{"id":77,"date":"2024-07-31T12:18:23","date_gmt":"2024-07-31T16:18:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=77"},"modified":"2025-05-07T14:01:30","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T18:01:30","slug":"select-size-water-supply-pressure-systems","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/chapter\/select-size-water-supply-pressure-systems\/","title":{"raw":"Learning Task 2","rendered":"Learning Task 2"},"content":{"raw":"The purpose of well pumps is to transport water from its source to various supply points within a household or building. However, the selection and sizing of the pump are influenced by various factors, that will dictate the type and size of pump that can be utilized. Therefore, before proceeding with the selection and installation of the pump and accompanying system components, plumbers must carefully evaluate the unique variables specific to each installation.\r\n\r\nThe plumber will have to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Gather well data: Well size, depth, and yield are necessary to select the pump.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Estimate water demand: Factors such as the number of household members, water usage patterns, and any specific water demands such as irrigation or livestock watering are considered. This will help determine the gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per second (L\/s) flow rate needed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH): The TDH represents the total resistance the pump must overcome to deliver water from the well to its intended destination. It includes factors such as vertical lift, horizontal pipe length, pipe diameter, friction losses, and any elevation changes. Calculate the TDH using hydraulic principles and equations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the Pump Type: Choose the appropriate type of pump based on the well depth, water quality, and specific application requirements. Common types include submersible deep well pumps, and convertible jet pumps. Consider factors like pump size, motor type (single-phase or three-phase), and the need for additional features like built-in controls or protection mechanisms.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Size the Pump: Based on the selected pump type, refer to the manufacturer's pump sizing charts or utilize pump sizing software to determine the correct pump size. Consider factors such as the available power supply, discharge pipe size, and the pump's ability to handle the anticipated water demand.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select the other major components that suit the installation including: pressure tank, pressure switch, check valves, pressure relief valve, lightning arrestor, and overload protection<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Well Data<\/h1>\r\nThe well data is used to ensure the proper pump is selected to match the well size, depth and yield. The property owner should have a copy of the well data with their property records. For wells constructed since 2016 the well ID plate number, attached to the casing, can be used to obtain the well records from the online government database. The database contains information on well construction such as date of construction, driller name, well depth, geology that the well is constructed in, estimated well yield\/productivity at the time of construction, and static water level.\r\n\r\nThe diameter of the well will affect the type of pump you can select. The standard casing size is 6\u201d, submersible pumps require a minimum well size of 102 mm (4\u201d).\r\n\r\nThe depth to the pumping water level is an important consideration in any pumping system. This information is based on the drawdown in the well (Figure 31) when the pump is running, and must be known to ensure that the pump setting depth is sufficient to prevent the water level from dropping below the pump or foot valve level.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_337\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"925\"]<img class=\"wp-image-337 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31.png\" alt=\"A labelled diagram of how well depths are determined. A well bore has been drilled into the ground and a driven well has been set into this hole with a pump running on the surface. There is groundwater surrounding the well bore is at a static water level and, as it gets closer to the well on either side, the water height decreases. This decrease forms a cone-like shape and is known as the cone of depression. The difference between the static water level and the pumping water level is called the drawdown. \" width=\"925\" height=\"549\" \/> Figure 31. Well water levels[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhen a well is pumped, water is drawn from the surrounding aquifer or underground water source. As water is extracted, the pressure in the well decreases, causing the water level in the well to drop. The difference between the water level in the well when it is not being pumped (static water level) and the lowered water level during pumping is referred to as the drawdown.\r\n<h2>Well Yield<\/h2>\r\nThe drilling records will also include data on the productivity of the well at the time of construction. A yield test is performed by the driller to determining the sustainable rate at which the well will produce water. A temporary; pump, flow rate, and water level measuring devices are installed. To perform the yield test, the static water level is first measured then water gets pumped from the well. at a steady rate continuously for at least one hour. The pumping water level is measured at specific intervals during the test to determine the maximum capacity of the well. The well yield will always determine the maximum size pump that the well can accommodate. For most single-family homes, a minimum flow of 6 GPM is suggested from a well or spring. This flow would provide 360 gallons of water each hour, which would be sufficient to meet most home water peak demands. If the maximum pump capacity allowed by the well will not meet the peak flow requirements of the user then other intermediate storage options may need to be employed.\r\n<h1>Estimate Water Demand<\/h1>\r\nIn general, we use 190 to 380 litres (50 to 100 US gallons) water per person per day in our homes. For the purposes of planning a water system, the total daily water use is less important than the peak usage, as the water demand is rarely evenly spaced over a 24-hour period. There are a number of different methods and guidelines available to determine water demand.\r\n\r\nTwo common methods of determining residential capacity requirements are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Fixture count<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Peak demand tables<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBoth methods should yield similar results\r\n<h2>Fixture Count Method<\/h2>\r\nA simple method is to count the number of fixtures in a house and allow 1 USGPM per fixture.\u00a0 For example, if you had a household with two bathrooms with a toilet, sink and shower in each, a washing machine and laundry sink, 2 outside hose faucets, a kitchen sink and dishwasher you would estimate 12 fixtures so you would need a pump that had a capacity of 12 USGPM.\r\n<h2>Peak Demand Tables<\/h2>\r\nThere are many versions of peak demand tables similar to the example shown in Figure 32. From the table you conclude the approximate potential number of occupants in the home by looking up the number of bedrooms then cross reference that to the number of available bathrooms. This will give you the necessary pump capacity in GPM to meat the estimated peak demand.\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 563px;\" width=\"563\"><caption><em>Figure 32. <\/em><em>Peak Demand Period Usage (GPM) Based on Number of Bedrooms and Bathrooms<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\"># of Bedrooms<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bd Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">2-2 \u00bd Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">3-4 Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">6 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">8 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">10 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">8 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">10 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">12 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">10 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">12 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">14 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">16 GPM<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">13 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">15 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">17 GPM<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">16 GPM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">18 GPM<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nBoth methods should yield similar results. Farm applications will require more detailed calculations than residential applications.\r\n<h2>Estimating Farm Systems<\/h2>\r\nIn addition to the requirement for the house or other structures, the drinking and cleaning requirements of the animals must be determined. A table such as the one shown on Figure 33 can be used to determine the animals daily water requirements.\u00a0 Generally, the pumping system should be capable of supplying the animal\u2019s daily requirements within a two-hour period.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex] \\text{Pump Capacity (GPM)} = \\frac{\\text{Total daily requirement (gallons)}}{120 \\text{ minutes (2 hours)}}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 144px;\"><caption><em>Figure 33. Daily farm animal water consumption<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Type of Animal<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Total Usage per Day (Gallons)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Horse, mule or steer<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Dry cow<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Milking cow<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">35<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Hog<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Sheep<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Chickens (per 100)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Turkeys (per 100)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Additional Supply Considerations<\/h2>\r\nIt is important to ensure that water supply systems have sufficient reserve capacity to meet future needs. This includes considering potential expansions of structures, the addition of water-consuming appliances, animals, irrigation, and fire protection requirements. When designing domestic irrigation systems, it is possible to work within the houses calculated demand flow by utilizing zoning and setting timers for off-peak periods.\r\n\r\nAs mentioned earlier, if the total system demand exceeds the yield of the well, it is necessary to explore intermediate water storage options. In cases where the maximum allowable pump size is nearly sufficient, oversizing the pressure tank may help meet peak demand requirements.\r\n\r\nAlternatively, a two-pump system can be installed (Figure 34), where the well pump supplies water to an atmospheric holding tank at a rate that falls within the well's capacity. The size of the tank would be designed to meet the peak demand usage period. A float switch or liquid level sensing devices in the storage tank controls the well pump. This enables the well pump to run for several hours to fill the holding tank, thereby not exceeding the supply capability of the well. The second pump functions as a booster pump, supplying pressurized water from the holding tank to the system. The booster pump is sized to handle the peak demand flow rate.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_85\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"404\"]<img class=\"wp-image-85 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system.png\" alt=\"A labelled diagram of a low-yield two-pump well system. A well pump is set in the ground and pumps water to a large holding tank. Water from the large holding tank flows through the second pressure pump which then pushes the water to a pressure tank. \" width=\"404\" height=\"284\" \/> Figure 34. Low yield two-pump system[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAfter the capacity requirements of the system have been determined and the well yield confirmed the pumping head requirements of the system must be determined.\r\n<h1>Calculate the Total Pumping Head<\/h1>\r\nCentrifugal pumps allow some fluid to remain within the pump casing due to the clearance between the impeller rim and the pump jacket, which permits some slippage of the fluid. This characteristic is important to understand and is why centrifugal pumps are known as variable displacement pumps. As discharge pressure or height (pumping head) increases, the pump's capacity to move water diminishes due to increased slippage.\r\n\r\nTo calculate the total pumping head, it is necessary to consider various factors that affect water flow, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Vertical suction lift from the water source to the pump<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Suction pipe friction loss<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vertical discharge lift from the pump to the intended point of use<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discharge pipe friction loss<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Desired pressure at the point of use<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt is important to note that the pump does not differentiate between head (vertical lift) and pressure or height of the pumped fluid. Therefore, all measurements need to be converted into feet of head for accurate calculation and understanding.\r\n\r\nSuction head is all of the resistance created by the vertical lift from the water in the well to the pump. Discharge head is all of the resistance created on the discharge side of the pump. For submersible installations there are no suction resistance factors to consider in the total pumping head calculations.\r\n<h2>Pipe Friction Loss<\/h2>\r\nAny two substances that touch while moving past one another will cause friction, and this is also true of water travelling through a pipe. The piping friction loss is the loss of pressure or head caused by this movement.\r\n\r\nFriction loss on the suction side adds feet in lift. Friction loss on the discharge side results in a loss of pressure. Although in reality, friction loss and how it contributes to the overall pump resistance are the same on both the suction and discharge sides of the pump.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The amount of friction loss that increases the total head of a pumping system depends on many things, including type, length and size of pipe and fittings, as well as rate of flow. There are many sources of information available to assist you in determining the piping friction loss including formulas, spreadsheets, tables and phone apps. Two examples of friction loss tables are shown in Figure 35. It is important to use a table that matches the type of pipe. You will notice when comparing these two tables the friction loss shown for the same nominal sizes is much lower on the PE than the PVC. In this case it is primarily due to the smaller inside diameter of the IPS Sch80 PVC compared to the PE SDR size.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#skip_table_1\"><em>[Skip Table]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 648px;\" border=\"0\"><caption><em>Figure 35 A: Polyethylene (PE) SDR 7, 9, 11.5, 15<\/em>\r\n<em>Sizes 1\" through 2\" Flow 1 gpm through 100 gpm<\/em>\r\n<em>Friction loss per 100 Feet of Pipe (psi\/100ft.)<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Flow (gpm)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1\", ID: 1.049<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bc\", ID: 1.380<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bd\", ID: 1.610<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">2\", ID: 2.067<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.37,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.21,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.16,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.00<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.10,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.74,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.43,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.31,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.19,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.11,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.29<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.64,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.08<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.47,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.29,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.48,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.86,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.63,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.06<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.38,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.85,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.76<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.07,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.79,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.09<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.48,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.22,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.06<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.29,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.94,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.60,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.41<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.50,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.37<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.10,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.67,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.97,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.80<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.71,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.47<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.26,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.76,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.07<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.34,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.93,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.59<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.42,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.86,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.08<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.71,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.73<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.14,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.72 1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.34<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.95,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.08,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.36,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.86<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.73,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.05,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.45,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.82<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.89,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.48<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.15,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.14<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.19,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.08<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.00,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.34<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.20,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.63<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.34,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">16<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.93,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 6.51<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.43,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.71<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.52,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.81<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.53,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.24<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.67,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 8.10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.86,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.83,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.72,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.30<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.42,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 9.84<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.28,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.59<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.15,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.91,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.36<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.16,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 11.74<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.71,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.09<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.46,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.46<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.10,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.43<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.90,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 13.79<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.14,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.63<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.78,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.72<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.29,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.51<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">26<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.64,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 16.00<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.09,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.99<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.48,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.59<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.38,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 18.35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.00,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.83<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.41,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.67,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.68<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.12,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 20.85<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.43,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.49<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.72,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.59<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.86,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.77<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.98,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 27.74<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.50,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.51,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.34,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 9.35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.30,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.42<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.82,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.31<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.64,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 11.63<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.08,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.49<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.30,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.63<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.71,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 14.14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.87,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 6.68<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.77,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">55<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.78,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 16.87<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.66,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.97<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.25,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.36<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.85,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 19.82<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.44,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 9.36<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.73,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.77<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">65<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.23,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 10.86<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.21,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.22<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">70<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.02,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 12.45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.68,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.69<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">75<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.81,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 14.15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.16,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">80<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.59,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 15.95<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.64,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.73<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">85<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 13.38,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 17.84<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.12,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.29<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">90<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.59,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.88<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">95<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.07,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 6.50<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">100<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.55,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><a id=\"skip_table_1\"><\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"#skip_table_2\">[Skip Table]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 648px;\" border=\"0\"><caption><em>Figure 35 B: PVC Schedule 80 IPS\r\nSizes 1\" through 2\" Flow 1 gpm through 100 gpm\r\nFriction loss per 100 Feet of Pipe (psi\/100 ft.)<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Flow (gpm)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1\", ID: 0.935<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bc\", ID: 1.254<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bd\", ID: 1.476<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">2\", ID: 1.913<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.47,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.06<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.26,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.19,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.11,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.93,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): <span style=\"orphans: 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">0.21<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.52,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.37,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.22,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.40,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): <span style=\"orphans: 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">0.45<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.78,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.56,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.33,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.87,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.77<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.04,\u00a0Loss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.75,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.08<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.45,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.33,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.16<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.30,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.94,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.56,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.80,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.63<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.56,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.39<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.12,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.67,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.27,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.82,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.52<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.31,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.78,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.07<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.73,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.78<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.08,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.67<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.50,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.89,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.09<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.20,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.34,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.83<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.69,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.37<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.00,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.67,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.59,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.87,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.46<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.11,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.13,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.85,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.06,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.54<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.23,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.60,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.88<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.11,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.41<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.25,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.64<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.34,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.53,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.83<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.63,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.88<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.62,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.85<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.56,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.24<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">16<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.47,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 10.03<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.15,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.00,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.09<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.78,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.31<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.40,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 12.47<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.67,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.99<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.37,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.01,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.38<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.33,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 15.16<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.19,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.63<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.75,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.64<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.23,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.27,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 18.08<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.71,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.33<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.12,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.96<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.45,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.56<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.20,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 21.24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.23,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.09<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.49,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.68,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.65<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">26<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.13,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 24.64<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.75,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.91<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.87,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.67<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.90,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.76<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 13.07,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 28.26<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.26,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 6.77<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.24,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.06<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.12,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.87<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.00,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 32.12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.78,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.70<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.62,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.48<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.34,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 0.99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 16.33,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 42.73<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.08,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 10.24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.55,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.63<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.90,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.31<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.38,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 13.11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.49,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.93<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.46,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 1.68<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.68,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 16.31<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.43,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.02,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.09<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.97,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 19.83<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.36,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 8.97<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 2.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">55<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.27,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 23.65<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.30,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 10.70<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.13,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.03<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 15.57,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 27.79<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.24,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 12.57<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.69,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 3.56<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">65<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.17,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 14.58<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.25,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">70<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 13.11,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 16.73<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.80,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 4.74<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">75<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.05,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 19.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.36,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 5.38<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">80<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.98,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 21.42<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.92,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 6.06<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">85<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 15.92,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 23.96<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.48,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 6.78<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">90<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.03,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 7.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">95<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.59,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 8.34<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">100<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.15,\r\n\r\nLoss (psi): 9.17<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a id=\"skip_table_2\"><\/a>Ordinarily the pump piping will be sized to match the manufacture pump connection size. For example, a common residential 4\u201d size submersible pump, with a capacity of 10 to 20 gpm, will have a 1 \u00bc\u201d NPT pipe connection. Whereas jet pumps commonly use 1\u201d pipe for the drive line and 1 \u00bc\u201cpipe for the suction line. In some instances, the lines must be upsized if long runs are encountered or if the pump is working close to its design lifting capacity.\r\n\r\nFigure 36 shows the pressure loss for 1\u201d Sch 80 PVC at 10 GPM when using a phone app. Notice the result is 9.688 ft\/100ft. This is comparable to the table results when converted to like terms.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">9.688 ft.\/100ft \u00d7 0.433 psi\/ft = 4.19 psi\/100ft<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_95\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-95\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of the Pipe Pressure Loss app. The measuring system is in imperial measurements. The calculation is using the Darcy-Weisbach method. Water temp is 50 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 degrees Celsius. The Pipe material is PVC-SCH80. The pipe size is 1 inch with a flow of 10 gpm. The calculated results are Major Loss, with an inside diameter of 0.96 inches, water velocity of 4.460 feet per second, the Reynolds number is 25260, and the head loss (hf) is 9.688 feet per 100 feet. \" width=\"300\" height=\"660\" \/> Figure 36. Pressure loss app[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs water travels through the suction and discharge piping, it also encounters friction losses as it travels through various fittings. Friction losses may be caused by check valves, shut-off valves, connection fittings and elbows or other bends.\r\n\r\nFigure 37 is an example of a fitting friction loss table. Notice the friction losses for fittings are usually expressed in equivalent lengths of straight pipe. In other words, the diameter of a fitting is matched to the diameter of a pipe section and the friction loss of water that flows through lengths of that size of pipe. For example, a 1\u00bc\" gate valve would create the same friction loss as 5' of 1\u00bc\" steel pipe. The equivalent fitting length would be added to the actual length of pipe and that length would be used to determine the total friction loss of the pipe and fittings.\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><caption><em>Figure 37. Friction losses of valves and fittings<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 237.281px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">Type of Fitting and Application<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 105.438px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">Pipe and Fitting<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 41.8281px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1\/2\"<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 41.8281px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">3\/4\"<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 28.8125px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1\"<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 50.0156px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 1\/4\"<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 50.0156px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 1\/2\"<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 28.8125px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">2\"<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 50.125px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">2 1\/2\"<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Insert coupling<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Threaded adapter (plastic to thread)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">90 standard elbow<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Standard tee (flow through run)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Standard tee (flow through side)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">14<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Gate valve<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Swing check valve<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">22<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">In Line Check Valve (Spring) or Foot Valve<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">23<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">29<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Friction loss example:<\/h3>\r\nA 10 gpm submersible pump has 100 ft. of 1\u201d PVC sch80 pipe with one 90\u00ba elbow and one above ground swing check valve. What is the friction loss of the pipe and fittings?\r\n\r\nNote: The manufactures internal check valve built into the pump body discharge does not have to be accounted for in the friction loss calculation.\r\n\r\nStep 1 \u2013 Figure equivalent length:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">1\u201d 90\u00ba elbow is equivalent to 6 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">1\u201d Swing check is equivalent to 11 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">100 ft. of pipe \u2013 equivalent to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">100 ft. of straight pipe<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">Total equivalent length = 117 ft. = Total equivalent pipe<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"indent no-indent\">Step 2 Figure friction loss for the equivalent length \u00a0of 1\u201d plastic pipe at an assumed flow of 10 GPM:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">PVC Friction loss app shows 9.69 ft. loss per 100 ft. of pipe.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">In step 1 above we have determined total equivalent ft. of pipe to be 117 ft.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">Convert 117 ft. to percentage 117 \u00f7 100 = 1.17<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">Multiply 9.69 \u00d7 1.17 = 11.34 ft<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"indent\">11.34 ft. (4.91 psi) is the total friction loss for this system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Suction Head<\/h2>\r\nFor shallow well jet pump installations, the pump may be mounted on the well head, in a pump house close by or in the house itself. With a suction pipe that is inserted into the well or lake that transports water to the inlet of the pump. The vertical distance from the pumping water level to the inlet of the pump is the suction lift. As has been previously discussed the maximum theoretical suction lift of a pump installed at sea level is approximately 34 feet at sea level, but the pump's actual lift capability is lower due to factors such as friction loss in the suction pipe and the pump's efficiency. The maximum practical suction lift for a centrifugal pump installed at sea level is typically around 25 feet.\r\n\r\nSuction head = suction lift + friction loss in suction pipe and fittings\r\n<h2>Discharge Head<\/h2>\r\nThe pressure at the outlet of the pump may be required to transport water both horizontally and vertically, either to a pressure tank or the supply connections within a building. Most pumping systems have a pressure tank that acts as a reservoir and helps to maintain consistent pressure differentials in the system. The determination of resistance on the pump's discharge side relies on whether the pump is supplying water to an open system, a pressure tank, or a VFD pressure sensor.\r\n\r\nIf the pump system includes a pressure tank or a variable frequency drive (VFD) with a pressure sensor, the total discharge head is determined by measuring the vertical distance from the pump discharge to the elevation of the pressure tank or sensor. This is then added to the maximum pressure setting, converted to feet, and the piping friction loss up to the tank or sensor. Any pressure losses occurring beyond the tank or sensor would be considered in the sizing of the building code distribution piping, with the tank or pressure sensor serving as the supply point.\r\n\r\nIn the less common scenario of an open system, the discharge head is calculated as the vertical distance to the highest delivery point. Additionally, the discharge piping friction loss and the desired delivery point's residual pressure (converted to meters or feet) are taken into account.\r\n<h2>Total Head Calculations<\/h2>\r\nThe type of pump and the physical demands of each site will change the nature of the total head calculations. For example, a submersible pump system would have a suction lift of zero, and total head would be equal to discharge head. Figure 38 shows information that is needed to calculate the total head requirement for an installation.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_97\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"390\"]<img class=\"wp-image-97 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data.png\" alt=\"A labelled of what information is necessary to calculate total head data. Presented from left to right: Total Dynamic Head, Suction Head, Submergence, Pumping Level, Elevation Lift, Service Pressure, Friction Loss, Pump Depth, Drawdown, Static Water Level, Horizontal Run (Offset), Submersible Pump, Well Diameter, Structure (Home) housing the jet pump and\/or pressure tank. \" width=\"390\" height=\"480\" \/> Figure 38. Total head data[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA basic method of calculating the total head requirement is:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Calculate suction head as sum of:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>depth to static water level (metres or feet)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>drawdown (metres or feet)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>friction losses to pump (metres or feet)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate discharge head as sum of:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>elevation from discharge of pump to pressure tank, VFD sensor, or highest delivery point<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pressure tank, VFD sensor, or delivery point required static pressure (converted to metres or feet)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>friction losses of piping and fittings (metres or feet)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total head = suction head + discharge head<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWork through these examples to see the effects that different pump installations have on the total pumping head calculations.\r\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\r\nYou have a shallow jet pump unit complete with a mounted pressure tank, installed at a cottage pump house. The pumping level is 15 ft. and the foot valve depth is 20 ft. The pump house is located 60 ft from the well head at the same elevation. The pump has a capacity of 5 USGPM with 30-50 psi pressure switch at the tank. The suction pipe connection is 1 \u00bc\u201d and the discharge is \u00be\u201d you will use Sch 80 PVC for the suction pipe.\r\n\r\nCalculate the total head:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Calculate suction head (friction losses + vertical lift):<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Suction friction loss\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Equivalent length:<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3 ea 1 \u00bc\u201d 90\u00ba elbow is equivalent to 21 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>1 ea 1 \u00bc\u201d Foot valve is equivalent to 18 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>20 ft depth + 60 ft horizontal <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">80 ft<\/span>. of straight pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total equivalent length = 119 ft. = Total equivalent pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure friction loss for 119 ft. of 1 \u00bc\u201d PVC pipe at an assumed flow of 5 GPM:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Sch. 80 PVC pressure loss table shows 0.28 psi loss per 100 ft. of pipe.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.26 psi = 0.6 ft<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex] 119 \\text{ feet} \\times \\frac{0.6}{100 \\text{ ft}} = 0.71 \\text{ ft}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total suction head = 15 ft + 0.71 ft = 15.71 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>Calculate discharge head (vertical distance + friction losses + delivery pressure):<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For this installation the pressure tank is mounted directly onto the pump as a package unit therefore there is no vertical lift or friction loss to account for.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pressure switch has a range of 20-40 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 40 psi will be used. You will need to convert this tank pressure to ft. head<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total discharge head = 40 psi \u00d7 2.31 ft\/psi = 92.4 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li>Calculate the total head (suction head + discharge head):<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>15.71 ft + 92.4 ft = 108.1 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\r\nYou have a 1 \u00bd HP submersible pump with an estimated capacity of 16 USGPM with 40-60 psi pressure switch at the pressure tank. The pumping level is 130 ft. and the pump submergence is 50 ft. The pressure tank is located within the house 100 ft away and 20 ft higher. The pipe connection is 1 \u00bc\u201d and you will use Sch 80 PVC pipe with 4 elbows on the route to the pressure switch mounted at the tank tee.\r\n\r\nCalculate the total head.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Calculate suction head (friction losses + vertical lift):<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As this is a submersible installation there will not be any suction head calculations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>Calculate discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discharge friction loss\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Equivalent length:<\/li>\r\n \t<li>4 ea 1 \u00bc\u201d 90\u00ba elbow is equivalent to 28 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Length of pipe(130 + 50 + 20) = <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">200 ft.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total equivalent length = 228 ft. = Equivalent pipe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure friction loss for 228 ft. of 1 \u00bc\u201d PVC pipe at an assumed flow of 15 GPM:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Sch. 80 PVC pressure loss table shows 2.40 psi loss per 100 ft. of pipe.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2.40 psi = 5.54 ft<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]228 \\text{ feet} \\times \\frac{5.54}{100 \\text{ ft}} = 12.63 \\text{ ft}[\/latex] of discharge friction loss<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total discharge lift (pumping level + elevation lift)\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>130 ft + 20 ft = 150 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pressure switch has a range of 40-60 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 60 psi will be used. You will need to convert this tank pressure to head:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>60 psi \u00d7 2.31 ft\/psi =138.6 ft. head<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):\r\n12.63 + 150 + 138.6 = 301.23 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n \t<li>Calculate the total head (suction head + discharge head):<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>0 ft + 301.23 ft = 301.23 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Select the Pump Type<\/h1>\r\nWhen selecting a residential rural water supply pump, several considerations come into play to ensure optimal performance and reliability. The two most common choices are submersible deep well pumps or convertible jet pumps.\r\n\r\nJet pumps can be used with suction lift from 20 to 25 feet and have discharge capacities ranging from 200 to 1500 US gallons per hour at pressures varying from 20 to 50 pounds. If the jet pump is used in a deep well configuration it is usually limited to depths of approximately 100 feet, and its discharge capacity is reduced.\r\n\r\nThe submersible pump is more hydraulically efficient than a jet pump and can be used for much deeper wells. The pump may require a larger, more powerful motor to drive it as it lifts water from greater depths. Submersible pumps perform well in both shallow well applications as well as at depth to 2000 feet. There are a large range of submersible pump models available, allowing for a precise match to the system capacity requirements.\r\n\r\nThe pump selection process involves assessing factors such as well depth, water quality, motor type, specific application requirements, pump size, and the need for additional features like built-in controls or protection mechanisms.\r\n<h2>Well Depth<\/h2>\r\nThe depth of the well is an essential factor to consider when selecting a pump. Submersible deep well pumps are specifically designed for use in deep wells and can handle greater vertical lifts. If the well is deep, a submersible pump is often the preferred choice.\r\n<h2>Water Quality<\/h2>\r\nAssessing the water quality is crucial to determine the appropriate pump type. If the water contains debris, sediment, or other particles, a submersible pump with built-in filtration may be necessary to prevent clogging and ensure reliable operation. Water with high mineral content or hardness may require additional treatment or specific pump materials to resist corrosion.\r\n<h2>Motor Type<\/h2>\r\nConsider the available power supply and choose the motor type accordingly. Single-phase motors are commonly used for residential applications with standard household power supply, while three-phase motors are typically employed in larger-scale applications or when a three-phase power source is available. Verify the compatibility of the selected pump with the available power source.\r\n<h2>Specific Application Requirements<\/h2>\r\nConsider the specific needs of the application. If the water supply is intended for irrigation, livestock watering, or other agricultural purposes, a pump with sufficient flow rate and pressure capabilities should be selected. On the other hand, residential applications such as domestic use, firefighting, or small-scale irrigation may have different requirements in terms of flow rate and pressure.\r\n<h2>Pump Size<\/h2>\r\nDetermining the appropriate pump size involves considering the anticipated water demand and the pump's performance characteristics. It should be capable of meeting the required flow rate and head (total dynamic head) of the system. The manufacturer's specifications and performance curves are used to determine the suitable pump size for the desired application.\r\n<h2>Additional Features<\/h2>\r\nDepending on the specific requirements and desired convenience, consider the need for additional features such as built-in controls, pressure switches, or protection mechanisms like overload protection and thermal sensors. These features can enhance the pump's functionality, efficiency, and longevity while providing ease of use and safety.\r\n\r\nTo find a suitable pump, you will need to conduct research and consult the manufacturer's documentation, technical specifications, and guidelines specific to the chosen pump type and model. Consider factors such as pump efficiency, motor power requirements, and durability.\r\n<h1>Size the Pump<\/h1>\r\nOnce you have gathered all the necessary information about your household and well, it is time to determine the appropriate size for your pump. Look for pumps that can handle the required total head and provide the desired flow rate. This ensures that the pump operates optimally and meets your specific needs.\r\n\r\nAs previously mentioned centrifugal pumps have a variable displacement in that, the amount of water discharged from the pump decreases as it is asked to do more work, such as raising the height of fluid lift or increasing output pressure. These performance characteristics are shown on a pump curve graph. Being able to read a pump curve is essential when selecting a pump. The pump curve will tell you whether it is able to efficiently perform the required flow rate at a certain pressure, and therefore whether it is suitable for your application.\r\n\r\nUsually a pump curve will have flow rate on the horizontal axis and the pressure on the vertical axis (Figure 39) . The curve represents the flow rate the pump will produce at certain levels of pressure when the pump is operating properly, or oppositely, the pressure the pump will work at when it is providing a certain flow rate. A centrifugal pump curve has its highest point on the left and gradually slopes down to the right. Looking at the pump curve in Figure 39 the points of intersection show that the pump is capable of producing just over 14 US gpm when working against approximately 400 ft, of head. This point at which the flow rate and pressure intersect is called the operating point or duty point. The curve also indicates that it will produce zero flow at about 540 ft. and a maximum flow of 20.5 US gpm at 240 ft, this is known as the shut off head.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_100\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"892\"]<img class=\"wp-image-100 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve.png\" alt=\"A graph of the Grundfos 2HP 18 stage submersible pump curve. The Y axis is Head in feet, the X axis is US gpm. There is a red line at Y= 396.4 feet of head. A blue curve starts at about 530 feet of head at 0 US gpm and ends around 240 feet of head at almost 21 US gpm. The blue curve and red line intersect at 396.4 feet of head and 14.4 US gpm. Data given at the bottom of the graph is: Q = 14.4 US gpm, n = 3415 rpm, Liquid temperature during operation = 68 degrees Fahrenheit, H = 396.4 feet, Pumped liquid = water, and Density = 62.29 pounds per feet squared. \" width=\"892\" height=\"698\" \/> Figure 39. Grundfos 2HP 18 stage submersible pump curve[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhile a pump curve illustrates the range of flow rates and pressures a pump can handle, it is important to note, this does not mean the pump should be operated at all points on a pump curve. As a simple comparison a car has many gears, and although first gear may take you from zero to 40 mph, it would not be good for the engine to be driven at 40 mph in first gear. Neither is it good for the engine if the car is driven at 10mph in third gear even though it is possible for the engine to operate at these speeds.\r\n\r\nAll centrifugal pumps have a point in the curve whereby they operate at their highest efficiency. Figure 40 is an exaggerated drawing of a pump curve indicating the various problems that can occur if the pump is ran too far to the left or right of the best efficiency point (BEP). It is ideal for the pump to operate within two thirds of its curve, and at the duty point there should be at least a 10% rise to the left of the curve (pressure) above the duty point.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_101\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1057\"]<img class=\"wp-image-101 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems.png\" alt=\"An illustration of a pump curve indicating various problems that can occur. The curve starts at the top left and curves down to the bottom right. From left to right, the problems are: High temperature rise, low flow cavitation, low bearing and seal life, reduced impeller life, section recirculation, discharge recirculation, (Best Efficiency Point is here), Low bearing and seal life, and cavitation. \" width=\"1057\" height=\"846\" \/> Figure 40. Pump performance problems[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhen sizing a pump, you will need to navigate multiple manufacturer's supplied performance curves and selection charts. Submersible pumps, are typically organized together on a single data sheet based on their common flow range family. Within this flow range family, you will find various pumps with different numbers of impellers and motor power requirements to meet diverse total head requirements. Some examples of manufactures performance curves and selection charts have been provided in\u00a0 <a href=\"#c1appendixA\">\u00a0A<\/a> and <a href=\"#c1appendixB\">Appendix B<\/a> at the end of this learning task.\r\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\r\nIs a shallow well jet pump installation with:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Desired flow rate of 15 USGPM<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A total pump head of 107 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nReferring to the copy of the manufacture\u2019s performance data from <a href=\"#c1appendixA\">Appendix A<\/a> shown in Figure 41. When you know the total head required and the capacity you need, refer to the manufacturer's pump curves. Find your capacity (15 gpm) required on the horizontal axis and draw a line upwards. Find the total head (107 ft.) on the vertical axis and draw a line across until it intersects with the capacity. At this point you select the first pump curve above that point, in this case it is the \u00be HP pump which will supply slightly more than 15 GPM at a total head of 107 ft.\r\n\r\nFor this same pump notice there is also a pump selection chart that uses the pump suction and discharge head separately to determine the capacity. For example if we split our pumps total pumping head up into; 15 ft of total suction head (including friction loss) and a 40 psi (92 ft.) cut-out pressure switch setting. The selection chart indicates a capacity of 16.5 GPM which is consistent with the value previously determined on the performance curve.<a id=\"c1fig41\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_102\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"532\"]<img class=\"wp-image-102 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers.png\" alt=\"Convertible jet pump performance data tables. Image description available.\" width=\"532\" height=\"644\" \/> Figure 41. Convertible jet pump performance data (Courtesy of Pentair Myers) <a href=\"#c1fig41_desc\"><em>[Image Description]<\/em><\/a>[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\r\nIs a Submersible pump installation with:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Desired flow rate of 9 USGPM<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Friction loss was calculated to be 30 ft.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Total vertical lift from pumping water level is 230 ft.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pressure switch has a range of 40-60 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 60 psi will be used, (60 psi \u00d7 2.31 ft\/psi =138.6 ft. head).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Therefore, Total Head = 30 + 230 + 138.6 = 399 ft<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFirst step is to select a submersible pump model family based on the desired flow rate. Using the manufactures submersible pump data supplied in <a href=\"#c1appendixB\">Appendix B<\/a> you notice that both the 7 GPM and 10 gpm models have a recommend flow range that will handle our flow requirements of 9 GPM. We will select the 10 GPM family as our 9 GPM requirement is in the middle of its 5-14 GPM flow range which will typically equate to a more efficient pump operation.\r\n\r\nLooking at the performance curve for the 10 GPM models shown in Figure 42, find the capacity (9 gpm) required on the horizontal axis and draw a line upwards. Find the total head (399 ft.) on the vertical axis and draw a line across until it intersects with the capacity. The curve above that point, indicates the 1 \u00bd\u00a0 HP pump which will supply slightly more than 9 GPM at a total head of 399 ft.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_103\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"403\"]<img class=\"wp-image-103 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos.png\" alt=\"A graph of a submersible pump performance curve. The model is a 10 GPM model, Model 10S. The flow range is 5-14 GPM, the outlet size is 1 \u00bc inch NPT, and the nominal diameter is 4 inches. The Y axis (vertical) of the graph is the Head in feet and ranges from 0 to 1800. The X axis (horizontal) is the Capacity in GPM and ranges from 0 to 14. There are 9 performance curves on the graph representing different 10S pump models. To illustrate how to use the graph, there are red arrows showing the line of Capacity = 9 GPM and Head = 399 feet and showing where they intersect. The performance curve directly above their intersection is the performance curve of the 1 \u00bd HP pump. \" width=\"403\" height=\"500\" \/> Figure 42. Submersible pump performance curve (Courtesy of Grundfos)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFor the same pump model family notice there is also a pump selection chart (Figure 43). For our example, deducting the pressure switch setting of 60 psi (139 ft.) leaves a discharge lift of 261 ft. The selection chart for the same 21 stage 1 \u00bd HP indicates a capacity of 9.9 GPM at 60 psi and 260 ft. of lift which is consistent with the value previously determined on the performance curve. It is worth noting that if the pressure switch was to fail and the pump continued to run this pump would generate a pressure of\u00a0 142 psi, which is shown in the shut-off psi row below each pump. For this reason, submersible pump manufactures always recommend that a pressure relief valve be installed.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_104\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"451\"]<img class=\"wp-image-104 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos.png\" alt=\"A pump selection chart, which consists of a large table showing the depth to pumping water level (lift) in feet in relation to the PSI for different pump models. The model is a 10 GPM model, the flow range is 5-14 GPM, and the pump outlet is 1 \u00bc inch NPT. There are tables for 1\/3, \u00bd, \u00be, 1, 1 \u00bd, 2, and 3 Horsepower pumps. For each pump, they show the corresponding GPM given the PSI (shutoff, 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60) and feet of lift (20 to 1100). The example looks at the table for the 1 \u00bd HP pump. At 60 PSI and 260 feet of lift, the pump has capacity of 9.9 GPM. \" width=\"451\" height=\"477\" \/> Figure 43. Submersible pump selection chart (Courtesy of Grundfos)[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Manufactures Sizing Software<\/h2>\r\nMost manufactures have pump sizing software that is readily available on their web sites. By simply inserting information into the required fields, pump options are given with all of the performance characteristics and specifications.\r\n\r\nTo demonstrate we will use the Grundfos online sizing software that is available on their web site. The installation criteria from our previous example will be used in order to compare our results. Figure 44 shows the initial selection parameters input screen.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_105\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-105 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of a sizing software parameter selection tool. On the top, there are two action buttons you can choose; Load parameters or save parameters, as well as a Reset to defaults option. There is also a large green button to Start Sizing. Underneath, you can select the parameters. The parameters selected are: Flow (Q) = 9 US GPM, Head (H) = 399 feet, Number of pumps = 1, Mains voltage = 1 \u00d7 230 volts or 3 \u00d7 400 volts, Pump family = SP, all is selected from the Product Group, and Ground Water supply is selected from the list of applications. \" width=\"924\" height=\"380\" \/> Figure 44. Sizing software parameter selection screen shot[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOnce these parameters are submitted the software returns the best available matches for this installation (Figure 45). There are many more columns of information to the right for each option that we were not able to be shown on a screen capture. If you look at the product name column notice that our previously chosen pump (10S15-21 is listed three times this is due to its different available options. For example, the option at the top of the list has a pump and motor efficiency of 35.2 %. In this case the higher combined efficiency is due to a different motor option being used.\r\n\r\nThere are also 3 other different pump options given by the selection software. These would not have been as easily identified if we were simply attempting to comparing all of the available printed pump curves and charts.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_106\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the sizing software tool, which shows the 6 best matches based on the search from the previous figure. The specifications listed are the performance curve, product number, product name, life cycle cost (CAD\/10 years), brand motor, Volts, P2 (HP), con size outlet, Q (US GPM), Q-dev (%), Head (feet), H-dev (%), efficiency pump (%), and efficiency pump + motor (%). \" width=\"924\" height=\"398\" \/> Figure 45. Pump matches screen shot[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhen we click any of the product number links on the left side column all of the data for that pump becomes available, including its performance curve (Figure 46). There are many options that can be turned on or off for example in this image we have the efficiency curve also being shown.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_107\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"616\"]<img class=\"wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve.png\" alt=\"A graph showing the performance curve of one of pumps from the search results in the previous figure. The efficiency curve is also shown on the graph. The X axis of the graph is the Q in US GPM and the Y axis is Head in feet. Q = 10.3 US GPM, efficiency of pump = 50.3%, head = 399 feet, pumped liquid = water, density = 62.23 pounds per feet squared. You can also specify a line or X-Y coordinate to show the intersections with the curve. \" width=\"616\" height=\"348\" \/> Figure 46. Software performance curve[\/caption]\r\n\r\nSizing for a variable speed constant pressure is another one of the selection options that we could have used at the initial selection parameters input screen (Figure 47). With the increase variables to consider when selecting a constant pressure system, the sizing software is an invaluable tool.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_108\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"616\"]<img class=\"wp-image-108 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of a sizing software parameter selection tool. On the top, there are two action buttons you can choose; Load parameters or save parameters, as well as a Reset to defaults option. There is also a large green button to Start Sizing. Underneath, you can select the parameters. All parameters selected are the same as Figure 44 except for Pump family, which is SQE Constant Pressure. The parameters selected are: Flow (Q) = 9 US GPM, Head (H) = 399 feet, Number of pumps = 1, Mains voltage = 1 \u00d7 230 volts or 3 \u00d7 400 volts, Pump family = SQE Constant Pressure, all is selected from the Product Group, and Ground Water supply is selected from the list of applications.\" width=\"616\" height=\"232\" \/> Figure 47. Constant Pressure parameter section screen shot[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe software returned two different 1 \u00bd hp pump options, the pump curve for the 15 GPM model is shown in Figure 48. Notice there are now both maximum and minimum pump speed curves shown on the graph. For our flow requirements the pump will be operating at 90% of it maximum speed to deliver our estimated peak demand of 9 GPM. For all lower flow requirements, the electronic controller will reduce the pump speed to match the flow and maintain the programed setpoint pressure.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_109\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"924\"]<img class=\"wp-image-109 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve.png\" alt=\"A graph showing the performance curve of one of the pumps selected from the search results of the previous figure. The X axis of the graph is the Q in US GPM and the Y axis is Head in feet. Q = 9 US gpm, Es = 3.4805 Wh\/gal, pumped liquid = water, density = 62.29 pounds for cubed feet, Head = 399 feet, n = 96%, liquid temperature during operation = 68% Fahrenheit, and efficiency of pump = 51.2%. On the right are options to compare certain specifications to the graph. In the screenshot, the input is being compared at Q = 9 US GPM, H = 399 feet, and H static = 369 feet. The corresponding coordinates and lines are shown on the graph. \" width=\"924\" height=\"624\" \/> Figure 48. Constant pressure pump performance curve[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBy utilizing pump sizing software, you can access a wealth of additional information such as life cycle cost, annual energy cost, and a personal index, among others. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the extensive data provided by sizing software, we suggest visiting a manufacturer's website and conducting your own sizing scenarios. This hands-on approach will enable you to explore and evaluate the various data points available, allowing for a deeper comprehension of sizing software's capabilities.\r\n<h1>Pressure Tank Sizing<\/h1>\r\nA conventional fixed speed single phase pump motor will consume 6 times normal power at start-up. Frequent motor starts can create excessive heat in the motor and cause damage to its windings or insulation. As previously mentioned the primary purpose of a pressure tank is to provide a reservoir of stored pressurized water to be used when the pump is not running. Without an adequate amount of stored water, the system\/pump will rapid cycle on and off shortening the life of the motor and consume excess amounts of electrical power.\r\n\r\nThe amount of water stored in the pressure tank to be used between pump run cycles is known as draw down or acceptance volume. The general rule is to size the tank to match the GPM of the pump so that once the pump turns on, it will run for a minimum of one minute to fill the tank. Notice in Figure 49 that the drawdown volume is not the same as the actual tank size. The drawdown volume would actually be the difference between the volume of air in the tank at pump cut-in pressure (P1) and cut-out Pressure (P2).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_110\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-110\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume.png\" alt=\"Two illustrations of water tanks, the left image showing the amount of stored water and the right image illustrating the drawdown volume. In the left image, P1 = 20 psig (34.73 psia) and has a low volume of water, which is the stored water. In the right image, P2 = 40 psig (54.73 psia) and is filled about halfway. The amount of stored water is highlighted, and the remaining water is labelled as the drawdown volume. \" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" \/> Figure 49. Drawdown volume[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFor example, if the precharged diaphragm tank in Figure 49 had 15 gallons of air volume at 20 psig (34.73 psia) cut-in we can use Boyles to demonstrate the actual amount of drawdown volume available at 40 psig (54.73 psia):\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex](P1 \\, V1) = (P2 \\, V2)[\/latex]\r\n[latex](34.73 \\text{ psia} \\times 15 \\text{ gallons}) = (54.73 \\text{ psia} \\times V2)[\/latex]\r\n[latex]V_2 = \\frac{34.73 \\times 15}{54.73} = 9.52 \\text{ gallons of air at pump cut out}[\/latex]\r\n[latex]\\therefore \\text{Drawdown is } 15 \\, \\text{ gallons} - 9,52 \\text{ gallons} = 5.48 \\text{ gallons}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nEven though most pressure switches are set up with a 20 psi differential range (20\/40, 30\/50, 40\/60) the actual pressure settings affect that amount of drawdown volume available for a given pressure tank. For example, if our previous tank drawdown calculations were done for a 30\/50 pressure switch the results would change:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex](44.73 \\text{ psia} \\times 15 \\text{ gallons}) = (64.73 \\text{ psia} \\times V2)[\/latex]\r\n[latex]V2 = \\frac{44.73 \\times 15}{64.73} = 10.36 \\text{ gallons of air at pump cut out}[\/latex]\r\n[latex]\\therefore \\text{Drawdown for the 30\/50 pressure switch is } 15 \\text{ gallons} - 10.36 \\text{ gallons} = 4.64 \\text{ gallons}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nThe previous calculations were only given for the purpose of demonstrating the affect of different pressure settings on the drawdown volume of a tank. In practice you will not need to calculate the tank size as this information is readily available from manufactures tables or sizing software.\r\n\r\nIt is also worth noting that diaphragm in the pressure tank shown in Figure 49 was not bottomed out in the tank at the cut-in pressure point. This is due to the fact that the tank air precharge is set at 2-4 psi lower that the systems operating cut-in pressure. This will ensure there is not a slight pause in the water supply just before the pump is activated.\r\n\r\nFigure 50 is an example of a pressure tank selection table designed to give a one-minute pump run time. Notice there are two size columns for each pressure switch setting. Column A is for a modern diaphragm tank. Whereas, column B is for old style standard pneumatic tanks that can not be precharge therefore require a larger tanks size to achieve the equivalent drawdown volume as a diaphragm tank.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#skip_table_3\"><em>[Skip Table]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 559px;\" border=\"0\"><caption><em>Figure 50. Pressure tank selection table<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pump Capacity (GPH)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pump Capacity (GPM)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Minimum Drawdown Gallons<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pressure Switch Setting: 20 to 40 PSI<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pressure Switch Setting: 30 to 50 PSI<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pressure Switch Setting: 40 to 60 PSI<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">240<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 10, B: 25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 55<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">300<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 70<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">360<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 60<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 85<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">420<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 70<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 100<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">480<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 80<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 110<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">540<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 60<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 90<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 35, B: 125<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">600<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 65<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 100<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 140<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">660<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 35, B: 80<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 120<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 45, B: 165<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">720<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 35, B: 85<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 130<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 50, B: 180<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">780<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 100<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 50, B: 150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 55, B: 210<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">840<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 45, B: 110<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 55, B: 170<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 65, B: 235<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">900<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 50, B: 125<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 60, B: 190<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 70, B: 265<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">960<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 55, B: 130<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 65, B: 200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 75, B: 280<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1020<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">23<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">23<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 65, B: 150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 75, B: 230<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 85, B: 320<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1080<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 70, B: 160<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 80, B: 250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 95, B: 350<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1140<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">27<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">27<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 75, B: 175<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 85, B: 270<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 100, B: 375<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 80, B: 195<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 95, B: 300<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 110, B: 415<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1260<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">33<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">33<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 90, B: 215<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 105, B: 330<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 125, B: 460<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1320<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">36<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">36<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 100, B: 235<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 115, B: 360<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 135, B: 500<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1380<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 105, B: 245<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 125, B: 380<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 140, B: 530<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1440<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">41<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">41<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 110, B: 265<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 135, B: 410<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 155, B: 570<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1500<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">44<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">44<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 120, B: 285<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 140, B: 440<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 165, B: 610<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1560<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">47<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">47<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 130, B: 305<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 150, B: 470<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 175, B: 655<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1620<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 135, B: 325<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 160, B: 500<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 185, B: 700<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1680<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">53<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">53<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 145, B: 345<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 170, B: 530<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 200, B: 735<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1740<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">57<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">57<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 155, B: 370<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 185, B: 570<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 215, B: 790<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 165, B: 390<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 190, B: 600<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 225, B: 835<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a id=\"skip_table_3\"><\/a>The tank can not be selected until the pump capacity has been determined. You will recall our previous submersible pump sizing exercise where we required a pump to deliver at least a 9 GPM duty point with a 40\/60 pressure switch. Referring to our previous software performance curve shown in Figure 46 we see that the pump will actually deliver slightly over 10 gpm when installed into our system. This is worth noting, as any correctly selected pump will usually always end up performing at a greater duty point than the minimum required capacity. It is quite uncommon to have a pumps minimum required capacity land exactly onto the pump curve line. Therefore, the pressure tank for our example should have at least 10 gpm of drawdown not 9 GPM.\r\n\r\nManufacture online pressure tank sizing software is also a readily available option. Figure 51 shows a screen capture of the tank sizing results for our 10-gpm pump operating with a 40\/60 pressure switch. You will notice the 37.4-gallon result is comparable to the 40 gallons result you would get using the selection table. Also, the software gives you the option to increase the desired pump runtime.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_117\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"616\"]<img class=\"wp-image-117 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of software that recommends well models based on the given parameters. The chosen parameters indicate that the well is residential and not commercial, the pump flow rate is 10 GPM, desired pump runtime is 1 minute, cut-in pressure is 40 PSI, cut-out pressure is 60 PSI (must be greater than cut-in pressure). There is a Start button at the bottom to calculate results. On the right, they list the recommended models. Given the parameters, the software recommends the WX-250, which has an Acceptance Volume of 10 gallons and a Tank Volume of 37.4 gallons. \" width=\"616\" height=\"528\" \/> Figure 51. Tank sizing software screen shot[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Tanks for Constant Pressure Systems<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The motors that are used for constant pressure systems, are specifically designed to handle frequent starts and stops. The purpose of a pressure tank serving a constant pressure system is not to supply reserve capacity but rather to act as a buffer for pump starts and stops. Therefore, the required tank size is very small, as its only purpose is maintaining system stability and preventing pressure fluctuations. The tank must be installed as close as possible after the pump and the precharge pressure is typically 70% of the controller pressure setpoint. For residential applications an 8 liter (2 gallon) tank is appropriate. The table in Figure 52 shows one manufactures recommend tank sizes for constant pressure systems.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 108px;\" border=\"0\"><caption><em>Figure 52. Diaphragm tanks for constant pressure systems<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Rated Flow of Pump\r\n\r\nGPM (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Minimum Diaphragm Tank Size\r\n\r\nGallons (Liters)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">0-26 (0-6)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">2 (8)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">27-105 (7-24)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">4.4 (18)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">106-176 (25-40)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">14 (50)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">177-308 (41-70)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">34 (120)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">309-440 (71-100)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">62 (180)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-56 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1587\/2022\/01\/noun-check-702756.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/>Now complete Self-Test 2 and check your answers.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>Self-Test 2<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-Test 2<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">[h5p id=\"5\"]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Appendices<\/h1>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a id=\"c1appendixA\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-A.pdf\">Appendix A: Myers Jet pump Specifications [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a id=\"c1appendixB\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-B.pdf\">Appendix B: Grundfos Submersible Pump Performance Data [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Media Attributions<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Figure 31. \"Well water levels\" by BCcampus is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 34. \"Low yield two-pump system\" - The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 36. \"Pressure loss app\" is a screenshot from the Pipe Pressure Loss app from TeH Studio, used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 38. \"Total head data\" - The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 39. \"Grundfos 2HP 18 stage submersible pump curve\" from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos' online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 40. \"Pump performance problems\" from Castle Pumps is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 41. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pentair.com\/en-us\/flow\/myers\/myers-products\/myers-residential-water-supply-pumps\/myers-jet-pumps\/myers-hj-series-convertible-jet-pumps.html\">Convertible jet pump performance data (Courtesy of Pentair Myers)<\/a>\" from Pentair Myers is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 42. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-B.pdf\">Submersible pump performance curve (Courtesy of Grundfos)<\/a>\" from Grundfos\u00a0is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 43. \"<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-B.pdf\">Submersible pump selection chart (Courtesy of Grundfos)<\/a>\"\u00a0from Grundfos\u00a0is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 44. \"Sizing software parameter selection screen shot\"\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos' online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 45. \"Pump matches screen shot\"\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos' online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 46. \"Software performance curve\"\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos' online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 47. \"Constant Pressure parameter section screen shot\"\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos' online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 48. \"Constant pressure pump performance curve\"from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos' online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 49. \"Drawdown volume\" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a style=\"orphans: 1; text-align: initial; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\"><span class=\"s1\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/span><\/a><span style=\"orphans: 1; text-align: initial; font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figure 51. \"Tank sizing software screen shot\" from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amtrol.com\/resources-rewards\/selection-tools\/\">Amtrol's online well tank sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Image descriptions<\/h1>\r\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW48472943 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48472943 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 4\"><strong><a id=\"c1fig41_desc\"><\/a>Figure 41. \"Convertible jet pump performance data (Courtesy of Pentair Myers)\" image description:<\/strong> A table of ordering information for shallow wells. The table has been split into three separate tables for this description.<\/span><\/span>\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 90px;\" border=\"0\"><caption>Catalog number: HJ50S, HP: \u00bd, Shut-off PSI: 65<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Discharge pressure in pounds<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 5 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 15 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 20 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">14.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">11.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">14.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">11.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">5.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"0\"><caption>Catalog number: HJ75S, HP: \u00be, Shut-off PSI: 69<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Discharge pressure in pounds<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 5 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 15 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 20 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">23.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">17.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">10.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">23.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">17.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">10.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">19.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">16.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">10.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">12.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px;\" border=\"0\"><caption>Catalog number: HJ100S, HP: 1, Shut-off PSI: 67<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Discharge pressure in pounds<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 5 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 15 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 20 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">27.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">27.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">27.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">15.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#c1fig41\"><em>[Return to Figure 41]<\/em><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>The purpose of well pumps is to transport water from its source to various supply points within a household or building. However, the selection and sizing of the pump are influenced by various factors, that will dictate the type and size of pump that can be utilized. Therefore, before proceeding with the selection and installation of the pump and accompanying system components, plumbers must carefully evaluate the unique variables specific to each installation.<\/p>\n<p>The plumber will have to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gather well data: Well size, depth, and yield are necessary to select the pump.<\/li>\n<li>Estimate water demand: Factors such as the number of household members, water usage patterns, and any specific water demands such as irrigation or livestock watering are considered. This will help determine the gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per second (L\/s) flow rate needed.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH): The TDH represents the total resistance the pump must overcome to deliver water from the well to its intended destination. It includes factors such as vertical lift, horizontal pipe length, pipe diameter, friction losses, and any elevation changes. Calculate the TDH using hydraulic principles and equations.<\/li>\n<li>Select the Pump Type: Choose the appropriate type of pump based on the well depth, water quality, and specific application requirements. Common types include submersible deep well pumps, and convertible jet pumps. Consider factors like pump size, motor type (single-phase or three-phase), and the need for additional features like built-in controls or protection mechanisms.<\/li>\n<li>Size the Pump: Based on the selected pump type, refer to the manufacturer&#8217;s pump sizing charts or utilize pump sizing software to determine the correct pump size. Consider factors such as the available power supply, discharge pipe size, and the pump&#8217;s ability to handle the anticipated water demand.<\/li>\n<li>Select the other major components that suit the installation including: pressure tank, pressure switch, check valves, pressure relief valve, lightning arrestor, and overload protection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Well Data<\/h1>\n<p>The well data is used to ensure the proper pump is selected to match the well size, depth and yield. The property owner should have a copy of the well data with their property records. For wells constructed since 2016 the well ID plate number, attached to the casing, can be used to obtain the well records from the online government database. The database contains information on well construction such as date of construction, driller name, well depth, geology that the well is constructed in, estimated well yield\/productivity at the time of construction, and static water level.<\/p>\n<p>The diameter of the well will affect the type of pump you can select. The standard casing size is 6\u201d, submersible pumps require a minimum well size of 102 mm (4\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>The depth to the pumping water level is an important consideration in any pumping system. This information is based on the drawdown in the well (Figure 31) when the pump is running, and must be known to ensure that the pump setting depth is sufficient to prevent the water level from dropping below the pump or foot valve level.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_337\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-337\" style=\"width: 925px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-337 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31.png\" alt=\"A labelled diagram of how well depths are determined. A well bore has been drilled into the ground and a driven well has been set into this hole with a pump running on the surface. There is groundwater surrounding the well bore is at a static water level and, as it gets closer to the well on either side, the water height decreases. This decrease forms a cone-like shape and is known as the cone of depression. The difference between the static water level and the pumping water level is called the drawdown.\" width=\"925\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31.png 925w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31-300x178.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31-768x456.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31-65x39.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31-225x134.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/C1-Figure-31-350x208.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 925px) 100vw, 925px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-337\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 31. Well water levels<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When a well is pumped, water is drawn from the surrounding aquifer or underground water source. As water is extracted, the pressure in the well decreases, causing the water level in the well to drop. The difference between the water level in the well when it is not being pumped (static water level) and the lowered water level during pumping is referred to as the drawdown.<\/p>\n<h2>Well Yield<\/h2>\n<p>The drilling records will also include data on the productivity of the well at the time of construction. A yield test is performed by the driller to determining the sustainable rate at which the well will produce water. A temporary; pump, flow rate, and water level measuring devices are installed. To perform the yield test, the static water level is first measured then water gets pumped from the well. at a steady rate continuously for at least one hour. The pumping water level is measured at specific intervals during the test to determine the maximum capacity of the well. The well yield will always determine the maximum size pump that the well can accommodate. For most single-family homes, a minimum flow of 6 GPM is suggested from a well or spring. This flow would provide 360 gallons of water each hour, which would be sufficient to meet most home water peak demands. If the maximum pump capacity allowed by the well will not meet the peak flow requirements of the user then other intermediate storage options may need to be employed.<\/p>\n<h1>Estimate Water Demand<\/h1>\n<p>In general, we use 190 to 380 litres (50 to 100 US gallons) water per person per day in our homes. For the purposes of planning a water system, the total daily water use is less important than the peak usage, as the water demand is rarely evenly spaced over a 24-hour period. There are a number of different methods and guidelines available to determine water demand.<\/p>\n<p>Two common methods of determining residential capacity requirements are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fixture count<\/li>\n<li>Peak demand tables<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both methods should yield similar results<\/p>\n<h2>Fixture Count Method<\/h2>\n<p>A simple method is to count the number of fixtures in a house and allow 1 USGPM per fixture.\u00a0 For example, if you had a household with two bathrooms with a toilet, sink and shower in each, a washing machine and laundry sink, 2 outside hose faucets, a kitchen sink and dishwasher you would estimate 12 fixtures so you would need a pump that had a capacity of 12 USGPM.<\/p>\n<h2>Peak Demand Tables<\/h2>\n<p>There are many versions of peak demand tables similar to the example shown in Figure 32. From the table you conclude the approximate potential number of occupants in the home by looking up the number of bedrooms then cross reference that to the number of available bathrooms. This will give you the necessary pump capacity in GPM to meat the estimated peak demand.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 563px; width: 563px;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 32. <\/em><em>Peak Demand Period Usage (GPM) Based on Number of Bedrooms and Bathrooms<\/em><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"vertical-align: middle; width: 115px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\"># of Bedrooms<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bd Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">2-2 \u00bd Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 112px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">3-4 Bathrooms in Home<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">6 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">8 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">10 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">8 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">10 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">12 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">10 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">12 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">14 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">16 GPM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">13 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">15 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">17 GPM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 115px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">16 GPM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 112px;\">18 GPM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Both methods should yield similar results. Farm applications will require more detailed calculations than residential applications.<\/p>\n<h2>Estimating Farm Systems<\/h2>\n<p>In addition to the requirement for the house or other structures, the drinking and cleaning requirements of the animals must be determined. A table such as the one shown on Figure 33 can be used to determine the animals daily water requirements.\u00a0 Generally, the pumping system should be capable of supplying the animal\u2019s daily requirements within a two-hour period.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{Pump Capacity (GPM)} = \\frac{\\text{Total daily requirement (gallons)}}{120 \\text{ minutes (2 hours)}}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 144px;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 33. Daily farm animal water consumption<\/em><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Type of Animal<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Total Usage per Day (Gallons)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Horse, mule or steer<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Dry cow<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Milking cow<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Hog<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Sheep<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Chickens (per 100)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 233.625px; height: 18px;\">Turkeys (per 100)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 364.688px; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Additional Supply Considerations<\/h2>\n<p>It is important to ensure that water supply systems have sufficient reserve capacity to meet future needs. This includes considering potential expansions of structures, the addition of water-consuming appliances, animals, irrigation, and fire protection requirements. When designing domestic irrigation systems, it is possible to work within the houses calculated demand flow by utilizing zoning and setting timers for off-peak periods.<\/p>\n<p>As mentioned earlier, if the total system demand exceeds the yield of the well, it is necessary to explore intermediate water storage options. In cases where the maximum allowable pump size is nearly sufficient, oversizing the pressure tank may help meet peak demand requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Alternatively, a two-pump system can be installed (Figure 34), where the well pump supplies water to an atmospheric holding tank at a rate that falls within the well&#8217;s capacity. The size of the tank would be designed to meet the peak demand usage period. A float switch or liquid level sensing devices in the storage tank controls the well pump. This enables the well pump to run for several hours to fill the holding tank, thereby not exceeding the supply capability of the well. The second pump functions as a booster pump, supplying pressurized water from the holding tank to the system. The booster pump is sized to handle the peak demand flow rate.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_85\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-85\" style=\"width: 404px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-85 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system.png\" alt=\"A labelled diagram of a low-yield two-pump well system. A well pump is set in the ground and pumps water to a large holding tank. Water from the large holding tank flows through the second pressure pump which then pushes the water to a pressure tank.\" width=\"404\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system.png 404w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system-65x46.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system-225x158.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-34-Low-yield-two-pump-system-350x246.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-85\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 34. Low yield two-pump system<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>After the capacity requirements of the system have been determined and the well yield confirmed the pumping head requirements of the system must be determined.<\/p>\n<h1>Calculate the Total Pumping Head<\/h1>\n<p>Centrifugal pumps allow some fluid to remain within the pump casing due to the clearance between the impeller rim and the pump jacket, which permits some slippage of the fluid. This characteristic is important to understand and is why centrifugal pumps are known as variable displacement pumps. As discharge pressure or height (pumping head) increases, the pump&#8217;s capacity to move water diminishes due to increased slippage.<\/p>\n<p>To calculate the total pumping head, it is necessary to consider various factors that affect water flow, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vertical suction lift from the water source to the pump<\/li>\n<li>Suction pipe friction loss<\/li>\n<li>Vertical discharge lift from the pump to the intended point of use<\/li>\n<li>Discharge pipe friction loss<\/li>\n<li>Desired pressure at the point of use<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is important to note that the pump does not differentiate between head (vertical lift) and pressure or height of the pumped fluid. Therefore, all measurements need to be converted into feet of head for accurate calculation and understanding.<\/p>\n<p>Suction head is all of the resistance created by the vertical lift from the water in the well to the pump. Discharge head is all of the resistance created on the discharge side of the pump. For submersible installations there are no suction resistance factors to consider in the total pumping head calculations.<\/p>\n<h2>Pipe Friction Loss<\/h2>\n<p>Any two substances that touch while moving past one another will cause friction, and this is also true of water travelling through a pipe. The piping friction loss is the loss of pressure or head caused by this movement.<\/p>\n<p>Friction loss on the suction side adds feet in lift. Friction loss on the discharge side results in a loss of pressure. Although in reality, friction loss and how it contributes to the overall pump resistance are the same on both the suction and discharge sides of the pump.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The amount of friction loss that increases the total head of a pumping system depends on many things, including type, length and size of pipe and fittings, as well as rate of flow. There are many sources of information available to assist you in determining the piping friction loss including formulas, spreadsheets, tables and phone apps. Two examples of friction loss tables are shown in Figure 35. It is important to use a table that matches the type of pipe. You will notice when comparing these two tables the friction loss shown for the same nominal sizes is much lower on the PE than the PVC. In this case it is primarily due to the smaller inside diameter of the IPS Sch80 PVC compared to the PE SDR size.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#skip_table_1\"><em>[Skip Table]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 648px;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 35 A: Polyethylene (PE) SDR 7, 9, 11.5, 15<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Sizes 1&#8243; through 2&#8243; Flow 1 gpm through 100 gpm<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Friction loss per 100 Feet of Pipe (psi\/100ft.)<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Flow (gpm)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1&#8243;, ID: 1.049<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bc&#8221;, ID: 1.380<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bd&#8221;, ID: 1.610<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">2&#8243;, ID: 2.067<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.37,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.21,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.16,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.00<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.10,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.74,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.14<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.43,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.31,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.19,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.11,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.29<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.64,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.08<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.47,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.29,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.48,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.86,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.63,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.06<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.38,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.85,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.76<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.07,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.79,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.09<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.48,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.22,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.06<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.29,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.94,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.60,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.41<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.50,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.37<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.10,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.67,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.97,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.71,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.47<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.26,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.22<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.76,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.34,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.24<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.93,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.59<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.42,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.86,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.71,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.73<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.14,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.72 1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.34<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.95,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.08,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.25<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.36,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.86<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.73,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.05,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.45,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.82<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.89,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.48<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.15,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.19,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.08<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.00,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.34<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.20,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.34,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.93,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 6.51<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.43,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.71<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.52,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.81<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.53,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.67,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 8.10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.86,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.83,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.72,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.42,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 9.84<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.28,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.59<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.15,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.22<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.91,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">22<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.16,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 11.74<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.71,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.09<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.46,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.46<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.10,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">24<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.90,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 13.79<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.14,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.78,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.72<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.29,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.64,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 16.00<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.21<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.09,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.99<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.48,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.59<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.38,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 18.35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.00,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.41,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.67,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.12,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 20.85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.43,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.49<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.72,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.59<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.86,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.98,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 27.74<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.50,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.51,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.34,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 9.35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.30,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.42<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.82,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.64,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 11.63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.08,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.49<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.30,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.71,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 14.14<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.87,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 6.68<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.77,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.98<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">55<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.78,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 16.87<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.66,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.97<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.25,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.85,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 19.82<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.44,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 9.36<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.73,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">65<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.23,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 10.86<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.21,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">70<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.02,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 12.45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.68,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">75<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.81,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 14.15<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.16,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.59,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 15.95<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.64,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 13.38,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 17.84<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.12,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">90<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.59,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">95<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.07,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 6.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.49069%; height: 18px;\">100<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.2129%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1058%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.1594%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u00a0Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.55,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><a id=\"skip_table_1\"><\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"#skip_table_2\">[Skip Table]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 648px;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 35 B: PVC Schedule 80 IPS<br \/>\nSizes 1&#8243; through 2&#8243; Flow 1 gpm through 100 gpm<br \/>\nFriction loss per 100 Feet of Pipe (psi\/100 ft.)<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Flow (gpm)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1&#8243;, ID: 0.935<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bc&#8221;, ID: 1.254<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">1 \u00bd&#8221;, ID: 1.476<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">2&#8243;, ID: 1.913<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.47,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.06<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.26,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.19,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.11,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.93,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): <span style=\"orphans: 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">0.21<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.52,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.37,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.22,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.40,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): <span style=\"orphans: 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">0.45<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.78,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.56,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.33,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.87,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.77<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.04,\u00a0Loss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.75,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.08<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.45,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.33,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.30,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.94,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.56,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.80,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.56,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.39<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.12,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.67,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.27,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.17<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.82,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.52<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.31,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.24<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.78,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.73,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.78<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.08,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.67<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.50,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 0.89,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.20,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.34,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.69,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.37<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.00,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.67,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.59,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.87,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.46<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.11,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.13,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.85,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.06,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.54<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.23,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.60,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.88<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.11,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.41<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.25,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.64<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.34,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.53,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.63,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.88<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.62,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.56,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.47,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 10.03<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.15,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.00,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.09<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 1.78,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.40,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 12.47<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.67,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.99<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.37,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.01,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.33,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 15.16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.19,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.75,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.64<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.23,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">22<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.27,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 18.08<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.71,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.33<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.12,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.96<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.45,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">24<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.20,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 21.24<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.23,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.09<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.49,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.68,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.13,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 24.64<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.75,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.91<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.87,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.67<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 2.90,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 13.07,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 28.26<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.26,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 6.77<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.24,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.06<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.12,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.00,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 32.12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.78,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.70<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.62,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.48<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.34,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 0.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 16.33,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 42.73<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.08,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 10.24<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.55,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 3.90,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.38,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 13.11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.49,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.93<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 4.46,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 1.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.68,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 16.31<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.43,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.38<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.02,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.97,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 19.83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.36,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 8.97<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 5.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 2.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">55<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.27,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 23.65<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.30,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 10.70<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.13,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 15.57,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 27.79<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.24,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 12.57<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 6.69,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 3.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">65<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 12.17,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 14.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.25,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">70<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 13.11,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 16.73<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 7.80,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 4.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">75<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.05,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 19.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.36,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 5.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 14.98,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 21.42<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 8.92,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 6.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 15.92,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 23.96<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 9.48,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 6.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">90<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.03,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 7.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">95<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 10.59,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 8.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.41624%; height: 18px;\">100<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.7021%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1483%; height: 18px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Blank<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.0312%; height: 18px;\">Velocity (ft\/s): 11.15,<\/p>\n<p>Loss (psi): 9.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a id=\"skip_table_2\"><\/a>Ordinarily the pump piping will be sized to match the manufacture pump connection size. For example, a common residential 4\u201d size submersible pump, with a capacity of 10 to 20 gpm, will have a 1 \u00bc\u201d NPT pipe connection. Whereas jet pumps commonly use 1\u201d pipe for the drive line and 1 \u00bc\u201cpipe for the suction line. In some instances, the lines must be upsized if long runs are encountered or if the pump is working close to its design lifting capacity.<\/p>\n<p>Figure 36 shows the pressure loss for 1\u201d Sch 80 PVC at 10 GPM when using a phone app. Notice the result is 9.688 ft\/100ft. This is comparable to the table results when converted to like terms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">9.688 ft.\/100ft \u00d7 0.433 psi\/ft = 4.19 psi\/100ft<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_95\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-95\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-95\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of the Pipe Pressure Loss app. The measuring system is in imperial measurements. The calculation is using the Darcy-Weisbach method. Water temp is 50 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 degrees Celsius. The Pipe material is PVC-SCH80. The pipe size is 1 inch with a flow of 10 gpm. The calculated results are Major Loss, with an inside diameter of 0.96 inches, water velocity of 4.460 feet per second, the Reynolds number is 25260, and the head loss (hf) is 9.688 feet per 100 feet.\" width=\"300\" height=\"660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app.png 375w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app-136x300.png 136w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app-65x143.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app-225x495.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-36-Pressure-loss-app-350x770.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-95\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 36. Pressure loss app<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As water travels through the suction and discharge piping, it also encounters friction losses as it travels through various fittings. Friction losses may be caused by check valves, shut-off valves, connection fittings and elbows or other bends.<\/p>\n<p>Figure 37 is an example of a fitting friction loss table. Notice the friction losses for fittings are usually expressed in equivalent lengths of straight pipe. In other words, the diameter of a fitting is matched to the diameter of a pipe section and the friction loss of water that flows through lengths of that size of pipe. For example, a 1\u00bc&#8221; gate valve would create the same friction loss as 5&#8242; of 1\u00bc&#8221; steel pipe. The equivalent fitting length would be added to the actual length of pipe and that length would be used to determine the total friction loss of the pipe and fittings.<\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 37. Friction losses of valves and fittings<\/em><\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 237.281px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">Type of Fitting and Application<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 105.438px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">Pipe and Fitting<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 41.8281px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1\/2&#8243;<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 41.8281px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">3\/4&#8243;<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 28.8125px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1&#8243;<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 50.0156px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 1\/4&#8243;<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 50.0156px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">1 1\/2&#8243;<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 28.8125px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">2&#8243;<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 50.125px;\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\">2 1\/2&#8243;<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Insert coupling<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Threaded adapter (plastic to thread)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">90 standard elbow<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Standard tee (flow through run)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Standard tee (flow through side)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Gate valve<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">Swing check valve<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\">In Line Check Valve (Spring) or Foot Valve<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Steel<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 237.781px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 106.438px;\">Plastic<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.8281px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 51.0156px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 29.8125px;\">25<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.625px;\">29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Friction loss example:<\/h3>\n<p>A 10 gpm submersible pump has 100 ft. of 1\u201d PVC sch80 pipe with one 90\u00ba elbow and one above ground swing check valve. What is the friction loss of the pipe and fittings?<\/p>\n<p>Note: The manufactures internal check valve built into the pump body discharge does not have to be accounted for in the friction loss calculation.<\/p>\n<p>Step 1 \u2013 Figure equivalent length:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"indent\">1\u201d 90\u00ba elbow is equivalent to 6 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">1\u201d Swing check is equivalent to 11 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">100 ft. of pipe \u2013 equivalent to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">100 ft. of straight pipe<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">Total equivalent length = 117 ft. = Total equivalent pipe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"indent no-indent\">Step 2 Figure friction loss for the equivalent length \u00a0of 1\u201d plastic pipe at an assumed flow of 10 GPM:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"indent\">PVC Friction loss app shows 9.69 ft. loss per 100 ft. of pipe.<\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">In step 1 above we have determined total equivalent ft. of pipe to be 117 ft.<\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">Convert 117 ft. to percentage 117 \u00f7 100 = 1.17<\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">Multiply 9.69 \u00d7 1.17 = 11.34 ft<\/li>\n<li class=\"indent\">11.34 ft. (4.91 psi) is the total friction loss for this system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Suction Head<\/h2>\n<p>For shallow well jet pump installations, the pump may be mounted on the well head, in a pump house close by or in the house itself. With a suction pipe that is inserted into the well or lake that transports water to the inlet of the pump. The vertical distance from the pumping water level to the inlet of the pump is the suction lift. As has been previously discussed the maximum theoretical suction lift of a pump installed at sea level is approximately 34 feet at sea level, but the pump&#8217;s actual lift capability is lower due to factors such as friction loss in the suction pipe and the pump&#8217;s efficiency. The maximum practical suction lift for a centrifugal pump installed at sea level is typically around 25 feet.<\/p>\n<p>Suction head = suction lift + friction loss in suction pipe and fittings<\/p>\n<h2>Discharge Head<\/h2>\n<p>The pressure at the outlet of the pump may be required to transport water both horizontally and vertically, either to a pressure tank or the supply connections within a building. Most pumping systems have a pressure tank that acts as a reservoir and helps to maintain consistent pressure differentials in the system. The determination of resistance on the pump&#8217;s discharge side relies on whether the pump is supplying water to an open system, a pressure tank, or a VFD pressure sensor.<\/p>\n<p>If the pump system includes a pressure tank or a variable frequency drive (VFD) with a pressure sensor, the total discharge head is determined by measuring the vertical distance from the pump discharge to the elevation of the pressure tank or sensor. This is then added to the maximum pressure setting, converted to feet, and the piping friction loss up to the tank or sensor. Any pressure losses occurring beyond the tank or sensor would be considered in the sizing of the building code distribution piping, with the tank or pressure sensor serving as the supply point.<\/p>\n<p>In the less common scenario of an open system, the discharge head is calculated as the vertical distance to the highest delivery point. Additionally, the discharge piping friction loss and the desired delivery point&#8217;s residual pressure (converted to meters or feet) are taken into account.<\/p>\n<h2>Total Head Calculations<\/h2>\n<p>The type of pump and the physical demands of each site will change the nature of the total head calculations. For example, a submersible pump system would have a suction lift of zero, and total head would be equal to discharge head. Figure 38 shows information that is needed to calculate the total head requirement for an installation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_97\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-97\" style=\"width: 390px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-97 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data.png\" alt=\"A labelled of what information is necessary to calculate total head data. Presented from left to right: Total Dynamic Head, Suction Head, Submergence, Pumping Level, Elevation Lift, Service Pressure, Friction Loss, Pump Depth, Drawdown, Static Water Level, Horizontal Run (Offset), Submersible Pump, Well Diameter, Structure (Home) housing the jet pump and\/or pressure tank.\" width=\"390\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data.png 390w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data-65x80.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data-225x277.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-38-Total-head-data-350x431.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-97\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 38. Total head data<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A basic method of calculating the total head requirement is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculate suction head as sum of:\n<ul>\n<li>depth to static water level (metres or feet)<\/li>\n<li>drawdown (metres or feet)<\/li>\n<li>friction losses to pump (metres or feet)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calculate discharge head as sum of:\n<ul>\n<li>elevation from discharge of pump to pressure tank, VFD sensor, or highest delivery point<\/li>\n<li>pressure tank, VFD sensor, or delivery point required static pressure (converted to metres or feet)<\/li>\n<li>friction losses of piping and fittings (metres or feet)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Total head = suction head + discharge head<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Work through these examples to see the effects that different pump installations have on the total pumping head calculations.<\/p>\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\n<p>You have a shallow jet pump unit complete with a mounted pressure tank, installed at a cottage pump house. The pumping level is 15 ft. and the foot valve depth is 20 ft. The pump house is located 60 ft from the well head at the same elevation. The pump has a capacity of 5 USGPM with 30-50 psi pressure switch at the tank. The suction pipe connection is 1 \u00bc\u201d and the discharge is \u00be\u201d you will use Sch 80 PVC for the suction pipe.<\/p>\n<p>Calculate the total head:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Calculate suction head (friction losses + vertical lift):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Suction friction loss\n<ul>\n<li>Equivalent length:<\/li>\n<li>3 ea 1 \u00bc\u201d 90\u00ba elbow is equivalent to 21 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\n<li>1 ea 1 \u00bc\u201d Foot valve is equivalent to 18 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\n<li>20 ft depth + 60 ft horizontal <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">80 ft<\/span>. of straight pipe<\/li>\n<li>Total equivalent length = 119 ft. = Total equivalent pipe<\/li>\n<li>Figure friction loss for 119 ft. of 1 \u00bc\u201d PVC pipe at an assumed flow of 5 GPM:\n<ul>\n<li>Sch. 80 PVC pressure loss table shows 0.28 psi loss per 100 ft. of pipe.<\/li>\n<li>0.26 psi = 0.6 ft<\/li>\n<li>[latex]119 \\text{ feet} \\times \\frac{0.6}{100 \\text{ ft}} = 0.71 \\text{ ft}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Total suction head = 15 ft + 0.71 ft = 15.71 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Calculate discharge head (vertical distance + friction losses + delivery pressure):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>For this installation the pressure tank is mounted directly onto the pump as a package unit therefore there is no vertical lift or friction loss to account for.<\/li>\n<li>The pressure switch has a range of 20-40 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 40 psi will be used. You will need to convert this tank pressure to ft. head<\/li>\n<li>Total discharge head = 40 psi \u00d7 2.31 ft\/psi = 92.4 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Calculate the total head (suction head + discharge head):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>15.71 ft + 92.4 ft = 108.1 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\n<p>You have a 1 \u00bd HP submersible pump with an estimated capacity of 16 USGPM with 40-60 psi pressure switch at the pressure tank. The pumping level is 130 ft. and the pump submergence is 50 ft. The pressure tank is located within the house 100 ft away and 20 ft higher. The pipe connection is 1 \u00bc\u201d and you will use Sch 80 PVC pipe with 4 elbows on the route to the pressure switch mounted at the tank tee.<\/p>\n<p>Calculate the total head.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Calculate suction head (friction losses + vertical lift):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>As this is a submersible installation there will not be any suction head calculations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Calculate discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Discharge friction loss\n<ul>\n<li>Equivalent length:<\/li>\n<li>4 ea 1 \u00bc\u201d 90\u00ba elbow is equivalent to 28 ft. of straight plastic pipe<\/li>\n<li>Length of pipe(130 + 50 + 20) = <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">200 ft.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Total equivalent length = 228 ft. = Equivalent pipe<\/li>\n<li>Figure friction loss for 228 ft. of 1 \u00bc\u201d PVC pipe at an assumed flow of 15 GPM:\n<ul>\n<li>Sch. 80 PVC pressure loss table shows 2.40 psi loss per 100 ft. of pipe.<\/li>\n<li>2.40 psi = 5.54 ft<\/li>\n<li>[latex]228 \\text{ feet} \\times \\frac{5.54}{100 \\text{ ft}} = 12.63 \\text{ ft}[\/latex] of discharge friction loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Total discharge lift (pumping level + elevation lift)\n<ul>\n<li>130 ft + 20 ft = 150 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The pressure switch has a range of 40-60 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 60 psi will be used. You will need to convert this tank pressure to head:\n<ul>\n<li>60 psi \u00d7 2.31 ft\/psi =138.6 ft. head<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Total discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):<br \/>\n12.63 + 150 + 138.6 = 301.23 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Calculate the total head (suction head + discharge head):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>0 ft + 301.23 ft = 301.23 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Select the Pump Type<\/h1>\n<p>When selecting a residential rural water supply pump, several considerations come into play to ensure optimal performance and reliability. The two most common choices are submersible deep well pumps or convertible jet pumps.<\/p>\n<p>Jet pumps can be used with suction lift from 20 to 25 feet and have discharge capacities ranging from 200 to 1500 US gallons per hour at pressures varying from 20 to 50 pounds. If the jet pump is used in a deep well configuration it is usually limited to depths of approximately 100 feet, and its discharge capacity is reduced.<\/p>\n<p>The submersible pump is more hydraulically efficient than a jet pump and can be used for much deeper wells. The pump may require a larger, more powerful motor to drive it as it lifts water from greater depths. Submersible pumps perform well in both shallow well applications as well as at depth to 2000 feet. There are a large range of submersible pump models available, allowing for a precise match to the system capacity requirements.<\/p>\n<p>The pump selection process involves assessing factors such as well depth, water quality, motor type, specific application requirements, pump size, and the need for additional features like built-in controls or protection mechanisms.<\/p>\n<h2>Well Depth<\/h2>\n<p>The depth of the well is an essential factor to consider when selecting a pump. Submersible deep well pumps are specifically designed for use in deep wells and can handle greater vertical lifts. If the well is deep, a submersible pump is often the preferred choice.<\/p>\n<h2>Water Quality<\/h2>\n<p>Assessing the water quality is crucial to determine the appropriate pump type. If the water contains debris, sediment, or other particles, a submersible pump with built-in filtration may be necessary to prevent clogging and ensure reliable operation. Water with high mineral content or hardness may require additional treatment or specific pump materials to resist corrosion.<\/p>\n<h2>Motor Type<\/h2>\n<p>Consider the available power supply and choose the motor type accordingly. Single-phase motors are commonly used for residential applications with standard household power supply, while three-phase motors are typically employed in larger-scale applications or when a three-phase power source is available. Verify the compatibility of the selected pump with the available power source.<\/p>\n<h2>Specific Application Requirements<\/h2>\n<p>Consider the specific needs of the application. If the water supply is intended for irrigation, livestock watering, or other agricultural purposes, a pump with sufficient flow rate and pressure capabilities should be selected. On the other hand, residential applications such as domestic use, firefighting, or small-scale irrigation may have different requirements in terms of flow rate and pressure.<\/p>\n<h2>Pump Size<\/h2>\n<p>Determining the appropriate pump size involves considering the anticipated water demand and the pump&#8217;s performance characteristics. It should be capable of meeting the required flow rate and head (total dynamic head) of the system. The manufacturer&#8217;s specifications and performance curves are used to determine the suitable pump size for the desired application.<\/p>\n<h2>Additional Features<\/h2>\n<p>Depending on the specific requirements and desired convenience, consider the need for additional features such as built-in controls, pressure switches, or protection mechanisms like overload protection and thermal sensors. These features can enhance the pump&#8217;s functionality, efficiency, and longevity while providing ease of use and safety.<\/p>\n<p>To find a suitable pump, you will need to conduct research and consult the manufacturer&#8217;s documentation, technical specifications, and guidelines specific to the chosen pump type and model. Consider factors such as pump efficiency, motor power requirements, and durability.<\/p>\n<h1>Size the Pump<\/h1>\n<p>Once you have gathered all the necessary information about your household and well, it is time to determine the appropriate size for your pump. Look for pumps that can handle the required total head and provide the desired flow rate. This ensures that the pump operates optimally and meets your specific needs.<\/p>\n<p>As previously mentioned centrifugal pumps have a variable displacement in that, the amount of water discharged from the pump decreases as it is asked to do more work, such as raising the height of fluid lift or increasing output pressure. These performance characteristics are shown on a pump curve graph. Being able to read a pump curve is essential when selecting a pump. The pump curve will tell you whether it is able to efficiently perform the required flow rate at a certain pressure, and therefore whether it is suitable for your application.<\/p>\n<p>Usually a pump curve will have flow rate on the horizontal axis and the pressure on the vertical axis (Figure 39) . The curve represents the flow rate the pump will produce at certain levels of pressure when the pump is operating properly, or oppositely, the pressure the pump will work at when it is providing a certain flow rate. A centrifugal pump curve has its highest point on the left and gradually slopes down to the right. Looking at the pump curve in Figure 39 the points of intersection show that the pump is capable of producing just over 14 US gpm when working against approximately 400 ft, of head. This point at which the flow rate and pressure intersect is called the operating point or duty point. The curve also indicates that it will produce zero flow at about 540 ft. and a maximum flow of 20.5 US gpm at 240 ft, this is known as the shut off head.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_100\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-100\" style=\"width: 892px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-100 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve.png\" alt=\"A graph of the Grundfos 2HP 18 stage submersible pump curve. The Y axis is Head in feet, the X axis is US gpm. There is a red line at Y= 396.4 feet of head. A blue curve starts at about 530 feet of head at 0 US gpm and ends around 240 feet of head at almost 21 US gpm. The blue curve and red line intersect at 396.4 feet of head and 14.4 US gpm. Data given at the bottom of the graph is: Q = 14.4 US gpm, n = 3415 rpm, Liquid temperature during operation = 68 degrees Fahrenheit, H = 396.4 feet, Pumped liquid = water, and Density = 62.29 pounds per feet squared.\" width=\"892\" height=\"698\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve.png 892w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve-768x601.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve-65x51.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve-225x176.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-39-Grundfos-2HP-18-stage-submersible-pump-curve-350x274.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 892px) 100vw, 892px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-100\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 39. Grundfos 2HP 18 stage submersible pump curve<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>While a pump curve illustrates the range of flow rates and pressures a pump can handle, it is important to note, this does not mean the pump should be operated at all points on a pump curve. As a simple comparison a car has many gears, and although first gear may take you from zero to 40 mph, it would not be good for the engine to be driven at 40 mph in first gear. Neither is it good for the engine if the car is driven at 10mph in third gear even though it is possible for the engine to operate at these speeds.<\/p>\n<p>All centrifugal pumps have a point in the curve whereby they operate at their highest efficiency. Figure 40 is an exaggerated drawing of a pump curve indicating the various problems that can occur if the pump is ran too far to the left or right of the best efficiency point (BEP). It is ideal for the pump to operate within two thirds of its curve, and at the duty point there should be at least a 10% rise to the left of the curve (pressure) above the duty point.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_101\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-101\" style=\"width: 1057px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-101 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems.png\" alt=\"An illustration of a pump curve indicating various problems that can occur. The curve starts at the top left and curves down to the bottom right. From left to right, the problems are: High temperature rise, low flow cavitation, low bearing and seal life, reduced impeller life, section recirculation, discharge recirculation, (Best Efficiency Point is here), Low bearing and seal life, and cavitation.\" width=\"1057\" height=\"846\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems.png 1057w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems-1024x820.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems-768x615.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems-65x52.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems-225x180.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-40-Pump-performance-problems-350x280.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1057px) 100vw, 1057px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-101\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 40. Pump performance problems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When sizing a pump, you will need to navigate multiple manufacturer&#8217;s supplied performance curves and selection charts. Submersible pumps, are typically organized together on a single data sheet based on their common flow range family. Within this flow range family, you will find various pumps with different numbers of impellers and motor power requirements to meet diverse total head requirements. Some examples of manufactures performance curves and selection charts have been provided in\u00a0 <a href=\"#c1appendixA\">\u00a0A<\/a> and <a href=\"#c1appendixB\">Appendix B<\/a> at the end of this learning task.<\/p>\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\n<p>Is a shallow well jet pump installation with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Desired flow rate of 15 USGPM<\/li>\n<li>A total pump head of 107 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Referring to the copy of the manufacture\u2019s performance data from <a href=\"#c1appendixA\">Appendix A<\/a> shown in Figure 41. When you know the total head required and the capacity you need, refer to the manufacturer&#8217;s pump curves. Find your capacity (15 gpm) required on the horizontal axis and draw a line upwards. Find the total head (107 ft.) on the vertical axis and draw a line across until it intersects with the capacity. At this point you select the first pump curve above that point, in this case it is the \u00be HP pump which will supply slightly more than 15 GPM at a total head of 107 ft.<\/p>\n<p>For this same pump notice there is also a pump selection chart that uses the pump suction and discharge head separately to determine the capacity. For example if we split our pumps total pumping head up into; 15 ft of total suction head (including friction loss) and a 40 psi (92 ft.) cut-out pressure switch setting. The selection chart indicates a capacity of 16.5 GPM which is consistent with the value previously determined on the performance curve.<a id=\"c1fig41\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_102\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-102\" style=\"width: 532px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-102 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers.png\" alt=\"Convertible jet pump performance data tables. Image description available.\" width=\"532\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers.png 532w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers-248x300.png 248w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers-65x79.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers-225x272.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-41-Convertible-jet-pump-performance-data-Courtesy-of-Pentair-Myers-350x424.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-102\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 41. Convertible jet pump performance data (Courtesy of Pentair Myers) <a href=\"#c1fig41_desc\"><em>[Image Description]<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\n<p>Is a Submersible pump installation with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Desired flow rate of 9 USGPM<\/li>\n<li>Total discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):\n<ul>\n<li>Friction loss was calculated to be 30 ft.<\/li>\n<li>Total vertical lift from pumping water level is 230 ft.<\/li>\n<li>The pressure switch has a range of 40-60 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 60 psi will be used, (60 psi \u00d7 2.31 ft\/psi =138.6 ft. head).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Therefore, Total Head = 30 + 230 + 138.6 = 399 ft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>First step is to select a submersible pump model family based on the desired flow rate. Using the manufactures submersible pump data supplied in <a href=\"#c1appendixB\">Appendix B<\/a> you notice that both the 7 GPM and 10 gpm models have a recommend flow range that will handle our flow requirements of 9 GPM. We will select the 10 GPM family as our 9 GPM requirement is in the middle of its 5-14 GPM flow range which will typically equate to a more efficient pump operation.<\/p>\n<p>Looking at the performance curve for the 10 GPM models shown in Figure 42, find the capacity (9 gpm) required on the horizontal axis and draw a line upwards. Find the total head (399 ft.) on the vertical axis and draw a line across until it intersects with the capacity. The curve above that point, indicates the 1 \u00bd\u00a0 HP pump which will supply slightly more than 9 GPM at a total head of 399 ft.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_103\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-103\" style=\"width: 403px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-103 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos.png\" alt=\"A graph of a submersible pump performance curve. The model is a 10 GPM model, Model 10S. The flow range is 5-14 GPM, the outlet size is 1 \u00bc inch NPT, and the nominal diameter is 4 inches. The Y axis (vertical) of the graph is the Head in feet and ranges from 0 to 1800. The X axis (horizontal) is the Capacity in GPM and ranges from 0 to 14. There are 9 performance curves on the graph representing different 10S pump models. To illustrate how to use the graph, there are red arrows showing the line of Capacity = 9 GPM and Head = 399 feet and showing where they intersect. The performance curve directly above their intersection is the performance curve of the 1 \u00bd HP pump.\" width=\"403\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos.png 403w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-242x300.png 242w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-65x81.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-225x279.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-42-Submersible-pump-performance-curve-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-350x434.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-103\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 42. Submersible pump performance curve (Courtesy of Grundfos)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For the same pump model family notice there is also a pump selection chart (Figure 43). For our example, deducting the pressure switch setting of 60 psi (139 ft.) leaves a discharge lift of 261 ft. The selection chart for the same 21 stage 1 \u00bd HP indicates a capacity of 9.9 GPM at 60 psi and 260 ft. of lift which is consistent with the value previously determined on the performance curve. It is worth noting that if the pressure switch was to fail and the pump continued to run this pump would generate a pressure of\u00a0 142 psi, which is shown in the shut-off psi row below each pump. For this reason, submersible pump manufactures always recommend that a pressure relief valve be installed.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_104\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-104\" style=\"width: 451px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-104 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos.png\" alt=\"A pump selection chart, which consists of a large table showing the depth to pumping water level (lift) in feet in relation to the PSI for different pump models. The model is a 10 GPM model, the flow range is 5-14 GPM, and the pump outlet is 1 \u00bc inch NPT. There are tables for 1\/3, \u00bd, \u00be, 1, 1 \u00bd, 2, and 3 Horsepower pumps. For each pump, they show the corresponding GPM given the PSI (shutoff, 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60) and feet of lift (20 to 1100). The example looks at the table for the 1 \u00bd HP pump. At 60 PSI and 260 feet of lift, the pump has capacity of 9.9 GPM.\" width=\"451\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos.png 451w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-284x300.png 284w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-65x69.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-225x238.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-43-Submersible-pump-selection-chart-Courtesy-of-Grundfos-350x370.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-104\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 43. Submersible pump selection chart (Courtesy of Grundfos)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Manufactures Sizing Software<\/h2>\n<p>Most manufactures have pump sizing software that is readily available on their web sites. By simply inserting information into the required fields, pump options are given with all of the performance characteristics and specifications.<\/p>\n<p>To demonstrate we will use the Grundfos online sizing software that is available on their web site. The installation criteria from our previous example will be used in order to compare our results. Figure 44 shows the initial selection parameters input screen.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_105\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-105\" style=\"width: 924px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-105 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of a sizing software parameter selection tool. On the top, there are two action buttons you can choose; Load parameters or save parameters, as well as a Reset to defaults option. There is also a large green button to Start Sizing. Underneath, you can select the parameters. The parameters selected are: Flow (Q) = 9 US GPM, Head (H) = 399 feet, Number of pumps = 1, Mains voltage = 1 \u00d7 230 volts or 3 \u00d7 400 volts, Pump family = SP, all is selected from the Product Group, and Ground Water supply is selected from the list of applications.\" width=\"924\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot.png 924w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot-768x316.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot-225x93.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-44-Sizing-software-parameter-selection-screen-shot-350x144.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-105\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 44. Sizing software parameter selection screen shot<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Once these parameters are submitted the software returns the best available matches for this installation (Figure 45). There are many more columns of information to the right for each option that we were not able to be shown on a screen capture. If you look at the product name column notice that our previously chosen pump (10S15-21 is listed three times this is due to its different available options. For example, the option at the top of the list has a pump and motor efficiency of 35.2 %. In this case the higher combined efficiency is due to a different motor option being used.<\/p>\n<p>There are also 3 other different pump options given by the selection software. These would not have been as easily identified if we were simply attempting to comparing all of the available printed pump curves and charts.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_106\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-106\" style=\"width: 924px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-106 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot from the sizing software tool, which shows the 6 best matches based on the search from the previous figure. The specifications listed are the performance curve, product number, product name, life cycle cost (CAD\/10 years), brand motor, Volts, P2 (HP), con size outlet, Q (US GPM), Q-dev (%), Head (feet), H-dev (%), efficiency pump (%), and efficiency pump + motor (%).\" width=\"924\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot.png 924w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot-768x331.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot-225x97.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-45-pump-matches-screen-shot-350x151.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-106\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 45. Pump matches screen shot<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When we click any of the product number links on the left side column all of the data for that pump becomes available, including its performance curve (Figure 46). There are many options that can be turned on or off for example in this image we have the efficiency curve also being shown.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_107\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-107\" style=\"width: 616px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve.png\" alt=\"A graph showing the performance curve of one of pumps from the search results in the previous figure. The efficiency curve is also shown on the graph. The X axis of the graph is the Q in US GPM and the Y axis is Head in feet. Q = 10.3 US GPM, efficiency of pump = 50.3%, head = 399 feet, pumped liquid = water, density = 62.23 pounds per feet squared. You can also specify a line or X-Y coordinate to show the intersections with the curve.\" width=\"616\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve.png 616w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-46-Software-performance-curve-350x198.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-107\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 46. Software performance curve<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Sizing for a variable speed constant pressure is another one of the selection options that we could have used at the initial selection parameters input screen (Figure 47). With the increase variables to consider when selecting a constant pressure system, the sizing software is an invaluable tool.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108\" style=\"width: 616px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of a sizing software parameter selection tool. On the top, there are two action buttons you can choose; Load parameters or save parameters, as well as a Reset to defaults option. There is also a large green button to Start Sizing. Underneath, you can select the parameters. All parameters selected are the same as Figure 44 except for Pump family, which is SQE Constant Pressure. The parameters selected are: Flow (Q) = 9 US GPM, Head (H) = 399 feet, Number of pumps = 1, Mains voltage = 1 \u00d7 230 volts or 3 \u00d7 400 volts, Pump family = SQE Constant Pressure, all is selected from the Product Group, and Ground Water supply is selected from the list of applications.\" width=\"616\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot.png 616w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot-225x85.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-47-Constant-Pressure-parameter-section-screen-shot-350x132.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 47. Constant Pressure parameter section screen shot<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The software returned two different 1 \u00bd hp pump options, the pump curve for the 15 GPM model is shown in Figure 48. Notice there are now both maximum and minimum pump speed curves shown on the graph. For our flow requirements the pump will be operating at 90% of it maximum speed to deliver our estimated peak demand of 9 GPM. For all lower flow requirements, the electronic controller will reduce the pump speed to match the flow and maintain the programed setpoint pressure.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_109\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-109\" style=\"width: 924px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-109 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve.png\" alt=\"A graph showing the performance curve of one of the pumps selected from the search results of the previous figure. The X axis of the graph is the Q in US GPM and the Y axis is Head in feet. Q = 9 US gpm, Es = 3.4805 Wh\/gal, pumped liquid = water, density = 62.29 pounds for cubed feet, Head = 399 feet, n = 96%, liquid temperature during operation = 68% Fahrenheit, and efficiency of pump = 51.2%. On the right are options to compare certain specifications to the graph. In the screenshot, the input is being compared at Q = 9 US GPM, H = 399 feet, and H static = 369 feet. The corresponding coordinates and lines are shown on the graph.\" width=\"924\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve.png 924w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve-768x519.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve-225x152.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-48-Constant-pressure-pump-performance-curve-350x236.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 48. Constant pressure pump performance curve<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>By utilizing pump sizing software, you can access a wealth of additional information such as life cycle cost, annual energy cost, and a personal index, among others. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the extensive data provided by sizing software, we suggest visiting a manufacturer&#8217;s website and conducting your own sizing scenarios. This hands-on approach will enable you to explore and evaluate the various data points available, allowing for a deeper comprehension of sizing software&#8217;s capabilities.<\/p>\n<h1>Pressure Tank Sizing<\/h1>\n<p>A conventional fixed speed single phase pump motor will consume 6 times normal power at start-up. Frequent motor starts can create excessive heat in the motor and cause damage to its windings or insulation. As previously mentioned the primary purpose of a pressure tank is to provide a reservoir of stored pressurized water to be used when the pump is not running. Without an adequate amount of stored water, the system\/pump will rapid cycle on and off shortening the life of the motor and consume excess amounts of electrical power.<\/p>\n<p>The amount of water stored in the pressure tank to be used between pump run cycles is known as draw down or acceptance volume. The general rule is to size the tank to match the GPM of the pump so that once the pump turns on, it will run for a minimum of one minute to fill the tank. Notice in Figure 49 that the drawdown volume is not the same as the actual tank size. The drawdown volume would actually be the difference between the volume of air in the tank at pump cut-in pressure (P1) and cut-out Pressure (P2).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_110\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-110\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-110\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume.png\" alt=\"Two illustrations of water tanks, the left image showing the amount of stored water and the right image illustrating the drawdown volume. In the left image, P1 = 20 psig (34.73 psia) and has a low volume of water, which is the stored water. In the right image, P2 = 40 psig (54.73 psia) and is filled about halfway. The amount of stored water is highlighted, and the remaining water is labelled as the drawdown volume.\" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume.png 550w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume-65x53.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume-225x182.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-49-Drawdown-volume-350x284.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-110\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 49. Drawdown volume<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For example, if the precharged diaphragm tank in Figure 49 had 15 gallons of air volume at 20 psig (34.73 psia) cut-in we can use Boyles to demonstrate the actual amount of drawdown volume available at 40 psig (54.73 psia):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex](P1 \\, V1) = (P2 \\, V2)[\/latex]<br \/>\n[latex](34.73 \\text{ psia} \\times 15 \\text{ gallons}) = (54.73 \\text{ psia} \\times V2)[\/latex]<br \/>\n[latex]V_2 = \\frac{34.73 \\times 15}{54.73} = 9.52 \\text{ gallons of air at pump cut out}[\/latex]<br \/>\n[latex]\\therefore \\text{Drawdown is } 15 \\, \\text{ gallons} - 9,52 \\text{ gallons} = 5.48 \\text{ gallons}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>Even though most pressure switches are set up with a 20 psi differential range (20\/40, 30\/50, 40\/60) the actual pressure settings affect that amount of drawdown volume available for a given pressure tank. For example, if our previous tank drawdown calculations were done for a 30\/50 pressure switch the results would change:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex](44.73 \\text{ psia} \\times 15 \\text{ gallons}) = (64.73 \\text{ psia} \\times V2)[\/latex]<br \/>\n[latex]V2 = \\frac{44.73 \\times 15}{64.73} = 10.36 \\text{ gallons of air at pump cut out}[\/latex]<br \/>\n[latex]\\therefore \\text{Drawdown for the 30\/50 pressure switch is } 15 \\text{ gallons} - 10.36 \\text{ gallons} = 4.64 \\text{ gallons}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>The previous calculations were only given for the purpose of demonstrating the affect of different pressure settings on the drawdown volume of a tank. In practice you will not need to calculate the tank size as this information is readily available from manufactures tables or sizing software.<\/p>\n<p>It is also worth noting that diaphragm in the pressure tank shown in Figure 49 was not bottomed out in the tank at the cut-in pressure point. This is due to the fact that the tank air precharge is set at 2-4 psi lower that the systems operating cut-in pressure. This will ensure there is not a slight pause in the water supply just before the pump is activated.<\/p>\n<p>Figure 50 is an example of a pressure tank selection table designed to give a one-minute pump run time. Notice there are two size columns for each pressure switch setting. Column A is for a modern diaphragm tank. Whereas, column B is for old style standard pneumatic tanks that can not be precharge therefore require a larger tanks size to achieve the equivalent drawdown volume as a diaphragm tank.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#skip_table_3\"><em>[Skip Table]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 559px;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 50. Pressure tank selection table<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 73px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pump Capacity (GPH)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pump Capacity (GPM)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Minimum Drawdown Gallons<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pressure Switch Setting: 20 to 40 PSI<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pressure Switch Setting: 30 to 50 PSI<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 73px;\" scope=\"col\">Pressure Switch Setting: 40 to 60 PSI<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 10, B: 25<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">300<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">360<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 15, B: 40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">420<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 45<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 70<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">480<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 20, B: 50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">540<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 25, B: 60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 90<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 35, B: 125<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">600<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 65<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 30, B: 100<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 140<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">660<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 35, B: 80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 120<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 45, B: 165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">720<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 35, B: 85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 130<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 50, B: 180<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">780<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 40, B: 100<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 50, B: 150<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 55, B: 210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">840<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 45, B: 110<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 55, B: 170<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 65, B: 235<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">900<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 50, B: 125<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 60, B: 190<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 70, B: 265<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">960<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 55, B: 130<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 65, B: 200<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 75, B: 280<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1020<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">23<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">23<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 65, B: 150<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 75, B: 230<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 85, B: 320<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1080<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">25<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">25<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 70, B: 160<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 80, B: 250<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 95, B: 350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1140<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">27<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">27<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 75, B: 175<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 85, B: 270<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 100, B: 375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1200<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 80, B: 195<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 95, B: 300<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 110, B: 415<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1260<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">33<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">33<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 90, B: 215<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 105, B: 330<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 125, B: 460<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1320<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 100, B: 235<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 115, B: 360<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 135, B: 500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1380<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 105, B: 245<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 125, B: 380<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 140, B: 530<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1440<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">41<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">41<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 110, B: 265<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 135, B: 410<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 155, B: 570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1500<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">44<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">44<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 120, B: 285<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 140, B: 440<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 165, B: 610<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1560<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">47<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">47<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 130, B: 305<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 150, B: 470<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 175, B: 655<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1620<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 135, B: 325<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 160, B: 500<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 185, B: 700<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1680<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">53<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">53<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 145, B: 345<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 170, B: 530<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 200, B: 735<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1740<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">57<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">57<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 155, B: 370<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 185, B: 570<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 215, B: 790<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 11.1111%; height: 18px;\">1800<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 7.01833%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.017%; height: 18px;\">60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.0675%; height: 18px;\">A: 165, B: 390<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.2038%; height: 18px;\">A: 190, B: 600<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2489%; height: 18px;\">A: 225, B: 835<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a id=\"skip_table_3\"><\/a>The tank can not be selected until the pump capacity has been determined. You will recall our previous submersible pump sizing exercise where we required a pump to deliver at least a 9 GPM duty point with a 40\/60 pressure switch. Referring to our previous software performance curve shown in Figure 46 we see that the pump will actually deliver slightly over 10 gpm when installed into our system. This is worth noting, as any correctly selected pump will usually always end up performing at a greater duty point than the minimum required capacity. It is quite uncommon to have a pumps minimum required capacity land exactly onto the pump curve line. Therefore, the pressure tank for our example should have at least 10 gpm of drawdown not 9 GPM.<\/p>\n<p>Manufacture online pressure tank sizing software is also a readily available option. Figure 51 shows a screen capture of the tank sizing results for our 10-gpm pump operating with a 40\/60 pressure switch. You will notice the 37.4-gallon result is comparable to the 40 gallons result you would get using the selection table. Also, the software gives you the option to increase the desired pump runtime.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_117\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-117\" style=\"width: 616px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-117 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot.png\" alt=\"A screenshot of software that recommends well models based on the given parameters. The chosen parameters indicate that the well is residential and not commercial, the pump flow rate is 10 GPM, desired pump runtime is 1 minute, cut-in pressure is 40 PSI, cut-out pressure is 60 PSI (must be greater than cut-in pressure). There is a Start button at the bottom to calculate results. On the right, they list the recommended models. Given the parameters, the software recommends the WX-250, which has an Acceptance Volume of 10 gallons and a Tank Volume of 37.4 gallons.\" width=\"616\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot.png 616w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot-300x257.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot-65x56.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot-225x193.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/Figure-51-Tank-sizing-software-screen-shot-350x300.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-117\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 51. Tank sizing software screen shot<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Tanks for Constant Pressure Systems<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The motors that are used for constant pressure systems, are specifically designed to handle frequent starts and stops. The purpose of a pressure tank serving a constant pressure system is not to supply reserve capacity but rather to act as a buffer for pump starts and stops. Therefore, the required tank size is very small, as its only purpose is maintaining system stability and preventing pressure fluctuations. The tank must be installed as close as possible after the pump and the precharge pressure is typically 70% of the controller pressure setpoint. For residential applications an 8 liter (2 gallon) tank is appropriate. The table in Figure 52 shows one manufactures recommend tank sizes for constant pressure systems.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 108px;\">\n<caption><em>Figure 52. Diaphragm tanks for constant pressure systems<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Rated Flow of Pump<\/p>\n<p>GPM (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"col\">Minimum Diaphragm Tank Size<\/p>\n<p>Gallons (Liters)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">0-26 (0-6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">2 (8)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">27-105 (7-24)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">4.4 (18)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">106-176 (25-40)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">14 (50)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">177-308 (41-70)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">34 (120)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">309-440 (71-100)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 18px; text-align: left;\">62 (180)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-56 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/plumbing3e\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1587\/2022\/01\/noun-check-702756.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\" \/>Now complete Self-Test 2 and check your answers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Self-Test 2<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-Test 2<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div id=\"h5p-5\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-5\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"5\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"C1 Self-Test 2\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Appendices<\/h1>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><a id=\"c1appendixA\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-A.pdf\">Appendix A: Myers Jet pump Specifications [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a id=\"c1appendixB\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-B.pdf\">Appendix B: Grundfos Submersible Pump Performance Data [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Media Attributions<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Figure 31. &#8220;Well water levels&#8221; by BCcampus is licensed under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 34. &#8220;Low yield two-pump system&#8221; &#8211; The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 36. &#8220;Pressure loss app&#8221; is a screenshot from the Pipe Pressure Loss app from TeH Studio, used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 38. &#8220;Total head data&#8221; &#8211; The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 39. &#8220;Grundfos 2HP 18 stage submersible pump curve&#8221; from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos&#8217; online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 40. &#8220;Pump performance problems&#8221; from Castle Pumps is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 41. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pentair.com\/en-us\/flow\/myers\/myers-products\/myers-residential-water-supply-pumps\/myers-jet-pumps\/myers-hj-series-convertible-jet-pumps.html\">Convertible jet pump performance data (Courtesy of Pentair Myers)<\/a>&#8221; from Pentair Myers is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 42. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-B.pdf\">Submersible pump performance curve (Courtesy of Grundfos)<\/a>&#8221; from Grundfos\u00a0is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 43. &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/464\/2024\/07\/appendix-B.pdf\">Submersible pump selection chart (Courtesy of Grundfos)<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0from Grundfos\u00a0is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 44. &#8220;Sizing software parameter selection screen shot&#8221;\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos&#8217; online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 45. &#8220;Pump matches screen shot&#8221;\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos&#8217; online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 46. &#8220;Software performance curve&#8221;\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos&#8217; online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 47. &#8220;Constant Pressure parameter section screen shot&#8221;\u00a0from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos&#8217; online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 48. &#8220;Constant pressure pump performance curve&#8221;from <a href=\"https:\/\/product-selection.grundfos.com\/ca\">the Grundfos&#8217; online sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<li>Figure 49. &#8220;Drawdown volume&#8221; by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a <a style=\"orphans: 1; text-align: initial; font-size: 14pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\"><span class=\"s1\">CC BY-NC-SA licence<\/span><\/a><span style=\"orphans: 1; text-align: initial; font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Figure 51. &#8220;Tank sizing software screen shot&#8221; from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amtrol.com\/resources-rewards\/selection-tools\/\">Amtrol&#8217;s online well tank sizing software<\/a>. It is being used under the basis of fair dealing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Image descriptions<\/h1>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48472943 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48472943 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 4\"><strong><a id=\"c1fig41_desc\"><\/a>Figure 41. &#8220;Convertible jet pump performance data (Courtesy of Pentair Myers)&#8221; image description:<\/strong> A table of ordering information for shallow wells. The table has been split into three separate tables for this description.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 90px;\">\n<caption>Catalog number: HJ50S, HP: \u00bd, Shut-off PSI: 65<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Discharge pressure in pounds<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 5 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 15 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 20 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">14.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">11.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">14.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">11.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">5.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">3.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\">\n<caption>Catalog number: HJ75S, HP: \u00be, Shut-off PSI: 69<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Discharge pressure in pounds<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 5 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 15 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 20 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">23.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">17.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">10.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">23.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">17.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">10.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">19.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">16.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">10.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 20.1535%; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3288%; height: 18px;\">12.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.1736%; height: 18px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.3441%; height: 18px;\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; height: 90px;\">\n<caption>Catalog number: HJ100S, HP: 1, Shut-off PSI: 67<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Discharge pressure in pounds<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 5 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 15 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\" scope=\"colgroup\">Capacity of 20 U.S. Gallons per Minute<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">27.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">21<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">27.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">21<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">27.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">21<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 202.359px; height: 18px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.297px; height: 18px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 278.453px; height: 18px;\">15.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 269.516px; height: 18px;\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#c1fig41\"><em>[Return to Figure 41]<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"Select and Size Water Supply Pressure Systems","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-77","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":395,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/revisions\/395"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/plumbing4c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}