{"id":6467,"date":"2016-11-02T15:03:33","date_gmt":"2016-11-02T15:03:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/preconfederation\/?post_type=chapter&p=6467"},"modified":"2016-11-02T15:03:33","modified_gmt":"2016-11-02T15:03:33","slug":"6-7-triangular-trade","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/preconfederation\/chapter\/6-7-triangular-trade\/","title":{"raw":"6.7 Triangular Trade","rendered":"6.7 Triangular Trade"},"content":{"raw":"

[caption id=\"attachment_1779\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"A<\/a> Figure 6.3 Triangular trade is often represented in this manner, but it was more complicated and often reversed direction.[\/caption]\n\nBoth the French and the English colonies\u00a0participated in what came to be known as\u00a0triangular trade. This involved sending\u00a0goods by sailing ships from Europe to Africa, buying slaves who were then transported\u00a0across the Atlantic to the plantation colonies of the West Indies, loading up on products like sugar and tobacco, taking those north to the North American colonies\u00a0where some trade took place before heading on home to Europe. This, at least, was the general idea behind the model of trade developed under the mercantilist system that dominated in all of the colonies. Certainly seaborne trade in these centuries depended entirely on trade winds that circulated the Atlantic in this clockwise direction.\n\nThe trade winds that blew from Africa to the Caribbean made the Middle Passage<\/a> of the slave trade a possibility. The Gulf Stream<\/strong> that runs from the Caribbean along the east coast of North America and curves along Nova Scotia's southern flank and over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland was\u00a0critically important to the economy\u00a0of the region. It made the movement of goods like sugar and molasses from West Indian plantation colonies to distillers in ports like Boston and St. John's a possibility. The predictability of shipping routes also made piracy on the east coast an attractive prospect. The Gulf Stream, too, ensured warm ocean waters and contributed significantly to the health of the fisheries in the region.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_1799\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"208\"]\"""\"<\/a> Figure 6.4 Cutaway diagram of an Atlantic slave ship, ca. 1790. Accounts of the middle passage describe closely packed human cargo shackled in place in conditions that were traumatizing if not fatal.[\/caption]\n\nIn practice, the triangular trade was almost always foreshortened. Ships suitable for\u00a0carrying humans packed together for the lethal Middle Passage were not built to carry cash crops as well. Instead of cycling north they would work their way south of the equator where the winds would take them back to Africa for more human cargo. Similarly, fishing and whaling vessels such as those that formed the Portuguese and Basque fleets were able to strike out across the Atlantic from the Azores and head straight to the Grand Banks, cruising back to Europe along the Gulf Stream. English colonial traders tacked against the prevailing winds to the West Indies where they traded timbers and textiles into a market that was meant to be fully controlled by merchants in England.[footnote]Kenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). [\/footnote]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_1763\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"A<\/a> Figure 6.5 The Gulf of St. Lawrence, showing Basque fisheries from the 16th to 18th centuries.[\/caption]\n\nAcadians similarly bucked the currents to reach New England ports where they had trade contacts and even political allies. The broadest pattern of trade, however, and certainly the flow of capital that made the colonial system function as it did, adhered to the triangular pattern -- even if the individual ship\u2019s captains did not. Colonial success was often determined by geography:\u00a0stopping points along these major routes significantly affected economies. Wealth and influence accumulated fastest\u00a0in the African kingdoms along the Bight of Benin, on the largest and most easily reached Caribbean islands, in spacious and safe ports like New York, Providence, Boston, Halifax, and St. John\u2019s, and in protected European centres of merchant power like Bristol, Liverpool, Nantes, Honfleur, and St. Malo. Isolation from this important corridor largely explains the decline of England\u2019s east coast port cities (like Norwich) and the relatively slow growth of\u00a0the economy of the St. Lawrence (as well as that of \u00cele Saint-Jean). The French colonies in Canada did, however, have another asset, which is explored in the next chapter.\n<\/p>

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Key Points<\/h2>\n