. We must always swing an arc from a known point. For this triangle, the known points are A and 1 and the unknown is C. So, line C-1 has to be swung from 1 since we don't know where C is yet.
Pick up line A-C from the plan view (remember that letter to letter is true length) and swing it from point A, to create point C. The way to check our work is this last triangle should be a right triangle. Point C should be 90°, if it's not, go back and check your work.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, using a flexible curve for the round end.
Cut out and trace the pattern for the other half.

Watch the following video: Triangulation - On-Centre Square to Round (33 minutes)

On-Centre Round to Taper

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:55 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="499"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Label one half of the plan view, travel from large end to small end, zig-zagging back and forth with the numbering 1-14. Notice the lines of symmetry in the plan view. Every round to round will be on centre one way, but it is always worth drawing the whole thing.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] and label all the element lines. Remember, any element line which travels from one end of the fitting to the other, will need to be put into a true length diagram.
Draw a vertical line equal to the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line 1-2. Square to rounds always start with a horizontal line and round tapers always start with a vertical line. We are now ready to triangulate.
From the TLD, pick up the true length of line 2-3 and swing it from point 2, back towards point 1. Remember to work both sides at the same time.
Next, pick up step-off 1-3 and swing it from point 1, to complete point 3. When we look at our plan view, we have labeled it in a way that odd numbers are at one end and even on the other. So, when we go from one end to the other (odd to even), we need to find the true length, but when we go from even to even or odd to odd we don’t have any elevation change involved. We are just going horizontally along the end, which means it is a true length in the plan view.
Pick up line 3-4 from the TLD and swing it from point 3 back towards point 2.
Pick up the step-off and swing it from point 2, to complete point 4.
Follow this same procedures, swing a true length of an element line and a step-off to create the next point until you reach point 14.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, use a flexible curve for the round ends. Because this is a fitting that could be done in radial line, although maybe not practical, the pattern will follow the same shape, having a common radius point and parallel arcs.

Watch the following video: Triangulation - On-Centre Round to Taper (20 minutes)

Off-Centre Square to Round

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:01 +0000

The only difference with this fitting is a few more element line lengths than an on-centre, the process is exactly the same.

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Choose a line of symmetry to place the seam so you only need to make 1 pattern. Label one half of the plan view, the round end with numbers and the square end with letters.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] and label it
Draw a baseline equal to line A-B.
Pick up the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line A-4 and swing it from point A.
Next, pick up true length of line B-4 and swing it from point B. Where it crosses the first arc, becomes point 4.
Pick up a step-off from the plan view and swing it from point 4. Unlike an on-centre square to round, this fitting needs to be developed one side at a time. Complete one side, then go back to finish the other side.
Pick up the true length of line A-3 and swing it from point A.
Pick a step-off and swing it from point 3.
Pick up the true length of line A-2 and swing it from point A.
Pick up a step-off and swing it from 2.
Pick up the true length of line A-1 and swing it from point A.
Pick up the true length of line D-1 and swing it from 1.
Pick up line A-D from the plan view (remember that letter to letter is true length) and swing it from point A. Remember that point D should be 90°. If it not, go back and check your work.
Now, go back to point 4 and work the pattern to the other side, completing it at point C. Notice in this example, line C-7 has no length in the plan view, it is a dot. The true length is the [pb_glossary id="502"]vertical[/pb_glossary] height. Zero plan length put 90 deg to the vertical height, will have no change to the vertical height.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, using a flexible curve for the round end.

Watch the following video: Off-Centre Square to Round (16 minutes)

Off-Centre Round Taper

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:09 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Label one half of the plan view, go from large end to small end, zigzagging back and forth with the numbering 1-14. Remember, every round to round will be on centre one way, but it is always worth drawing the whole thing.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] and label all the element lines.
Draw a vertical line equal to the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line 13-14.
From the TLD, pick up the true length of line 13-12 and swing it from point 13 back towards point 14. Remember to work both sides at the same time.
Next, pick up step-off 14-12, and swing it from point 14.
Pick up line 12-11 from the TLD, and swing it from point 12.
Pick up step-off 11-13, and swing it from point 13.
Follow this same procedures, swing the true length of an element line and a step-off to create the next point until you reach point 1.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, use a flexible curve for the round ends.

Watch the following video: Off-Centre Round Taper (10 minutes)

Way-Off-Centre Square to Round or Any Shape

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:18 +0000

For any square to round, we want to think of the four quadrants of each end. No matter how they are configured, if we connect each of the corresponding quadrants (upper left to upper left, lower left to lower left, etc.), we can develop the pattern in the same way done previously. If we think of other shapes, as long as we can connect the two ends with element lines, which create triangles, we can triangulate it. We just have to think about forming it!

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] with all element lines required.
Start with baseline of two known points then [pb_glossary id="486"]triangulate[/pb_glossary] the third point.
Follow the basic steps of triangulation to finish the pattern. In the case of a square to round with NO line of symmetry, two different half patterns will need to be developed.

Watch the following video: Way Off Centre and Different Shapes (8 minutes)

Bisect an Angle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:43 +0000

Set your compass to a radius of reasonable distance inside the angle and swing it from the [pb_glossary id="503"]vertex[/pb_glossary] to create an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] inside the angle.
. Draw a line ([pb_glossary id="493"]chord[/pb_glossary]) from the 2 points that cross the lines that make the angle.
Now, [pb_glossary id="474"]bisect[/pb_glossary] the line (chord). You can use the vertex as one point, so you only need arc outside the chord. Set your compass to approximately ¾ of the length of the line.
Keeping this distance set on your compass, swing arcs from both ends of the line.
Draw a line through the vertex to the intersection of the arcs.

Copy an Angle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:45 +0000

This is a similar process to creating a triangle.

Draw the angle to be copied and label it A-B-C. Then, draw a baseline for the new angle and label it A-B.
Set your compass to a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] of reasonable distance. Swing it from the [pb_glossary id="503"]vertex[/pb_glossary] point of the original angle and from point A of the new baseline
Pick up the distance of this [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] from the original angle and transfer it to the copied angle.
Draw in the line from point A to the intersection point to form the angle. Pick up distance A-C and transfer if required.

Create a Parallel Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:47 +0000

Draw a line.
Set your compass equal to the distance required for the [pb_glossary id="489"]parallel[/pb_glossary] line.
Swing at least two [pb_glossary id="491"]arcs[/pb_glossary] from the line.
Create the parallel line from the peak ([pb_glossary id="508"]point of tangency[/pb_glossary]) of the arcs.

Create a Perpendicular Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:50 +0000

Create a Perpendicular Line at the Middle of a Line

Draw a line.
[pb_glossary id="474"]Bisect[/pb_glossary] the line.
In bisecting the line, we have created a [pb_glossary id="500"]perpendicular[/pb_glossary] line (x-y axis).

Create a Perpendicular Line at the End of a Line

Draw a line.
Set your compass to a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] of reasonable distance.
Swing that arc from the end of the line.
Using the same distance (radius) on your compass, swing that distance along the arc twice. Each time you swing the radius along its own arc/[pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary], it create a 60° angle and [pb_glossary id="496"]sector[/pb_glossary].
Bisect the arc between the last two points. We are bisecting the second 60° sector to create two 30° sectors. If we then look at the arc, we have a 60° sector and a 30° sector, which combine to make a 90° [pb_glossary id="498"]quadrant[/pb_glossary].
From the end of the line, draw a line through the last point.

Draw an Arc Through Three Points

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:54 +0000

Establish three random points. (Under normal conditions, these points will not be random.)
Draw two lines to connect the points.
[pb_glossary id="474"]Bisect[/pb_glossary] the two lines and create [pb_glossary id="500"]perpendicular[/pb_glossary] lines.
Where the two perpendicular lines cross becomes the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] point for the [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary].
Set your compass from the established radius point to one of the three points.
Swing the arc through the points.

Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:57 +0000

Draw an x-y axis.
Draw a circle.
From each [pb_glossary id="498"]quadrant[/pb_glossary] point, swing the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] in both directions to cross the [pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary]. (Remember, when we swing the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] along an [pb_glossary id="491"]arc[/pb_glossary] of equal distance, we create 60°.) As we do it both ways, we end up with 30°-60°-90° all the way around the circumference.

This is one of the most common techniques we use. Know it well!!!

Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:59 +0000

Draw a rectangle.
Determine a larger length that divides easily into how many equal spaces you want. (For example, if four equal spaces are required, 10 inches, 12 inches, 16 inches, etc. are good choices.)
Angle the ruler so that zero and the number chosen, in this case 10 inches, are on the [pb_glossary id="502"]vertical[/pb_glossary], outside edges of the rectangle. (You may need to extend the vertical lines of the rectangle.)
Mark the divisions along the ruler and square them vertically. If four divisions are required and 10 inches is chosen, then mark every 2.5 inches on the ruler.

This is one of the most common techniques we use. Know it well!!!

Create a Hexagon

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:01 +0000

If we think of a hexagon inside a circle, it has a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] equal to the length of any given side. This makes it quite easy to construct.

Set your compass to the desired radius or side length.
Draw a circle.
Using the same radius, swing it along the [pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary] six times. Remember, this creates 60° [pb_glossary id="496"]sectors[/pb_glossary].
Connect the points to create the hexagon.

Create Other Polygons

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:02 +0000

Choose how many side you want.
Choose a side length. Think of this line as a [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary].
Draw a baseline double that length.
Set you compass to the side length (radius).
Draw a half circle from the centre of the line.
Divide the half circle into the number of sides required and number it (other geometric construction techniques will be used here).
Draw a line from the radius point to the third point and label the angle/triangle A-B-C. This will create an angle equal to the polygon angle (for example, five sides equals 5 ÷ 360 = 72°).
Use "Draw an Arc Through Three Points" to find the radius point for A-B-C.
Use this radius to draw a complete circle.
Set your compass to the required side length and swing it along the [pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary] however many times needed to complete the polygon.

Video: Geometric Construction

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:02 +0000

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_ha9soe3l?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Pipe on a Miter

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:04 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan[/pb_glossary] (top) and [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] (front) of the project, complete with the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line.
Divide the [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts) and label it. It is common practice to label a round object with numbers.
Project the plan view divisions down into the elevation view.
Draw the [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] directly to the right of the elevation view and divide it into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label it to match the plan view and make sure to start the labeling where you want the seam. Add any required seam allowances outside of the stretch-out.
At the points where the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] cross the miter line, project them into the stretch-out.
Following the labeling, circle the intersection points on the stretch-out. Don't put a dot over the points, but circle around them.
Using a flexible curve, join the points to draw in the miter line, completing the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_r7cht8gb?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Equal Diameter 90 Degree Tee

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:07 +0000

We can start to take some short-cuts in our drawing. Instead of drawing a full plan view, we will use profiles. You can always go back to drawing the full plan view!

Draw a full front [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] and end elevation view (right side). Notice that the tee does not go passed centre of the pipe, it never will. Because of that, we can delete that portion of the drawing.
Draw [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary] on the tee in both views and divide into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts). Include all labeling. Keep in mind that the labeling will rotate 90° with the view.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the profile divisions.
Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end elevation view, project them [pb_glossary id="473"]horizontally[/pb_glossary] into the front view.
Following the labeling, draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line in the front view.
Draw the tee [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] and divide into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label the stretch-out to match the elevation views.
Transfer/project the corresponding points from the elevation views to the stretch-out.
Use a flexible curve to draw in the miter line, completing the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_x32luezd?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Unequal Diameter 90 Degree Tee-Shop Method

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:10 +0000

Calculate the blank size. Use the stretch-out for one dimension ([pb_glossary id="473"]horizontal[/pb_glossary]) and the seam height plus the radius of the pipe for the second (vertical) dimension. Add any seam allowances on before shearing the blank size.
With your dividers, swing the [pb_glossary id="495"]radius[/pb_glossary] of the pipe to 180° at the bottom of the blank. Then, from the same radius point, swing the radius of the tee and divide it into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts) and label it. Remember that only the tee is divided. Also, notice that the half circles are symmetrical, so a quarter circle is the minimum required in this case.
Project the divisions of the tee [pb_glossary id="502"]vertically[/pb_glossary] into the pipe and where they intersect, project them horizontally.
Divide the blank size into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Remember to only divide the circumference, any seam allowance should not be included in the divisions.
Label the [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] to match the [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary], starting at the seam.
Start the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary] at your seam and follow the labeling. Notice the pattern of over 1, up/down 1, until you reach the last line and then it reverses.
Draw the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line on the pattern with a flexible curve

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_bfkdze3y?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Off Centre 90 Degree Tee

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:14 +0000

Draw a full front [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] and end elevation view.
Draw [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary] on the tee in both views and divide into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts). Include all labeling. Remember that the labeling will flip with the view.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the profile divisions.
Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end view, project them [pb_glossary id="473"]horizontally[/pb_glossary] into the front view.
Following the labeling, draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line in the front view.
Draw the tee [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] and divide into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label the stretch-out to match the elevation view.
Transfer/project the corresponding points from the front elevation view to the stretch-out.
Circle the points and use a flexible curve to complete the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_n4z5857d?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Oblique Tee

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:17 +0000

Note: This is the only tee which requires a full front elevation view.

Draw a full front and end [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary].
Draw [pb_glossary id="478"]profiles[/pb_glossary] on the tee in both views and divide into 6 equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts). Include all labeling.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the profile divisions.
Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end view, project them [pb_glossary id="473"]horizontally[/pb_glossary] into the front view.
Following the labeling, draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line in the front view.
Draw the tee [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] to the right and divide it into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label to match the elevation views.
Using your compass, transfer the corresponding points from the front elevation view to the stretch-out. Note: The element lines cannot be projected in this case because the stretch-out is not perpendicular to the tee. In the case of a 90° tee, it is at a right angle to the stretch-out. To be able to project an oblique tee, the stretch-out must be draw at an angle equal to the tee angle. This usually takes too much room to justify doing so.
Use a flexible curve to join the points and complete the pattern

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_bu8ozc46?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Round Elbow

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:22 +0000

For this example we will use a 6" diameter-6" throat radius-4pc-90°.

Use the [pb_glossary id="506"]elbow rule[/pb_glossary] (# of pcs × 2 − 2) to find the number of [pb_glossary id="488"]gores[/pb_glossary]. For our example, it is 4 × 2 − 2 = 6. Each end piece is made up of 1 [pb_glossary id="488"]gore[/pb_glossary] and each middle piece is made up of two gores.
Use the angle of the elbow divided by the number of gores to find the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] angle. In our case, 90° ÷ 6 = 15°.
Now that we know the miter angle is 15°, we can use an end gore and lay it out similar to a "Pipe on a Miter" (see Pipe on a Miter).
1. Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], complete with the miter line.
2. Draw a profile below (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts) and label it.
3. Project the [pb_glossary id="478"]profile[/pb_glossary] divisions up into the elevation view.
4. Draw the [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] (6 × Pi) directly to the right of the elevation view and divide it into 12 equal parts (see Divide a Line Using a Ruler on an Angle). Label it to match the elevation view and make sure to start the labeling on centre of the gore. Add any required seam allowances outside of the stretch-out.
5. At the points where the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] cross the miter line, project them into the stretch-out.
6. Following the labeling, circle the intersection points on the stretch-out. Don't put a dot over the points, but circle around them.
7. Using a flexible curve, join the points to draw in the miter line, completing the [pb_glossary id="487"]pattern[/pb_glossary].
We now need to finish the calculation for the blank size of the elbow. We already have the stretch-out, but we need the height. This is found by multiplying the seam height by the number of gores. For our example, simply measure the elevation view and find the height of the element line on centre of the gore. This should be 2 7/16". 2 7/16" × 6 =14 5/8".
Now, cut out the blank size.
Mark the seam height of each gore vertically on the stretch-out.
To complete the elbow, trace or transfer the first gore pattern onto the blank and cut it out. Then, flip it and trace it for the rest of the gores. Do not flip left to right, only up and down and remember that you must leave 2 seam heights (2 gores) for the middle pieces. This will allow the seams to be orientated on opposing sides and produce the “fish” pattern.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_741w99xr?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Right Cone

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:27 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary].
[pb_glossary id="478"]Profile[/pb_glossary] the base of the elevation view and divide it into six equal parts (see Divide a Circle Into 12 Equal Parts).
Label the profile from 1 to 7 and project the divisions vertically into the base of the cone.
Project the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the base to the [pb_glossary id="480"]apex[/pb_glossary] of the cone.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern. Unlike Parallel line, it doesn’t matter where this is. There is no projection into the pattern like we used before. But keep in mind that you may require enough room to fit a diameter equal to two slant heights.
With your compass, take the [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] from the elevation view and swing an arc ([pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary]). Because we don’t know how long the arc needs to be yet, we use best judgement. We do know that it will be equal to the base circumference. The shallower the cone is, the larger the stretch-out angle will be. A very steep cone will be a much smaller angle
Establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point. The starting point can be anywhere along the arc
Set your compass to a step-off. From your starting point, swing it 12 times along the stretch-out arc.
Connect the last point back to the radius point to complete the pattern.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_etp3c1tk?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Pyramid

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:31 +0000

Any number of sides can be developed with this same method.

Draw a [pb_glossary id="477"]plan[/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary]. When a pyramid is being developed, the plan view must have a point on the X axis to to give it a true length in the elevation view.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern.
With your compass, take the [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] from the elevation view and swing an arc ([pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary]).
Establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point. The starting point can be anywhere along the arc.
Set your compass to a length equal to one side of the base. From your starting point, swing it as many times as sides along the stretch-out arc.
Connect all the points back to the radius point to complete the pattern.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_b0wmrqb8?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Frustum of a Cone

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:35 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], including the [pb_glossary id="480"]apex[/pb_glossary] point.
[pb_glossary id="478"]Profile[/pb_glossary] the base of the elevation view and divide it into 6 equal parts.
Label the profile from 1 to 7 and project the divisions vertically into the base of the cone.
Project the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the base to the apex of the cone.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern.
With your compass, take the large [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] from the elevation view and swing an arc from the radius point.
Set your compass to the small slant height and swing it from the same radius point.
Along the [pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary] (large) arc, establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point.
Set your compass to a step-off. From your starting point, swing it 12 times along the stretch-out arc. In this case, this must be done on the large or stretch-out arc because that is where the step-off is taken from.
Connect the last point back to the radius point to complete the pattern.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_59h7c0p4?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Cone on a Pitch/Miter

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:40 +0000

Draw an [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], including the [pb_glossary id="480"]apex[/pb_glossary] point.
[pb_glossary id="478"]Profile[/pb_glossary] the base of the elevation view and divide it into six equal parts.
Label the profile from 1 to 7 and project the divisions vertically into the base of the cone.
Project the [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] from the base to the apex of the cone.
Draw in the [pb_glossary id="485"]miter[/pb_glossary] line.
Where the element lines cross the miter line, project them horizontally to the outside edge. This now creates seven different slant heights.
Locate a radius point where you want to develop the pattern.
With your compass, take the large [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] and swing an arc.
Set your compass to all of the remaining slant heights and swing them from the radius point.
Establish a starting point for the pattern and draw a line back to the radius point.
Set your compass to a step-off. From your starting point, swing it 12 times along the [pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary] and label each point to match the elevation view. Start your numbering where you want the seam, commonly put on the short side of the cone.
Connect the all of the points back to the radius point.
Following your numbering, circle each intersection point. This will create the pattern of over 1, down 1.
Use a flexible curve to connect the points and create the pattern.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_9sxssw9e?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Introduction

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:35 +0000

Learning Objectives

Understand the layout and pattern-development processes.

Layout Terms

Elevation view – looking at the front or side of something, to have elevation (height), 2D.
Element Line – a line representing an edge or bend.
Perimeter – the distance around an object.
Plan view – looking down at something, a “birds eye view,” “floor plan,” 2D.
Profile – a view showing half of a plan view.
Sector – a special profile which is inside of an object, a section view.
Step-off – a length equal to [latex]\small\frac{1}{12}[/latex] of a circumference.
Stretch-out – a shape which has been “stretched out,” to take a perimeter and make it straight.
True length – a dimension or line that is not distorted by the view.

On-Centre Square to Round

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:46 +0000

A square to round can only be formed in halves, so we always develop a half pattern.

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Label one half of the plan view, the round end with numbers and the square end with letters. Notice the lines of symmetry in the plan view. Parts of the drawing can be deleted because of this symmetry. In this case, it is on centre in both directions, so a quarter plan view is the minimum required to avoid duplication. But, sometimes it is easier to draw at least a half plan, there is no harm in drawing more than the minimum required.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]true length diagram (TLD)[/pb_glossary] with the vertical height of the fitting and a horizontal length long enough to fit any of the element lines.
Take the element lines A-1, A-2 and C-7 from the plan view and place them in the horizontal of the TLD. In this case, all other lines will be a duplicates of these 3 lines. Still, label the TLD with ALL of the element lines so you don’t make a mistake!!!
Draw a baseline equal to line A-B. We are now ready to triangulate
From the TLD, pick up the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line A-4 and swing it upwards from point A towards the centre. Then swing it from point B. Where these arcs cross is point 4. We now have our first triangle, A-B-4. This is our first step of triangulating. Remember that triangulation means using two known points to create a third. In this case, the known points are A and B and the unknown is 4.
Next, pick up true length of line A-3 and swing it from point A. In this step our two known points are now points A and 4 (or B and 4) and the unknown is 3. In each step, we will use the last point created as one of our new known points. Because the fitting is symmetrical, continue to work both sides at the same time. We will only discuss one side here, but the steps repeat on the other side.
Pick up line 3-4, a step-off, from the plan view and swing it from point 4, to create point 3. When we look at our plan view, we have labeled it in a way that numbers are at one end and letters on the other. So, when we go from one end to the other (number to letter), we need to find the true length, but when we go from number to number (or letter to letter) we don’t have any elevation change involved. We are just going horizontally along the end, which means it is a true length in the plan view.
Pick up line A-2 and swing it from point A.
Pick up a step-off and swing it from point 3, to create point 2.
Pick up line A-1 and swing it from point A.
Pick up a step-off and swing it from 2, to create point 1.
Pick up line C-1 and swing it from 1. This is our first step where we are not swinging from A; we now must swing from 1. Always be thinking of the known points and the unknown. We must always swing an arc from a known point. For this triangle, the known points are A and 1 and the unknown is C. So, line C-1 has to be swung from 1 since we don't know where C is yet.
Pick up line A-C from the plan view (remember that letter to letter is true length) and swing it from point A, to create point C. The way to check our work is this last triangle should be a right triangle. Point C should be 90°, if it's not, go back and check your work.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, using a flexible curve for the round end.
Cut out and trace the pattern for the other half.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_33xyq490?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

On-Centre Round to Taper

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:52 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="499"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Label one half of the plan view, travel from large end to small end, zig-zagging back and forth with the numbering 1-14. Notice the lines of symmetry in the plan view. Every round to round will be on centre one way, but it is always worth drawing the whole thing.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] and label all the element lines. Remember, any element line which travels from one end of the fitting to the other, will need to be put into a true length diagram.
Draw a vertical line equal to the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line 1-2. Square to rounds always start with a horizontal line and round tapers always start with a vertical line. We are now ready to triangulate.
From the TLD, pick up the true length of line 2-3 and swing it from point 2, back towards point 1. Remember to work both sides at the same time.
Next, pick up step-off 1-3 and swing it from point 1, to complete point 3. When we look at our plan view, we have labeled it in a way that odd numbers are at one end and even on the other. So, when we go from one end to the other (odd to even), we need to find the true length, but when we go from even to even or odd to odd we don’t have any elevation change involved. We are just going horizontally along the end, which means it is a true length in the plan view.
Pick up line 3-4 from the TLD and swing it from point 3 back towards point 2.
Pick up the step-off and swing it from point 2, to complete point 4.
Follow this same procedures, swing a true length of an element line and a step-off to create the next point until you reach point 14.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, use a flexible curve for the round ends. Because this is a fitting that could be done in radial line, although maybe not practical, the pattern will follow the same shape, having a common radius point and parallel arcs.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_yk0f2kbk?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Off-Centre Square to Round

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:58 +0000

The only difference with this fitting is a few more element line lengths than an on-centre, the process is exactly the same.

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Choose a line of symmetry to place the seam so you only need to make 1 pattern. Label one half of the plan view, the round end with numbers and the square end with letters.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] and label it
Draw a baseline equal to line A-B.
Pick up the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line A-4 and swing it from point A.
Next, pick up true length of line B-4 and swing it from point B. Where it crosses the first arc, becomes point 4.
Pick up a step-off from the plan view and swing it from point 4. Unlike an on-centre square to round, this fitting needs to be developed one side at a time. Complete one side, then go back to finish the other side.
Pick up the true length of line A-3 and swing it from point A.
Pick a step-off and swing it from point 3.
Pick up the true length of line A-2 and swing it from point A.
Pick up a step-off and swing it from 2.
Pick up the true length of line A-1 and swing it from point A.
Pick up the true length of line D-1 and swing it from 1.
Pick up line A-D from the plan view (remember that letter to letter is true length) and swing it from point A. Remember that point D should be 90°. If it not, go back and check your work.
Now, go back to point 4 and work the pattern to the other side, completing it at point C. Notice in this example, line C-7 has no length in the plan view, it is a dot. The true length is the [pb_glossary id="502"]vertical[/pb_glossary] height. Zero plan length put 90 deg to the vertical height, will have no change to the vertical height.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, using a flexible curve for the round end.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_js891yob?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Off-Centre Round Taper

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:04 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling. Label one half of the plan view, go from large end to small end, zigzagging back and forth with the numbering 1-14. Remember, every round to round will be on centre one way, but it is always worth drawing the whole thing.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] and label all the element lines.
Draw a vertical line equal to the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of line 13-14.
From the TLD, pick up the true length of line 13-12 and swing it from point 13 back towards point 14. Remember to work both sides at the same time.
Next, pick up step-off 14-12, and swing it from point 14.
Pick up line 12-11 from the TLD, and swing it from point 12.
Pick up step-off 11-13, and swing it from point 13.
Follow this same procedures, swing the true length of an element line and a step-off to create the next point until you reach point 1.
Draw in the all the element lines and outside edges, use a flexible curve for the round ends.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_rlj21pf2?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Way-Off-Centre Square to Round or Any Shape

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:12 +0000

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and labeling.
Create a [pb_glossary id="484"]TLD[/pb_glossary] with all element lines required.
Start with baseline of two known points then [pb_glossary id="486"]triangulate[/pb_glossary] the third point.
Follow the basic steps of triangulation to finish the pattern. In the case of a square to round with NO line of symmetry, two different half patterns will need to be developed.

https://media.bccampus.ca/id/0_5ddsswb8?width=608&height=402&playerId=23449753

Acute Angle/Triangle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:18 +0000

an angle/triangle with an angle smaller than 90°

Horizontal

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

a line/plane level with the horizon. Flat, level

Bisect

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

to divide in half

Obtuse Angle/Triangle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

an angle/triangle with an angle larger than 90°

True Length

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

a dimension or line that is not distorted by the view

Plan view

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

looking down at something, a “birds eye view”, “floor plan” (2D)

Profile

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

a half of a plan view, drawn on the outside of an object

Stretch-out

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:19 +0000

a shape which has been “stretched out”, to take a perimeter and make it straight

Apex

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

the intersection point of a cone, as seen in the elevation view

Slant Height (small or large)

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

the hypotenuse of a cone, outside edge. The slant height is always a true length in the elevation view

Stretch-Out Angle/Arc

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

the angle or arc which encompasses a radial line pattern

Accessibility Statement

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 18:20:00 +0000

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This statement was last updated on August 13, 2021. The Accessibility Checklist table was adapted from one originally created by the Rebus Community and shared under a CC BY 4.0 License.

For Students: How to Access and Use this Textbook

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 18:30:18 +0000

This textbook is available in the following formats:

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For more information about the accessibility of this textbook, see the Accessibility Statement. You can access the online webbook and download any of the formats for free here: Pattern Development: Sheet Metal Level 1. To download the book in a different format, look for the "Download this book" drop-down menu and select the file type you want.

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About BCcampus Open Education

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 18:31:49 +0000

Pattern Development: Sheet Metal Level 1 by Brian Coey was funded by BCcampus Open Education. BCcampus Open Education began in 2012 as the B.C. Open Textbook Project with the goal of making post-secondary education in British Columbia more accessible by reducing students’ costs through the use of open textbooks and other OER. BCcampus supports the post-secondary institutions of British Columbia as they adapt and evolve their teaching and learning practices to enable powerful learning opportunities for the students of B.C. BCcampus Open Education is funded by the British Columbia Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Training and the Hewlett Foundation. Open educational resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research resources that, through permissions granted by the copyright holder, allow others to use, distribute, keep, or make changes to them. Our open textbooks are openly licensed using a Creative Commons licence and are offered in various eBook formats free of charge, or as printed books that are available at cost. For more information about open education in British Columbia, please visit the BCcampus Open Education website. If you are an instructor who is using this book for a course, please fill out our Adoption of an Open Textbook form.

Frustum

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

a cone with the top cut parallel to the base

True Length Diagram (TLD)

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

a 90° corner in that we use to find the actual length of a line

Miter

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

an intersection of 2 pieces- an irregular cut on the end of something

Triangulation from Plan View

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:20 +0000

the length of an element line, set 90° to the vertical height, gives the true length of that line

Pattern

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:21 +0000

the shape of the object, still in 2D form

Gore

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:21 +0000

a part of a round elbow which allows us to calculate the miter angle

Parallel

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:21 +0000

a line/plane that is equal distance from another

Tangent

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:21 +0000

a line which touches only 1 point of a circumference

Arc

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:21 +0000

a portion of a circumference

Circumference

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:21 +0000

the distance around a circle, perimeter of a circle

Chord

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

a straight line from 2 points on a circumference

Diameter

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

the distance across a circle at center, twice the radius

Radius

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

the distance from center to any point of the circumference, half the diameter

Sector

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

the area of a circle bound by 2 radii and an arc

Segment

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

the area of a circle bound by an arc and a chord

Quadrant

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

a sector which equals one quarter of the area of a circle

Elevation View

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:22 +0000

looking at the front or side of something, to have elevation (height), 2D

Perpendicular

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:23 +0000

a line/plane which is 90° to another

Right Angle/Triangle

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:23 +0000

an angle/triangle which has a 90° angle

Vertical

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:23 +0000

a line/plane straight up and down, vertically level (plumb)

Authors

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:50 +0000

Cover

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:50 +0000

About

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:50 +0000

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jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:50 +0000

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jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:50 +0000

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jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:50 +0000

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bpayne — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:16:53 +0000

Geometric Construction

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:21:36 +0000

Introduction

As a sheet metal worker, we work with different lines, angles and shapes. We work with geometry. Be it in the field or in a shop, geometry is a tool we use in many different ways. From creating 2D patterns of 3D objects, to making sure roof panels are installed square, to locating duct runs and penetrations, geometry is used everyday by a sheet metal worker. This is the foundation for which all layout is done. Craftspeople who excel at this stage are able to quickly transform any complex ideas into reality.

Learning Objectives

Understand the process of geometric construction and its uses
Learn geometric terms

Geometric Terms

Acute Angle/Triangle – an angle/triangle with an angle smaller than 90°
Bisect – to divide in half
Horizontal – a line/plane level with the horizon. Flat, level
Obtuse Angle/Triangle – an angle/triangle with an angle larger than 90°
Parallel – a line/plane that is equal distance from another
Parts of a Circle
1. Radius – the distance from centre to any point of the circumference or half the diameter
2. Diameter – the distance across a circle at centre, twice the radius
3. Circumference – the distance around a circle, perimeter of a circle
4. Arc – a portion of a circumference
5. Chord – a straight line from 2 points on a circumference
6. Segment – the area of a circle bound by an arc and a chord
7. Sector – the area of a circle bound by 2 radii and an arc
8. Quadrant – a sector which equals one quarter of the area of a circle
9. Tangent – a line which touches only 1 point of a circumference
10. Point of Tangency – 90° to the centre of the circle
Perpendicular – a line/plane which is 90° to another
Right Angle/Triangle – an angle/triangle which has a 90° angle
Vertical – a line/plane straight up and down, vertically level (plumb)
Vertex – the point at which an angle is formed

Circle Facts:

There are 360° in a circle.
Circumference (or perimeter) = Pi × diameter or 2 × Pi × radius.
Area = Pi × radius².

Points, Lines, Angles and Shapes

In geometry we deal with many different shapes. All shapes are made up of various points, lines and angles.

Lines

We can define a point (A) as a single location on a shape or line. A line (A-B) is made up of 2 points. There are different types of lines:

horizontal (level with the horizon),
vertical (up and down, also known as plumb),
tilted (neither vertical nor horizontal), and
arcs (a line from a radius point).

We also have lines which are parallel or equal distance apart and lines which are perpendicular or at right angles to one another.

Angles

An angle is formed at a point at where 2 lines meet (vertex). We deal with three different types of angles:

Right angles are at 90° and are very important in layout,
Obtuse angles, which are greater than 90°, and
acute angles, which are smaller than 90°.

Shapes

With a combination of points, lines, and angles, we start to create shapes. Triangles (A-B-C), squares or rectangles (A-B-C-D), and circles are some of the most common shapes seen in the sheet metal industry. It is a combination of points, lines, and angles that make up different shapes —or in our case, our patterns.

Parallel Line Pattern Development

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:02 +0000

Introduction

When wanting to build a project, we need to first imagine it. The process of pattern development gives us the ability to take that visual representation and actually create the object. It allows us to turn two-dimensional metal into three-dimensional objects, which is the basis for everything we fabricate. Consider a globe and a map. The map is a 2D representation of a 3D object. What should the map look like? Is it truly flat? Well, maybe some would argue, but a map is not a true representation of the Earth until we remove some of it. The actual shape of the map will have numerous “cut outs” which would allow it to form a sphere. This is a form of pattern development.

Learning Objectives

Understand the parallel line pattern development processes.
Understand the "language" of layout.

Layout Terms

Allowance - the material needed for a specific component. “We must allow this much extra.” Usually a seam for connection.
Auxiliary Line - an extra element line added, different from the standard divisions.
Elbow Rule - the number of pieces of a round elbow times 2 then minus 2 (# of pcs × 2 − 2) gives us the number of gores in the elbow.
Element Line - a line representing an edge or bend.
Elevation View - looking at the front or side of something, to have elevation (height), 2D.
Gore - a part of a round elbow which allows us to calculate the miter angle.
Miter - an intersection of 2 pieces, an irregular cut on the end of something.
Pattern - the shape of the object, still in 2D form.
Plan view - looking down at something, a “birds eye view,” “floor plan,” (2D).
Profile - a half of a plan view, drawn on the outside of an object.
Sector - a special profile which is inside of an object, a section view.
Stretch-out -a shape which has been “stretched out,” to take a perimeter and make it straight.

Parallel Line Development

The process of pattern development is the way we turn 2D sheets of metal into 3D objects. A [pb_glossary id="489"]parallel line[/pb_glossary] is one of the basic forms of layout. We use it when [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] (bends) on an object are indeed parallel. The two ends of the part must be the same. Consider a gutter: It may have curves and bends and angles, but each end is the same shape. The element lines and bends are all parallel. This is the only factor which will allow parallel line pattern development to be used.

Basic Steps

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="477"]plan[/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary], complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id="485"]miter lines[/pb_glossary].
Draw a [pb_glossary id="479"]stretch-out[/pb_glossary], complete with all element including auxiliary lines.
Transfer the lengths (height) of the element lines from the elevation view to the corresponding element line on the stretch-out.
Join the point to create the pattern.

Radial Line Pattern Development

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:25 +0000

In Parallel Line Pattern Development, we required parallel element line or bends. Some objects are of a conical shape and parallel line will not work on them. Rather, we will look at using Radial Line Pattern Development. In radial line, we develop patterns for shapes that have a taper, all element lines (bends) must radiate back to a common point, a radius point. We need two things for this process to work:

A radius point that is on centre (right cone).
A radius point that is within a reasonable distance.

So, when we find ourselves determining if radial line will work, we look at those two things. If the cone is a scalene or oblique cone, it will not work. If a radius point is 40 feet away, it is not worth the effort with this process, another should be chosen, but if it will fit in our bench space, then it will work. Being one of the simplest forms of layout, it allows us to create these patterns with accuracy and speed. If we can use radial line, it is an effective and efficient choice.

Learning Objectives

Understand the process of Radial Line Pattern Development and its uses.
Understand the language of Radial Line.

Terms

Apex – the intersection point of a cone, as seen in the elevation view.
Slant Height (small or large) – the hypotenuse of a cone, outside edge. The slant height is always a true length in the elevation view.
Stretch-Out Angle/Arc – the angle or arc which encompasses a radial line pattern.
Frustum – a cone with the top cut parallel to the base.
True length – a dimension or line that is not distorted by the view.

Basic Steps

Draw a full [pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary] complete with all [pb_glossary id="507"]element lines[/pb_glossary].
Swing the [pb_glossary id="481"]slant height[/pb_glossary] with your compass. Remember, in the elevation view, the slant height is always a [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary]. This arc is also called the [pb_glossary id="482"]stretch-out arc[/pb_glossary].
Make the length of the stretch-out arc equal to the distance/[pb_glossary id="492"]circumference[/pb_glossary] of the base. There are many ways to accomplish this, but we will focus on the most common method, using step-offs.

A step-off can come from calculating the circumference and dividing by 12 or simply set your compass to one of the profile divisions. Keep in mind that either way will have accuracy problems, it depends on how accurate the pattern must be. We will cover the most accurate method, layout by mathematics, in another unit later.

Triangulation

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:22:43 +0000

When we looked at both parallel line and radial line pattern development, we saw fairly simple and limited layout process. We have conditions that must be met in order to use them. Triangulation is the process used when nothing else works. There are very few conditions in which triangulation will not work. It is the most complex and time consuming, but it allows us to create patterns of endless possibilities. When all else fails, triangulation will work.

Learning Objectives

Understand the process of Triangulation Pattern Development and its uses.
Learn Triangulation terms.

Triangulation Terms

True Length – a dimension or line that is not distorted by the view.
True Length Diagram (TLD) – a 90° corner in that we use to find the actual length of a line.
Triangulation from Plan View – the length of an [pb_glossary id="507"]element line[/pb_glossary], set 90° to the vertical height, gives the [pb_glossary id="476"]true length[/pb_glossary] of that line.

Triangulation is defined as using two known points to create a third. If we think back to geometric construction, we created triangles such as a 3-4-5 in this manner. The development of patterns using triangulation is an extension of that process. Developing one triangle after another, we build 2D patterns for 3D objects. In this unit, we will focus on Triangulation from [pb_glossary id="477"]plan view[/pb_glossary]. Let’s look at a [pb_glossary id="501"]right triangle[/pb_glossary] in orthographic terms. If we look down on a triangle (plan view), we only see the one leg of the triangle. If we look from the front ([pb_glossary id="499"]elevation view[/pb_glossary]), we see the other leg. When we look from the right side, we see a full view of the triangle, with all three legs. The right side is the only view that gives enough information to see the whole triangle. The same is true when we think of these ideas in relation to a 3D object. With few exceptions, we don’t actually see true lengths of the element lines for an object in the plan or elevation views. They are representations. Think again of the triangle in orthographic projection. If only the hypotenuse was drawn, not a full triangle, the plan and elevation views would still look the same as it did when we looked at the triangle. This is true of any 3D object. The plan and elevation views only show a representation of the hypotenuse from different views. Remember that the element lines or edges only represent the outside of the object. So, to triangulate a pattern for an object, we must find the outside lengths of all the element lines, the hypotenuses. We must get all element lines from an object into a right side view. With a 3D object, this takes rotating the object over and over, putting each line individually into a right side view. This would take a tremendous amount of work, but, we can do this quite easily by using what is called a [pb_glossary id="484"]true length diagram[/pb_glossary]. This is know as finding true lengths and is the foundation that all triangulation is built upon. For triangulation, we must find the true lengths of the element line before we create any triangles. And the true lengths are the hypotenuses between the plan length and vertical height. This is the way we triangulate from plan view. If we again think of the plan view, we have the length of one leg. It doesn’t matter how the line is orientated, it is shows us how much the outside edge (hypotenuse) is leaning. We also have the vertical height of the triangle in the front view. So, if we take these two known lengths and place them in a 90° corner, it shows us the same as the right side. It show us the hypotenuse. It shows us the true view of the element line. This is known as a true length diagram.

Basic Steps

Draw a full elevation view and plan view.
Draw in all element lines in both views. An element line which appears as a dot in one view, is a true length in the other view. As well, a line parallel to the x-axis in the plan view is also a true length in the elevation view.
Label the element lines. It is common to label round shapes with numbers and square/rectangular with letters.
Create a 90° corner for a true length diagram and transfer all the element lines from the plan view into it.
Start the pattern with a line of two known points. There will always be two known points to start from, either a horizontal or vertical line.
Using triangulation (see Construct Triangles - “Triangulation”), create the third point.
Repeat until all the element lines have been used.
Draw in all the element lines and outside edges to complete the pattern.

Vertex

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:23 +0000

the point at which an angle is formed

Allowance

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:23 +0000

the material needed for a specific component-“We must allow this much extra”. Usually a seam for connection

Auxiliary Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:23 +0000

an extra element line added, different from the standard divisions

Elbow Rule

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:24 +0000

the number of pieces of a round elbow times 2 then minus 2(# of pcs x 2-2) gives us the number of gores in the elbow

Element Line

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:24 +0000

a line representing an edge or bend

Point of Tangency

jgray — Fri, 13 Aug 2021 17:23:24 +0000

a straight line that touches the circle at only one point