{"id":421,"date":"2019-06-11T14:50:31","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T14:50:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/part\/chapter-10-plate-tectonics\/"},"modified":"2021-12-08T16:55:48","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T16:55:48","slug":"chapter-10-plate-tectonics","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/part\/chapter-10-plate-tectonics\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics","rendered":"Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nAfter carefully reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss some of the early evidence for continental drift and Alfred Wegener\u2019s role in promoting this theory.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain some of the other models that were used early in the 20th century to understand global geological features.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the numerous geological advances made in the middle part of the 20th century that provided the basis for understanding the mechanisms of plate tectonics and the evidence that plates have moved and lithosphere is created and destroyed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List the seven major plates, their extents, and their general directions of motion, and identify the types of boundaries between them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the geological processes that take place at divergent and convergent plate boundaries, and explain the existence of transform faults.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how super-continents form and how they break apart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the mechanisms for plate movement.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs we discovered in Chapter 1, plate tectonics is the model or theory that we use to understand how our planet works. More specifically it is a model that explains the origins of continents and oceans, folded rocks and mountain ranges, igneous and metamorphic rocks, earthquakes (Figure 10.0.1) and volcanoes, and continental drift. Plate tectonics was first proposed just over 100 years ago, but did not become an accepted part of geology until about 50 years ago. It took 50 years for this theory to be accepted for a few reasons. First, it was a true revolution in thinking about Earth, and that was difficult for many established geologists to accept. Second, there was a political gulf between the main proponent of the theory Alfred Wegener (from Germany) and the geological establishment of the day, which was mostly centred in Britain and the United States. Third, the evidence and understanding of Earth that would have supported plate tectonic theory simply didn\u2019t exist until the middle of the 20th century.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_420\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1206\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset.png\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"1206\" height=\"616\" \/><\/a> Figure 10.0.1 The San Andreas Fault at Pt. Reyes Station, California. The two parts of the fence show the offset on the fault caused by the M7.9 San Francisco earthquake in 1906. The near side of the fence is on the Pacific Plate and the far side is on the North America Plate. The relationship between tectonic plates and earthquakes was not known in Alfred Wegener's time.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Figure 10.0.1: \u00a9 Steven Earle. CC BY.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>After carefully reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss some of the early evidence for continental drift and Alfred Wegener\u2019s role in promoting this theory.<\/li>\n<li>Explain some of the other models that were used early in the 20th century to understand global geological features.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the numerous geological advances made in the middle part of the 20th century that provided the basis for understanding the mechanisms of plate tectonics and the evidence that plates have moved and lithosphere is created and destroyed.<\/li>\n<li>List the seven major plates, their extents, and their general directions of motion, and identify the types of boundaries between them.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the geological processes that take place at divergent and convergent plate boundaries, and explain the existence of transform faults.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how super-continents form and how they break apart.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the mechanisms for plate movement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>As we discovered in Chapter 1, plate tectonics is the model or theory that we use to understand how our planet works. More specifically it is a model that explains the origins of continents and oceans, folded rocks and mountain ranges, igneous and metamorphic rocks, earthquakes (Figure 10.0.1) and volcanoes, and continental drift. Plate tectonics was first proposed just over 100 years ago, but did not become an accepted part of geology until about 50 years ago. It took 50 years for this theory to be accepted for a few reasons. First, it was a true revolution in thinking about Earth, and that was difficult for many established geologists to accept. Second, there was a political gulf between the main proponent of the theory Alfred Wegener (from Germany) and the geological establishment of the day, which was mostly centred in Britain and the United States. Third, the evidence and understanding of Earth that would have supported plate tectonic theory simply didn\u2019t exist until the middle of the 20th century.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_420\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-420\" style=\"width: 1206px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-420 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset.png\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" width=\"1206\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset.png 1206w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset-768x392.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset-1024x523.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset-225x115.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/saf-offset-350x179.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1206px) 100vw, 1206px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.0.1 The San Andreas Fault at Pt. Reyes Station, California. The two parts of the fence show the offset on the fault caused by the M7.9 San Francisco earthquake in 1906. The near side of the fence is on the Pacific Plate and the far side is on the North America Plate. The relationship between tectonic plates and earthquakes was not known in Alfred Wegener&#8217;s time.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 10.0.1: \u00a9 Steven Earle. CC BY.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-421","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2316,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/421\/revisions\/2316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=421"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}