{"id":121,"date":"2020-06-17T02:43:48","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T06:43:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/chapter\/native-plants-for-horticulture\/"},"modified":"2023-08-08T16:34:25","modified_gmt":"2023-08-08T20:34:25","slug":"native-plants","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/chapter\/native-plants\/","title":{"raw":"Native Plants","rendered":"Native Plants"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe native plants common to the horticulture industry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nBiodiversity is described as the variety of plants and other living organisms that interact with the non-living environment of a particular habitat or ecosystem. Regardless of the size or type, each organism is dependent on every other, either directly or indirectly through food webs and the natural processes of nutrient cycling and energy flow that sustain ecosystems. Plant biodiversity has an invaluable role in the function of ecosystems and the services that people obtain from them including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>provision of clean air, water, food, materials, and medicines,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>regulation of climate, carbon storage, water and waste treatment, and erosion and disease control,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>support for pollination, biodiversity and habitat, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cultural benefits for health, education, recreation, relaxation, and spiritual well being.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nRead more about the importance of ecosystem services at this link to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/\">FAO Ecosystem Services &amp; Biodiversity [New Tab]<\/a>.[footnote]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/<\/a>[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nRegardless of whether a plant occurs naturally in a place or has been planted indoors or outdoors for ornament or food value, as a species, it has a native home somewhere in the world. Native plant species originated and co-evolved in communities with other organisms in fourteen identified biomes around the world. Biomes are composed of groups of ecosystems with distinct vegetation types and climate patterns. They are typically named for the dominant vegetation type, such as a forest or grassland. Figure 7.1 shows a map of the distribution of the major biomes around the world.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_120\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" title=\"Figure 7.1 Global biomes\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"787\" \/> <em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 7.1 Map and legend showing locations and types of global biomes.<\/span><\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWith an understanding of plant biology, hardiness, and interactions with soils and climate, native species from different biomes can be successfully grown in landscapes and gardens around the world. For example, <em>Gunnera manicata<\/em> (gunnera) from South America and <em>Impatiens walleriana<\/em> (impatiens) from South Africa that originated in the Tropical, Subtropical Broadleaf Forest biome are often grown as ornamental garden plants. The magnificent specimen tree, <em>Cedrus deodara<\/em> (Deodar cedar) is native to the Tropical, Subtropical Conifer Forest while hedging plants <em>Thuja occidentalis<\/em> (white cedar) and <em>Taxus cuspidata<\/em> 'Capitata' (upright yew) originated in the Temperate Conifer Forest biome. Many species of the Temperate Broadleaf Mixed Forest biome are commonly grown in landscapes and gardens. Examples of deciduous specimen trees include <em>Acer tataricum<\/em> ssp.<em> ginnala<\/em> (Amur maple, Tatarian maple) and <em>Syringa reticulata<\/em> 'Ivory Silk' (Japanese lilac tree) from Eastern Asia, <em>Cercis canadensis<\/em> (redbud) and <em>Quercus alba<\/em> (white oak) from Eastern North America, and the European species <em>Prunus padus<\/em> var. <em>commutata<\/em> (European bird cherry), and <em>Sorbus aucuparia<\/em> (European mountain ash). <em>Viburnum trilobum<\/em> (highbush cranberry) is an understory shrub from northern North America while the closely related <em>Viburnum opulus<\/em> (European snowball) is native to Europe and Asia. Some familiar garden plants that originated in the Mediterranean Forest, Woodlands, Scrub biome are <em>Cyclamen persicum<\/em> (cyclamen), <em>Helictotrichon sempervirens<\/em> (blue oat grass), <em>Lithodora diffusa<\/em> 'Grace Ward' (blue lithospermum), and <em>Rosmarinus officinalis<\/em> (rosemary). View images of the plant examples available at this link to the <a href=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/\"><em>KPU Plant Database<\/em> [New Tab]<\/a>[footnote]<a href=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0\">https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0<\/a>[\/footnote]. Now, complete the practice exercise.\r\n<h2>Practice<\/h2>\r\nRecognize plants native to world biomes.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"82\"]\r\n\r\nIndividual ecosystems within larger biomes are characterized by the naturally occurring communities of native plants and animals and the distinct soil types, land forms, and climate of the area. For example, a plant community of the Temperate Conifer Forest biome located in the Pacific Northwest region of North America would include conifers such as\u00a0 <em>Pinus contorta<\/em> var. <em>contorta<\/em> (shore pine), <em>Pseudostuga menziesii<\/em> (Douglas Fir), <em>Thuja plicata<\/em> (western red cedar), and <em>Tsuga heterophylla<\/em> (western hemlock). Depending on the specific site conditions, deciduous and broadleaf evergreen trees may include <em>Alnus rubra<\/em> (red alder), <em>Arbutus menziesii<\/em> (arbutus, madrona), <em>Frangula purshiana<\/em> (cascara), and <em>Populus trichocarpa<\/em> (black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar). Associated deciduous shrubs may include <em>Ribes sanguineum<\/em> (flowering currant, winter currant), <em>Rubus spectabilis<\/em> (salmonberry), <em>Salix discolor<\/em> (native pussy willow, pussy willow), and <em>Symphoricarpos albus<\/em> (snowberry). Some deciduous and evergreen native ferns are <em>Adiantum pedatum<\/em> (maidenhair fern) and <em>Polystichum munitum<\/em> (western sword fern). A few examples of the many native herbaceous flowering plants are <em>Asarum caudatum<\/em> (western wild ginger), <em>Erythronium americanum<\/em> (trout lily, adder's tongue), <em>Vancouveria hexandra<\/em> (inside-out flower), and the semiaquatic <em>Sagittaria latifolia<\/em> (wapato, arrowhead, duck potato). Read more about plant communities and their distinct ecosystems at this link to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/vegetation-regions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Vegetation Regions, The Canadian Encyclopedia<\/em> [New Tab]<\/a>.[footnote]https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/vegetation-regions[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nHistorically, horticultural activities have had a significant impact on the geographic distribution of native plant species. Currently, landscape contractors, nurseries, garden centres, and mass-market chain stores are the largest distribution channels of native plants in addition to ornamental and floriculture products. The import and export of species for use in arboriculture, landscape horticulture, floriculture, turf, and food production sectors continues to shape the distribution of species in plant communities and ecosystems. While constructed landscapes and gardens may be considered artificial ecosystems, it is possible to plan and maintain communities of local native species and appropriate ornamental plants that support natural processes and ecosystem services.\r\n<h2>Practice<\/h2>\r\nMatch the images of plants native to the Pacific Northwest.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"83\"]\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Figure 7.1 <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/54545503@N04\/5485516989\">Global Biomes<\/a> by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/54545503@N04\/\">SEDACMaps<\/a> is under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.5\/\">CC BY 2.5 Licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe native plants common to the horticulture industry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Biodiversity is described as the variety of plants and other living organisms that interact with the non-living environment of a particular habitat or ecosystem. Regardless of the size or type, each organism is dependent on every other, either directly or indirectly through food webs and the natural processes of nutrient cycling and energy flow that sustain ecosystems. Plant biodiversity has an invaluable role in the function of ecosystems and the services that people obtain from them including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>provision of clean air, water, food, materials, and medicines,<\/li>\n<li>regulation of climate, carbon storage, water and waste treatment, and erosion and disease control,<\/li>\n<li>support for pollination, biodiversity and habitat, and<\/li>\n<li>cultural benefits for health, education, recreation, relaxation, and spiritual well being.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Read more about the importance of ecosystem services at this link to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/\">FAO Ecosystem Services &amp; Biodiversity [New Tab]<\/a>.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/\" id=\"return-footnote-121-1\" href=\"#footnote-121-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Regardless of whether a plant occurs naturally in a place or has been planted indoors or outdoors for ornament or food value, as a species, it has a native home somewhere in the world. Native plant species originated and co-evolved in communities with other organisms in fourteen identified biomes around the world. Biomes are composed of groups of ecosystems with distinct vegetation types and climate patterns. They are typically named for the dominant vegetation type, such as a forest or grassland. Figure 7.1 shows a map of the distribution of the major biomes around the world.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_120\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-120\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-120 size-full\" title=\"Figure 7.1 Global biomes\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"787\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b-768x590.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b-65x50.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b-225x173.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/318\/2020\/06\/5485516989_19bb1a0c93_b-350x269.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-120\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Figure 7.1 Map and legend showing locations and types of global biomes.<\/span><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>With an understanding of plant biology, hardiness, and interactions with soils and climate, native species from different biomes can be successfully grown in landscapes and gardens around the world. For example, <em>Gunnera manicata<\/em> (gunnera) from South America and <em>Impatiens walleriana<\/em> (impatiens) from South Africa that originated in the Tropical, Subtropical Broadleaf Forest biome are often grown as ornamental garden plants. The magnificent specimen tree, <em>Cedrus deodara<\/em> (Deodar cedar) is native to the Tropical, Subtropical Conifer Forest while hedging plants <em>Thuja occidentalis<\/em> (white cedar) and <em>Taxus cuspidata<\/em> &#8216;Capitata&#8217; (upright yew) originated in the Temperate Conifer Forest biome. Many species of the Temperate Broadleaf Mixed Forest biome are commonly grown in landscapes and gardens. Examples of deciduous specimen trees include <em>Acer tataricum<\/em> ssp.<em> ginnala<\/em> (Amur maple, Tatarian maple) and <em>Syringa reticulata<\/em> &#8216;Ivory Silk&#8217; (Japanese lilac tree) from Eastern Asia, <em>Cercis canadensis<\/em> (redbud) and <em>Quercus alba<\/em> (white oak) from Eastern North America, and the European species <em>Prunus padus<\/em> var. <em>commutata<\/em> (European bird cherry), and <em>Sorbus aucuparia<\/em> (European mountain ash). <em>Viburnum trilobum<\/em> (highbush cranberry) is an understory shrub from northern North America while the closely related <em>Viburnum opulus<\/em> (European snowball) is native to Europe and Asia. Some familiar garden plants that originated in the Mediterranean Forest, Woodlands, Scrub biome are <em>Cyclamen persicum<\/em> (cyclamen), <em>Helictotrichon sempervirens<\/em> (blue oat grass), <em>Lithodora diffusa<\/em> &#8216;Grace Ward&#8217; (blue lithospermum), and <em>Rosmarinus officinalis<\/em> (rosemary). View images of the plant examples available at this link to the <a href=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/\"><em>KPU Plant Database<\/em> [New Tab]<\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0\" id=\"return-footnote-121-2\" href=\"#footnote-121-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Now, complete the practice exercise.<\/p>\n<h2>Practice<\/h2>\n<p>Recognize plants native to world biomes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-82\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-82\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"82\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch 8 Native plants of world biomes\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Individual ecosystems within larger biomes are characterized by the naturally occurring communities of native plants and animals and the distinct soil types, land forms, and climate of the area. For example, a plant community of the Temperate Conifer Forest biome located in the Pacific Northwest region of North America would include conifers such as\u00a0 <em>Pinus contorta<\/em> var. <em>contorta<\/em> (shore pine), <em>Pseudostuga menziesii<\/em> (Douglas Fir), <em>Thuja plicata<\/em> (western red cedar), and <em>Tsuga heterophylla<\/em> (western hemlock). Depending on the specific site conditions, deciduous and broadleaf evergreen trees may include <em>Alnus rubra<\/em> (red alder), <em>Arbutus menziesii<\/em> (arbutus, madrona), <em>Frangula purshiana<\/em> (cascara), and <em>Populus trichocarpa<\/em> (black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar). Associated deciduous shrubs may include <em>Ribes sanguineum<\/em> (flowering currant, winter currant), <em>Rubus spectabilis<\/em> (salmonberry), <em>Salix discolor<\/em> (native pussy willow, pussy willow), and <em>Symphoricarpos albus<\/em> (snowberry). Some deciduous and evergreen native ferns are <em>Adiantum pedatum<\/em> (maidenhair fern) and <em>Polystichum munitum<\/em> (western sword fern). A few examples of the many native herbaceous flowering plants are <em>Asarum caudatum<\/em> (western wild ginger), <em>Erythronium americanum<\/em> (trout lily, adder&#8217;s tongue), <em>Vancouveria hexandra<\/em> (inside-out flower), and the semiaquatic <em>Sagittaria latifolia<\/em> (wapato, arrowhead, duck potato). Read more about plant communities and their distinct ecosystems at this link to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/vegetation-regions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Vegetation Regions, The Canadian Encyclopedia<\/em> [New Tab]<\/a>.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/vegetation-regions\" id=\"return-footnote-121-3\" href=\"#footnote-121-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Historically, horticultural activities have had a significant impact on the geographic distribution of native plant species. Currently, landscape contractors, nurseries, garden centres, and mass-market chain stores are the largest distribution channels of native plants in addition to ornamental and floriculture products. The import and export of species for use in arboriculture, landscape horticulture, floriculture, turf, and food production sectors continues to shape the distribution of species in plant communities and ecosystems. While constructed landscapes and gardens may be considered artificial ecosystems, it is possible to plan and maintain communities of local native species and appropriate ornamental plants that support natural processes and ecosystem services.<\/p>\n<h2>Practice<\/h2>\n<p>Match the images of plants native to the Pacific Northwest.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-83\">\n<div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"83\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 7.1 <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/54545503@N04\/5485516989\">Global Biomes<\/a> by <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/54545503@N04\/\">SEDACMaps<\/a> is under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.5\/\">CC BY 2.5 Licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-121-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ecosystem-services-biodiversity\/en\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-121-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-121-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0\">https:\/\/plantdatabase.kpu.ca\/#gsc.tab=0<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-121-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-121-3\">https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/vegetation-regions <a href=\"#return-footnote-121-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[],"class_list":["post-121","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-michelle-nakano"],"part":118,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":429,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121\/revisions\/429"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/118"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/121\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=121"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=121"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plantidentification\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}