{"id":193,"date":"2018-04-11T17:05:18","date_gmt":"2018-04-11T21:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/5-5-how-minerals-form\/"},"modified":"2023-06-20T13:57:31","modified_gmt":"2023-06-20T17:57:31","slug":"how-minerals-form","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/","title":{"raw":"5.5 How Minerals Form","rendered":"5.5 How Minerals Form"},"content":{"raw":"The following criteria are required for mineral crystals to grow:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The elements needed to make the mineral crystals must be present in sufficient abundance and appropriate proportions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The physical and chemical conditions must be favourable.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There must be sufficient time for the atoms to become arranged into a lattice.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPhysical and chemical conditions include factors such as temperature, pressure, amount of oxygen available, pH, and the presence of water. The presence of water makes it easier for ions to move to where they're needed, and can lead to the formation of larger crystals over shorter time periods, as with the gypsum crystals at the beginning of this chapter. Time is one of the most important factors because it takes time for atoms to line themselves up into an orderly structure. If time is limited, the mineral grains may remain very small.\r\n\r\nMost of the minerals that make up the rocks in the crust and mantle formed through the cooling and freezing of melted rock (<strong>magma<\/strong>). At the high temperatures that exist deep within Earth, some geological materials are liquid. As magma rises up through the crust, either by volcanic eruption or by more gradual processes, it cools and minerals crystallize. When cooling is rapid and many crystals form at once, only small mineral grains will form before the rock becomes solid. The resulting rock will be fine-grained (i.e., crystals less than 1 mm). When cooling is slow, or when few crystals are growing at a time, relatively large crystals will develop.\r\n\r\nMinerals can also form in several other ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Precipitation from a solution (e.g., from hot water flowing underground, or when evaporation concentrates ions in a lake or inland sea)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Precipitation from a gas (e.g., from vents releasing volcanic gases)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metamorphism:\u00a0 solid minerals react with each other under high pressures and temperatures, and new minerals are formed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Weathering: minerals unstable at Earth\u2019s surface are chemically altered by surface processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Organic formation: organisms build shells (primarily of calcite or aragonite), and teeth and bones (primarily of apatite).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Sulphur Mining at Ijen Crater: Humans Intervene in Mineral Formation<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"offline\">\r\nIjen Crater is the crater of an active volcano located on the eastern end of the island of Java in Indonesia. The crater is notable for a beautiful turquoise lake that is actually sulphuric acid, but also because the volcano vents sulphur gas into the crater. Without human intervention, sulphur precipitates directly from a gas into a solid that covers everything with a layer of sulphur. But miners have modified the landscape to make sulphur collection more efficient. They've added ceramic pipes over the vents, channeling the sulphurous gas and causing it to cool and condense into a liquid. Red molten sulphur flows out of the pipes and onto the ground where it cools to the usual yellow colour. Then miners use pry bars to lift up chunks of the sulphur from the ground. They pack it into woven baskets that they carry on their shoulders, then walk the sulphur up the steep crater and 3 km down the mountainside to where it is weighed, and they are paid for how much they've carried.\r\n\r\nThe images below show the Ijen crater and the mining work. The images also show that most miners don't have PPE (personal protective equipment) like heavy boots, gloves, or\u2014most importantly\u2014gas masks. Some make do by tying cloth in front of their faces, and others simply hold their breath for long intervals. Inhaling the gas damages soft tissues, but the issue the miners struggle with most immediately is that it also corrodes their teeth. Inexperienced visitors without proper equipment have become seriously ill after being exposed to the environment for only a few hours.\r\n\r\nWhile the miners aren't paid enough to afford proper protective attire, the job still pays more than many in the area. If they can make two trips per day, their pay for the day could be approximately what a minimum-wage earner gets in Canada for one hour of work.\r\n\r\n[gallery columns=\"2\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857\"]\r\n\r\nGiven how the sulphur forms at Kawah Ijen, would you expect large sulphur crystals to form, or smaller ones?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"h5p-answer\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-id=\"0\">\r\n<div class=\"h5p-alternative-container\">\r\n<div>Larger, because there's so much material available.<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"h5p-answer\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-id=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"h5p-alternative-container\">\r\n<div>Smaller, because the crystals form quickly.<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nAnswer: Smaller. The crystals form very rapidly when the sulphur precipitates from gas, and also rapidly when the molten sulphur freezes. The faster crystals form, the smaller they are. The large blocks of sulphur that are visible in the images are actually masses of very tiny crystals.\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"h5p\">\r\n[h5p id=\"59\"]\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>The following criteria are required for mineral crystals to grow:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The elements needed to make the mineral crystals must be present in sufficient abundance and appropriate proportions.<\/li>\n<li>The physical and chemical conditions must be favourable.<\/li>\n<li>There must be sufficient time for the atoms to become arranged into a lattice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Physical and chemical conditions include factors such as temperature, pressure, amount of oxygen available, pH, and the presence of water. The presence of water makes it easier for ions to move to where they&#8217;re needed, and can lead to the formation of larger crystals over shorter time periods, as with the gypsum crystals at the beginning of this chapter. Time is one of the most important factors because it takes time for atoms to line themselves up into an orderly structure. If time is limited, the mineral grains may remain very small.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the minerals that make up the rocks in the crust and mantle formed through the cooling and freezing of melted rock (<strong>magma<\/strong>). At the high temperatures that exist deep within Earth, some geological materials are liquid. As magma rises up through the crust, either by volcanic eruption or by more gradual processes, it cools and minerals crystallize. When cooling is rapid and many crystals form at once, only small mineral grains will form before the rock becomes solid. The resulting rock will be fine-grained (i.e., crystals less than 1 mm). When cooling is slow, or when few crystals are growing at a time, relatively large crystals will develop.<\/p>\n<p>Minerals can also form in several other ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Precipitation from a solution (e.g., from hot water flowing underground, or when evaporation concentrates ions in a lake or inland sea)<\/li>\n<li>Precipitation from a gas (e.g., from vents releasing volcanic gases)<\/li>\n<li>Metamorphism:\u00a0 solid minerals react with each other under high pressures and temperatures, and new minerals are formed.<\/li>\n<li>Weathering: minerals unstable at Earth\u2019s surface are chemically altered by surface processes.<\/li>\n<li>Organic formation: organisms build shells (primarily of calcite or aragonite), and teeth and bones (primarily of apatite).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Sulphur Mining at Ijen Crater: Humans Intervene in Mineral Formation<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"offline\">\nIjen Crater is the crater of an active volcano located on the eastern end of the island of Java in Indonesia. The crater is notable for a beautiful turquoise lake that is actually sulphuric acid, but also because the volcano vents sulphur gas into the crater. Without human intervention, sulphur precipitates directly from a gas into a solid that covers everything with a layer of sulphur. But miners have modified the landscape to make sulphur collection more efficient. They&#8217;ve added ceramic pipes over the vents, channeling the sulphurous gas and causing it to cool and condense into a liquid. Red molten sulphur flows out of the pipes and onto the ground where it cools to the usual yellow colour. Then miners use pry bars to lift up chunks of the sulphur from the ground. They pack it into woven baskets that they carry on their shoulders, then walk the sulphur up the steep crater and 3 km down the mountainside to where it is weighed, and they are paid for how much they&#8217;ve carried.<\/p>\n<p>The images below show the Ijen crater and the mining work. The images also show that most miners don&#8217;t have PPE (personal protective equipment) like heavy boots, gloves, or\u2014most importantly\u2014gas masks. Some make do by tying cloth in front of their faces, and others simply hold their breath for long intervals. Inhaling the gas damages soft tissues, but the issue the miners struggle with most immediately is that it also corrodes their teeth. Inexperienced visitors without proper equipment have become seriously ill after being exposed to the environment for only a few hours.<\/p>\n<p>While the miners aren&#8217;t paid enough to afford proper protective attire, the job still pays more than many in the area. If they can make two trips per day, their pay for the day could be approximately what a minimum-wage earner gets in Canada for one hour of work.<\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-193 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea1f4fcc561\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1f4fcc561-225x150.jpg 225w, 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1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1c2a95844-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1c2a95844-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1c2a95844-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1c2a95844-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1c2a95844-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1c2a95844.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<p><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><\/p>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea16fb6f95d\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea16fb6f95d.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1b21b5ed1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<p><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><\/p>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54-200x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54-225x338.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54-350x526.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1a1e7fc54.jpg 532w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea194399749\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-300x200.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749-350x234.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea194399749.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<p><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><\/p>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea1564a17d1\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-300x225.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea1564a17d1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class='gallery-item'>\n<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/how-minerals-form\/file-60ea13fd1131f\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-300x191.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-768x489.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-1536x977.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-65x41.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-225x143.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f-350x223.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/360\/2018\/04\/file-60ea13fd1131f.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<p><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Given how the sulphur forms at Kawah Ijen, would you expect large sulphur crystals to form, or smaller ones?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"h5p-answer\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-id=\"0\">\n<div class=\"h5p-alternative-container\">\n<div>Larger, because there&#8217;s so much material available.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"h5p-answer\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"radio\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-id=\"1\">\n<div class=\"h5p-alternative-container\">\n<div>Smaller, because the crystals form quickly.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Answer: Smaller. The crystals form very rapidly when the sulphur precipitates from gas, and also rapidly when the molten sulphur freezes. The faster crystals form, the smaller they are. The large blocks of sulphur that are visible in the images are actually masses of very tiny crystals.\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"h5p\">\n<div id=\"h5p-59\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-59\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"59\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Sulphur Mining at Kawah Ijen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-193","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":159,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/193","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1860,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/193\/revisions\/1860"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/159"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/193\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=193"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=193"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}