{"id":66,"date":"2022-01-27T18:09:18","date_gmt":"2022-01-27T23:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/chapter\/nstallation-of-gas-piping-tubing-and-hoses\/"},"modified":"2022-08-16T14:14:31","modified_gmt":"2022-08-16T18:14:31","slug":"nstallation-of-gas-piping-tubing-and-hoses","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/chapter\/nstallation-of-gas-piping-tubing-and-hoses\/","title":{"raw":"Learning Task 1","rendered":"Learning Task 1"},"content":{"raw":"In this module the use of the term \u201cPiping System\u201d can include any approved pipe, tube, connector, hose or fitting used to convey the fuel gas from the point of supply to the gas burning equipment.\n\nA good quality installation of the piping system is necessary to ensure reasonable life expectancy, durability, and operating performance of equipment and materials.\n<h1>Code Requirements<\/h1>\nThe majority of the gas code requirements regarding the installation of piping systems are in Section 6, but there are other rules that apply to the installation throughout the code. Some code clauses will be referenced throughout this learning task, but you will need to be able to find and apply any clause that may pertain to your installation.\n<h1>Fittings<\/h1>\nSection 6 of the gas code identifies the connections that may be used with the different types of approved piping system materials.\n<h2>Steel Pipe Fittings<\/h2>\nAll valves, flanges, fittings and gaskets used on steel pipe shall conform to ANSI\/ASME B16.3 for threaded connections or ANSI LC-4\/CSA 6.32 for press-connections. The pipe shall have tapered threads that comply with ANSI\/ASME B1.20.1. When a jointing sealant is used, it shall be certified to CAN\/ULC-S642 and must be applied to the male threads of the pipe. Tape must be stretched and applied in a clockwise direction, with a 50% overlap leaving the first two starter threads bare.\n\nFor nominal pipe sizes 2 \u00bd\u2033 and over steel pipe must be connected with welded joints. Manufactured fabricated fittings must be used for welded piping systems (Figure 1) other than large job fabricated headers 2 \u00bd\u2033 NPS and over.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"261\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-41\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/01\/elbow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"238\"> Figure 1 Carbon steel butt-weld Sch40 90 deg elbow[\/caption]\n<h3>Steel pipe threaded fittings<\/h3>\nThreaded fittings must be of malleable iron or steel construction, cast iron threaded fittings are not to be used on gas systems as they are more susceptible to cracking. Cast iron threaded fittings can be differentiated from mailable fittings by there heavier reinforcing bead (Figure 2).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"447\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-42\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"447\" height=\"199\"> Figure 2 Malleable iron to cast iron bead comparison[\/caption]\n\nAll pipe threads shall be clear and free from burrs, scale and defects and the inside ends must be reamed. When a jointing sealant is used for threaded connections, it shall be <strong><em>certified<\/em><\/strong> to CAN\/ULC-S642 and shall be applied to the male threads of the metal pipe. Tape shall be stretched and applied in a clockwise direction, with a 50% overlap leaving the first two starter threads bare.\n<h3>Press-connect fittings for steel pipe<\/h3>\nThere are approved cold press mechanical joint systems designed for use with ASTM A53 carbon steel pipe in gas applications. The press fittings must be installed using the proper tool, actuator, jaws and rings as instructed by the press fitting manufacturer.\n\nThe fittings are designed to ensure that any unpressed connections will leak past the internal sealing element. The function of this feature is to provide the installer quick and easy identification of connections which have not been pressed prior to putting the system into operation.\n\nThere are steel press fitting available for many applications besides gas, therefore it is important to confirm that the correct fittings designed and approved for gas installations are being used. Notice in Figure 3 the Viega MegaPressG fittings will have a yellow dot or label on the fitting as well the internal sealing element is colour coded yellow.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"250\"]<img class=\"wp-image-43\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"292\"> Figure 3 Viega MegaPressG elbow[\/caption]\n<h3>Prohibited steel pipe fittings<\/h3>\nSome types of threaded fittings are not permitted for use with gas systems (Figure 4). These include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>fittings with running threads, such as thread protectors<\/li>\n \t<li>close nipples<\/li>\n \t<li>Street elbows<\/li>\n \t<li>fittings with right-hand and left-hand threads (not shown).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"339\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-44\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-threaded-fittings-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"339\" height=\"317\"> Figure 4 Prohibited threaded fittings[\/caption]\n\nWhen using threaded bushings, they may be made of malleable iron or steel if they reduce by at least two pipe sizes. If a one pipe size change is to be made with a threaded bushing, it must be done by using a forged steel bushing, as the reduced wall thickness will not be strong enough for the cast malleable material. For example, a threaded \u00be\u2033 x \u00bd\u2033 bushing could not be made of malleable iron it would have to be of the steel type. Using multiple bushings together, also known as nesting, is prohibited (Figure 5). Some trades people avoid the use of bushing altogether and prefer t o use reducing couplings.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"240\"]<img class=\"wp-image-45 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-nested-bushings-e1643328098106.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\"> Figure 5 Prohibited nested bushings[\/caption]\n<h2>Copper Tube Fittings<\/h2>\nFittings and connections for copper tubing may be flared, brazed, press- connected. Some compression fittings may also be accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.\n\nThe flare fitting for gas copper tubing systems, using soft annealed copper, are of the SAE 45 degree type (Figure 6). Flare fittings do not come complete with nuts these must be ordered separately.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-46\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"176\"> Figure 6 SAE Flare union[\/caption]\n\nFlared nuts must be of the brass forged type (Figure 7 left). Externally machined nuts (Figure 7 right) may not be used as they are not as strong, due to their decrease wall thickness from the machining process.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"310\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-47\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Forged-and-externally-machined-nuts.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"164\"> Figure 7 Brass flare nuts, Forged left, externally machined right[\/caption]\n<h2>CSST Fittings<\/h2>\nCSST gas supply systems must get proprietary certification, therefore only manufacturer\u2019s certified fittings may be used for each brand of CSST tubing.\n\nCSST tubing is connected using self-flaring brass fittings that creates a metal to metal seal when tightened. The fitting in Figure 8 was previously tighten and was disassembled to show how the tubing gets compressed to create a double flare. Adapter fittings have standard NPT threads and may be used in combination with other approved fuel gas piping fittings.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-125\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1587\/2022\/01\/CSST-\u00bd-straight-fitting.png#fixme\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"174\"> Figure 8 CSST \u00bd\u2033 straight fitting[\/caption]\n<h2>PE Fittings<\/h2>\nPE pipe installed for underground distribution mains and service lines is assembled primarily with heat fusion, this work is not regulated by the CSA B149.1 gas code. PE may also be used as an underground pipeline on the premises, for example, to supply a separate outbuilding or a firepit.\n\nFusion fittings may also be used for on premise installations. For gas contractors that may not want to invest in cost of the fusion equipment for the small number of underground installation they may have, there are approved PE compression slab lock fittings (Figure 9) available for sizes 2\u2033 IPS and under.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-48\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"144\"> Figure 9 Gas compression stab fittings[\/caption]\n<h1>Manual Shut-Off Valves<\/h1>\nApproved appliance manual shut-off valves are required for each appliance and must be readily accessible. Where it is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, systems using a distribution manifold may have all the identified appliance shut-offs at the manifold. Manual shut-off valves must also be installed upstream, of any line pressure regulators that are in the system, or were system supplies an underground section of plastic piping. Manual shut-off valves must be of the quarter turn style. Plug, ball or eccentric types (Figure 10) are approved as long as they rated for the pressure and temperature they are being used for.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"743\"]<img class=\"wp-image-49 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"743\" height=\"182\"> Figure 10 Approved manual gas shutoff valves (left to right; plug, ball, eccentric)[\/caption]\n\nBall valve are the most common type used, lubricated plug valves are typically found at the utilities meter set. The eccentric styles types are usually only seen on large applications over 2\u2033 in size, the offset half plug creates less friction giving the lower operating torque needed for large valves.\n<h1>Gas Quick Disconnects<\/h1>\nSome appliances that are connected with a gas connector or hose may be approved to have a quick-disconnect device used. Even though the quick-disconnect device has an internal shut-off an additional manual shut off valve must be installed upstream of the quick-disconnect devoice. Additionally, some appliances or locations may require a gas convenience outlet. A gas convenience outlet is a combined unit with the quick disconnect and manual shutoff valve supplied as a unit (Figure 11) certified to ANSI Z21.90\/CSA6.24. The manually operated gas valve has the additional feature of a handle designed so that disconnection can be accomplished only when the gas valve is in the closed position.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-50\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"432\"> Figure 11 Gas convenience outlet[\/caption]\n<h1>Drip and Dirt Pockets<\/h1>\nDepending on the type of appliance a dirt pocket may be required at the inlet to an appliance regulator or at the base of a vertical drop to an appliance. The dirt pocket is designed to capture dust before it enters the appliance to reduce the chance of clogged gas valves or orifices.\n\nA drip pocket shall be provided at all points in a piping system where condensation can collect, such as points where the piping is exposed to either wide ranges or sudden changes in temperature.\n\nThe names drip and dirt pockets are often used interchangeable because they are built and sized in the same way, by using threaded fittings so that the section below the tee can be removed for cleaning or draining (Figure 12).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"535\"]<img class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket.jpg\" alt=\"Gas water heater with labelled components and closeup image of dirt pocket piping.\" width=\"535\" height=\"382\"> Figure 12 Appliance dirt pocket[\/caption]\n<h1>Anchors and supports<\/h1>\nPiping or tubing must be mounted, braced, and supported to provide for expansion, contraction, jarring, vibration, and settling, so there is no wear or strain on the piping. For each piping installation, you\u2019ll be required to select and install the appropriate types of hangers and supports. Many factors must be considered when selecting pipe supports.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Refer to job specifications for the correct type of hanger.<\/li>\n \t<li>Refer to table 6.2 of the B 149.1 Gas Installation Code for the minimum spacing of supports.<\/li>\n \t<li>Piping must be installed with individual supports and may not be supported by other piping<\/li>\n \t<li>Identify the piping material regarding contact between the hanger and the material the hanger is made of. Contact between dissimilar metals can result in electrolytic action between hangers and piping.<\/li>\n \t<li>Identify the type of building structure materials that the hanger will be fastened to. For example, attaching to concrete, metal, or wood.<\/li>\n \t<li>Select the correct size and type of fastener and the method and tools used to install the fastener. For example, wood screw, lag screw, bolts, or beam clamp.<\/li>\n \t<li>Refer to the manufacturer\u2019s maximum load capacity requirements for each hanger and fastener.<\/li>\n \t<li>If seismic restraint\/sway-bracing is required<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nFor long straight runs of exposed piping such as on commercial or industrial roof tops there are additional considerations needed to accommodate the pipe movement caused by thermal expansion and contraction. This may be obtained by the use of designed pipe bends, loops (Figure 13), offsets, expansion, joints. The piping will need to be anchored at appropriate locations to control the direction of expansion and contraction. Annex G of the Gas code gives examples of an acceptable expansion loop design for pipe sizes 2\u2033 or less up to 100 feet in length.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-52 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182.jpg\" alt=\"Piping expansion loop with anchors and guide locations.\" width=\"600\" height=\"233\"> Figure 13 Expansion loop with guides and anchors[\/caption]\n\nFor roof top installations the piping may be supported with treated wood blocks or material having at least equivalent characteristics as wood blocks. The support spacing for piping NPS 1 and greater shall comply with Table 6.2 and support must be provided for every threaded fitting. Horizontal roof top piping less than NPS 1 must be supported every 4 ft (1.2 m), and all tubing must be supported continuously.\n<h1>Structural Penetrations<\/h1>\nMuch of the gas pipe and venting you install will penetrate through walls, floors, ceilings and roofs. You may need to consult with the manufacturer\u2019s specifications, regulatory codes, inspection authority and design engineer before making structural penetrations.\n<h2>Exterior Penetrations<\/h2>\nGas piping should not enter the building from underground it must rise above grade before entry unless otherwise permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. When gas piping or tubing passes through an exterior wall above ground, it must be sealed watertight and the portion of piping that runs through the wall shall be sleeved or double wrapped with a waterproof wrap.\n<h2>Interior Penetrations<\/h2>\nWhen installing gas piping systems, you must maintain the integrity of the structure. You cannot simply remove cut, notch, drill or otherwise alter a building\u2019s structural components without considering the effect you are having on that structural component\u2019s purpose.\n\nOn the job you will need to reference the building code and specific manufacturer\u2019s specifications for drilling and cutting of building framing.\n<h3>Fire separations<\/h3>\nA fire separation is a construction assembly that acts against the spread of fire. A fire separation is constructed of components that make up a fire-rated assembly or system. The fire rating of each component in the assembly contributes to the final fire rating for the fire-separation assembly.\n\nIt is critical that the gas piping systems, and vents do not compromise the integrity of the fire separations, walls and stops. When gas systems penetrate into or through, or are installed in a fire separation, the pipes or vent penetrations will need to be installed with an approved firestopping method (Figure 14) to ensure the integrity of the fire separation. The installation of firestop systems and the penetration of piping through structural components often involve the manufacturer\u2019s design installation.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-53 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134.jpg\" alt=\"Cross sectional image of concrete floor with a firestopped pipe running through it.\" width=\"600\" height=\"219\"> Figure 14 Typical parts of a firestop[\/caption]\n<h1>Location Limitations<\/h1>\nMany of the location limitations identified in the gas code are related to the obvious hazards associated with the potential accumulation of pockets of fuel gas within a building. Any joints or fittings that are going to be concealed must be tested and inspected before they are covered over.\n\nGas piping or tubing can not be installed in the following locations:\n<ul>\n \t<li>A stairwell other than a stairwell within a dwelling unit, unless it is totally enclosed by a chase consisting of material that has the same fire-resistance rating as that required for the stairwell.<\/li>\n \t<li>A chimney, flue, elevator shaft, dumbwaiter, or chute.<\/li>\n \t<li>A heating or ventilating plenum, duct, or shaft. The only exception to that gas piping may be installed in a false ceiling space, including one used as a return-air plenum of a central warm-air or air-conditioning system<\/li>\n \t<li>In contact with either cinders, ashes, or other corrosive materials.<\/li>\n \t<li>In a conceal location where a corrosive chemical is used.<\/li>\n \t<li>Underground piping or tubing shall not pass below a foundation or wall, or under a building.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIf gas piping or tubing is to be installed in solid flooring, such as concrete, it must be laid in channels and suitably covered to permit access to the piping or tubing. Alternatively, the piping or tubing shall be encased in ventilated ducts so that there is free air space around the pipe or tube.\n\nEach vertical piping chase shall have an opening at the top and bottom, and the opening shall have a minimum area equivalent to a round opening of 1 in (25 mm) in diameter.\n<h1>Protecting Piping<\/h1>\nThere are many factors that can cause damage to piping. Damaged pipe will result in reduced life expectancy or failure of the piping system. Pipe can deteriorate for many reasons including installation practices, environment conditions. This damage can be reduced by protecting the pipe when selecting and installing gas piping systems.\n\nBasic methods used to protect piping and piping systems include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>protective coatings<\/li>\n \t<li>physical and mechanical damage protection<\/li>\n \t<li>cathodic protection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Protective Pipe Coatings<\/h2>\nOutdoor piping, or indoor piping and tubing that is exposed to atmospheres that are corrosive to the piping or tubing, must be protected by either painting or coating. Because of the exposure to sunlight and rain or snow, coated or wrapped gas piping is not recommended.\n\nTo avoid galvanic corrosion, metallic piping or tubing shall be installed in such a manner that it is not in contact with any other dissimilar metal. This includes supports of dissimilar metal which will need to be lined or insulated from the gas pipe (Figure 15).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-54\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"196\"> Figure 15 Copper tube support with isolative capability[\/caption]\n\nOr were copper tubing is installed in steel stub walls it should be wrapped with electrical tape or use plastic grommets (Figure 16) to avoid contact with the steel studs.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-55\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"196\"> Figure 16 Plastic grommets[\/caption]\n\nMasonry or concrete can be very corrosive when in contact with piping and tubing, therefore the portion of piping or tubing that runs through this material must be sleeved or double wrapped with a pipe wrap tape.\n<h1>Physical and mechanical damage protection<\/h1>\nAll gas piping must be protected against either damage or breakage due to strain, wear, and mechanical impact. There are many potential hazards that may required additional piping protection.\n\nTubing run in hollow walls can be punctured so striker plates or some other protection will be required if the tubing is near the surface (Figure 17).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-56\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"251\"> Figure 17 Striker plate protecting CSST tubing[\/caption]\n\nPosts or guard rails will need to be installed to protect the piping from vehicular traffic in locations where services enter a building at a street or parking lot (Figure 18).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-57\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"293\"> Figure 18 Pipe bollards filled with concrete protecting gas piping[\/caption]\n\nWhen piping or tubing is laid under pavement where it comes through the pavement a sleeve will need to be installed to permit free movement of the soil and covering without placing strain on the piping or tubing (Figure 19).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"388\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-58\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"388\" height=\"333\"> Figure 19 Sleeved gas service pipe[\/caption]\n\nUnderground gas piping must be laid so there are no sags or strains piping, which may require the installation of compacted bedding material. This and proper backfill material must be used that is free of sharp objects, large stones, or any other material that can damage the piping or tubing (Figure 20).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-59\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe.jpg\" alt=\"A properly backfilled underground pipe is consisted of 4 layers. From bottom up: compacted pipe bedding, compacted pipe side support, compacted overlay, and backfill\" width=\"500\" height=\"187\"> Figure 20 Example of properly backfilled underground pipe[\/caption]\n\nFor the purpose of locating the underground pipeline all plastic piping or tubing must have a yellow poly coated tracing wire. or other approved electronically detectable tracing method such as magnetic tape, buried alongside the pipeline. The tracer wire should be laid within 6 inches of the plastic pipe where practical and directly above if possible. The ends of the tracer wire shall have easily accessible above ground termination points for connecting the electronic tracing equipment (Figure 21).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-60\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/PE-Sleeved-meter-riser-with-tracer-wire-for-PE-tracing.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\"> Figure 21 PE Sleeved meter riser with tracer wire for PE tracing[\/caption]\n\nWhen steel gas pipe is buried additional corrosion control measures are required.\n<h2>Underground Piping Corrosion Protection<\/h2>\nElectrochemical corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact with each other in a moisture-rich environment. Although this can happen anywhere, it\u2019s especially problematic for buried steel pipe. One metal becomes a cathode, and the other (usually the pipe) becomes an anode that corrodes and develops a leak. Although corrosion cannot be eliminated, it can be substantially reduced with proper protection. There are three methods of protecting underground piping from corrosion:\n<ul>\n \t<li>protective coatings<\/li>\n \t<li>cathodic protection.<\/li>\n \t<li>electrical insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Underground protective coatings<\/h3>\nProtective coatings insulate a pipe from the soil (the electrolyte). A good coating has a high dielectric strength \u2014 that is, it is a good electrical insulator. It adheres tightly to the pipe and has the necessary mechanical strength to withstand handling, soil stresses, and any tendency towards cracking.\n\nYard-applied coal tar and extruded polyethylene are the main coatings used. While most coatings absorb some water and allow some current to penetrate through to the steel surface, for most practical purposes, the steel is considered isolated from the soil.\n\nIn theory, this would be enough to prevent corrosion; however, it is virtually impossible to install a pipeline without some defects in its coating. The portions of pipe that become exposed to the soil as a result of damage to the coating corrode quickly because the corrosion is concentrated in those areas.\n\nThe integrity of the pipe coating can be tested for areas were pipe is not protected, these areas are known as a Jeep or Holiday. The Jeep meter (Figure 22) is an electronic testing unit that finds these imperfections so that they can be repaired before the piping is buried.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-61 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734.jpg\" alt=\"person performing a jeep test on a pipeline, by dragging the spring electrode over the pipe\" width=\"400\" height=\"322\"> Figure 22 Jeep Test[\/caption]\n<h3>Methods of cathodic corrosion protection<\/h3>\nAll metals have a known electrical value on an electromotive scale. If two metals have different electrical potential, a current will flow between them. The current always flows from active metals (metals with higher potential) to less active metals (metals with lower potential).\n\nFour things are necessary for galvanic corrosion to occur. They are:\n<ol>\n \t<li>an anode<\/li>\n \t<li>a cathode<\/li>\n \t<li>an electrolyte<\/li>\n \t<li>a conductive path.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nThe current flows between metals of differing potential regardless of whether the metals are close together or far apart (Figure 23).\n\nFor galvanic corrosion to occur there must be a complete electrical circuit. The electrical current travels from the anode to the cathode in the electrolyte.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"499\"]<img class=\"wp-image-62 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384.jpg\" alt=\"Underground pipeline with electrical currents created by galvanic corrosion shown\" width=\"499\" height=\"245\"> Figure 23 Corrosion of an underground metallic pipe[\/caption]\n\nThe simplest method of protecting against galvanic corrosion is to connect the protected metal to a sacrificial metal that acts as the anode in the electrochemical cell. The sacrificial metal corrodes instead of the protected metal.\n\nThere are two basic methods of cathodic protection:\n<ul>\n \t<li>passive galvanic anode system<\/li>\n \t<li>impressed current system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Passive galvanic anode system<\/h4>\nAnodes are usually installed near the pipe and connected to the pipe with an insulated conductor. They are sacrificed (corroded) instead of the pipe. Anodes are \u201csized\u201d to meet the electrical current requirements of the soil. Anodes are made of materials such as magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), or aluminum (Al).\n\nThe sacrificial anode consists of a bag containing either magnesium or zinc ingot and other chemicals and is connected by wire to an underground metal piping system. It functions as a battery that induces a direct current on the piping system to retard corrosion (Figure 24).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-63 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"244\"> Figure 24 Passive anode system[\/caption]\n<h4>Impressed current systems<\/h4>\nFor structures where passive galvanic corrosion protection is inadequate (e.g., long pipelines), an external DC electrical power source is used to provide current. This direct current is induced onto the pipe by means of a rectifier (Figure 25).\n\nThese systems are normally used along transmission pipelines where there is less likelihood of interference with other pipelines. Anodes made of corrosion-resistant material such as graphite, high-silicon cast iron, lead-silver alloy, platinum, or scrap steel are used to disperse the electric current. The DC rectifier will typically have a DC output of between 10 and 50 amperes and 50 volts, depending on the system requirements.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"wp-image-64 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"280\"> Figure 25 Impressed Current Systems[\/caption]\n<h3>Electrical Insulation<\/h3>\nFor piping systems with cathodic protection, the current is regulated to follow a specific electrical path. A protected piping system must be electrically insulated from other metallic structures to prevent stray electrical currents from affecting the protected underground pipeline. This is accomplished by installing a dielectric fitting on the pipeline directly outside the building wall. This prevents electrical contact between protected piping (underground) and unprotected piping (above ground). This fitting is usually an insulated union, insulated flange, or insulated meter spud (Figure 26).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_28\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-65\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"327\"> Figure 26 Gas service with insulated unions[\/caption]\n<h1>Identification of Gas Piping<\/h1>\nPipe markers should be added to all piping systems to identify the contents of any section of piping in a facility. The primary visual indicator of a pipe marker is the colour. ASME defines the colour codes by hazard classifications. All flammable or oxidizing fluids or gas are labeled yellow with black text.\n\nIn addition to the color-coding scheme mentioned above, the standard ANSI\/ASME A13.1 also includes requirements for the content, sizing, and placement of pipe markers. Additionally, section 6.17 of the B149.1 gas code specifies the minimum requirements based on the type of building and the pressure in the gas system.\n\n<img class=\"wp-image-28 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\">Now complete Self-Test 1 and check your answers.\n\n&nbsp;\n<h1>Self-Test 1<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-Test 1<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n \t<li>Which of the following cannot be used in a gas piping system?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>Street elbow<\/li>\n \t<li>Close nipple<\/li>\n \t<li>Thread protector couplings<\/li>\n \t<li>None of the above are permitted<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>For steel press-connect fittings used on gas systems the internal sealing element is colour coded red.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>True<\/li>\n \t<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Flared nuts used on gas systems may be of the brass forged or machined type.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>True<\/li>\n \t<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Flare fittings for all copper tubing are base on what tube dimension?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>ID<\/li>\n \t<li>OD<\/li>\n \t<li>CTS<\/li>\n \t<li>Both OD and Nominal size<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>On an underground catholically protected piping system the pipe will be considered what component?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>Anode<\/li>\n \t<li>Cathode<\/li>\n \t<li>Electrolyte<\/li>\n \t<li>DC source<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<em><strong>The answers for the following questions can be found in Section 6 of the B 149.1 Gas Installation Code.<\/strong><\/em>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n \t<li>When tubing is run in hollow walls or partitions it must be protected by 16 gauge plates or sleeves if it is within a minimum of _______ inches of the wall\u2019s surface.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>0.75\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>1.00\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>1.50\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>1.75\u2033<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Gas lines installed underground must be buried a minimum of what distance?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>12\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>15\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>18\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>24\u2033<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the maximum permitted spacing for horizontal support of 1 \u00bc\u2033 NPS black iron gas pipe?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>6 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>8 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>10 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>12 ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the maximum permitted spacing for horizontal support of 1\u2033 OD copper gas tubing?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>6 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>8 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>10 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>12 ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>When penetrating a floor with a gas line, what minimum distance must the un-threaded portion extend through the floor?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>25 mm<\/li>\n \t<li>50 mm<\/li>\n \t<li>75 mm<\/li>\n \t<li>100 mm<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the minimum depth required for a drip pocket or dirt pocket?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>2\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>3\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>4\u2033<\/li>\n \t<li>6\u2033<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the maximum diameter required for a drip pocket or dirt pocket?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>1\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n \t<li>2\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n \t<li>3\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n \t<li>4\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>May a quick-disconnect device be used as a substitute for a manual shut-off valve?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>Yes<\/li>\n \t<li>No<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the maximum spacing permitted for identification of tubing systems in residential buildings?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>2 m<\/li>\n \t<li>3 m<\/li>\n \t<li>4 m<\/li>\n \t<li>6 m<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>What is the maximum permitted length of an approved hose that may be used to connect a construction heater to the gas supply?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n \t<li>20 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>50 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>75 ft.<\/li>\n \t<li>100 ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nCheck your answers using the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/back-matter\/self-test-answer-keys\/\">Self-Test Answer Keys<\/a>\u00a0in Appendix 1.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Media Attributions - TO BE REORGANIZED<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Figure 1 \"Carbon steel butt-weld Sch40 90 deg elbow\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 2 \"Malleable iron to cast iron bead comparison\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 3 \"Viega MegaPressG elbow\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 4 \"Prohibited nested bushings\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 5 \"SAE Flare union\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 6 \"Forged and externally machined nuts\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 7 \"CSST \u00bd\u2033 straight fitting\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 8 \"Gas compression stab fittings\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 9 \"Approved manual gas shutoff valves - plug and ball\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 10 \"Approved manual gas shutoff valves - eccentric\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 11 \"Gas convenience outlet\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 12 \"Appliance dirt pocket\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 13 \"Expansion loop with guides and anchors\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 14 Typical parts of a firestop by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 15 \"Copper tube support with isolative capability\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 16 \"Plastic grommets\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 17 \"Striker plate protecting CSST tubing\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 18 \"Pipe bollards filled with concrete protecting gas piping\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 19 \"Sleeved gas service pipe\" <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Camosun College is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 20 \"Example of properly backfilled underground pipe\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 21 \"PE Sleeved meter riser with tracer wire for PE tracing\" <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW216308181\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW216308181\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Image title\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;b3c29524-a273-43a0-b212-b7772bba1515|219&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469775450,&quot;Image title&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;Imagetitle&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134224900,&quot;true&quot;,469777841,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777842,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777843,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777844,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469769226,&quot;Calibri&quot;,335551500,&quot;2105123&quot;,268442635,&quot;20&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;0&quot;,335559738,&quot;135&quot;,335551550,&quot;2&quot;,335551620,&quot;2&quot;,134245417,&quot;false&quot;,469777929,&quot;Image title Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;b3c29524-a273-43a0-b212-b7772bba1515|220&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469775450,&quot;Image title Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;ImagetitleChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,134224900,&quot;true&quot;,469777841,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777842,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777843,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777844,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469769226,&quot;Calibri&quot;,335551500,&quot;2105123&quot;,268442635,&quot;20&quot;,335551547,&quot;1033&quot;,469777929,&quot;Image title&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">by Rodney Lidstone, Camosun College is <\/span><\/span>licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 22 \"Jeep test\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 23 \"Corrosion of an underground metallic pipe\" by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 24 \"Passive anode system\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 25 \"Impressed Current Systems\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li>Figure 26 \"Gas service with insulated unions\" by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>In this module the use of the term \u201cPiping System\u201d can include any approved pipe, tube, connector, hose or fitting used to convey the fuel gas from the point of supply to the gas burning equipment.<\/p>\n<p>A good quality installation of the piping system is necessary to ensure reasonable life expectancy, durability, and operating performance of equipment and materials.<\/p>\n<h1>Code Requirements<\/h1>\n<p>The majority of the gas code requirements regarding the installation of piping systems are in Section 6, but there are other rules that apply to the installation throughout the code. Some code clauses will be referenced throughout this learning task, but you will need to be able to find and apply any clause that may pertain to your installation.<\/p>\n<h1>Fittings<\/h1>\n<p>Section 6 of the gas code identifies the connections that may be used with the different types of approved piping system materials.<\/p>\n<h2>Steel Pipe Fittings<\/h2>\n<p>All valves, flanges, fittings and gaskets used on steel pipe shall conform to ANSI\/ASME B16.3 for threaded connections or ANSI LC-4\/CSA 6.32 for press-connections. The pipe shall have tapered threads that comply with ANSI\/ASME B1.20.1. When a jointing sealant is used, it shall be certified to CAN\/ULC-S642 and must be applied to the male threads of the pipe. Tape must be stretched and applied in a clockwise direction, with a 50% overlap leaving the first two starter threads bare.<\/p>\n<p>For nominal pipe sizes 2 \u00bd\u2033 and over steel pipe must be connected with welded joints. Manufactured fabricated fittings must be used for welded piping systems (Figure 1) other than large job fabricated headers 2 \u00bd\u2033 NPS and over.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 261px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-41\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/01\/elbow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/01\/elbow.png 261w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/01\/elbow-65x59.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/01\/elbow-225x205.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 Carbon steel butt-weld Sch40 90 deg elbow<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Steel pipe threaded fittings<\/h3>\n<p>Threaded fittings must be of malleable iron or steel construction, cast iron threaded fittings are not to be used on gas systems as they are more susceptible to cracking. Cast iron threaded fittings can be differentiated from mailable fittings by there heavier reinforcing bead (Figure 2).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 447px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-42\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"447\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison-.png 447w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison--300x134.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison--65x29.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison--225x100.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Malleable-iron-to-cast-iron-bead-comparison--350x156.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 Malleable iron to cast iron bead comparison<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>All pipe threads shall be clear and free from burrs, scale and defects and the inside ends must be reamed. When a jointing sealant is used for threaded connections, it shall be <strong><em>certified<\/em><\/strong> to CAN\/ULC-S642 and shall be applied to the male threads of the metal pipe. Tape shall be stretched and applied in a clockwise direction, with a 50% overlap leaving the first two starter threads bare.<\/p>\n<h3>Press-connect fittings for steel pipe<\/h3>\n<p>There are approved cold press mechanical joint systems designed for use with ASTM A53 carbon steel pipe in gas applications. The press fittings must be installed using the proper tool, actuator, jaws and rings as instructed by the press fitting manufacturer.<\/p>\n<p>The fittings are designed to ensure that any unpressed connections will leak past the internal sealing element. The function of this feature is to provide the installer quick and easy identification of connections which have not been pressed prior to putting the system into operation.<\/p>\n<p>There are steel press fitting available for many applications besides gas, therefore it is important to confirm that the correct fittings designed and approved for gas installations are being used. Notice in Figure 3 the Viega MegaPressG fittings will have a yellow dot or label on the fitting as well the internal sealing element is colour coded yellow.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-43\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow.png 624w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow-65x76.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow-225x263.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Viega-MegaPressG-elbow-350x408.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 Viega MegaPressG elbow<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Prohibited steel pipe fittings<\/h3>\n<p>Some types of threaded fittings are not permitted for use with gas systems (Figure 4). These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>fittings with running threads, such as thread protectors<\/li>\n<li>close nipples<\/li>\n<li>Street elbows<\/li>\n<li>fittings with right-hand and left-hand threads (not shown).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 339px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-44\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-threaded-fittings-.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"339\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-threaded-fittings-.png 339w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-threaded-fittings--300x281.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-threaded-fittings--65x61.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-threaded-fittings--225x210.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 Prohibited threaded fittings<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When using threaded bushings, they may be made of malleable iron or steel if they reduce by at least two pipe sizes. If a one pipe size change is to be made with a threaded bushing, it must be done by using a forged steel bushing, as the reduced wall thickness will not be strong enough for the cast malleable material. For example, a threaded \u00be\u2033 x \u00bd\u2033 bushing could not be made of malleable iron it would have to be of the steel type. Using multiple bushings together, also known as nesting, is prohibited (Figure 5). Some trades people avoid the use of bushing altogether and prefer t o use reducing couplings.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-45 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-nested-bushings-e1643328098106.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-nested-bushings-e1643328098106.png 240w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-nested-bushings-e1643328098106-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-nested-bushings-e1643328098106-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Prohibited-nested-bushings-e1643328098106-225x225.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 Prohibited nested bushings<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Copper Tube Fittings<\/h2>\n<p>Fittings and connections for copper tubing may be flared, brazed, press- connected. Some compression fittings may also be accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.<\/p>\n<p>The flare fitting for gas copper tubing systems, using soft annealed copper, are of the SAE 45 degree type (Figure 6). Flare fittings do not come complete with nuts these must be ordered separately.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-46\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union.jpg 541w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union-300x132.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union-65x29.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union-225x99.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/SAE-Flare-union-350x154.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 SAE Flare union<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Flared nuts must be of the brass forged type (Figure 7 left). Externally machined nuts (Figure 7 right) may not be used as they are not as strong, due to their decrease wall thickness from the machining process.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Forged-and-externally-machined-nuts.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Forged-and-externally-machined-nuts.png 310w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Forged-and-externally-machined-nuts-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Forged-and-externally-machined-nuts-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Forged-and-externally-machined-nuts-225x119.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7 Brass flare nuts, Forged left, externally machined right<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>CSST Fittings<\/h2>\n<p>CSST gas supply systems must get proprietary certification, therefore only manufacturer\u2019s certified fittings may be used for each brand of CSST tubing.<\/p>\n<p>CSST tubing is connected using self-flaring brass fittings that creates a metal to metal seal when tightened. The fitting in Figure 8 was previously tighten and was disassembled to show how the tubing gets compressed to create a double flare. Adapter fittings have standard NPT threads and may be used in combination with other approved fuel gas piping fittings.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-125\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1587\/2022\/01\/CSST-\u00bd-straight-fitting.png#fixme\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"174\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8 CSST \u00bd\u2033 straight fitting<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>PE Fittings<\/h2>\n<p>PE pipe installed for underground distribution mains and service lines is assembled primarily with heat fusion, this work is not regulated by the CSA B149.1 gas code. PE may also be used as an underground pipeline on the premises, for example, to supply a separate outbuilding or a firepit.<\/p>\n<p>Fusion fittings may also be used for on premise installations. For gas contractors that may not want to invest in cost of the fusion equipment for the small number of underground installation they may have, there are approved PE compression slab lock fittings (Figure 9) available for sizes 2\u2033 IPS and under.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 532px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings.png 532w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings-65x18.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings-225x61.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-compression-stab-fittings-350x95.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9 Gas compression stab fittings<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Manual Shut-Off Valves<\/h1>\n<p>Approved appliance manual shut-off valves are required for each appliance and must be readily accessible. Where it is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, systems using a distribution manifold may have all the identified appliance shut-offs at the manifold. Manual shut-off valves must also be installed upstream, of any line pressure regulators that are in the system, or were system supplies an underground section of plastic piping. Manual shut-off valves must be of the quarter turn style. Plug, ball or eccentric types (Figure 10) are approved as long as they rated for the pressure and temperature they are being used for.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 743px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-49 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"743\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves.png 743w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves-65x16.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves-225x55.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Approved-manual-gas-shutoff-valves-350x86.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10 Approved manual gas shutoff valves (left to right; plug, ball, eccentric)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ball valve are the most common type used, lubricated plug valves are typically found at the utilities meter set. The eccentric styles types are usually only seen on large applications over 2\u2033 in size, the offset half plug creates less friction giving the lower operating torque needed for large valves.<\/p>\n<h1>Gas Quick Disconnects<\/h1>\n<p>Some appliances that are connected with a gas connector or hose may be approved to have a quick-disconnect device used. Even though the quick-disconnect device has an internal shut-off an additional manual shut off valve must be installed upstream of the quick-disconnect devoice. Additionally, some appliances or locations may require a gas convenience outlet. A gas convenience outlet is a combined unit with the quick disconnect and manual shutoff valve supplied as a unit (Figure 11) certified to ANSI Z21.90\/CSA6.24. The manually operated gas valve has the additional feature of a handle designed so that disconnection can be accomplished only when the gas valve is in the closed position.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-50\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet.jpg 581w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet-278x300.jpg 278w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet-65x70.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet-225x243.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-convenience-outlet-350x378.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11 Gas convenience outlet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Drip and Dirt Pockets<\/h1>\n<p>Depending on the type of appliance a dirt pocket may be required at the inlet to an appliance regulator or at the base of a vertical drop to an appliance. The dirt pocket is designed to capture dust before it enters the appliance to reduce the chance of clogged gas valves or orifices.<\/p>\n<p>A drip pocket shall be provided at all points in a piping system where condensation can collect, such as points where the piping is exposed to either wide ranges or sudden changes in temperature.<\/p>\n<p>The names drip and dirt pockets are often used interchangeable because they are built and sized in the same way, by using threaded fittings so that the section below the tee can be removed for cleaning or draining (Figure 12).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 535px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-51 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket.jpg\" alt=\"Gas water heater with labelled components and closeup image of dirt pocket piping.\" width=\"535\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket.jpg 535w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket-65x46.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket-225x161.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Appliance-dirt-pocket-350x250.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 12 Appliance dirt pocket<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Anchors and supports<\/h1>\n<p>Piping or tubing must be mounted, braced, and supported to provide for expansion, contraction, jarring, vibration, and settling, so there is no wear or strain on the piping. For each piping installation, you\u2019ll be required to select and install the appropriate types of hangers and supports. Many factors must be considered when selecting pipe supports.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Refer to job specifications for the correct type of hanger.<\/li>\n<li>Refer to table 6.2 of the B 149.1 Gas Installation Code for the minimum spacing of supports.<\/li>\n<li>Piping must be installed with individual supports and may not be supported by other piping<\/li>\n<li>Identify the piping material regarding contact between the hanger and the material the hanger is made of. Contact between dissimilar metals can result in electrolytic action between hangers and piping.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the type of building structure materials that the hanger will be fastened to. For example, attaching to concrete, metal, or wood.<\/li>\n<li>Select the correct size and type of fastener and the method and tools used to install the fastener. For example, wood screw, lag screw, bolts, or beam clamp.<\/li>\n<li>Refer to the manufacturer\u2019s maximum load capacity requirements for each hanger and fastener.<\/li>\n<li>If seismic restraint\/sway-bracing is required<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For long straight runs of exposed piping such as on commercial or industrial roof tops there are additional considerations needed to accommodate the pipe movement caused by thermal expansion and contraction. This may be obtained by the use of designed pipe bends, loops (Figure 13), offsets, expansion, joints. The piping will need to be anchored at appropriate locations to control the direction of expansion and contraction. Annex G of the Gas code gives examples of an acceptable expansion loop design for pipe sizes 2\u2033 or less up to 100 feet in length.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-52 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182.jpg\" alt=\"Piping expansion loop with anchors and guide locations.\" width=\"600\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182.jpg 600w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182-300x117.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182-65x25.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182-225x87.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Expansion-loop-with-guides-and-anchors-e1646786816182-350x136.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 13 Expansion loop with guides and anchors<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For roof top installations the piping may be supported with treated wood blocks or material having at least equivalent characteristics as wood blocks. The support spacing for piping NPS 1 and greater shall comply with Table 6.2 and support must be provided for every threaded fitting. Horizontal roof top piping less than NPS 1 must be supported every 4 ft (1.2 m), and all tubing must be supported continuously.<\/p>\n<h1>Structural Penetrations<\/h1>\n<p>Much of the gas pipe and venting you install will penetrate through walls, floors, ceilings and roofs. You may need to consult with the manufacturer\u2019s specifications, regulatory codes, inspection authority and design engineer before making structural penetrations.<\/p>\n<h2>Exterior Penetrations<\/h2>\n<p>Gas piping should not enter the building from underground it must rise above grade before entry unless otherwise permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. When gas piping or tubing passes through an exterior wall above ground, it must be sealed watertight and the portion of piping that runs through the wall shall be sleeved or double wrapped with a waterproof wrap.<\/p>\n<h2>Interior Penetrations<\/h2>\n<p>When installing gas piping systems, you must maintain the integrity of the structure. You cannot simply remove cut, notch, drill or otherwise alter a building\u2019s structural components without considering the effect you are having on that structural component\u2019s purpose.<\/p>\n<p>On the job you will need to reference the building code and specific manufacturer\u2019s specifications for drilling and cutting of building framing.<\/p>\n<h3>Fire separations<\/h3>\n<p>A fire separation is a construction assembly that acts against the spread of fire. A fire separation is constructed of components that make up a fire-rated assembly or system. The fire rating of each component in the assembly contributes to the final fire rating for the fire-separation assembly.<\/p>\n<p>It is critical that the gas piping systems, and vents do not compromise the integrity of the fire separations, walls and stops. When gas systems penetrate into or through, or are installed in a fire separation, the pipes or vent penetrations will need to be installed with an approved firestopping method (Figure 14) to ensure the integrity of the fire separation. The installation of firestop systems and the penetration of piping through structural components often involve the manufacturer\u2019s design installation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-53 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134.jpg\" alt=\"Cross sectional image of concrete floor with a firestopped pipe running through it.\" width=\"600\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134.jpg 600w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134-65x24.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134-225x82.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Typical-parts-of-a-firestop-e1646786989134-350x128.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14 Typical parts of a firestop<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Location Limitations<\/h1>\n<p>Many of the location limitations identified in the gas code are related to the obvious hazards associated with the potential accumulation of pockets of fuel gas within a building. Any joints or fittings that are going to be concealed must be tested and inspected before they are covered over.<\/p>\n<p>Gas piping or tubing can not be installed in the following locations:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A stairwell other than a stairwell within a dwelling unit, unless it is totally enclosed by a chase consisting of material that has the same fire-resistance rating as that required for the stairwell.<\/li>\n<li>A chimney, flue, elevator shaft, dumbwaiter, or chute.<\/li>\n<li>A heating or ventilating plenum, duct, or shaft. The only exception to that gas piping may be installed in a false ceiling space, including one used as a return-air plenum of a central warm-air or air-conditioning system<\/li>\n<li>In contact with either cinders, ashes, or other corrosive materials.<\/li>\n<li>In a conceal location where a corrosive chemical is used.<\/li>\n<li>Underground piping or tubing shall not pass below a foundation or wall, or under a building.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If gas piping or tubing is to be installed in solid flooring, such as concrete, it must be laid in channels and suitably covered to permit access to the piping or tubing. Alternatively, the piping or tubing shall be encased in ventilated ducts so that there is free air space around the pipe or tube.<\/p>\n<p>Each vertical piping chase shall have an opening at the top and bottom, and the opening shall have a minimum area equivalent to a round opening of 1 in (25 mm) in diameter.<\/p>\n<h1>Protecting Piping<\/h1>\n<p>There are many factors that can cause damage to piping. Damaged pipe will result in reduced life expectancy or failure of the piping system. Pipe can deteriorate for many reasons including installation practices, environment conditions. This damage can be reduced by protecting the pipe when selecting and installing gas piping systems.<\/p>\n<p>Basic methods used to protect piping and piping systems include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>protective coatings<\/li>\n<li>physical and mechanical damage protection<\/li>\n<li>cathodic protection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Protective Pipe Coatings<\/h2>\n<p>Outdoor piping, or indoor piping and tubing that is exposed to atmospheres that are corrosive to the piping or tubing, must be protected by either painting or coating. Because of the exposure to sunlight and rain or snow, coated or wrapped gas piping is not recommended.<\/p>\n<p>To avoid galvanic corrosion, metallic piping or tubing shall be installed in such a manner that it is not in contact with any other dissimilar metal. This includes supports of dissimilar metal which will need to be lined or insulated from the gas pipe (Figure 15).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-54\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability.jpg 856w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability-768x377.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability-225x110.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Copper-tube-support-with-isolative-capability-350x172.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 15 Copper tube support with isolative capability<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Or were copper tubing is installed in steel stub walls it should be wrapped with electrical tape or use plastic grommets (Figure 16) to avoid contact with the steel studs.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-55\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458.png 756w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458-65x26.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458-225x88.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Plastic-grommets-e1643331629458-350x138.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 16 Plastic grommets<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Masonry or concrete can be very corrosive when in contact with piping and tubing, therefore the portion of piping or tubing that runs through this material must be sleeved or double wrapped with a pipe wrap tape.<\/p>\n<h1>Physical and mechanical damage protection<\/h1>\n<p>All gas piping must be protected against either damage or breakage due to strain, wear, and mechanical impact. There are many potential hazards that may required additional piping protection.<\/p>\n<p>Tubing run in hollow walls can be punctured so striker plates or some other protection will be required if the tubing is near the surface (Figure 17).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-56\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate.jpg 1290w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate-1024x641.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate-768x481.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate-65x41.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate-225x141.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/striker-plate-350x219.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 17 Striker plate protecting CSST tubing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Posts or guard rails will need to be installed to protect the piping from vehicular traffic in locations where services enter a building at a street or parking lot (Figure 18).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-57\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-1024x751.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-768x563.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-1536x1127.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-65x48.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-225x165.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/pipe-bollards-350x257.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 18 Pipe bollards filled with concrete protecting gas piping<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When piping or tubing is laid under pavement where it comes through the pavement a sleeve will need to be installed to permit free movement of the soil and covering without placing strain on the piping or tubing (Figure 19).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"388\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe.jpg 388w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe-65x56.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe-225x193.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Sleeved-gas-service-pipe-350x300.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 19 Sleeved gas service pipe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Underground gas piping must be laid so there are no sags or strains piping, which may require the installation of compacted bedding material. This and proper backfill material must be used that is free of sharp objects, large stones, or any other material that can damage the piping or tubing (Figure 20).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-59\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe.jpg\" alt=\"A properly backfilled underground pipe is consisted of 4 layers. From bottom up: compacted pipe bedding, compacted pipe side support, compacted overlay, and backfill\" width=\"500\" height=\"187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe.jpg 1415w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe-300x112.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe-1024x382.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe-768x287.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe-65x24.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe-225x84.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Example-of-properly-backfilled-underground-pipe-350x131.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 20 Example of properly backfilled underground pipe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For the purpose of locating the underground pipeline all plastic piping or tubing must have a yellow poly coated tracing wire. or other approved electronically detectable tracing method such as magnetic tape, buried alongside the pipeline. The tracer wire should be laid within 6 inches of the plastic pipe where practical and directly above if possible. The ends of the tracer wire shall have easily accessible above ground termination points for connecting the electronic tracing equipment (Figure 21).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-60\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/PE-Sleeved-meter-riser-with-tracer-wire-for-PE-tracing.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/PE-Sleeved-meter-riser-with-tracer-wire-for-PE-tracing.jpg 688w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/PE-Sleeved-meter-riser-with-tracer-wire-for-PE-tracing-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/PE-Sleeved-meter-riser-with-tracer-wire-for-PE-tracing-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/PE-Sleeved-meter-riser-with-tracer-wire-for-PE-tracing-350x466.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 21 PE Sleeved meter riser with tracer wire for PE tracing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When steel gas pipe is buried additional corrosion control measures are required.<\/p>\n<h2>Underground Piping Corrosion Protection<\/h2>\n<p>Electrochemical corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact with each other in a moisture-rich environment. Although this can happen anywhere, it\u2019s especially problematic for buried steel pipe. One metal becomes a cathode, and the other (usually the pipe) becomes an anode that corrodes and develops a leak. Although corrosion cannot be eliminated, it can be substantially reduced with proper protection. There are three methods of protecting underground piping from corrosion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>protective coatings<\/li>\n<li>cathodic protection.<\/li>\n<li>electrical insulation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Underground protective coatings<\/h3>\n<p>Protective coatings insulate a pipe from the soil (the electrolyte). A good coating has a high dielectric strength \u2014 that is, it is a good electrical insulator. It adheres tightly to the pipe and has the necessary mechanical strength to withstand handling, soil stresses, and any tendency towards cracking.<\/p>\n<p>Yard-applied coal tar and extruded polyethylene are the main coatings used. While most coatings absorb some water and allow some current to penetrate through to the steel surface, for most practical purposes, the steel is considered isolated from the soil.<\/p>\n<p>In theory, this would be enough to prevent corrosion; however, it is virtually impossible to install a pipeline without some defects in its coating. The portions of pipe that become exposed to the soil as a result of damage to the coating corrode quickly because the corrosion is concentrated in those areas.<\/p>\n<p>The integrity of the pipe coating can be tested for areas were pipe is not protected, these areas are known as a Jeep or Holiday. The Jeep meter (Figure 22) is an electronic testing unit that finds these imperfections so that they can be repaired before the piping is buried.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-61 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734.jpg\" alt=\"person performing a jeep test on a pipeline, by dragging the spring electrode over the pipe\" width=\"400\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734.jpg 400w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734-65x52.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734-225x181.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Jeep-Test-e1643654053734-350x282.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 22 Jeep Test<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Methods of cathodic corrosion protection<\/h3>\n<p>All metals have a known electrical value on an electromotive scale. If two metals have different electrical potential, a current will flow between them. The current always flows from active metals (metals with higher potential) to less active metals (metals with lower potential).<\/p>\n<p>Four things are necessary for galvanic corrosion to occur. They are:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>an anode<\/li>\n<li>a cathode<\/li>\n<li>an electrolyte<\/li>\n<li>a conductive path.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The current flows between metals of differing potential regardless of whether the metals are close together or far apart (Figure 23).<\/p>\n<p>For galvanic corrosion to occur there must be a complete electrical circuit. The electrical current travels from the anode to the cathode in the electrolyte.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 499px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-62 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384.jpg\" alt=\"Underground pipeline with electrical currents created by galvanic corrosion shown\" width=\"499\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384.jpg 499w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384-225x110.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Corrosion-of-an-underground-metallic-pipe-e1643654443384-350x172.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 23 Corrosion of an underground metallic pipe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The simplest method of protecting against galvanic corrosion is to connect the protected metal to a sacrificial metal that acts as the anode in the electrochemical cell. The sacrificial metal corrodes instead of the protected metal.<\/p>\n<p>There are two basic methods of cathodic protection:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>passive galvanic anode system<\/li>\n<li>impressed current system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Passive galvanic anode system<\/h4>\n<p>Anodes are usually installed near the pipe and connected to the pipe with an insulated conductor. They are sacrificed (corroded) instead of the pipe. Anodes are \u201csized\u201d to meet the electrical current requirements of the soil. Anodes are made of materials such as magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), or aluminum (Al).<\/p>\n<p>The sacrificial anode consists of a bag containing either magnesium or zinc ingot and other chemicals and is connected by wire to an underground metal piping system. It functions as a battery that induces a direct current on the piping system to retard corrosion (Figure 24).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-63 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422.jpg 600w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422-300x122.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422-65x26.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422-225x92.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Passive-anode-system-e1646787046422-350x142.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 24 Passive anode system<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>Impressed current systems<\/h4>\n<p>For structures where passive galvanic corrosion protection is inadequate (e.g., long pipelines), an external DC electrical power source is used to provide current. This direct current is induced onto the pipe by means of a rectifier (Figure 25).<\/p>\n<p>These systems are normally used along transmission pipelines where there is less likelihood of interference with other pipelines. Anodes made of corrosion-resistant material such as graphite, high-silicon cast iron, lead-silver alloy, platinum, or scrap steel are used to disperse the electric current. The DC rectifier will typically have a DC output of between 10 and 50 amperes and 50 volts, depending on the system requirements.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428.jpg 600w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428-65x30.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428-225x105.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Impressed-Current-Systems-e1646787117428-350x163.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 25 Impressed Current Systems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Electrical Insulation<\/h3>\n<p>For piping systems with cathodic protection, the current is regulated to follow a specific electrical path. A protected piping system must be electrically insulated from other metallic structures to prevent stray electrical currents from affecting the protected underground pipeline. This is accomplished by installing a dielectric fitting on the pipeline directly outside the building wall. This prevents electrical contact between protected piping (underground) and unprotected piping (above ground). This fitting is usually an insulated union, insulated flange, or insulated meter spud (Figure 26).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_28\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-28\" style=\"width: 532px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-65\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"532\" height=\"327\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions..png 532w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions.-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions.-65x40.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions.-225x138.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/Gas-service-with-insulated-unions.-350x215.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-28\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 26 Gas service with insulated unions<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Identification of Gas Piping<\/h1>\n<p>Pipe markers should be added to all piping systems to identify the contents of any section of piping in a facility. The primary visual indicator of a pipe marker is the colour. ASME defines the colour codes by hazard classifications. All flammable or oxidizing fluids or gas are labeled yellow with black text.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the color-coding scheme mentioned above, the standard ANSI\/ASME A13.1 also includes requirements for the content, sizing, and placement of pipe markers. Additionally, section 6.17 of the B149.1 gas code specifies the minimum requirements based on the type of building and the pressure in the gas system.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756.png 485w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/406\/2022\/08\/noun-check-702756-350x350.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 50px) 100vw, 50px\" \/>Now complete Self-Test 1 and check your answers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Self-Test 1<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-Test 1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Which of the following cannot be used in a gas piping system?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Street elbow<\/li>\n<li>Close nipple<\/li>\n<li>Thread protector couplings<\/li>\n<li>None of the above are permitted<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>For steel press-connect fittings used on gas systems the internal sealing element is colour coded red.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Flared nuts used on gas systems may be of the brass forged or machined type.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Flare fittings for all copper tubing are base on what tube dimension?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>ID<\/li>\n<li>OD<\/li>\n<li>CTS<\/li>\n<li>Both OD and Nominal size<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>On an underground catholically protected piping system the pipe will be considered what component?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Anode<\/li>\n<li>Cathode<\/li>\n<li>Electrolyte<\/li>\n<li>DC source<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em><strong>The answers for the following questions can be found in Section 6 of the B 149.1 Gas Installation Code.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>When tubing is run in hollow walls or partitions it must be protected by 16 gauge plates or sleeves if it is within a minimum of _______ inches of the wall\u2019s surface.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>0.75\u2033<\/li>\n<li>1.00\u2033<\/li>\n<li>1.50\u2033<\/li>\n<li>1.75\u2033<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Gas lines installed underground must be buried a minimum of what distance?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>12\u2033<\/li>\n<li>15\u2033<\/li>\n<li>18\u2033<\/li>\n<li>24\u2033<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is the maximum permitted spacing for horizontal support of 1 \u00bc\u2033 NPS black iron gas pipe?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>6 ft.<\/li>\n<li>8 ft.<\/li>\n<li>10 ft.<\/li>\n<li>12 ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is the maximum permitted spacing for horizontal support of 1\u2033 OD copper gas tubing?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>6 ft.<\/li>\n<li>8 ft.<\/li>\n<li>10 ft.<\/li>\n<li>12 ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>When penetrating a floor with a gas line, what minimum distance must the un-threaded portion extend through the floor?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>25 mm<\/li>\n<li>50 mm<\/li>\n<li>75 mm<\/li>\n<li>100 mm<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is the minimum depth required for a drip pocket or dirt pocket?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>2\u2033<\/li>\n<li>3\u2033<\/li>\n<li>4\u2033<\/li>\n<li>6\u2033<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is the maximum diameter required for a drip pocket or dirt pocket?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>1\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n<li>2\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n<li>3\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n<li>4\u2033 NPS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>May a quick-disconnect device be used as a substitute for a manual shut-off valve?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Yes<\/li>\n<li>No<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is the maximum spacing permitted for identification of tubing systems in residential buildings?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>2 m<\/li>\n<li>3 m<\/li>\n<li>4 m<\/li>\n<li>6 m<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What is the maximum permitted length of an approved hose that may be used to connect a construction heater to the gas supply?\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>20 ft.<\/li>\n<li>50 ft.<\/li>\n<li>75 ft.<\/li>\n<li>100 ft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Check your answers using the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/back-matter\/self-test-answer-keys\/\">Self-Test Answer Keys<\/a>\u00a0in Appendix 1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Media Attributions &#8211; TO BE REORGANIZED<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 1 &#8220;Carbon steel butt-weld Sch40 90 deg elbow&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 2 &#8220;Malleable iron to cast iron bead comparison&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 3 &#8220;Viega MegaPressG elbow&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 4 &#8220;Prohibited nested bushings&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 5 &#8220;SAE Flare union&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 6 &#8220;Forged and externally machined nuts&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 7 &#8220;CSST \u00bd\u2033 straight fitting&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 8 &#8220;Gas compression stab fittings&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 9 &#8220;Approved manual gas shutoff valves &#8211; plug and ball&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 10 &#8220;Approved manual gas shutoff valves &#8211; eccentric&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 11 &#8220;Gas convenience outlet&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 12 &#8220;Appliance dirt pocket&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 13 &#8220;Expansion loop with guides and anchors&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 14 Typical parts of a firestop by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 15 &#8220;Copper tube support with isolative capability&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 16 &#8220;Plastic grommets&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 17 &#8220;Striker plate protecting CSST tubing&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 18 &#8220;Pipe bollards filled with concrete protecting gas piping&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 19 &#8220;Sleeved gas service pipe&#8221; <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Camosun College is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 20 &#8220;Example of properly backfilled underground pipe&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 21 &#8220;PE Sleeved meter riser with tracer wire for PE tracing&#8221; <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW216308181\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW216308181\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Image title\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;b3c29524-a273-43a0-b212-b7772bba1515|219&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469775450,&quot;Image title&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134234082,&quot;true&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;Imagetitle&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134224900,&quot;true&quot;,469777841,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777842,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777843,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777844,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469769226,&quot;Calibri&quot;,335551500,&quot;2105123&quot;,268442635,&quot;20&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,335559739,&quot;0&quot;,335559738,&quot;135&quot;,335551550,&quot;2&quot;,335551620,&quot;2&quot;,134245417,&quot;false&quot;,469777929,&quot;Image title Char&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\" data-ccp-parastyle-linked-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;b3c29524-a273-43a0-b212-b7772bba1515|220&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[469775450,&quot;Image title Char&quot;,201340122,&quot;1&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;ImagetitleChar&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,134231262,&quot;true&quot;,134224900,&quot;true&quot;,469777841,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777842,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777843,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777844,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469769226,&quot;Calibri&quot;,335551500,&quot;2105123&quot;,268442635,&quot;20&quot;,335551547,&quot;1033&quot;,469777929,&quot;Image title&quot;,469778324,&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;]}\">by Rodney Lidstone, Camosun College is <\/span><\/span>licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 22 &#8220;Jeep test&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 23 &#8220;Corrosion of an underground metallic pipe&#8221; by Camosun College is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 24 &#8220;Passive anode system&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 25 &#8220;Impressed Current Systems&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 26 &#8220;Gas service with insulated unions&#8221; by <span class=\"TextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-CA\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW22992951 BCX0\">Trades Training BC is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":123,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"Describe the installation of gas piping, tubing and hoses ","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-66","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":40,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":67,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66\/revisions\/67"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/40"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/66\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=66"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=66"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=66"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}