{"id":515,"date":"2018-01-25T21:19:06","date_gmt":"2018-01-26T02:19:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-12-summary-2\/"},"modified":"2023-05-09T12:23:26","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T16:23:26","slug":"chapter-12-summary-key-term-check","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/chapter-12-summary-key-term-check\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 12 Summary &amp; Key Term Check","rendered":"Chapter 12 Summary &amp; Key Term Check"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Chapter 12 Main Ideas<\/h1>\r\n<h2>12.1 What Is an Earthquake?<\/h2>\r\nAn earthquake is the shaking that results when a deformed body of rock snaps back to its original shape. The rupture is initiated at a point but quickly spreads across the area of a fault, with aftershocks initiated by stress transfer. Episodic tremor and slip is a periodic slow movement, accompanied by harmonic tremors, along the middle part of a subduction zone boundary.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/what-is-an-earthquake\/#275\">Earthquake definition terminology<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/what-is-an-earthquake\/#276\">Foreshocks, mainshocks, and aftershocks<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Extra!<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"h5p\">[h5p id=\"153\"]<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"offline\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Can plastic deformation of Earth\u2019s crust (deformation that is not reversible) cause an earthquake?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNo. The vibration from earthquakes is a result of elastic rebound. This means that deformed rock has snapped back to its original shape. If deformation is not reversible, then elastic energy is not being stored, and rebound is not possible. Rocks may still be offset along a fault due to plastic deformation, but the offset happens as slow, creeping movement called aseismic slip (i.e., slip without seismicity\/shaking).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>12.2 Measuring Earthquakes<\/h2>\r\nEarthquakes produce seismic waves that can be measured by a seismograph. The amplitudes of seismic waves are used to determine the amount of energy released by an earthquake- its magnitude. For the moment magnitude scale used today, the amount of energy released by an earthquake is proportional to the size of the rupture surface, the amount of displacement, and the strength of the rock. Intensity is a measure of the amount of shaking that occurs, and damage done at locations that experience an earthquake. Intensity will vary depending on the distance to the epicentre, the depth of the earthquake, and the type of geological materials present.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/seismic-waves-and-measuring-earthquakes\/#277\">What are the types of seismic waves?<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/seismic-waves-and-measuring-earthquakes\/#278\">How do we locate earthquakes?<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/seismic-waves-and-measuring-earthquakes\/#87\">How does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale work?<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>12.3 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics<\/h2>\r\nMost earthquakes happen at or near plate boundaries. Along divergent and transform boundaries earthquakes are shallow (less than 30 km depth), but at convergent boundaries they can be hundreds of kilometers beneath the surface. The largest earthquakes happen when a broad segment of the locked zone of a subduction zone ruptures. Intraplate earthquakes happen away from plate boundaries. They can be caused by human activities, or renewed motion on ancient faults.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Practice Again<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/earthquakes-and-plate-tectonics\/#279\">Watch the interactive video<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>12.4 The Impacts of Earthquakes<\/h2>\r\nDamage to buildings is the most serious consequence of most large earthquakes. The amount of damage is related to the type and size of buildings, how they're constructed, and the nature of the material on which they're built. Other important consequences are fires, damage to bridges and highways, slope failures, liquefaction, and tsunami.\r\n<h2>12.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Impacts<\/h2>\r\nThere is no reliable technology for predicting earthquakes, but the probability of one happening within a certain time period can be forecast. We can minimize earthquake impacts by ensuring that the public is aware of the risk, that building codes are enforced, that existing buildings like schools and hospitals are seismically sound, and that both public and personal emergency plans are in place.\r\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\r\nWhat key term from Chapter 12 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"154\"]","rendered":"<h1>Chapter 12 Main Ideas<\/h1>\n<h2>12.1 What Is an Earthquake?<\/h2>\n<p>An earthquake is the shaking that results when a deformed body of rock snaps back to its original shape. The rupture is initiated at a point but quickly spreads across the area of a fault, with aftershocks initiated by stress transfer. Episodic tremor and slip is a periodic slow movement, accompanied by harmonic tremors, along the middle part of a subduction zone boundary.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/what-is-an-earthquake\/#275\">Earthquake definition terminology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/what-is-an-earthquake\/#276\">Foreshocks, mainshocks, and aftershocks<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Extra!<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p\">\n<div id=\"h5p-153\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-153\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"153\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Deformation and earthquakes\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"offline\">\n<p><strong>Can plastic deformation of Earth\u2019s crust (deformation that is not reversible) cause an earthquake?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No. The vibration from earthquakes is a result of elastic rebound. This means that deformed rock has snapped back to its original shape. If deformation is not reversible, then elastic energy is not being stored, and rebound is not possible. Rocks may still be offset along a fault due to plastic deformation, but the offset happens as slow, creeping movement called aseismic slip (i.e., slip without seismicity\/shaking).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>12.2 Measuring Earthquakes<\/h2>\n<p>Earthquakes produce seismic waves that can be measured by a seismograph. The amplitudes of seismic waves are used to determine the amount of energy released by an earthquake- its magnitude. For the moment magnitude scale used today, the amount of energy released by an earthquake is proportional to the size of the rupture surface, the amount of displacement, and the strength of the rock. Intensity is a measure of the amount of shaking that occurs, and damage done at locations that experience an earthquake. Intensity will vary depending on the distance to the epicentre, the depth of the earthquake, and the type of geological materials present.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/seismic-waves-and-measuring-earthquakes\/#277\">What are the types of seismic waves?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/seismic-waves-and-measuring-earthquakes\/#278\">How do we locate earthquakes?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/seismic-waves-and-measuring-earthquakes\/#87\">How does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale work?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>12.3 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics<\/h2>\n<p>Most earthquakes happen at or near plate boundaries. Along divergent and transform boundaries earthquakes are shallow (less than 30 km depth), but at convergent boundaries they can be hundreds of kilometers beneath the surface. The largest earthquakes happen when a broad segment of the locked zone of a subduction zone ruptures. Intraplate earthquakes happen away from plate boundaries. They can be caused by human activities, or renewed motion on ancient faults.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Practice Again<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/chapter\/earthquakes-and-plate-tectonics\/#279\">Watch the interactive video<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>12.4 The Impacts of Earthquakes<\/h2>\n<p>Damage to buildings is the most serious consequence of most large earthquakes. The amount of damage is related to the type and size of buildings, how they&#8217;re constructed, and the nature of the material on which they&#8217;re built. Other important consequences are fires, damage to bridges and highways, slope failures, liquefaction, and tsunami.<\/p>\n<h2>12.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Impacts<\/h2>\n<p>There is no reliable technology for predicting earthquakes, but the probability of one happening within a certain time period can be forecast. We can minimize earthquake impacts by ensuring that the public is aware of the risk, that building codes are enforced, that existing buildings like schools and hospitals are seismically sound, and that both public and personal emergency plans are in place.<\/p>\n<h1>Key Term Check<\/h1>\n<p>What key term from Chapter 12 is each card describing? Turn the card to check your answer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-154\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-154\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"154\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 12 key terms about earthquakes\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-515","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":472,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/515","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/515\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1520,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/515\/revisions\/1520"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/472"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/515\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=515"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=515"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=515"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/physicalgeologyh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=515"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}