{"id":612,"date":"2019-06-11T14:51:57","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T14:51:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/part\/chapter-14-groundwater\/"},"modified":"2021-12-08T18:23:24","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T18:23:24","slug":"chapter-14-groundwater","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/part\/chapter-14-groundwater\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 14 Groundwater","rendered":"Chapter 14 Groundwater"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nAfter reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the concepts of porosity and permeability and the importance of these to groundwater storage and movement.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the relative porosities and permeabilities of some common geological materials.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define aquifers, aquitards, confining layers, and the differences between confined and unconfined aquifers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the concepts of hydraulic head, the water table, potentiometric surface, and hydraulic gradient, and apply the Darcy equation to estimation of groundwater flow rates.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the flow of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the nature of groundwater flow in karst systems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how wells are used to extract groundwater and the implications of over-pumping a well.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how observation wells are used to monitor groundwater levels and the importance of protecting groundwater resources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic contamination of groundwater.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe some of the ways that groundwater can become contaminated, and how contamination can be minimized.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_611\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"800\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-611\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.0.1 A spring flowing from a limestone cave on Quadra Island, B.C.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs we saw in Chapter 13, fresh water makes up only 3% of the water on Earth. Approximately two-thirds of that is glacial ice and most of the rest is groundwater. We can\u2019t live without water, and it\u2019s easy to see that groundwater represents a critically important component of our water supply. Groundwater is not as easily accessed as surface water, but it is also not as easily contaminated as surface water. If more than 7 billion of us want to continue living comfortably here on Earth, we have to take great care of our groundwater and learn how to use it sustainably.\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Figure 14.0.1: \u00a9 Steven Earle. CC BY.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>After reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the concepts of porosity and permeability and the importance of these to groundwater storage and movement.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the relative porosities and permeabilities of some common geological materials.<\/li>\n<li>Define aquifers, aquitards, confining layers, and the differences between confined and unconfined aquifers.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the concepts of hydraulic head, the water table, potentiometric surface, and hydraulic gradient, and apply the Darcy equation to estimation of groundwater flow rates.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the flow of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the nature of groundwater flow in karst systems.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how wells are used to extract groundwater and the implications of over-pumping a well.<\/li>\n<li>Describe how observation wells are used to monitor groundwater levels and the importance of protecting groundwater resources.<\/li>\n<li>Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic contamination of groundwater.<\/li>\n<li>Describe some of the ways that groundwater can become contaminated, and how contamination can be minimized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_611\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-611\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-611\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island.jpg 958w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island-768x431.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island-65x37.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island-225x126.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/298\/2019\/06\/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island-350x197.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-611\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.0.1 A spring flowing from a limestone cave on Quadra Island, B.C.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As we saw in Chapter 13, fresh water makes up only 3% of the water on Earth. Approximately two-thirds of that is glacial ice and most of the rest is groundwater. We can\u2019t live without water, and it\u2019s easy to see that groundwater represents a critically important component of our water supply. Groundwater is not as easily accessed as surface water, but it is also not as easily contaminated as surface water. If more than 7 billion of us want to continue living comfortably here on Earth, we have to take great care of our groundwater and learn how to use it sustainably.<\/p>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 14.0.1: \u00a9 Steven Earle. CC BY.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-612","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2342,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/612\/revisions\/2342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=612"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeology2ed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}