{"id":5,"date":"2023-10-26T11:31:21","date_gmt":"2023-10-26T15:31:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/?p=5"},"modified":"2025-04-15T15:02:57","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T19:02:57","slug":"describe-manual-valves","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/chapter\/describe-manual-valves\/","title":{"raw":"Learning Task 1","rendered":"Learning Task 1"},"content":{"raw":"Manual gas valves are incorporated into the piping system in different ways to provide a method of ensuring that the gas has been positively turned off to an area of the piping system or to a particular appliance. The gas fitter will need to select the correct valve for the job to be done. The gas codes will specify particular locations and applications that require the installations of manual gas valves.\r\n\r\nFor example, the CSA B149.1 Installation Code clearly requires that a readily accessible gas shut-off valve for each appliance be installed. This manual appliance shut-off valve is typically located just outside of the appliance, where it can be easily reached, to enable the gasfitter to isolate the appliance to perform any necessary repairs or service.\r\n<h1>Types of Manual Gas Valves<\/h1>\r\nMost gas shut-off applications will require the use of a manual valve that will fully open or close with a quarter-turn of the handle. Ball valves and lubricated plug valves are the most common, but eccentric types are also used on larger pipelines. Globe, butterfly, and needle types are also used for throttling applications.\r\n<h2>Valve ratings<\/h2>\r\nAll gas valves must be used within their certified pressure and temperature rating range. The gas installation code recognizes a number of different certification organizations and standards for manual shut-off valves. The markings on the gas valve and or the manufactures specification can be checked to verify the intended purpose for the valve. The multiple approvals that are typically found on each valve can become confusing, as the manufacture attempts to mark all the associated certifications onto the valve body and or handle (Figure 1).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_504\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"461\"]<img class=\"wp-image-504\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings.jpg\" alt=\"Two images of valves with valve markings. The first one has markings that read \u201c175 5G, 600 WOG, \u00bd PSI, 125 G\u201d. The second one has markings that read \u201c150 USP 000 WOG, FM SVGW, 125 G-5G, \u00bd psig\u201d. \" width=\"461\" height=\"244\" \/> <center>Figure 1. Valve markings<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nCommon pressure class or rating markings that are found on gas valves include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>WOG stands for Water, Oil and Gas and CWP stands for Cold Working Pressure. They both refer to the non-shock pressure rating for valves at an ambient temperature up to 380 C. Water is straightforward but the oil and gas parts are a little more complicated. \u201cGas\u201d references air, nitrogen etc. but does not cover combustible gases. There are more specific approvals required for fuel gas applications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>WSP stands for Working Steam Pressure and defines the pressure of steam in a system that a valve can be used in. The industry uses WSP for bronze ball valves because, as the temperature rises, the strength of the material decreases.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>G is for combustible gases, as not all valves are certified for use on fuel gas applications. Valves that are certified for combustible gas applications will have some or all of the following specific markings:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00bd PSIG (or \u00bd G) \u2013 a lower pressure rating for gas valves generally used at a gas fired appliance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>5G \u2013 a higher pressure rating for gas valves generally used indoor and out in Canada on gas piping distribution systems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>125G \u2013 a USA gas pressure rating of 125 PSIG for use in gas piping systems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>CAN\/CGA-3.16 \u2013 a Canadian gas pressure rating of 125 PSIG for outdoor use in gas piping systems<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe most common certification organizations abbreviations that appear on valves to identify their rating are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>UL \u2013 Underwriter\u2019s Laboratories tests valves to 3 times the pressure rating stated on the valve body. These valves must pass UL\u2019s test in order to have the UL logo on the valve body.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>CSA \u2013 Canadian Standards Association is another organization that tests valves to ensure they meet their standards. Even though this is a Canadian association, it does tests for both Canadian and US standards. A \u201cC\u201d or \u201cUS\u201d may be found under their logo indicating which country\u2019s standards the valve has been tested to. If both appear, the valve has been tested to the highest standard in both countries.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>CGA \u2013 Compressed Gas Association develops standards for the industrial, medical, and food gases industry<\/li>\r\n \t<li>&lt;FM&gt; \u2013 Factory Mutual Global, a US based insurance company, has approved the valve. They take an engineering approach to make sure the valve meets their high standards.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>UPC \/ cUPC \u2013 Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) and Canadian Uniform Plumbing Code (cUPC) ensure that plumbing products are safe and sanitary.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ANSI \u2013 American National Standards Institute tests valves to various standards.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Ball valves<\/h1>\r\nThe lever operated non-lubricated ball valve is the most common valve used for appliance shut-off. For residential and commercial applications, they are usually constructed of a brass (BRS) body with a chrome plated brass ball. Teflon seats and packing are most common but smaller sizes may use O-rings (Figure 2).<a id=\"b1fig2\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"546\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1.png\" alt=\"Labelled diagram of a cross section of lever operated ball valve. Image description available.\" width=\"546\" height=\"330\" \/> <center>Figure 2. Cross section of lever operated ball valve <a href=\"#b1fig2_desc\"><em>[Image Description]<\/em><\/a><\/center>[\/caption]The ball has a hole drilled through its center. With the handle in the open position, (aligned with the valve) the hole is aligned with the connection openings in the valve body and flow is permitted. When the valve is closed both the handle and hole are positioned perpendicularly to the valve body and flow is stopped (Figure 3).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_96\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"322\"]<img class=\"wp-image-96 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-3.png\" alt=\"Labelled diagram of a manual ball valve operation. When the lever is in the off position, it is perpendicular to the valve. The valve is closed and stops the flow. When the lever is in the position, the lever is \u00bc turned to open ball valve and is parallel to the valve. The valve is open and allows the flow.\" width=\"322\" height=\"150\" \/> <center>Figure 3. Manual ball valve operation<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe valves are often constructed with a two-piece body in which the two threaded halves hold the ball and seats in place. Smaller valves may be of a one-piece body design, which use a retaining clip and washer to hold the ball and seats in place (Figure 4).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_505\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"453\"]<img class=\"wp-image-505\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"453\" height=\"238\" \/> <center>Figure 4. two-piece valve (left). One-piece valve (right)<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe size of the hole or port in the ball may vary. A full port ball valve has the same internal hole size as the nominal pipe size connections. A reduced port ball valve, also known as a standard port ball valve, has an opening through the ball that is one pipe size smaller than the valve\u2019s nominal pipe size connection (Figure 5).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_506\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"494\"]<img class=\"wp-image-506\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"494\" height=\"276\" \/> <center>Figure 5. Reduced port (left). Full port (right)<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Handle types<\/h2>\r\nBall valves are available with various handle styles and colours. Gas valve are available with different types of handle including steel, aluminum or wing handles (Figure 6). While gas valve handles are often coloured yellow, you will also find gas rated ball valves in other colours such as red, blue and green. Some handles are designed so they can be used to lock the valve position, by removing and reinstalling the handle so the notch holds the valve in the closed locked position.\r\n<h2>End connections<\/h2>\r\nBrass ball valves under NPS 2\u201d are most commonly supplied with internal threads (FNPT) or male flared end connections, or a combination of both (Figure 6).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_507\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"502\"]<img class=\"wp-image-507\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"252\" \/> <center>Figure 6. Ball valve end connections<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>Plug valves<\/h1>\r\nPlug valves are another type of manual shut off used in gas systems. They also fully open or close with a quarter turn of the handle. They use a tapered, drilled \u201cplug\u201d as their isolating component instead of a ball. Brass spring loaded versions were used in the past for indoor, low pressure applications (Figure 7) but are no longer manufactured.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_508\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"540\"]<img class=\"wp-image-508\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" \/> <center>Figure 7. Spring loaded gas valve<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe lubricated type of plug valve is approved for indoor or outdoor use and is common on exterior gas meter installations. It is often called a Luboseal\u2122 gas valve after one of the most popular brand names. The tapered plug has O-rings at the top and bottom so that a film of lubricating sealant is maintained between the internal surfaces of the plug and matching body (Figure 8).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_509\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-509\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve.jpg\" alt=\"A lubricated plug valve with the body and the plug separated. The lube port is labelled on the body of the valve.\" width=\"500\" height=\"347\" \/> <center>Figure 8. Lubricated plug valve<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe lubrication helps ensure a gas tight seal and provides easier turning of the plug in the body. Machined grooves and passages enable the valve to be relubricated and maintained with the valve in place and with no interruption of service. Lubricant is injected through a port located in the valve body (Figure 8) or top of the plug (Figure 9).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_510\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"481\"]<img class=\"wp-image-510\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve.jpg\" alt=\"A stem fitting lube plug valve. The top of the plug, which is the lube port, is empty and shows the threading within it. The button head grease fitting sits to the side, showing the threading that would connect to the lube port.\" width=\"481\" height=\"445\" \/> <center>Figure 9. Stem fitting lube plug valve<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nLubricated gas valves installed within the meter sets are maintained by the gas utility. Notice that the three gas valves shown in figure 10 are a locking type with the middle bypass valve locked in the closed position. The top red valve also has a dielectric insulated union outlet.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_108\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"401\"]<img class=\"wp-image-108\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"534\" \/> <center>Figure 10. Luboseal\u2122 gas valves on meter set supply<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>Throttling valves<\/h1>\r\nThere are other manual valves that are not used for positive shut-off on fuel gas systems. They are also known as firing rate valves or limiting orifice valves in certain applications (Figure 11). For example, butterfly, globe, and needle valves are used for burner flow adjustment, but must have an approved manual shut-off valve installed upstream.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_511\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"617\"]<img class=\"wp-image-511 \" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"617\" height=\"406\" \/> <center>Figure 11. Globe style limiting orifice gas valve<\/center>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-56 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1587\/2022\/01\/noun-check-702756.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/>Now complete Self-Test 1 and check your answers.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>Self-Test 1<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-Test 1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"1\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Media Attributions<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Figure 1. \"Valve markings\" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 2. \"Cross section of lever operated ball valve\" \u2013 <span class=\"TextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\">The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 3. \"Manual ball valve operation\" \u2013 <span class=\"TextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\">The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 4. \"Two-piece valve (left). One-piece valve (right)\" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 5. \"Reduced port (left). Full port (right)\" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 6. \"Ball valve end connections\" <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 7. \"Spring loaded gas valve\"\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 8. \"Lubricated plug valve\" <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 9. \"Stem fitting lube plug valve\" <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 10. \"Luboseal\u2122 gas valves on meter set supply\" by Rod Lidstone <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">is\u00a0licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 11. \"Globe style limiting orifice gas valve\" by Rod Lidstone <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">is\u00a0licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Image descriptions<\/h1>\r\n<strong><a id=\"b1fig2_desc\"><\/a>Figure 2. \"Cross section of elver operated ball valve\" image description:<\/strong> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW6660982 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6660982 BCX0\">A labelled diagram of a cross section of a lever-operated ball valve. It labels parts from 1 to 9 and distances from A to D.<\/span><\/span>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Lever<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lever screw<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Packing nut<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Packing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stem<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cap<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Seats<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ball<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol type=\"A\">\r\n \t<li>Distance of bottom of valve<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Length of valve lever<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Distance from bottom of handle to middle of valve<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Height of valve opening <a href=\"#b1fig2\"><em>[Return to Figure 2]<\/em><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Manual gas valves are incorporated into the piping system in different ways to provide a method of ensuring that the gas has been positively turned off to an area of the piping system or to a particular appliance. The gas fitter will need to select the correct valve for the job to be done. The gas codes will specify particular locations and applications that require the installations of manual gas valves.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the CSA B149.1 Installation Code clearly requires that a readily accessible gas shut-off valve for each appliance be installed. This manual appliance shut-off valve is typically located just outside of the appliance, where it can be easily reached, to enable the gasfitter to isolate the appliance to perform any necessary repairs or service.<\/p>\n<h1>Types of Manual Gas Valves<\/h1>\n<p>Most gas shut-off applications will require the use of a manual valve that will fully open or close with a quarter-turn of the handle. Ball valves and lubricated plug valves are the most common, but eccentric types are also used on larger pipelines. Globe, butterfly, and needle types are also used for throttling applications.<\/p>\n<h2>Valve ratings<\/h2>\n<p>All gas valves must be used within their certified pressure and temperature rating range. The gas installation code recognizes a number of different certification organizations and standards for manual shut-off valves. The markings on the gas valve and or the manufactures specification can be checked to verify the intended purpose for the valve. The multiple approvals that are typically found on each valve can become confusing, as the manufacture attempts to mark all the associated certifications onto the valve body and or handle (Figure 1).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_504\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-504\" style=\"width: 461px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-504\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings.jpg\" alt=\"Two images of valves with valve markings. The first one has markings that read \u201c175 5G, 600 WOG, \u00bd PSI, 125 G\u201d. The second one has markings that read \u201c150 USP 000 WOG, FM SVGW, 125 G-5G, \u00bd psig\u201d.\" width=\"461\" height=\"244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings-768x406.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings-65x34.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings-225x119.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-1_Valve-markings-350x185.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 461px) 100vw, 461px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-504\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 1. Valve markings<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Common pressure class or rating markings that are found on gas valves include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>WOG stands for Water, Oil and Gas and CWP stands for Cold Working Pressure. They both refer to the non-shock pressure rating for valves at an ambient temperature up to 380 C. Water is straightforward but the oil and gas parts are a little more complicated. \u201cGas\u201d references air, nitrogen etc. but does not cover combustible gases. There are more specific approvals required for fuel gas applications.<\/li>\n<li>WSP stands for Working Steam Pressure and defines the pressure of steam in a system that a valve can be used in. The industry uses WSP for bronze ball valves because, as the temperature rises, the strength of the material decreases.<\/li>\n<li>G is for combustible gases, as not all valves are certified for use on fuel gas applications. Valves that are certified for combustible gas applications will have some or all of the following specific markings:\n<ul>\n<li>\u00bd PSIG (or \u00bd G) \u2013 a lower pressure rating for gas valves generally used at a gas fired appliance.<\/li>\n<li>5G \u2013 a higher pressure rating for gas valves generally used indoor and out in Canada on gas piping distribution systems.<\/li>\n<li>125G \u2013 a USA gas pressure rating of 125 PSIG for use in gas piping systems.<\/li>\n<li>CAN\/CGA-3.16 \u2013 a Canadian gas pressure rating of 125 PSIG for outdoor use in gas piping systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The most common certification organizations abbreviations that appear on valves to identify their rating are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>UL \u2013 Underwriter\u2019s Laboratories tests valves to 3 times the pressure rating stated on the valve body. These valves must pass UL\u2019s test in order to have the UL logo on the valve body.<\/li>\n<li>CSA \u2013 Canadian Standards Association is another organization that tests valves to ensure they meet their standards. Even though this is a Canadian association, it does tests for both Canadian and US standards. A \u201cC\u201d or \u201cUS\u201d may be found under their logo indicating which country\u2019s standards the valve has been tested to. If both appear, the valve has been tested to the highest standard in both countries.<\/li>\n<li>CGA \u2013 Compressed Gas Association develops standards for the industrial, medical, and food gases industry<\/li>\n<li>&lt;FM&gt; \u2013 Factory Mutual Global, a US based insurance company, has approved the valve. They take an engineering approach to make sure the valve meets their high standards.<\/li>\n<li>UPC \/ cUPC \u2013 Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) and Canadian Uniform Plumbing Code (cUPC) ensure that plumbing products are safe and sanitary.<\/li>\n<li>ANSI \u2013 American National Standards Institute tests valves to various standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Ball valves<\/h1>\n<p>The lever operated non-lubricated ball valve is the most common valve used for appliance shut-off. For residential and commercial applications, they are usually constructed of a brass (BRS) body with a chrome plated brass ball. Teflon seats and packing are most common but smaller sizes may use O-rings (Figure 2).<a id=\"b1fig2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_95\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-95\" style=\"width: 546px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-95\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1.png\" alt=\"Labelled diagram of a cross section of lever operated ball valve. Image description available.\" width=\"546\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1.png 1993w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-1024x619.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-1536x929.png 1536w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-65x39.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-225x136.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-2-1-350x212.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-95\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 2. Cross section of lever operated ball valve <a href=\"#b1fig2_desc\"><em>[Image Description]<\/em><\/a><\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The ball has a hole drilled through its center. With the handle in the open position, (aligned with the valve) the hole is aligned with the connection openings in the valve body and flow is permitted. When the valve is closed both the handle and hole are positioned perpendicularly to the valve body and flow is stopped (Figure 3).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_96\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-96\" style=\"width: 322px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-96 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-3.png\" alt=\"Labelled diagram of a manual ball valve operation. When the lever is in the off position, it is perpendicular to the valve. The valve is closed and stops the flow. When the lever is in the position, the lever is \u00bc turned to open ball valve and is parallel to the valve. The valve is open and allows the flow.\" width=\"322\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-3.png 322w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-3-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-3-65x30.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-3-225x105.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-96\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 3. Manual ball valve operation<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The valves are often constructed with a two-piece body in which the two threaded halves hold the ball and seats in place. Smaller valves may be of a one-piece body design, which use a retaining clip and washer to hold the ball and seats in place (Figure 4).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_505\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-505\" style=\"width: 453px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-505\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"453\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve-768x404.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve-65x34.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve-225x118.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-4_4-Two-piece-valve-350x184.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-505\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 4. two-piece valve (left). One-piece valve (right)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The size of the hole or port in the ball may vary. A full port ball valve has the same internal hole size as the nominal pipe size connections. A reduced port ball valve, also known as a standard port ball valve, has an opening through the ball that is one pipe size smaller than the valve\u2019s nominal pipe size connection (Figure 5).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_506\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-506\" style=\"width: 494px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-506\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"494\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port-768x429.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port-65x36.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port-225x126.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-5_Reduced-port_Full-port-350x196.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-506\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 5. Reduced port (left). Full port (right)<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Handle types<\/h2>\n<p>Ball valves are available with various handle styles and colours. Gas valve are available with different types of handle including steel, aluminum or wing handles (Figure 6). While gas valve handles are often coloured yellow, you will also find gas rated ball valves in other colours such as red, blue and green. Some handles are designed so they can be used to lock the valve position, by removing and reinstalling the handle so the notch holds the valve in the closed locked position.<\/p>\n<h2>End connections<\/h2>\n<p>Brass ball valves under NPS 2\u201d are most commonly supplied with internal threads (FNPT) or male flared end connections, or a combination of both (Figure 6).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_507\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-507\" style=\"width: 502px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-507\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"502\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections-300x151.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections-768x386.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections-65x33.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections-225x113.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-6_Ball-valve-end-connections-350x176.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-507\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 6. Ball valve end connections<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Plug valves<\/h1>\n<p>Plug valves are another type of manual shut off used in gas systems. They also fully open or close with a quarter turn of the handle. They use a tapered, drilled \u201cplug\u201d as their isolating component instead of a ball. Brass spring loaded versions were used in the past for indoor, low pressure applications (Figure 7) but are no longer manufactured.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_508\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-508\" style=\"width: 540px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-508\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-7_Spring-loaded-gas-valve-350x233.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-508\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 7. Spring loaded gas valve<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The lubricated type of plug valve is approved for indoor or outdoor use and is common on exterior gas meter installations. It is often called a Luboseal\u2122 gas valve after one of the most popular brand names. The tapered plug has O-rings at the top and bottom so that a film of lubricating sealant is maintained between the internal surfaces of the plug and matching body (Figure 8).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_509\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-509\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-509\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve.jpg\" alt=\"A lubricated plug valve with the body and the plug separated. The lube port is labelled on the body of the valve.\" width=\"500\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve-768x533.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve-225x156.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-8_Lubricated-plug-valve-350x243.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-509\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 8. Lubricated plug valve<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The lubrication helps ensure a gas tight seal and provides easier turning of the plug in the body. Machined grooves and passages enable the valve to be relubricated and maintained with the valve in place and with no interruption of service. Lubricant is injected through a port located in the valve body (Figure 8) or top of the plug (Figure 9).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_510\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-510\" style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-510\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve.jpg\" alt=\"A stem fitting lube plug valve. The top of the plug, which is the lube port, is empty and shows the threading within it. The button head grease fitting sits to the side, showing the threading that would connect to the lube port.\" width=\"481\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve-300x278.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve-768x710.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve-65x60.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve-225x208.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-9_Stem-fitting-lube-plug-valve-350x324.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-510\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 9. Stem fitting lube plug valve<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Lubricated gas valves installed within the meter sets are maintained by the gas utility. Notice that the three gas valves shown in figure 10 are a locking type with the middle bypass valve locked in the closed position. The top red valve also has a dielectric insulated union outlet.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108\" style=\"width: 401px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-10.jpg 678w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-10-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-10-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-10-350x467.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 10. Luboseal\u2122 gas valves on meter set supply<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>Throttling valves<\/h1>\n<p>There are other manual valves that are not used for positive shut-off on fuel gas systems. They are also known as firing rate valves or limiting orifice valves in certain applications (Figure 11). For example, butterfly, globe, and needle valves are used for burner flow adjustment, but must have an approved manual shut-off valve installed upstream.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_511\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-511\" style=\"width: 617px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-511\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"617\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve-768x505.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve-225x148.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/441\/2023\/10\/Figure-11_Globe-style-limiting-orifice-gas-valve-350x230.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-511\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 11. Globe style limiting orifice gas valve<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-56 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1587\/2022\/01\/noun-check-702756.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/>Now complete Self-Test 1 and check your answers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Self-Test 1<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-Test 1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div id=\"h5p-1\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"B1 Self-Test 1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Media Attributions<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 1. &#8220;Valve markings&#8221; by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 2. &#8220;Cross section of lever operated ball valve&#8221; \u2013 <span class=\"TextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\">The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 3. &#8220;Manual ball valve operation&#8221; \u2013 <span class=\"TextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253858376 BCX0\">The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 4. &#8220;Two-piece valve (left). One-piece valve (right)&#8221; by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 5. &#8220;Reduced port (left). Full port (right)&#8221; by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 6. &#8220;Ball valve end connections&#8221; <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 7. &#8220;Spring loaded gas valve&#8221;\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 8. &#8220;Lubricated plug valve&#8221; <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 9. &#8220;Stem fitting lube plug valve&#8221; <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 10. &#8220;Luboseal\u2122 gas valves on meter set supply&#8221; by Rod Lidstone <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">is\u00a0licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 11. &#8220;Globe style limiting orifice gas valve&#8221; by Rod Lidstone <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">is\u00a0licensed under a <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Image descriptions<\/h1>\n<p><strong><a id=\"b1fig2_desc\"><\/a>Figure 2. &#8220;Cross section of elver operated ball valve&#8221; image description:<\/strong> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW6660982 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6660982 BCX0\">A labelled diagram of a cross section of a lever-operated ball valve. It labels parts from 1 to 9 and distances from A to D.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ol>\n<li>Lever<\/li>\n<li>Lever screw<\/li>\n<li>Packing nut<\/li>\n<li>Packing<\/li>\n<li>Stem<\/li>\n<li>Cap<\/li>\n<li>Seats<\/li>\n<li>Body<\/li>\n<li>Ball<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol type=\"A\">\n<li>Distance of bottom of valve<\/li>\n<li>Length of valve lever<\/li>\n<li>Distance from bottom of handle to middle of valve<\/li>\n<li>Height of valve opening <a href=\"#b1fig2\"><em>[Return to Figure 2]<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"Describe Manual Valves","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-5","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":591,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions\/591"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4b\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}