{"id":239,"date":"2015-03-12T19:52:31","date_gmt":"2015-03-12T23:52:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/chapter\/10-2-steps-in-the-marketing-research-process\/"},"modified":"2023-01-13T12:57:36","modified_gmt":"2023-01-13T17:57:36","slug":"steps-in-the-marketing-research-process","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/chapter\/steps-in-the-marketing-research-process\/","title":{"raw":"10.2 Steps in the Marketing Research Process","rendered":"10.2 Steps in the Marketing Research Process"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objective<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Describe the basic steps in the marketing research process and the purpose of each step.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The basic steps used to conduct marketing research are shown in Figure 10.6 \"Steps in the Marketing Research Process\". Next, we discuss each step.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"272\"]<img style=\"max-width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/accessibilitytoolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2015\/03\/bba4238ef3bc80162c9f40d729b27133.jpg\" alt=\"Steps in the Marketing Research Process.\" width=\"272\" height=\"604\" \/> Figure 10.6: Steps in the Marketing Research Process[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Step 1: Define the Problem (or Opportunity)<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">There\u2019s a saying in marketing research that a problem half defined is a problem half solved. Defining the \u201cproblem\u201d of the research sounds simple, doesn\u2019t it? Suppose your product is tutoring other students in a subject you\u2019re a whiz at. You have been tutoring for a while, and people have begun to realize you\u2019re darned good at it. Then, suddenly, your business drops off. Or it explodes, and you can\u2019t cope with the number of students you\u2019re being asked help. If the business has exploded, should you try to expand your services? Perhaps you should subcontract with some other \u201cwhiz\u201d students. You would send them students to be tutored, and they would give you a cut of their pay for each student you referred to them.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Both of these scenarios would be a problem for you, wouldn\u2019t they? They are problems insofar as they cause you headaches. But are they really <em class=\"emphasis\">the<\/em> problem? Or are they the symptoms of something bigger? For example, maybe your business has dropped off because your school is experiencing financial trouble and has lowered the number of scholarships given to incoming freshmen. Consequently, there are fewer total students on campus who need your services. Conversely, if you\u2019re swamped with people who want you to tutor them, perhaps your school awarded more scholarships than usual, so there are a greater number of students who need your services. Alternately, perhaps you ran an ad in your school\u2019s college newspaper, and that led to the influx of students wanting you to tutor them.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Businesses are in the same boat you are as a tutor. They take a look at symptoms and try to drill down to the potential causes. If you approach a marketing research company with either scenario\u2014either too much or too little business\u2014the firm will seek more information from you such as the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>In what semester(s) did your tutoring revenues fall (or rise)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In what subject areas did your tutoring revenues fall (or rise)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In what sales channels did revenues fall (or rise): Were there fewer (or more) referrals from professors or other students? Did the ad you ran result in fewer (or more) referrals this month than in the past months?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Among what demographic groups did your revenues fall (or rise)\u2014women or men, people with certain majors, or first-year, second-, third-, or fourth-year students?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">The key is to look at all potential causes so as to narrow the parameters of the study to the information you actually need to make a good decision about how to fix your business if revenues have dropped or whether or not to expand it if your revenues have exploded.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The next task for the researcher is to put into writing the research objective. The research objective is the goal(s) the research is supposed to accomplish. The marketing research objective for your tutoring business might read as follows:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">To survey college professors who teach 100- and 200-level math courses to determine why the number of students referred for tutoring dropped in the second semester.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">This is admittedly a simple example designed to help you understand the basic concept. If you take a marketing research course, you will learn that research objectives get a lot more complicated than this. The following is an example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"para editable block\"><span id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_bl01\">To gather information from a sample representative of the U.S. population among those who are \u2018very likely\u2019 to purchase an automobile within the next 6 months, which assesses preferences (measured on a 1\u20135 scale ranging from \u2018very likely to buy\u2019 to \u2018not likely at all to buy\u2019) for the model diesel at three different price levels. Such data would serve as input into a forecasting model that would forecast unit sales, by geographic regions of the country, for each combination of the model\u2019s different prices and fuel configurations (Burns &amp; Bush, 2010).\u201d<\/span><span id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_bl01\" class=\"blockquote block\">\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">Now do you understand why defining the problem is complicated and half the battle? Many a marketing research effort is doomed from the start because the problem was improperly defined. Coke\u2019s ill-fated decision to change the formula of Coca-Cola in 1985 is a case in point: Pepsi had been creeping up on Coke in terms of market share over the years as well as running a successful promotional campaign called the \u201cPepsi Challenge,\u201d in which consumers were encouraged to do a blind taste test to see if they agreed that Pepsi was better. Coke spent four years researching \u201cthe problem.\u201d Indeed, people seemed to like the taste of Pepsi better in blind taste tests. Thus, the formula for Coke was changed. But the outcry among the public was so great that the new formula didn\u2019t last long\u2014a matter of months\u2014before the old formula was reinstated. Some marketing experts believe Coke incorrectly defined the problem as \u201cHow can we beat Pepsi in taste tests?\u201d instead of \u201cHow can we gain market share against Pepsi?\u201d (Burns &amp; Bush, 2010)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"video editable block\">\r\n\r\nWatch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W6t7deaplgY\">The 1985 launch of New Coke (4 minutes)<\/a>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W6t7deaplgY[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"video editable block\">\r\n\r\nThis video shows how Pepsi tried to capitalize on the blunder.\r\n\r\nWatch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8_hvOBnsirI\">1985 Pepsi commercial- \"They changed my Coke\" (29 seconds)<\/a>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8_hvOBnsirI[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Step 2: Design the Research<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The next step in the marketing research process is to do a research design. The research design is your \u201cplan of attack.\u201d It outlines what data you are going to gather and from whom, how and when you will collect the data, and how you will analyze it once it\u2019s been obtained. Let\u2019s look at the data you\u2019re going to gather first.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">There are two basic types of data you can gather. The first is primary data. Primary data is information you collect yourself, using hands-on tools such as interviews or surveys, specifically for the research project you\u2019re conducting. Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else, or data you have already collected for another purpose. Collecting primary data is more time-consuming, work-intensive, and expensive than collecting secondary data. Consequently, you should always try to collect secondary data first to solve your research problem, if you can. A great deal of research on a wide variety of topics already exists. If this research contains the answer to your question, there is no need for you to replicate it. Why reinvent the wheel?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Sources of Secondary Data<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Your company\u2019s internal records are a source of secondary data. So are any data you collect as part of your marketing intelligence-gathering efforts. You can also purchase syndicated research. Syndicated research is primary data that marketing research firms collect on a regular basis and sell to other companies. J.D. Power &amp; Associates is a provider of syndicated research. The company conducts independent, unbiased surveys of customer satisfaction, product quality, and buyer behaviour for various industries. The company is best known for its research in the automobile sector. One of the best-known sellers of syndicated research is the Nielsen Company, which produces the Nielsen ratings. The Nielsen ratings measure the size of television, radio, and newspaper audiences in various markets. You have probably read or heard about TV shows that get the highest (Nielsen) ratings. (Arbitron does the same thing for radio ratings.) Nielsen, along with its main competitor, Information Resources, Inc. (IRI), also sells businesses scanner-based research. Scanner-based research is information collected by scanners at checkout stands in stores. Each week Nielsen and IRI collect information on the millions of purchases made at stores. The companies then compile the information and sell it to firms in various industries that subscribe to their services. The Nielsen Company has also recently teamed up with Facebook to collect marketing research information. Via Facebook, users will see surveys in some of the spaces in which they used to see online ads (Rappeport, Gelles, 2009).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">By contrast, MarketResearch.com is an example of a marketing research aggregator. A marketing research aggregator is a marketing research company that doesn\u2019t conduct its own research and sell it. Instead, it buys research reports from other marketing research companies and then sells the reports in their entirety or in pieces to other firms. Check out MarketResearch.com\u2019s Web site. As you will see there are a huge number of studies in every category imaginable that you can buy for relatively small amounts of money.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"423\"]<img style=\"max-width: 497px;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/accessibilitytoolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/b52ad82cd6baf573dcc23c5d8bb6cb13.jpg\" alt=\"A screen shot of Market Research's website\" width=\"423\" height=\"446\" \/> Figure 10.7: Market research aggregators buy research reports from other marketing research companies and then resell them in part or in whole to other companies so they don\u2019t have to gather primary data. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marketresearch.com.\">Market Research.com<\/a> is one such site.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Your local library is a good place to gather free secondary data. It has searchable databases as well as handbooks, dictionaries, and books, some of which you can access online. Government agencies also collect and report information on demographics, economic and employment data, health information, and balance-of-trade statistics, among a lot of other information. The U.S. Census Bureau collects census data every ten years to gather information about who lives where. Basic demographic information about sex, age, race, and types of housing in which people live in each U.S. state, metropolitan area, and rural area is gathered so that population shifts can be tracked for various purposes, including determining the number of legislators each state should have in the U.S. House of Representatives. For the U.S. government, this is primary data. For marketing managers, it is an important source of secondary data.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">The Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan also conducts periodic surveys and publishes information about trends in the United States. One research study the center continually conducts is called the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100921144324\/http:\/\/www.isr.umich.edu\/home\/news\/research-update\/2007-01.pdf\">Changing Lives of American Families\u201d [PDF]<\/a>. This is important research data for marketing managers monitoring consumer trends in the marketplace. The World Bank and the United Nations are two international organizations that collect a great deal of information. Their websites contain many free research studies and data related to global markets.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para editable block\">Here are some examples of primary and secondary data sources:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Primary data sources\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Interviews<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Surveys<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Secondary data sources\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Census data<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Websites<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pulications<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trade associations<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Syndicated research and market aggregators<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Gauging the Quality of Secondary Data<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When you are gathering secondary information, it\u2019s always good to be a little skeptical of it. Sometimes studies are commissioned to produce the result a client wants to hear\u2014or wants the public to hear. For example, throughout the twentieth century, numerous studies found that smoking was good for people\u2019s health. The problem was the studies were commissioned by the tobacco industry. Web research can also pose certain hazards. There are many biased sites that try to fool people that they are providing good data. Often the data is favourable to the products they are trying to sell. Beware of product reviews as well. Unscrupulous sellers sometimes get online and create bogus ratings for products. See below for questions you can ask to help gauge the credibility of secondary information.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Gauging the Credibility of Secondary Data: Questions to Ask<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Who gathered this information?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For what purpose?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What does the person or organization that gathered the information have to gain by doing so?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Was the information gathered and reported in a systematic manner?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is the source of the information accepted as an authority by other experts in the field?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does the article provide objective evidence to support the position presented?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Types of Research Design<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03\" class=\"section\">\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Now let\u2019s look specifically at the types of research designs that are utilized. By understanding different types of research designs, a researcher can solve a client\u2019s problems more quickly and efficiently without jumping through more hoops than necessary. Research designs fall into one of the following three categories:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Exploratory research design<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Descriptive research design<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Causal research design (experiments)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">An exploratory research design is useful when you are initially investigating a problem but you haven\u2019t defined it well enough to do an in-depth study of it. Perhaps via your regular market intelligence, you have spotted what appears to be a new opportunity in the marketplace. You would then do exploratory research to investigate it further and \u201cget your feet wet,\u201d as the saying goes. Exploratory research is less structured than other types of research, and secondary data is often utilized.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"e252.fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p14\" class=\"para editable block\">One form of exploratory research is qualitative research. Qualitative research is any form of research that includes gathering data that is not quantitative, and often involves exploring questions such as <em class=\"emphasis\">why<\/em> as much as <em class=\"emphasis\">what<\/em> or <em class=\"emphasis\">how much<\/em>. Different forms, such as depth interviews and focus group interviews, are common in marketing research.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The depth interview\u2014engaging in detailed, one-on-one, question-and-answer sessions with potential buyers\u2014is an exploratory research technique. However, unlike surveys, the people being interviewed aren\u2019t asked a series of standard questions. Instead, the interviewer is armed with some general topics and asks questions that are open-ended, meaning that they allow the interviewee to elaborate. \u201cHow did you feel about the product after you purchased it?\u201d is an example of a question that might be asked. A depth interview also allows a researcher to ask logical follow-up questions such as \u201cCan you tell me what you mean when you say you felt uncomfortable using the service?\u201d or \u201cCan you give me some examples?\u201d to help dig further and shed additional light on the research problem. Depth interviews can be conducted in person or over the phone. The interviewer either takes notes or records the interview.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Focus groups and case studies are often utilized for exploratory research as well. A focus group is a group of potential buyers who are brought together to discuss a marketing research topic with one another. A moderator is used to focus the discussion, the sessions are recorded, and the main points of consensus are later summarized by the market researcher. Textbook publishers often gather groups of professors at educational conferences to participate in focus groups. However, focus groups can also be conducted on the telephone, in online chat rooms, or both, using meeting software like WebEx. The basic steps of conducting a focus group are outlined below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>The Basic Steps of Conducting a Focus Group<\/h3>\r\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_l02\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Establish the objectives of the focus group. What is its purpose?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the people who will participate in the focus group. What makes them qualified to participate? How many of them will you need and what they will be paid?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Obtain contact information for the participants and send out invitations (usually e-mails are most efficient).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Develop a list of questions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose a facilitator.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose a location in which to hold the focus group and the method by which it will be recorded.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Conduct the focus group. If the focus group is not conducted electronically, include name tags for the participants, pens and notepads, any materials the participants need to see, and refreshments. Record participants\u2019 responses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Summarize the notes from the focus group and write a report for management.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA case study looks at how another company solved the problem that\u2019s being researched. Sometimes multiple cases, or companies, are used in a study. Case studies nonetheless have a mixed reputation. Some researchers believe it\u2019s hard to generalize or apply, the results of a case study to other companies. Nonetheless, collecting information about companies that encountered the same problems your firm is facing can give you a certain amount of insight about what direction you should take. In fact, one way to begin a research project is to carefully study a successful product or service.\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Two other types of qualitative data used for exploratory research are ethnographies and projective techniques. In an ethnography, researchers interview, observe, and often videotape people while they work, live, shop, and play. The Walt Disney Company has recently begun using ethnographers to uncover the likes and dislikes of boys aged six to fourteen, a financially attractive market segment for Disney, but one in which the company has been losing market share. The ethnographers visit the homes of boys, observe the things they have in their rooms to get a sense of their hobbies and accompany them and their mothers when they shop to see where they go, what the boys are interested in, and what they ultimately buy. (The children get seventy-five dollars out of the deal, incidentally.) (Barnes, 2009)<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Projective techniques are used to reveal information research respondents might not reveal by being asked directly. Asking a person to complete sentences such as the following is one technique:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p08\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">People who buy Coach handbags<\/em> __________.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">(Will they reply with \u201care cool,\u201d \u201care affluent,\u201d or \u201care pretentious,\u201d for example?)<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p10\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">KFC\u2019s grilled chicken is<\/em> ______.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p11\" class=\"para editable block\">Or the person might be asked to finish a story that presents a certain scenario. Word associations are also used to discern people\u2019s underlying attitudes toward goods and services. Using a word-association technique, a market researcher asks a person to say or write the first word that comes to his or her mind in response to another word. If the initial word is \u201cfast food,\u201d what word does the person associate it with or respond with? Is it \u201cMcDonald\u2019s\u201d? If many people reply that way, and you\u2019re conducting research for Burger King, that could indicate Burger King has a problem. However, if the research is being conducted for Wendy\u2019s, which recently began running an advertising campaign to the effect that Wendy\u2019s offerings are \u201cbetter than fast food,\u201d it could indicate that the campaign is working.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p12\" class=\"para editable block\">Completing cartoons is yet another type of projective technique. It\u2019s similar to finishing a sentence or story, only with pictures. People are asked to look at a cartoon such as the one shown in Figure 10.8 \"Example of a Cartoon-Completion Projective Technique\". One of the characters in the picture will have made a statement, and the person is asked to fill in the empty cartoon \u201cbubble\u201d with how they think the second character will respond.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_f01\" class=\"figure large medium-height editable block\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"340\"]<img style=\"max-width: 397px;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/accessibilitytoolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/5d237fe2b931ece0dadb9b2b8c1432a6.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon of a man shaking a woman's hand saying, &quot;Thanks for doing business with us today. Is there a way we can better serve you in the future?&quot;\" width=\"340\" height=\"298\" \/> Figure 10.8: Example of a Cartoon-Completion Projective Technique[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p13\" class=\"para editable block\">In some cases, your research might end with exploratory research. Perhaps you have discovered your organization lacks the resources needed to produce the product. In other cases, you might decide you need more in-depth, quantitative research such as descriptive research or causal research, which are discussed next. Most marketing research professionals advise using both types of research if it\u2019s feasible. On the one hand, the qualitative-type research used in exploratory research is often considered too \u201clightweight.\u201d Remember earlier in the chapter when we discussed telephone answering machines and the hit TV sitcom <em class=\"emphasis\">Seinfeld<\/em>? Both product ideas were initially rejected by focus groups. On the other hand, relying solely on quantitative information often results in market research that lacks ideas.<\/p>\r\nWatch the video to see a funny spoof on the usefulness\u2014or lack of usefulness\u2014of focus groups.\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_n02\" class=\"video editable block\">\r\n\r\nWatch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OORnMYoWX9c\">Stone and stone wheel (2 minutes)<\/a>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OORnMYoWX9c[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Descriptive Research<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Anything that can be observed and counted falls into the category of descriptive research design. A study using a descriptive research design involves gathering hard numbers, often via surveys, to describe or measure a phenomenon so as to answer the questions of <em class=\"emphasis\">who<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">what<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">where<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">when<\/em>, and <em class=\"emphasis\">how<\/em>. \u201cOn a scale of 1\u20135, how satisfied were you with your service?\u201d is a question that illustrates the information a descriptive research design is supposed to capture.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Physiological measurements also fall into the category of descriptive design. Physiological measurements measure people\u2019s involuntary physical responses to marketing stimuli, such as an advertisement. Elsewhere, we explained that researchers have gone so far as to scan the brains of consumers to see what they <em class=\"emphasis\">really<\/em> think about products versus what they say about them. Eye tracking is another cutting-edge type of physiological measurement. It involves recording the movements of a person\u2019s eyes when they look at some sort of stimulus, such as a banner ad or a Web page. The Walt Disney Company has a research facility in Austin, Texas, that it uses to take physical measurements of viewers when they see Disney programs and advertisements. The facility measures three types of responses: people\u2019s heart rates, skin changes, and eye movements (eye tracking) (Spangler, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_236\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-236 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A pair of google glasses.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> Figure 10.9: A woman shows off her headgear for an eye-tracking study. The gear\u2019s not exactly a fashion statement but ...[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">A strictly descriptive research design instrument\u2014a survey, for example\u2014can tell you how satisfied your customers are. It can\u2019t, however, tell you why. Nor can an eye-tracking study tell you <em class=\"emphasis\">why<\/em> people\u2019s eyes tend to dwell on certain types of banner ads\u2014only that they do. To answer \u201cwhy\u201d questions an exploratory research design or causal research design is needed (Wagner, 2007).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Causal Research<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Causal research design examines cause-and-effect relationships. Using a causal research design allows researchers to answer \u201cwhat if\u201d types of questions. In other words, if a firm changes <em class=\"emphasis\">X<\/em> (say, a product\u2019s price, design, placement, or advertising), what will happen to <em class=\"emphasis\">Y<\/em> (say, sales or customer loyalty)? To conduct causal research, the researcher designs an experiment that \u201ccontrols,\u201d or holds constant, all of a product\u2019s marketing elements except one (or using advanced techniques of research, a few elements can be studied at the same time). The one variable is changed, and the effect is then measured. Sometimes the experiments are conducted in a laboratory using a simulated setting designed to replicate the conditions buyers would experience. Or the experiments may be conducted in a virtual computer setting.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">You might think setting up an experiment in a virtual world such as the online game Second Life would be a viable way to conduct controlled marketing research. Some companies have tried to use Second Life for this purpose, but the results have been somewhat mixed as to whether or not it is a good medium for marketing research. The German marketing research firm Komjuniti was one of the first \u201creal-world\u201d companies to set up an \u201cisland\u201d in Second Life upon which it could conduct marketing research. However, with so many other attractive fantasy islands in which to play, the company found it difficult to get Second Life residents, or players, to voluntarily visit the island and stay long enough so meaningful research could be conducted. (Plus, the \u201cresidents,\u201d or players, in Second Life have been known to protest corporations invading their world. When the German firm Komjuniti created an island in Second Life to conduct marketing research, the residents showed up waving signs and threatening to boycott the island.) (Wagner, 2007)<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Why is being able to control the setting so important? Let\u2019s say you are an American flag manufacturer and you are working with Walmart to conduct an experiment to see where in its stores American flags should be placed so as to increase their sales. Then the terrorist attacks of 9\/11 occur. In the days afterward, sales skyrocketed\u2014people bought flags no matter where they were displayed. Obviously, the terrorist attacks in the United States would have skewed the experiment\u2019s data.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">An experiment conducted in a natural setting such as a store is referred to as a field experiment. Companies sometimes do field experiments either because it is more convenient or because they want to see if buyers will behave the same way in the \u201creal world\u201d as in a laboratory or on a computer. The place the experiment is conducted or the demographic group of people the experiment is administered to is considered the test market. Before a large company rolls out a product to the entire marketplace, it will often place the offering in a test market to see how well it will be received. For example, to compete with MillerCoors\u2019 sixty-four-calorie beer MGD 64, Anheuser-Busch recently began testing its Select 55 beer in certain cities around the country (McWilliams, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_237\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-237 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Beer in a glass.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> Figure 10.10: Select 55 beer: Coming soon to a test market near you? (If you\u2019re on a diet, you have to hope so!)[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">Many companies use experiments to test all of their marketing communications. For example, the online discount retailer O.co (formerly called Overstock.com) carefully tests all of its marketing offers and tracks the results of each one. One study the company conducted combined twenty-six different variables related to offers e-mailed to several thousand customers. The study resulted in a decision to send a group of e-mails to different segments. The company then tracked the results of the sales generated to see if they were in line with the earlier experiment it had conducted that led it to make the offer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Step 3: Design the Data-Collection Forms<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If the behavior of buyers is being formally observed, and a number of different researchers are conducting observations, the data obviously need to be recorded on a standardized data-collection form that\u2019s either paper or electronic. Otherwise, the data collected will not be comparable. The items on the form could include a shopper\u2019s sex; his or her approximate age; whether the person seemed hurried, moderately hurried, or unhurried; and whether or not he or she read the label on products, used coupons, and so forth.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The same is true when it comes to surveying people with questionnaires. Surveying people is one of the most commonly used techniques to collect quantitative data. Surveys are popular because they can be easily administered to large numbers of people fairly quickly. However, to produce the best results, the questionnaire for the survey needs to be carefully designed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Questionnaire Design<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Most questionnaires follow a similar format: They begin with an introduction describing what the study is for, followed by instructions for completing the questionnaire and, if necessary, returning it to the market researcher. The first few questions that appear on the questionnaire are usually basic, warm-up type of questions the respondent can readily answer, such as the respondent\u2019s age, level of education, place of residence, and so forth. The warm-up questions are then followed by a logical progression of more detailed, in-depth questions that get to the heart of the question being researched. Lastly, the questionnaire wraps up with a statement that thanks the respondent for participating in the survey and information and explains when and how they will be paid for participating.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">How the questions themselves are worded is extremely important. It\u2019s human nature for respondents to want to provide the \u201ccorrect\u201d answers to the person administering the survey, so as to seem agreeable. Therefore, there is always a hazard that people will try to tell you what you want to hear on a survey. Consequently, care needs to be taken that the survey questions are written in an unbiased, neutral way. In other words, they shouldn\u2019t lead a person taking the questionnaire to answer a question one way or another by virtue of the way you have worded it. The following is an example of a leading question.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Don\u2019t you agree that teachers should be paid more<\/em>?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">The questions also need to be clear and unambiguous. Consider the following question:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Which brand of toothpaste do you use<\/em>?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">The question sounds clear enough, but is it really? What if the respondent recently switched brands? What if she uses Crest at home, but while away from home or travelling, she uses Colgate\u2019s Wisp portable toothpaste-and-brush product? How will the respondent answer the question? Rewording the question as follows so it\u2019s more specific will help make the question clearer:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p07\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Which brand of toothpaste have you used at home in the past six months? If you have used more than one brand, please list each of them<\/em>.[footnote]\u201cQuestionnaire Design,\u201d QuickMBA, http:\/\/www.quickmba.com\/marketing\/research\/qdesign (accessed December 14, 2009).[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p08\" class=\"para editable block\">Sensitive questions have to be asked carefully. For example, asking a respondent, \u201cDo you consider yourself a light, moderate, or heavy drinker?\u201d can be tricky. Few people want to admit to being heavy drinkers. You can \u201csoften\u201d the question by including a range of answers, as the following example shows:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p09\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">How many alcoholic beverages do you consume in a week<\/em>?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>__0-5 alcoholic beverages<\/li>\r\n \t<li>__5-10 alcoholic beverages<\/li>\r\n \t<li>__10-15 alcoholic beverages<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p10\" class=\"para editable block\">Many people don\u2019t like to answer questions about their income levels. Asking them to specify income ranges rather than divulge their actual incomes can help.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p11\" class=\"para editable block\">Other research questions \u201cdon\u2019ts\u201d include using jargon and acronyms that could confuse people. \u201cHow often do you IM?\u201d is an example. Also, don\u2019t muddy the waters by asking two questions in the same question, something researchers refer to as a double-barreled question. \u201cDo you think parents should spend more time with their children and\/or their teachers?\u201d is an example of a double-barreled question.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p12\" class=\"para editable block\">Open-ended questions, or questions that ask respondents to elaborate, can be included. However, they are harder to tabulate than closed-ended questions, or questions that limit a respondent\u2019s answers. Multiple-choice and yes-and-no questions are examples of closed-ended questions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Testing the Questionnaire<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">You have probably heard the phrase \u201cgarbage in, garbage out.\u201d If the questions are bad, the information gathered will be bad, too. One way to make sure you don\u2019t end up with garbage is to test the questionnaire before sending it out to find out if there are any problems with it. Is there enough space for people to elaborate on open-ended questions? Is the font readable? To test the questionnaire, marketing research professionals first administer it to a number of respondents face to face. This gives the respondents the chance to ask the researcher about questions or instructions that are unclear or don\u2019t make sense to them. The researcher then administers the questionnaire to a small subset of respondents in the actual way the survey is going to be disseminated, whether it\u2019s delivered via phone, in person, by mail, or online.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Getting people to participate and complete questionnaires can be difficult. If the questionnaire is too long or hard to read, many people won\u2019t complete it. So, by all means, eliminate any questions that aren\u2019t necessary. Of course, including some sort of monetary incentive for completing the survey can increase the number of completed questionnaires a market researcher will receive.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Step 4: Specify the Sample<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Once you have created your questionnaire or other marketing study, how do you figure out who should participate in it? Obviously, you can\u2019t survey or observe all potential buyers in the marketplace. Instead, you must choose a sample. A sample is a subset of potential buyers that are representative of your <em class=\"emphasis\">entire<\/em> target market, or population being studied. Sometimes market researchers refer to the population as the <em class=\"emphasis\">universe<\/em> to reflect the fact that it includes the entire target market, whether it consists of a million people, a hundred thousand, a few hundred, or a dozen. \u201cAll unmarried people over the age of eighteen who purchased Dirt Devil steam cleaners in the United States during 2011\u201d is an example of a population that has been defined.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Obviously, the population has to be defined correctly. Otherwise, you will be studying the wrong group of people. Not defining the population correctly can result in flawed research or sampling error. A sampling error is any type of marketing research mistake that results because a sample was utilized. One criticism of Internet surveys is that the people who take these surveys don\u2019t really represent the overall population. On average, Internet survey takers tend to be more educated and tech-savvy. Consequently, if they solely constitute your population, even if you screen them for certain criteria, the data you collect could end up being skewed.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The next step is to put together the sampling frame, which is the list from which the sample is drawn. The sampling frame can be put together using a directory, customer list, or membership roster (Wrenn et. al., 2007). Keep in mind that the sampling frame won\u2019t <em class=\"emphasis\">perfectly<\/em> match the population. Some people will be included on the list who shouldn\u2019t be. Other people who should be included will be inadvertently omitted. It\u2019s no different than if you were to conduct a survey of, say, 25 percent of your friends, using friends\u2019 names you have in your cell phone. Most of your friends\u2019 names are likely to be programmed into your phone, but not all of them. As a result, a certain degree of sampling error always occurs.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">There are two main categories of samples in terms of how they are drawn: probability samples and nonprobability samples. A probability sample is one in which each would-be participant has a known and equal chance of being selected. The chance is known because the total number of people in the sampling frame is known. For example, if every other person from the sampling frame were chosen, each person would have a 50 percent chance of being selected.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">A nonprobability sample is any type of sample that\u2019s not drawn in a systematic way. So the chances of each would-be participant being selected can\u2019t be known. A convenience sample is one type of nonprobability sample. It is a sample a researcher draws because it\u2019s readily available and convenient to do so. Surveying people on the street as they pass by is an example of a convenience sample. The question is, are these people representative of the target market?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">For example, suppose a grocery store needed to quickly conduct some research on shoppers to get ready for an upcoming promotion. Now suppose that the researcher assigned to the project showed up between the hours of 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. on a weekday and surveyed as many shoppers as possible. The problem is that the shoppers wouldn\u2019t be representative of the store\u2019s entire target market. What about commuters who stop at the store before and after work? Their views wouldn\u2019t be represented. Neither would people who work the night shift or shop at odd hours. As a result, there would be a lot of room for sampling error in this study. For this reason, studies that use nonprobability samples aren\u2019t considered as accurate as studies that use probability samples. Nonprobability samples are more often used in exploratory research.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Lastly, the size of the sample has an effect on the amount of sampling error. Larger samples generally produce more accurate results. The larger your sample is, the more data you will have, which will give you a more complete picture of what you\u2019re studying. However, the more people surveyed or studied, the more costly the research becomes.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p08\" class=\"para editable block\">Statistics can be used to determine a sample\u2019s optimal size. If you take a marketing research or statistics class, you will learn more about how to determine the optimal size.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">Of course, if you hire a marketing research company, much of this work will be taken care of for you. Many marketing research companies, like ResearchNow, maintain panels of prescreened people they draw upon for samples. In addition, the marketing research firm will be responsible for collecting the data or contracting with a company that specializes in data collection. Data collection is discussed next.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Step 5: Collect the Data<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">As we have explained, primary marketing research data can be gathered in a number of ways. Surveys, taking physical measurements, and observing people are just three of the ways we discussed. If you\u2019re observing customers as part of gathering the data, keep in mind that if shoppers are aware of the fact, it can have an effect on their behaviour. For example, if a customer shopping for feminine hygiene products in a supermarket aisle realizes she is being watched, she could become embarrassed and leave the aisle, which would adversely affect your data. To get around problems such as these, some companies set up cameras or two-way mirrors to observe customers. Organizations also hire mystery shoppers to work around the problem. A mystery shopper is someone who is paid to shop at a firm\u2019s establishment or one of its competitors to observe the level of service, cleanliness of the facility, and so forth, and report his or her findings to the firm.<\/p>\r\nWatch the YouTube video to get an idea of how mystery shopping works.\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_n01\" class=\"video editable block\">\r\n\r\nWatch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Rsth2qvWFfw\">Make Extra Money As a Mystery Shopper (3 minutes)<\/a>\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Rsth2qvWFfw[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"para\"><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Survey data can be collected in many different ways and combinations of ways. The following are the basic methods used:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Face-to-face (can be computer aided)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Telephone (can be computer aided or completely automated)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mail and hand delivery<\/li>\r\n \t<li>E-mail and the Web<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">A face-to-face survey is, of course, administered by a person. The surveys are conducted in public places such as in shopping malls, on the street, or in people\u2019s homes if they have agreed to it. In years past, it was common for researchers in the United States to knock on people\u2019s doors to gather survey data. However, randomly collected door-to-door interviews are less common today, partly because people are afraid of crime and are reluctant to give information to strangers (McDaniel &amp; Gates, 1998).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Nonetheless, \u201cbeating the streets\u201d is still a legitimate way questionnaire data is collected. When the U.S. Census Bureau collects data on the nation\u2019s population, it hand delivers questionnaires to rural households that do not have street name and house-number addresses. And Census Bureau workers personally survey the homeless to collect information about their numbers. Face-to-face surveys are also commonly used in third-world countries to collect information from people who cannot read or lack phones and computers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">A plus of face-to-face surveys is that they allow researchers to ask lengthier, more complex questions because the people being surveyed can see and read the questionnaires. The same is true when a computer is utilized. For example, the researcher might ask the respondent to look at a list of ten retail stores and rank the stores from best to worst. The same question wouldn\u2019t work so well over the telephone because the person couldn\u2019t see the list. The question would have to be rewritten. Another drawback with telephone surveys is that even though federal and state \u201cdo not call\u201d laws generally don\u2019t prohibit companies from gathering survey information over the phone, people often screen such calls using answering machines and caller ID.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Probably the biggest drawback of both surveys conducted face-to-face and administered over the phone by a person is that they are labour-intensive and therefore costly. Mailing out questionnaires is costly, too, and the response rates can be rather low. Think about why that might be so: if you receive a questionnaire in the mail, it is easy to throw it in the trash; it\u2019s harder to tell a market researcher who approaches you on the street that you don\u2019t want to be interviewed.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">By contrast, gathering survey data collected by a computer, either over the telephone or on the Internet, can be very cost-effective and in some cases free. Like a face-to-face survey, an Internet survey can enable you to show buyers different visuals such as ads, pictures, and videos of products and their packaging. Web surveys are also fast, which is a major plus. Whereas face-to-face and mailed surveys often take weeks to collect, you can conduct a Web survey in a matter of days or even hours. And, of course, because the information is electronically gathered it can be automatically tabulated. You can also potentially reach a broader geographic group than you could if you had to personally interview people.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">Another plus for Web and computer surveys (and electronic phone surveys) is that there is less room for human error because the surveys are administered electronically. For instance, there\u2019s no risk that the interviewer will ask a question wrong or use a tone of voice that could mislead the respondents. Respondents are also likely to feel more comfortable inputting the information into a computer if a question is sensitive than they would divulging the information to another person face-to-face or over the phone. Given all of these advantages, it\u2019s not surprising that the Internet is quickly becoming the top way to collect primary data. However, like mail surveys, surveys sent to people over the Internet are easy to ignore.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p10\" class=\"para editable block\">Lastly, before the data collection process begins, the surveyors and observers need to be trained to look for the same things, ask questions the same way, and so forth. If they are using rankings or rating scales, they need to be \u201con the same page,\u201d so to speak, as to what constitutes a high ranking or a low ranking. As an analogy, you have probably had some teachers grade your college papers harder than others. The goal of training is to avoid a wide disparity between how different observers and interviewers record the data.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_238\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-238 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A sample satisfaction survey.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> Figure 10.11: Training people so they know what constitutes different ratings when they are collecting data will improve the quality of the information gathered in a marketing research study.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p11\" class=\"para editable block\">For example, if an observation form asks the observers to describe whether a shopper\u2019s behavior is hurried, moderately hurried, or unhurried, they should be given an idea of what defines each rating. Does it depend on how much time the person spends in the store or in the individual aisles? How fast they walk? In other words, the criteria and ratings need to be spelled out.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h2>Collecting International Marketing Research Data<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Gathering marketing research data in foreign countries poses special challenges. However, that doesn\u2019t stop firms from doing so. Marketing research companies are located all across the globe, in fact. Eight of the ten largest marketing research companies in the world are headquartered in the United States. However, five of these eight firms earn more of their revenues abroad than they do in the United States. There\u2019s a reason for this: many U.S. markets were saturated, or tapped out, long ago in terms of the amount that they can grow. Coke is an example. As you learned earlier in the book, most of the Coca-Cola Company\u2019s revenues are earned in markets abroad. To be sure, the United States is still a huge market when it comes to the revenues marketing research firms generate by conducting research in the country: in terms of their spending, American consumers fuel the world\u2019s economic engine. Still, emerging countries with growing middle classes, such as China, India, and Brazil, are hot new markets companies want to tap.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">What kind of challenges do firms face when trying to conduct marketing research abroad? As we explained, face-to-face surveys are commonly used in third world countries to collect information from people who cannot read or lack phones and computers. However, face-to-face surveys are also common in Europe, despite the fact that phones and computers are readily available. In-home surveys are also common in parts of Europe. By contrast, in some countries, including many Asian countries, it\u2019s considered taboo or rude to try to gather information from strangers either face-to-face or over the phone. In many Muslim countries, women are forbidden to talk to strangers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">And how do you figure out whom to research in foreign countries? That in itself is a problem. In the United States, researchers often ask if they can talk to the heads of households to conduct marketing research. But in countries in which domestic servants or employees are common, the heads of households aren\u2019t necessarily the principal shoppers; their domestic employees are (Malhotra).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Translating surveys is also an issue. Have you ever watched the TV comedians Jay Leno and David Letterman make fun of the English translations found on ethnic menus and products? Research tools such as surveys can suffer from the same problem. Hiring someone who is bilingual to translate a survey into another language can be a disaster if the person isn\u2019t a native speaker of the language to which the survey is being translated.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">One way companies try to deal with translation problems is by using back translation. When back translation is used, a native speaker translates the survey into the foreign language and then translates it back again to the original language to determine if there were gaps in meaning\u2014that is, if anything was lost in translation. And it\u2019s not just the language that\u2019s an issue. If the research involves any visual images, they, too, could be a point of confusion. Certain colors, shapes, and symbols can have negative connotations in other countries. For example, the color white represents purity in many Western cultures, but in China, it is the color of death and mourning (Zouhali-Worrall, 2008). Also, look back at the cartoon-completion exercise in Figure 10.8 \"Example of a Cartoon-Completion Projective Technique\". What would women in Muslim countries who aren\u2019t allowed to converse with male sellers think of it? Chances are, the cartoon wouldn\u2019t provide you with the information you\u2019re seeking if Muslim women in some countries were asked to complete it.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">One way marketing research companies are dealing with the complexities of global research is by merging with or acquiring marketing research companies abroad. The Nielsen Company is the largest marketing research company in the world. The firm operates in more than a hundred countries and employs more than forty thousand people. Many of its expansions have been the result of acquisitions and mergers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Step 6: Analyze the Data<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Step 6 involves analyzing the data to ensure it\u2019s as accurate as possible. If the research is collected by hand using a pen and pencil, it\u2019s entered into a computer. Or respondents might have already entered the information directly into a computer. For example, when Toyota goes to an event such as a car show, the automaker\u2019s marketing personnel ask would-be buyers to complete questionnaires directly on computers. Companies are also beginning to experiment with software that can be used to collect data using mobile phones.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Once all the data is collected, the researchers begin the data cleaning, which is the process of removing data that have accidentally been duplicated (entered twice into the computer) or correcting data that have obviously been recorded wrong. A program such as Microsoft Excel or a statistical program such as Predictive Analytics Software (PASW, which was formerly known as SPSS) is then used to tabulate, or calculate, the basic results of the research, such as the total number of participants and how collectively they answered various questions. The programs can also be used to calculate averages, such as the average age of respondents, their average satisfaction, and so forth. The same can done for percentages, and other values you learned about, or will learn about, in a statistics course, such as the standard deviation, mean, and median for each question.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The information generated by the programs can be used to draw conclusions, such as what <em class=\"emphasis\">all<\/em> customers might like or not like about an offering based on what the sample group liked or did not like. The information can also be used to spot differences among groups of people. For example, the research might show that people in one area of the country like the product better than people in another area. Trends to predict what might happen in the future can also be spotted.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">If there are any open-ended questions respondents have elaborated upon\u2014for example, \u201cExplain why you like the current brand you use better than any other brand\u201d\u2014the answers to each are pasted together, one on top of another, so researchers can compare and summarize the information. As we have explained, qualitative information such as this can give you a fuller picture of the results of the research.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">Part of analyzing the data is to see if it seems sound. Does the way in which the research was conducted seem sound? Was the sample size large enough? Are the conclusions that become apparent from it reasonable?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">The two most commonly used criteria used to test the soundness of a study are (1) validity and (2) reliability. A study is valid if it actually tested what it was designed to test. For example, did the experiment you ran in Second Life test what it was designed to test? Did it reflect what could really happen in the real world? If not, the research isn\u2019t valid. If you were to repeat the study, and get the same results (or nearly the same results), the research is said to be reliable. If you get a drastically different result if you repeat the study, it\u2019s not reliable. The data collected, or at least some it, can also be compared to, or reconciled with, similar data from other sources either gathered by your firm or by another organization to see if the information seems on target.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Stage 7: Write the Research Report and Present Its Findings<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If you end up becoming a marketing professional and conducting a research study after you graduate, hopefully you will do a great job putting the study together. You will have defined the problem correctly, chosen the right sample, collected the data accurately, analyzed it, and your findings will be sound. At that point, you will be required to write the research report and perhaps present it to an audience of decision makers. You will do so via a written report and, in some cases, a slide or PowerPoint presentation based on your written report.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The six basic elements of a research report are as follows.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Title Page<\/strong>. The title page explains what the report is about, when it was conducted and by whom, and who requested it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Table of Contents<\/strong>. The table of contents outlines the major parts of the report, as well as any graphs and charts, and the page numbers on which they can be found.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Executive Summary<\/strong>. The executive summary summarizes all the details in the report in a very quick way. Many people who receive the report\u2014both executives and nonexecutives\u2014won\u2019t have time to read the entire report. Instead, they will rely on the executive summary to quickly get an idea of the study\u2019s results and what to do about those results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Methodology and Limitations<\/strong>. The methodology section of the report explains the technical details of how the research was designed and conducted. The section explains, for example, how the data was collected and by whom, the size of the sample, how it was chosen, and whom or what it consisted of (e.g., the number of women versus men or children versus adults). It also includes information about the statistical techniques used to analyze the data.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p03\" class=\"para\">Every study has errors\u2014sampling errors, interviewer errors, and so forth. The methodology section should explain these details, so decision makers can consider their overall impact. The margin of error is the overall tendency of the study to be off kilter\u2014that is, how far it could have gone wrong in either direction. Remember how newscasters present the presidential polls before an election? They always say, \u201cThis candidate is ahead 48 to 44 percent, plus or minus 2 percent.\u201d That \u201cplus or minus\u201d is the margin of error. The larger the margin of error is, the less likely the results of the study are accurate. The margin of error needs to be included in the methodology section.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Findings<\/strong>. The findings section is a longer, fleshed-out version of the executive summary that goes into more detail about the statistics uncovered by the research that bolster the study\u2019s findings. If you have related research or secondary data on hand that back up the findings, it can be included to help show the study did what it was designed to do.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Recommendations<\/strong>. The recommendations section should outline the course of action you think should be taken based on the findings of the research and the purpose of the project. For example, if you conducted a global market research study to identify new locations for stores, make a recommendation for the locations (Mersdorf, 2009).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">As we have said, these are the basic sections of a marketing research report. However, additional sections can be added as needed. For example, you might need to add a section on the competition and each firm\u2019s market share. If you\u2019re trying to decide on different supply chain options, you will need to include a section on that topic.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">As you write the research report, keep your audience in mind. Don\u2019t use technical jargon decision makers and other people reading the report won\u2019t understand. If technical terms must be used, explain them. Also, proofread the document to ferret out any grammatical errors and typos, and ask a couple of other people to proofread behind you to catch any mistakes you might have missed. If your research report is riddled with errors, its credibility will be undermined, even if the findings and recommendations you make are extremely accurate.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Many research reports are presented via PowerPoint. If you\u2019re asked to create a slideshow presentation from the report, don\u2019t try to include every detail in the report on the slides. The information will be too long and tedious for people attending the presentation to read through. And if they do go to the trouble of reading all the information, they probably won\u2019t be listening to the speaker who is making the presentation.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Instead of including all the information from the study in the slides, boil each section of the report down to key points and add some \u201ctalking points\u201d only the presenter will see. After or during the presentation, you can give the attendees the longer, paper version of the report so they can read the details at a convenient time, if they choose to.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para editable block\">That was a long chapter! Marketing Research is a complex topic and is taught in separate classes. So introducing all of it in one chapter is a challenge. Hopefully you are able to recall the most important pieces ... use these exercises to test your knowledge!<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Step 1 in the marketing research process is to define the problem. Businesses take a look at what they believe are symptoms and try to drill down to the potential causes so as to precisely define the problem. The next task for the researcher is to put into writing the research objective, or goal, the research is supposed to accomplish.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 2 in the process is to design the research. The research design is the \u201cplan of attack.\u201d It outlines what data you are going to gather, from whom, how, and when, and how you\u2019re going to analyze it once it has been obtained.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 3 is to design the data-collection forms, which need to be standardized so the information gathered on each is comparable. Surveys are a popular way to gather data because they can be easily administered to large numbers of people fairly quickly. However, to produce the best results, survey questionnaires need to be carefully designed and pretested before they are used.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 4 is drawing the sample, or a subset of potential buyers who are representative of your <em class=\"emphasis\">entire<\/em> target market. If the sample is not correctly selected, the research will be flawed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 5 is to actually collect the data, whether it\u2019s collected by a person face-to-face, over the phone, or with the help of computers or the Internet. The data-collection process is often different in foreign countries.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 6 is to analyze the data collected for any obvious errors, tabulate the data, and then draw conclusions from it based on the results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The last step in the process, Step 7, is writing the research report and presenting the findings to decision makers.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Review Questions<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_l02\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Explain why it\u2019s important to carefully define the problem or opportunity a marketing research study is designed to investigate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the different types of problems that can occur when marketing research professionals develop questions for surveys.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How does a probability sample differ from a nonprobability sample?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What makes a marketing research study valid? What makes a marketing research study reliable?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What sections should be included in a marketing research report? What is each section designed to do?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[h5p id=\"49\"]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[h5p id=\"50\"]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nBarnes, B., \u201cDisney Expert Uses Science to Draw Boy Viewers,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">New York Times<\/em>, April 15, 2009, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/04\/14\/arts\/television\/14boys.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1 (accessed December 14, 2009).\r\n\r\nBurns A. and Ronald Bush, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research<\/em>, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010), 85.\r\n\r\nMalhotra, N., <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research: An Applied Approach<\/em>, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall), 764.\r\n\r\nMcDaniel, C. D. and Roger H. Gates, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research Essentials<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing, 1998), 61.\r\n\r\nMcWilliams, J., \u201cA-B Puts Super-Low-Calorie Beer in Ring with Miller,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, August 16, 2009, http:\/\/www.stltoday.com\/business\/next-matchup-light-weights-a-b-puts-super-low-calorie\/article_47511bfe-18ca-5979-bdb9-0526c97d4edf.html (accessed April 13, 2012).\r\n\r\nMersdorf, S., \u201cHow to Organize Your Next Survey Report,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Cvent<\/em>, August 24, 2009, http:\/\/survey.cvent.com\/blog\/cvent-survey\/0\/0\/how-to-organize-your-next-survey-report (accessed September 13, 2021).\r\n\r\nRappeport A. and David Gelles, \u201cFacebook to Form Alliance with Nielsen,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Financial Times<\/em>, September 23, 2009, 16.\r\n\r\nSpangler, T., \u201cDisney Lab Tracks Feelings,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Multichannel News<\/em> 30, no. 30 (August 3, 2009): 26.\r\n\r\nWagner, J., \u201cMarketing in Second Life Doesn\u2019t Work\u2026Here Is Why!\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">GigaOM<\/em>, April 4, 2007, http:\/\/gigaom.com\/2007\/04\/04\/3-reasons-why-marketing-in-second-life-doesnt-work (accessed December 14, 2009).\r\n\r\nWrenn, B., Robert E. Stevens, and David L. Loudon, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research: Text and Cases<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2007), 180.\r\n\r\nZouhali-Worrall, M., \u201cFound in Translation: Avoiding Multilingual Gaffes,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CNNMoney.com<\/em>, July 14, 2008, http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2008\/07\/07\/smallbusiness\/language_translation.fsb\/index.htm (accessed December 14, 2009).\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W6t7deaplgY\">The 1985 launch of New Coke video<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/chrisbudtz\">Christian Budtz<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8_hvOBnsirI\">1985 Pepsi commercial- \"They changed my Coke\"<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/eyeh8cbs\">eyeh8cbs<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OORnMYoWX9c\">stone and stone wheel video<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/smack1313\">smack1313<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lawrencegs\/11466363313\/\">Google Glass<\/a>\" by <a id=\"yui_3_16_0_1_1655164306439_1913\" class=\"owner-name truncate no-outline\" title=\"Go to lawrencegs\u2019s photostream\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lawrencegs\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">lawrencegs<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\"><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">CC BY 2.0 <\/span>licence.<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">\"<\/span><a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/39493003@N00\/3766496620\/\">Le champagne aide \u00e0 l'\u00e9merveillement<\/a>\" by <a id=\"yui_3_16_0_1_1655164567401_1977\" class=\"owner-name truncate no-outline\" title=\"Go to Martine\u2019s photostream\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/39493003@N00\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">Martine<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\"><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">CC BY-NC 2.0 <\/span>licence.<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Rsth2qvWFfw\">Make Extra Money As a Mystery Shopper video<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/KSSAyisha\">KSSAyisha<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ricardore\/2523692456\/\">Satisfaction survey<\/a>\" by <a id=\"yui_3_16_0_1_1655164702646_1840\" class=\"owner-name truncate no-outline\" title=\"Go to Ricardo Rodriguez\u2019s photostream\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ricardore\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">Ricardo Rodriguez<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\"><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 <\/span>licence.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objective<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Describe the basic steps in the marketing research process and the purpose of each step.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The basic steps used to conduct marketing research are shown in Figure 10.6 &#8220;Steps in the Marketing Research Process&#8221;. Next, we discuss each step.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 272px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 300px;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/accessibilitytoolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2015\/03\/bba4238ef3bc80162c9f40d729b27133.jpg\" alt=\"Steps in the Marketing Research Process.\" width=\"272\" height=\"604\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.6: Steps in the Marketing Research Process<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Step 1: Define the Problem (or Opportunity)<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">There\u2019s a saying in marketing research that a problem half defined is a problem half solved. Defining the \u201cproblem\u201d of the research sounds simple, doesn\u2019t it? Suppose your product is tutoring other students in a subject you\u2019re a whiz at. You have been tutoring for a while, and people have begun to realize you\u2019re darned good at it. Then, suddenly, your business drops off. Or it explodes, and you can\u2019t cope with the number of students you\u2019re being asked help. If the business has exploded, should you try to expand your services? Perhaps you should subcontract with some other \u201cwhiz\u201d students. You would send them students to be tutored, and they would give you a cut of their pay for each student you referred to them.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Both of these scenarios would be a problem for you, wouldn\u2019t they? They are problems insofar as they cause you headaches. But are they really <em class=\"emphasis\">the<\/em> problem? Or are they the symptoms of something bigger? For example, maybe your business has dropped off because your school is experiencing financial trouble and has lowered the number of scholarships given to incoming freshmen. Consequently, there are fewer total students on campus who need your services. Conversely, if you\u2019re swamped with people who want you to tutor them, perhaps your school awarded more scholarships than usual, so there are a greater number of students who need your services. Alternately, perhaps you ran an ad in your school\u2019s college newspaper, and that led to the influx of students wanting you to tutor them.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Businesses are in the same boat you are as a tutor. They take a look at symptoms and try to drill down to the potential causes. If you approach a marketing research company with either scenario\u2014either too much or too little business\u2014the firm will seek more information from you such as the following:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>In what semester(s) did your tutoring revenues fall (or rise)?<\/li>\n<li>In what subject areas did your tutoring revenues fall (or rise)?<\/li>\n<li>In what sales channels did revenues fall (or rise): Were there fewer (or more) referrals from professors or other students? Did the ad you ran result in fewer (or more) referrals this month than in the past months?<\/li>\n<li>Among what demographic groups did your revenues fall (or rise)\u2014women or men, people with certain majors, or first-year, second-, third-, or fourth-year students?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">The key is to look at all potential causes so as to narrow the parameters of the study to the information you actually need to make a good decision about how to fix your business if revenues have dropped or whether or not to expand it if your revenues have exploded.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">The next task for the researcher is to put into writing the research objective. The research objective is the goal(s) the research is supposed to accomplish. The marketing research objective for your tutoring business might read as follows:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">To survey college professors who teach 100- and 200-level math courses to determine why the number of students referred for tutoring dropped in the second semester.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">This is admittedly a simple example designed to help you understand the basic concept. If you take a marketing research course, you will learn that research objectives get a lot more complicated than this. The following is an example:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"para editable block\"><span id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_bl01\">To gather information from a sample representative of the U.S. population among those who are \u2018very likely\u2019 to purchase an automobile within the next 6 months, which assesses preferences (measured on a 1\u20135 scale ranging from \u2018very likely to buy\u2019 to \u2018not likely at all to buy\u2019) for the model diesel at three different price levels. Such data would serve as input into a forecasting model that would forecast unit sales, by geographic regions of the country, for each combination of the model\u2019s different prices and fuel configurations (Burns &amp; Bush, 2010).\u201d<\/span><span id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_bl01\" class=\"blockquote block\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">Now do you understand why defining the problem is complicated and half the battle? Many a marketing research effort is doomed from the start because the problem was improperly defined. Coke\u2019s ill-fated decision to change the formula of Coca-Cola in 1985 is a case in point: Pepsi had been creeping up on Coke in terms of market share over the years as well as running a successful promotional campaign called the \u201cPepsi Challenge,\u201d in which consumers were encouraged to do a blind taste test to see if they agreed that Pepsi was better. Coke spent four years researching \u201cthe problem.\u201d Indeed, people seemed to like the taste of Pepsi better in blind taste tests. Thus, the formula for Coke was changed. But the outcry among the public was so great that the new formula didn\u2019t last long\u2014a matter of months\u2014before the old formula was reinstated. Some marketing experts believe Coke incorrectly defined the problem as \u201cHow can we beat Pepsi in taste tests?\u201d instead of \u201cHow can we gain market share against Pepsi?\u201d (Burns &amp; Bush, 2010)<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"video editable block\">\n<p>Watch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W6t7deaplgY\">The 1985 launch of New Coke (4 minutes)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The 1985 launch of New Coke\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W6t7deaplgY?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"video editable block\">\n<p>This video shows how Pepsi tried to capitalize on the blunder.<\/p>\n<p>Watch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8_hvOBnsirI\">1985 Pepsi commercial- &#8220;They changed my Coke&#8221; (29 seconds)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"1985 Pepsi commercial- &quot;They changed my Coke&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8_hvOBnsirI?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Step 2: Design the Research<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The next step in the marketing research process is to do a research design. The research design is your \u201cplan of attack.\u201d It outlines what data you are going to gather and from whom, how and when you will collect the data, and how you will analyze it once it\u2019s been obtained. Let\u2019s look at the data you\u2019re going to gather first.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">There are two basic types of data you can gather. The first is primary data. Primary data is information you collect yourself, using hands-on tools such as interviews or surveys, specifically for the research project you\u2019re conducting. Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else, or data you have already collected for another purpose. Collecting primary data is more time-consuming, work-intensive, and expensive than collecting secondary data. Consequently, you should always try to collect secondary data first to solve your research problem, if you can. A great deal of research on a wide variety of topics already exists. If this research contains the answer to your question, there is no need for you to replicate it. Why reinvent the wheel?<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Sources of Secondary Data<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Your company\u2019s internal records are a source of secondary data. So are any data you collect as part of your marketing intelligence-gathering efforts. You can also purchase syndicated research. Syndicated research is primary data that marketing research firms collect on a regular basis and sell to other companies. J.D. Power &amp; Associates is a provider of syndicated research. The company conducts independent, unbiased surveys of customer satisfaction, product quality, and buyer behaviour for various industries. The company is best known for its research in the automobile sector. One of the best-known sellers of syndicated research is the Nielsen Company, which produces the Nielsen ratings. The Nielsen ratings measure the size of television, radio, and newspaper audiences in various markets. You have probably read or heard about TV shows that get the highest (Nielsen) ratings. (Arbitron does the same thing for radio ratings.) Nielsen, along with its main competitor, Information Resources, Inc. (IRI), also sells businesses scanner-based research. Scanner-based research is information collected by scanners at checkout stands in stores. Each week Nielsen and IRI collect information on the millions of purchases made at stores. The companies then compile the information and sell it to firms in various industries that subscribe to their services. The Nielsen Company has also recently teamed up with Facebook to collect marketing research information. Via Facebook, users will see surveys in some of the spaces in which they used to see online ads (Rappeport, Gelles, 2009).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">By contrast, MarketResearch.com is an example of a marketing research aggregator. A marketing research aggregator is a marketing research company that doesn\u2019t conduct its own research and sell it. Instead, it buys research reports from other marketing research companies and then sells the reports in their entirety or in pieces to other firms. Check out MarketResearch.com\u2019s Web site. As you will see there are a huge number of studies in every category imaginable that you can buy for relatively small amounts of money.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 423px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 497px;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/accessibilitytoolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/b52ad82cd6baf573dcc23c5d8bb6cb13.jpg\" alt=\"A screen shot of Market Research's website\" width=\"423\" height=\"446\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.7: Market research aggregators buy research reports from other marketing research companies and then resell them in part or in whole to other companies so they don\u2019t have to gather primary data. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marketresearch.com.\">Market Research.com<\/a> is one such site.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Your local library is a good place to gather free secondary data. It has searchable databases as well as handbooks, dictionaries, and books, some of which you can access online. Government agencies also collect and report information on demographics, economic and employment data, health information, and balance-of-trade statistics, among a lot of other information. The U.S. Census Bureau collects census data every ten years to gather information about who lives where. Basic demographic information about sex, age, race, and types of housing in which people live in each U.S. state, metropolitan area, and rural area is gathered so that population shifts can be tracked for various purposes, including determining the number of legislators each state should have in the U.S. House of Representatives. For the U.S. government, this is primary data. For marketing managers, it is an important source of secondary data.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">The Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan also conducts periodic surveys and publishes information about trends in the United States. One research study the center continually conducts is called the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100921144324\/http:\/\/www.isr.umich.edu\/home\/news\/research-update\/2007-01.pdf\">Changing Lives of American Families\u201d [PDF]<\/a>. This is important research data for marketing managers monitoring consumer trends in the marketplace. The World Bank and the United Nations are two international organizations that collect a great deal of information. Their websites contain many free research studies and data related to global markets.<\/p>\n<p class=\"para editable block\">Here are some examples of primary and secondary data sources:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Primary data sources\n<ul>\n<li>Interviews<\/li>\n<li>Surveys<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Secondary data sources\n<ul>\n<li>Census data<\/li>\n<li>Websites<\/li>\n<li>Pulications<\/li>\n<li>Trade associations<\/li>\n<li>Syndicated research and market aggregators<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Gauging the Quality of Secondary Data<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When you are gathering secondary information, it\u2019s always good to be a little skeptical of it. Sometimes studies are commissioned to produce the result a client wants to hear\u2014or wants the public to hear. For example, throughout the twentieth century, numerous studies found that smoking was good for people\u2019s health. The problem was the studies were commissioned by the tobacco industry. Web research can also pose certain hazards. There are many biased sites that try to fool people that they are providing good data. Often the data is favourable to the products they are trying to sell. Beware of product reviews as well. Unscrupulous sellers sometimes get online and create bogus ratings for products. See below for questions you can ask to help gauge the credibility of secondary information.<\/p>\n<h3>Gauging the Credibility of Secondary Data: Questions to Ask<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>Who gathered this information?<\/li>\n<li>For what purpose?<\/li>\n<li>What does the person or organization that gathered the information have to gain by doing so?<\/li>\n<li>Was the information gathered and reported in a systematic manner?<\/li>\n<li>Is the source of the information accepted as an authority by other experts in the field?<\/li>\n<li>Does the article provide objective evidence to support the position presented?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Types of Research Design<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03\" class=\"section\">\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Now let\u2019s look specifically at the types of research designs that are utilized. By understanding different types of research designs, a researcher can solve a client\u2019s problems more quickly and efficiently without jumping through more hoops than necessary. Research designs fall into one of the following three categories:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\n<li>Exploratory research design<\/li>\n<li>Descriptive research design<\/li>\n<li>Causal research design (experiments)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">An exploratory research design is useful when you are initially investigating a problem but you haven\u2019t defined it well enough to do an in-depth study of it. Perhaps via your regular market intelligence, you have spotted what appears to be a new opportunity in the marketplace. You would then do exploratory research to investigate it further and \u201cget your feet wet,\u201d as the saying goes. Exploratory research is less structured than other types of research, and secondary data is often utilized.<\/p>\n<p id=\"e252.fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p14\" class=\"para editable block\">One form of exploratory research is qualitative research. Qualitative research is any form of research that includes gathering data that is not quantitative, and often involves exploring questions such as <em class=\"emphasis\">why<\/em> as much as <em class=\"emphasis\">what<\/em> or <em class=\"emphasis\">how much<\/em>. Different forms, such as depth interviews and focus group interviews, are common in marketing research.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The depth interview\u2014engaging in detailed, one-on-one, question-and-answer sessions with potential buyers\u2014is an exploratory research technique. However, unlike surveys, the people being interviewed aren\u2019t asked a series of standard questions. Instead, the interviewer is armed with some general topics and asks questions that are open-ended, meaning that they allow the interviewee to elaborate. \u201cHow did you feel about the product after you purchased it?\u201d is an example of a question that might be asked. A depth interview also allows a researcher to ask logical follow-up questions such as \u201cCan you tell me what you mean when you say you felt uncomfortable using the service?\u201d or \u201cCan you give me some examples?\u201d to help dig further and shed additional light on the research problem. Depth interviews can be conducted in person or over the phone. The interviewer either takes notes or records the interview.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Focus groups and case studies are often utilized for exploratory research as well. A focus group is a group of potential buyers who are brought together to discuss a marketing research topic with one another. A moderator is used to focus the discussion, the sessions are recorded, and the main points of consensus are later summarized by the market researcher. Textbook publishers often gather groups of professors at educational conferences to participate in focus groups. However, focus groups can also be conducted on the telephone, in online chat rooms, or both, using meeting software like WebEx. The basic steps of conducting a focus group are outlined below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>The Basic Steps of Conducting a Focus Group<\/h3>\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_l02\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Establish the objectives of the focus group. What is its purpose?<\/li>\n<li>Identify the people who will participate in the focus group. What makes them qualified to participate? How many of them will you need and what they will be paid?<\/li>\n<li>Obtain contact information for the participants and send out invitations (usually e-mails are most efficient).<\/li>\n<li>Develop a list of questions.<\/li>\n<li>Choose a facilitator.<\/li>\n<li>Choose a location in which to hold the focus group and the method by which it will be recorded.<\/li>\n<li>Conduct the focus group. If the focus group is not conducted electronically, include name tags for the participants, pens and notepads, any materials the participants need to see, and refreshments. Record participants\u2019 responses.<\/li>\n<li>Summarize the notes from the focus group and write a report for management.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>A case study looks at how another company solved the problem that\u2019s being researched. Sometimes multiple cases, or companies, are used in a study. Case studies nonetheless have a mixed reputation. Some researchers believe it\u2019s hard to generalize or apply, the results of a case study to other companies. Nonetheless, collecting information about companies that encountered the same problems your firm is facing can give you a certain amount of insight about what direction you should take. In fact, one way to begin a research project is to carefully study a successful product or service.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Two other types of qualitative data used for exploratory research are ethnographies and projective techniques. In an ethnography, researchers interview, observe, and often videotape people while they work, live, shop, and play. The Walt Disney Company has recently begun using ethnographers to uncover the likes and dislikes of boys aged six to fourteen, a financially attractive market segment for Disney, but one in which the company has been losing market share. The ethnographers visit the homes of boys, observe the things they have in their rooms to get a sense of their hobbies and accompany them and their mothers when they shop to see where they go, what the boys are interested in, and what they ultimately buy. (The children get seventy-five dollars out of the deal, incidentally.) (Barnes, 2009)<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Projective techniques are used to reveal information research respondents might not reveal by being asked directly. Asking a person to complete sentences such as the following is one technique:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p08\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">People who buy Coach handbags<\/em> __________.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">(Will they reply with \u201care cool,\u201d \u201care affluent,\u201d or \u201care pretentious,\u201d for example?)<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p10\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">KFC\u2019s grilled chicken is<\/em> ______.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p11\" class=\"para editable block\">Or the person might be asked to finish a story that presents a certain scenario. Word associations are also used to discern people\u2019s underlying attitudes toward goods and services. Using a word-association technique, a market researcher asks a person to say or write the first word that comes to his or her mind in response to another word. If the initial word is \u201cfast food,\u201d what word does the person associate it with or respond with? Is it \u201cMcDonald\u2019s\u201d? If many people reply that way, and you\u2019re conducting research for Burger King, that could indicate Burger King has a problem. However, if the research is being conducted for Wendy\u2019s, which recently began running an advertising campaign to the effect that Wendy\u2019s offerings are \u201cbetter than fast food,\u201d it could indicate that the campaign is working.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p12\" class=\"para editable block\">Completing cartoons is yet another type of projective technique. It\u2019s similar to finishing a sentence or story, only with pictures. People are asked to look at a cartoon such as the one shown in Figure 10.8 &#8220;Example of a Cartoon-Completion Projective Technique&#8221;. One of the characters in the picture will have made a statement, and the person is asked to fill in the empty cartoon \u201cbubble\u201d with how they think the second character will respond.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_f01\" class=\"figure large medium-height editable block\">\n<figure style=\"width: 340px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"max-width: 397px;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/accessibilitytoolkit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/5d237fe2b931ece0dadb9b2b8c1432a6.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon of a man shaking a woman's hand saying, &quot;Thanks for doing business with us today. Is there a way we can better serve you in the future?&quot;\" width=\"340\" height=\"298\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.8: Example of a Cartoon-Completion Projective Technique<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_p13\" class=\"para editable block\">In some cases, your research might end with exploratory research. Perhaps you have discovered your organization lacks the resources needed to produce the product. In other cases, you might decide you need more in-depth, quantitative research such as descriptive research or causal research, which are discussed next. Most marketing research professionals advise using both types of research if it\u2019s feasible. On the one hand, the qualitative-type research used in exploratory research is often considered too \u201clightweight.\u201d Remember earlier in the chapter when we discussed telephone answering machines and the hit TV sitcom <em class=\"emphasis\">Seinfeld<\/em>? Both product ideas were initially rejected by focus groups. On the other hand, relying solely on quantitative information often results in market research that lacks ideas.<\/p>\n<p>Watch the video to see a funny spoof on the usefulness\u2014or lack of usefulness\u2014of focus groups.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_n02\" class=\"video editable block\">\n<p>Watch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OORnMYoWX9c\">Stone and stone wheel (2 minutes)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"stone and stone wheel\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OORnMYoWX9c?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Descriptive Research<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Anything that can be observed and counted falls into the category of descriptive research design. A study using a descriptive research design involves gathering hard numbers, often via surveys, to describe or measure a phenomenon so as to answer the questions of <em class=\"emphasis\">who<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">what<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">where<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">when<\/em>, and <em class=\"emphasis\">how<\/em>. \u201cOn a scale of 1\u20135, how satisfied were you with your service?\u201d is a question that illustrates the information a descriptive research design is supposed to capture.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Physiological measurements also fall into the category of descriptive design. Physiological measurements measure people\u2019s involuntary physical responses to marketing stimuli, such as an advertisement. Elsewhere, we explained that researchers have gone so far as to scan the brains of consumers to see what they <em class=\"emphasis\">really<\/em> think about products versus what they say about them. Eye tracking is another cutting-edge type of physiological measurement. It involves recording the movements of a person\u2019s eyes when they look at some sort of stimulus, such as a banner ad or a Web page. The Walt Disney Company has a research facility in Austin, Texas, that it uses to take physical measurements of viewers when they see Disney programs and advertisements. The facility measures three types of responses: people\u2019s heart rates, skin changes, and eye movements (eye tracking) (Spangler, 2009).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_236\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-236\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-236 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A pair of google glasses.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0-350x234.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.0.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-236\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.9: A woman shows off her headgear for an eye-tracking study. The gear\u2019s not exactly a fashion statement but &#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">A strictly descriptive research design instrument\u2014a survey, for example\u2014can tell you how satisfied your customers are. It can\u2019t, however, tell you why. Nor can an eye-tracking study tell you <em class=\"emphasis\">why<\/em> people\u2019s eyes tend to dwell on certain types of banner ads\u2014only that they do. To answer \u201cwhy\u201d questions an exploratory research design or causal research design is needed (Wagner, 2007).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Causal Research<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Causal research design examines cause-and-effect relationships. Using a causal research design allows researchers to answer \u201cwhat if\u201d types of questions. In other words, if a firm changes <em class=\"emphasis\">X<\/em> (say, a product\u2019s price, design, placement, or advertising), what will happen to <em class=\"emphasis\">Y<\/em> (say, sales or customer loyalty)? To conduct causal research, the researcher designs an experiment that \u201ccontrols,\u201d or holds constant, all of a product\u2019s marketing elements except one (or using advanced techniques of research, a few elements can be studied at the same time). The one variable is changed, and the effect is then measured. Sometimes the experiments are conducted in a laboratory using a simulated setting designed to replicate the conditions buyers would experience. Or the experiments may be conducted in a virtual computer setting.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">You might think setting up an experiment in a virtual world such as the online game Second Life would be a viable way to conduct controlled marketing research. Some companies have tried to use Second Life for this purpose, but the results have been somewhat mixed as to whether or not it is a good medium for marketing research. The German marketing research firm Komjuniti was one of the first \u201creal-world\u201d companies to set up an \u201cisland\u201d in Second Life upon which it could conduct marketing research. However, with so many other attractive fantasy islands in which to play, the company found it difficult to get Second Life residents, or players, to voluntarily visit the island and stay long enough so meaningful research could be conducted. (Plus, the \u201cresidents,\u201d or players, in Second Life have been known to protest corporations invading their world. When the German firm Komjuniti created an island in Second Life to conduct marketing research, the residents showed up waving signs and threatening to boycott the island.) (Wagner, 2007)<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Why is being able to control the setting so important? Let\u2019s say you are an American flag manufacturer and you are working with Walmart to conduct an experiment to see where in its stores American flags should be placed so as to increase their sales. Then the terrorist attacks of 9\/11 occur. In the days afterward, sales skyrocketed\u2014people bought flags no matter where they were displayed. Obviously, the terrorist attacks in the United States would have skewed the experiment\u2019s data.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">An experiment conducted in a natural setting such as a store is referred to as a field experiment. Companies sometimes do field experiments either because it is more convenient or because they want to see if buyers will behave the same way in the \u201creal world\u201d as in a laboratory or on a computer. The place the experiment is conducted or the demographic group of people the experiment is administered to is considered the test market. Before a large company rolls out a product to the entire marketplace, it will often place the offering in a test market to see how well it will be received. For example, to compete with MillerCoors\u2019 sixty-four-calorie beer MGD 64, Anheuser-Busch recently began testing its Select 55 beer in certain cities around the country (McWilliams, 2009).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_237\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-237\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-237 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Beer in a glass.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-237\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.10: Select 55 beer: Coming soon to a test market near you? (If you\u2019re on a diet, you have to hope so!)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s02_s03_s02_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">Many companies use experiments to test all of their marketing communications. For example, the online discount retailer O.co (formerly called Overstock.com) carefully tests all of its marketing offers and tracks the results of each one. One study the company conducted combined twenty-six different variables related to offers e-mailed to several thousand customers. The study resulted in a decision to send a group of e-mails to different segments. The company then tracked the results of the sales generated to see if they were in line with the earlier experiment it had conducted that led it to make the offer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Step 3: Design the Data-Collection Forms<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If the behavior of buyers is being formally observed, and a number of different researchers are conducting observations, the data obviously need to be recorded on a standardized data-collection form that\u2019s either paper or electronic. Otherwise, the data collected will not be comparable. The items on the form could include a shopper\u2019s sex; his or her approximate age; whether the person seemed hurried, moderately hurried, or unhurried; and whether or not he or she read the label on products, used coupons, and so forth.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The same is true when it comes to surveying people with questionnaires. Surveying people is one of the most commonly used techniques to collect quantitative data. Surveys are popular because they can be easily administered to large numbers of people fairly quickly. However, to produce the best results, the questionnaire for the survey needs to be carefully designed.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Questionnaire Design<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Most questionnaires follow a similar format: They begin with an introduction describing what the study is for, followed by instructions for completing the questionnaire and, if necessary, returning it to the market researcher. The first few questions that appear on the questionnaire are usually basic, warm-up type of questions the respondent can readily answer, such as the respondent\u2019s age, level of education, place of residence, and so forth. The warm-up questions are then followed by a logical progression of more detailed, in-depth questions that get to the heart of the question being researched. Lastly, the questionnaire wraps up with a statement that thanks the respondent for participating in the survey and information and explains when and how they will be paid for participating.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">How the questions themselves are worded is extremely important. It\u2019s human nature for respondents to want to provide the \u201ccorrect\u201d answers to the person administering the survey, so as to seem agreeable. Therefore, there is always a hazard that people will try to tell you what you want to hear on a survey. Consequently, care needs to be taken that the survey questions are written in an unbiased, neutral way. In other words, they shouldn\u2019t lead a person taking the questionnaire to answer a question one way or another by virtue of the way you have worded it. The following is an example of a leading question.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Don\u2019t you agree that teachers should be paid more<\/em>?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">The questions also need to be clear and unambiguous. Consider the following question:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Which brand of toothpaste do you use<\/em>?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">The question sounds clear enough, but is it really? What if the respondent recently switched brands? What if she uses Crest at home, but while away from home or travelling, she uses Colgate\u2019s Wisp portable toothpaste-and-brush product? How will the respondent answer the question? Rewording the question as follows so it\u2019s more specific will help make the question clearer:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p07\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Which brand of toothpaste have you used at home in the past six months? If you have used more than one brand, please list each of them<\/em>.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cQuestionnaire Design,\u201d QuickMBA, http:\/\/www.quickmba.com\/marketing\/research\/qdesign (accessed December 14, 2009).\" id=\"return-footnote-239-1\" href=\"#footnote-239-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p08\" class=\"para editable block\">Sensitive questions have to be asked carefully. For example, asking a respondent, \u201cDo you consider yourself a light, moderate, or heavy drinker?\u201d can be tricky. Few people want to admit to being heavy drinkers. You can \u201csoften\u201d the question by including a range of answers, as the following example shows:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p09\" class=\"para editable block\"><em class=\"emphasis\">How many alcoholic beverages do you consume in a week<\/em>?<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>__0-5 alcoholic beverages<\/li>\n<li>__5-10 alcoholic beverages<\/li>\n<li>__10-15 alcoholic beverages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p10\" class=\"para editable block\">Many people don\u2019t like to answer questions about their income levels. Asking them to specify income ranges rather than divulge their actual incomes can help.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p11\" class=\"para editable block\">Other research questions \u201cdon\u2019ts\u201d include using jargon and acronyms that could confuse people. \u201cHow often do you IM?\u201d is an example. Also, don\u2019t muddy the waters by asking two questions in the same question, something researchers refer to as a double-barreled question. \u201cDo you think parents should spend more time with their children and\/or their teachers?\u201d is an example of a double-barreled question.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_p12\" class=\"para editable block\">Open-ended questions, or questions that ask respondents to elaborate, can be included. However, they are harder to tabulate than closed-ended questions, or questions that limit a respondent\u2019s answers. Multiple-choice and yes-and-no questions are examples of closed-ended questions.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Testing the Questionnaire<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">You have probably heard the phrase \u201cgarbage in, garbage out.\u201d If the questions are bad, the information gathered will be bad, too. One way to make sure you don\u2019t end up with garbage is to test the questionnaire before sending it out to find out if there are any problems with it. Is there enough space for people to elaborate on open-ended questions? Is the font readable? To test the questionnaire, marketing research professionals first administer it to a number of respondents face to face. This gives the respondents the chance to ask the researcher about questions or instructions that are unclear or don\u2019t make sense to them. The researcher then administers the questionnaire to a small subset of respondents in the actual way the survey is going to be disseminated, whether it\u2019s delivered via phone, in person, by mail, or online.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s03_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Getting people to participate and complete questionnaires can be difficult. If the questionnaire is too long or hard to read, many people won\u2019t complete it. So, by all means, eliminate any questions that aren\u2019t necessary. Of course, including some sort of monetary incentive for completing the survey can increase the number of completed questionnaires a market researcher will receive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Step 4: Specify the Sample<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Once you have created your questionnaire or other marketing study, how do you figure out who should participate in it? Obviously, you can\u2019t survey or observe all potential buyers in the marketplace. Instead, you must choose a sample. A sample is a subset of potential buyers that are representative of your <em class=\"emphasis\">entire<\/em> target market, or population being studied. Sometimes market researchers refer to the population as the <em class=\"emphasis\">universe<\/em> to reflect the fact that it includes the entire target market, whether it consists of a million people, a hundred thousand, a few hundred, or a dozen. \u201cAll unmarried people over the age of eighteen who purchased Dirt Devil steam cleaners in the United States during 2011\u201d is an example of a population that has been defined.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Obviously, the population has to be defined correctly. Otherwise, you will be studying the wrong group of people. Not defining the population correctly can result in flawed research or sampling error. A sampling error is any type of marketing research mistake that results because a sample was utilized. One criticism of Internet surveys is that the people who take these surveys don\u2019t really represent the overall population. On average, Internet survey takers tend to be more educated and tech-savvy. Consequently, if they solely constitute your population, even if you screen them for certain criteria, the data you collect could end up being skewed.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The next step is to put together the sampling frame, which is the list from which the sample is drawn. The sampling frame can be put together using a directory, customer list, or membership roster (Wrenn et. al., 2007). Keep in mind that the sampling frame won\u2019t <em class=\"emphasis\">perfectly<\/em> match the population. Some people will be included on the list who shouldn\u2019t be. Other people who should be included will be inadvertently omitted. It\u2019s no different than if you were to conduct a survey of, say, 25 percent of your friends, using friends\u2019 names you have in your cell phone. Most of your friends\u2019 names are likely to be programmed into your phone, but not all of them. As a result, a certain degree of sampling error always occurs.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">There are two main categories of samples in terms of how they are drawn: probability samples and nonprobability samples. A probability sample is one in which each would-be participant has a known and equal chance of being selected. The chance is known because the total number of people in the sampling frame is known. For example, if every other person from the sampling frame were chosen, each person would have a 50 percent chance of being selected.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">A nonprobability sample is any type of sample that\u2019s not drawn in a systematic way. So the chances of each would-be participant being selected can\u2019t be known. A convenience sample is one type of nonprobability sample. It is a sample a researcher draws because it\u2019s readily available and convenient to do so. Surveying people on the street as they pass by is an example of a convenience sample. The question is, are these people representative of the target market?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">For example, suppose a grocery store needed to quickly conduct some research on shoppers to get ready for an upcoming promotion. Now suppose that the researcher assigned to the project showed up between the hours of 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. on a weekday and surveyed as many shoppers as possible. The problem is that the shoppers wouldn\u2019t be representative of the store\u2019s entire target market. What about commuters who stop at the store before and after work? Their views wouldn\u2019t be represented. Neither would people who work the night shift or shop at odd hours. As a result, there would be a lot of room for sampling error in this study. For this reason, studies that use nonprobability samples aren\u2019t considered as accurate as studies that use probability samples. Nonprobability samples are more often used in exploratory research.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Lastly, the size of the sample has an effect on the amount of sampling error. Larger samples generally produce more accurate results. The larger your sample is, the more data you will have, which will give you a more complete picture of what you\u2019re studying. However, the more people surveyed or studied, the more costly the research becomes.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p08\" class=\"para editable block\">Statistics can be used to determine a sample\u2019s optimal size. If you take a marketing research or statistics class, you will learn more about how to determine the optimal size.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s04_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">Of course, if you hire a marketing research company, much of this work will be taken care of for you. Many marketing research companies, like ResearchNow, maintain panels of prescreened people they draw upon for samples. In addition, the marketing research firm will be responsible for collecting the data or contracting with a company that specializes in data collection. Data collection is discussed next.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Step 5: Collect the Data<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">As we have explained, primary marketing research data can be gathered in a number of ways. Surveys, taking physical measurements, and observing people are just three of the ways we discussed. If you\u2019re observing customers as part of gathering the data, keep in mind that if shoppers are aware of the fact, it can have an effect on their behaviour. For example, if a customer shopping for feminine hygiene products in a supermarket aisle realizes she is being watched, she could become embarrassed and leave the aisle, which would adversely affect your data. To get around problems such as these, some companies set up cameras or two-way mirrors to observe customers. Organizations also hire mystery shoppers to work around the problem. A mystery shopper is someone who is paid to shop at a firm\u2019s establishment or one of its competitors to observe the level of service, cleanliness of the facility, and so forth, and report his or her findings to the firm.<\/p>\n<p>Watch the YouTube video to get an idea of how mystery shopping works.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_n01\" class=\"video editable block\">\n<p>Watch the video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Rsth2qvWFfw\">Make Extra Money As a Mystery Shopper (3 minutes)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"Make Extra Money As a Mystery Shopper\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Rsth2qvWFfw?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Survey data can be collected in many different ways and combinations of ways. The following are the basic methods used:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Face-to-face (can be computer aided)<\/li>\n<li>Telephone (can be computer aided or completely automated)<\/li>\n<li>Mail and hand delivery<\/li>\n<li>E-mail and the Web<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">A face-to-face survey is, of course, administered by a person. The surveys are conducted in public places such as in shopping malls, on the street, or in people\u2019s homes if they have agreed to it. In years past, it was common for researchers in the United States to knock on people\u2019s doors to gather survey data. However, randomly collected door-to-door interviews are less common today, partly because people are afraid of crime and are reluctant to give information to strangers (McDaniel &amp; Gates, 1998).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Nonetheless, \u201cbeating the streets\u201d is still a legitimate way questionnaire data is collected. When the U.S. Census Bureau collects data on the nation\u2019s population, it hand delivers questionnaires to rural households that do not have street name and house-number addresses. And Census Bureau workers personally survey the homeless to collect information about their numbers. Face-to-face surveys are also commonly used in third-world countries to collect information from people who cannot read or lack phones and computers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">A plus of face-to-face surveys is that they allow researchers to ask lengthier, more complex questions because the people being surveyed can see and read the questionnaires. The same is true when a computer is utilized. For example, the researcher might ask the respondent to look at a list of ten retail stores and rank the stores from best to worst. The same question wouldn\u2019t work so well over the telephone because the person couldn\u2019t see the list. The question would have to be rewritten. Another drawback with telephone surveys is that even though federal and state \u201cdo not call\u201d laws generally don\u2019t prohibit companies from gathering survey information over the phone, people often screen such calls using answering machines and caller ID.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Probably the biggest drawback of both surveys conducted face-to-face and administered over the phone by a person is that they are labour-intensive and therefore costly. Mailing out questionnaires is costly, too, and the response rates can be rather low. Think about why that might be so: if you receive a questionnaire in the mail, it is easy to throw it in the trash; it\u2019s harder to tell a market researcher who approaches you on the street that you don\u2019t want to be interviewed.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">By contrast, gathering survey data collected by a computer, either over the telephone or on the Internet, can be very cost-effective and in some cases free. Like a face-to-face survey, an Internet survey can enable you to show buyers different visuals such as ads, pictures, and videos of products and their packaging. Web surveys are also fast, which is a major plus. Whereas face-to-face and mailed surveys often take weeks to collect, you can conduct a Web survey in a matter of days or even hours. And, of course, because the information is electronically gathered it can be automatically tabulated. You can also potentially reach a broader geographic group than you could if you had to personally interview people.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p09\" class=\"para editable block\">Another plus for Web and computer surveys (and electronic phone surveys) is that there is less room for human error because the surveys are administered electronically. For instance, there\u2019s no risk that the interviewer will ask a question wrong or use a tone of voice that could mislead the respondents. Respondents are also likely to feel more comfortable inputting the information into a computer if a question is sensitive than they would divulging the information to another person face-to-face or over the phone. Given all of these advantages, it\u2019s not surprising that the Internet is quickly becoming the top way to collect primary data. However, like mail surveys, surveys sent to people over the Internet are easy to ignore.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p10\" class=\"para editable block\">Lastly, before the data collection process begins, the surveyors and observers need to be trained to look for the same things, ask questions the same way, and so forth. If they are using rankings or rating scales, they need to be \u201con the same page,\u201d so to speak, as to what constitutes a high ranking or a low ranking. As an analogy, you have probably had some teachers grade your college papers harder than others. The goal of training is to avoid a wide disparity between how different observers and interviewers record the data.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_238\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-238\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-238 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A sample satisfaction survey.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/386\/2022\/01\/10.2.2.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-238\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.11: Training people so they know what constitutes different ratings when they are collecting data will improve the quality of the information gathered in a marketing research study.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_p11\" class=\"para editable block\">For example, if an observation form asks the observers to describe whether a shopper\u2019s behavior is hurried, moderately hurried, or unhurried, they should be given an idea of what defines each rating. Does it depend on how much time the person spends in the store or in the individual aisles? How fast they walk? In other words, the criteria and ratings need to be spelled out.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Collecting International Marketing Research Data<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Gathering marketing research data in foreign countries poses special challenges. However, that doesn\u2019t stop firms from doing so. Marketing research companies are located all across the globe, in fact. Eight of the ten largest marketing research companies in the world are headquartered in the United States. However, five of these eight firms earn more of their revenues abroad than they do in the United States. There\u2019s a reason for this: many U.S. markets were saturated, or tapped out, long ago in terms of the amount that they can grow. Coke is an example. As you learned earlier in the book, most of the Coca-Cola Company\u2019s revenues are earned in markets abroad. To be sure, the United States is still a huge market when it comes to the revenues marketing research firms generate by conducting research in the country: in terms of their spending, American consumers fuel the world\u2019s economic engine. Still, emerging countries with growing middle classes, such as China, India, and Brazil, are hot new markets companies want to tap.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">What kind of challenges do firms face when trying to conduct marketing research abroad? As we explained, face-to-face surveys are commonly used in third world countries to collect information from people who cannot read or lack phones and computers. However, face-to-face surveys are also common in Europe, despite the fact that phones and computers are readily available. In-home surveys are also common in parts of Europe. By contrast, in some countries, including many Asian countries, it\u2019s considered taboo or rude to try to gather information from strangers either face-to-face or over the phone. In many Muslim countries, women are forbidden to talk to strangers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">And how do you figure out whom to research in foreign countries? That in itself is a problem. In the United States, researchers often ask if they can talk to the heads of households to conduct marketing research. But in countries in which domestic servants or employees are common, the heads of households aren\u2019t necessarily the principal shoppers; their domestic employees are (Malhotra).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Translating surveys is also an issue. Have you ever watched the TV comedians Jay Leno and David Letterman make fun of the English translations found on ethnic menus and products? Research tools such as surveys can suffer from the same problem. Hiring someone who is bilingual to translate a survey into another language can be a disaster if the person isn\u2019t a native speaker of the language to which the survey is being translated.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">One way companies try to deal with translation problems is by using back translation. When back translation is used, a native speaker translates the survey into the foreign language and then translates it back again to the original language to determine if there were gaps in meaning\u2014that is, if anything was lost in translation. And it\u2019s not just the language that\u2019s an issue. If the research involves any visual images, they, too, could be a point of confusion. Certain colors, shapes, and symbols can have negative connotations in other countries. For example, the color white represents purity in many Western cultures, but in China, it is the color of death and mourning (Zouhali-Worrall, 2008). Also, look back at the cartoon-completion exercise in Figure 10.8 &#8220;Example of a Cartoon-Completion Projective Technique&#8221;. What would women in Muslim countries who aren\u2019t allowed to converse with male sellers think of it? Chances are, the cartoon wouldn\u2019t provide you with the information you\u2019re seeking if Muslim women in some countries were asked to complete it.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s05_s01_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">One way marketing research companies are dealing with the complexities of global research is by merging with or acquiring marketing research companies abroad. The Nielsen Company is the largest marketing research company in the world. The firm operates in more than a hundred countries and employs more than forty thousand people. Many of its expansions have been the result of acquisitions and mergers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Step 6: Analyze the Data<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Step 6 involves analyzing the data to ensure it\u2019s as accurate as possible. If the research is collected by hand using a pen and pencil, it\u2019s entered into a computer. Or respondents might have already entered the information directly into a computer. For example, when Toyota goes to an event such as a car show, the automaker\u2019s marketing personnel ask would-be buyers to complete questionnaires directly on computers. Companies are also beginning to experiment with software that can be used to collect data using mobile phones.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">Once all the data is collected, the researchers begin the data cleaning, which is the process of removing data that have accidentally been duplicated (entered twice into the computer) or correcting data that have obviously been recorded wrong. A program such as Microsoft Excel or a statistical program such as Predictive Analytics Software (PASW, which was formerly known as SPSS) is then used to tabulate, or calculate, the basic results of the research, such as the total number of participants and how collectively they answered various questions. The programs can also be used to calculate averages, such as the average age of respondents, their average satisfaction, and so forth. The same can done for percentages, and other values you learned about, or will learn about, in a statistics course, such as the standard deviation, mean, and median for each question.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">The information generated by the programs can be used to draw conclusions, such as what <em class=\"emphasis\">all<\/em> customers might like or not like about an offering based on what the sample group liked or did not like. The information can also be used to spot differences among groups of people. For example, the research might show that people in one area of the country like the product better than people in another area. Trends to predict what might happen in the future can also be spotted.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">If there are any open-ended questions respondents have elaborated upon\u2014for example, \u201cExplain why you like the current brand you use better than any other brand\u201d\u2014the answers to each are pasted together, one on top of another, so researchers can compare and summarize the information. As we have explained, qualitative information such as this can give you a fuller picture of the results of the research.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">Part of analyzing the data is to see if it seems sound. Does the way in which the research was conducted seem sound? Was the sample size large enough? Are the conclusions that become apparent from it reasonable?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s06_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">The two most commonly used criteria used to test the soundness of a study are (1) validity and (2) reliability. A study is valid if it actually tested what it was designed to test. For example, did the experiment you ran in Second Life test what it was designed to test? Did it reflect what could really happen in the real world? If not, the research isn\u2019t valid. If you were to repeat the study, and get the same results (or nearly the same results), the research is said to be reliable. If you get a drastically different result if you repeat the study, it\u2019s not reliable. The data collected, or at least some it, can also be compared to, or reconciled with, similar data from other sources either gathered by your firm or by another organization to see if the information seems on target.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Stage 7: Write the Research Report and Present Its Findings<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If you end up becoming a marketing professional and conducting a research study after you graduate, hopefully you will do a great job putting the study together. You will have defined the problem correctly, chosen the right sample, collected the data accurately, analyzed it, and your findings will be sound. At that point, you will be required to write the research report and perhaps present it to an audience of decision makers. You will do so via a written report and, in some cases, a slide or PowerPoint presentation based on your written report.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">The six basic elements of a research report are as follows.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_l01\" class=\"orderedlist editable block\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Title Page<\/strong>. The title page explains what the report is about, when it was conducted and by whom, and who requested it.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Table of Contents<\/strong>. The table of contents outlines the major parts of the report, as well as any graphs and charts, and the page numbers on which they can be found.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Executive Summary<\/strong>. The executive summary summarizes all the details in the report in a very quick way. Many people who receive the report\u2014both executives and nonexecutives\u2014won\u2019t have time to read the entire report. Instead, they will rely on the executive summary to quickly get an idea of the study\u2019s results and what to do about those results.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Methodology and Limitations<\/strong>. The methodology section of the report explains the technical details of how the research was designed and conducted. The section explains, for example, how the data was collected and by whom, the size of the sample, how it was chosen, and whom or what it consisted of (e.g., the number of women versus men or children versus adults). It also includes information about the statistical techniques used to analyze the data.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p03\" class=\"para\">Every study has errors\u2014sampling errors, interviewer errors, and so forth. The methodology section should explain these details, so decision makers can consider their overall impact. The margin of error is the overall tendency of the study to be off kilter\u2014that is, how far it could have gone wrong in either direction. Remember how newscasters present the presidential polls before an election? They always say, \u201cThis candidate is ahead 48 to 44 percent, plus or minus 2 percent.\u201d That \u201cplus or minus\u201d is the margin of error. The larger the margin of error is, the less likely the results of the study are accurate. The margin of error needs to be included in the methodology section.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Findings<\/strong>. The findings section is a longer, fleshed-out version of the executive summary that goes into more detail about the statistics uncovered by the research that bolster the study\u2019s findings. If you have related research or secondary data on hand that back up the findings, it can be included to help show the study did what it was designed to do.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Recommendations<\/strong>. The recommendations section should outline the course of action you think should be taken based on the findings of the research and the purpose of the project. For example, if you conducted a global market research study to identify new locations for stores, make a recommendation for the locations (Mersdorf, 2009).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">As we have said, these are the basic sections of a marketing research report. However, additional sections can be added as needed. For example, you might need to add a section on the competition and each firm\u2019s market share. If you\u2019re trying to decide on different supply chain options, you will need to include a section on that topic.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p05\" class=\"para editable block\">As you write the research report, keep your audience in mind. Don\u2019t use technical jargon decision makers and other people reading the report won\u2019t understand. If technical terms must be used, explain them. Also, proofread the document to ferret out any grammatical errors and typos, and ask a couple of other people to proofread behind you to catch any mistakes you might have missed. If your research report is riddled with errors, its credibility will be undermined, even if the findings and recommendations you make are extremely accurate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">Many research reports are presented via PowerPoint. If you\u2019re asked to create a slideshow presentation from the report, don\u2019t try to include every detail in the report on the slides. The information will be too long and tedious for people attending the presentation to read through. And if they do go to the trouble of reading all the information, they probably won\u2019t be listening to the speaker who is making the presentation.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Instead of including all the information from the study in the slides, boil each section of the report down to key points and add some \u201ctalking points\u201d only the presenter will see. After or during the presentation, you can give the attendees the longer, paper version of the report so they can read the details at a convenient time, if they choose to.<\/p>\n<p class=\"para editable block\">That was a long chapter! Marketing Research is a complex topic and is taught in separate classes. So introducing all of it in one chapter is a challenge. Hopefully you are able to recall the most important pieces &#8230; use these exercises to test your knowledge!<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Step 1 in the marketing research process is to define the problem. Businesses take a look at what they believe are symptoms and try to drill down to the potential causes so as to precisely define the problem. The next task for the researcher is to put into writing the research objective, or goal, the research is supposed to accomplish.<\/li>\n<li>Step 2 in the process is to design the research. The research design is the \u201cplan of attack.\u201d It outlines what data you are going to gather, from whom, how, and when, and how you\u2019re going to analyze it once it has been obtained.<\/li>\n<li>Step 3 is to design the data-collection forms, which need to be standardized so the information gathered on each is comparable. Surveys are a popular way to gather data because they can be easily administered to large numbers of people fairly quickly. However, to produce the best results, survey questionnaires need to be carefully designed and pretested before they are used.<\/li>\n<li>Step 4 is drawing the sample, or a subset of potential buyers who are representative of your <em class=\"emphasis\">entire<\/em> target market. If the sample is not correctly selected, the research will be flawed.<\/li>\n<li>Step 5 is to actually collect the data, whether it\u2019s collected by a person face-to-face, over the phone, or with the help of computers or the Internet. The data-collection process is often different in foreign countries.<\/li>\n<li>Step 6 is to analyze the data collected for any obvious errors, tabulate the data, and then draw conclusions from it based on the results.<\/li>\n<li>The last step in the process, Step 7, is writing the research report and presenting the findings to decision makers.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Review Questions<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol id=\"fwk-133234-ch10_s02_s07_l02\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Explain why it\u2019s important to carefully define the problem or opportunity a marketing research study is designed to investigate.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the different types of problems that can occur when marketing research professionals develop questions for surveys.<\/li>\n<li>How does a probability sample differ from a nonprobability sample?<\/li>\n<li>What makes a marketing research study valid? What makes a marketing research study reliable?<\/li>\n<li>What sections should be included in a marketing research report? What is each section designed to do?<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"h5p-49\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-49\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"49\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Marketing Research Process\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"h5p-50\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-50\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"50\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Marketing Research Process Details\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Barnes, B., \u201cDisney Expert Uses Science to Draw Boy Viewers,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">New York Times<\/em>, April 15, 2009, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/04\/14\/arts\/television\/14boys.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1 (accessed December 14, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>Burns A. and Ronald Bush, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research<\/em>, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010), 85.<\/p>\n<p>Malhotra, N., <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research: An Applied Approach<\/em>, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall), 764.<\/p>\n<p>McDaniel, C. D. and Roger H. Gates, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research Essentials<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing, 1998), 61.<\/p>\n<p>McWilliams, J., \u201cA-B Puts Super-Low-Calorie Beer in Ring with Miller,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">St. Louis Post-Dispatch<\/em>, August 16, 2009, http:\/\/www.stltoday.com\/business\/next-matchup-light-weights-a-b-puts-super-low-calorie\/article_47511bfe-18ca-5979-bdb9-0526c97d4edf.html (accessed April 13, 2012).<\/p>\n<p>Mersdorf, S., \u201cHow to Organize Your Next Survey Report,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Cvent<\/em>, August 24, 2009, http:\/\/survey.cvent.com\/blog\/cvent-survey\/0\/0\/how-to-organize-your-next-survey-report (accessed September 13, 2021).<\/p>\n<p>Rappeport A. and David Gelles, \u201cFacebook to Form Alliance with Nielsen,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Financial Times<\/em>, September 23, 2009, 16.<\/p>\n<p>Spangler, T., \u201cDisney Lab Tracks Feelings,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Multichannel News<\/em> 30, no. 30 (August 3, 2009): 26.<\/p>\n<p>Wagner, J., \u201cMarketing in Second Life Doesn\u2019t Work\u2026Here Is Why!\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">GigaOM<\/em>, April 4, 2007, http:\/\/gigaom.com\/2007\/04\/04\/3-reasons-why-marketing-in-second-life-doesnt-work (accessed December 14, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>Wrenn, B., Robert E. Stevens, and David L. Loudon, <em class=\"emphasis\">Marketing Research: Text and Cases<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 2007), 180.<\/p>\n<p>Zouhali-Worrall, M., \u201cFound in Translation: Avoiding Multilingual Gaffes,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CNNMoney.com<\/em>, July 14, 2008, http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/2008\/07\/07\/smallbusiness\/language_translation.fsb\/index.htm (accessed December 14, 2009).<\/p>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W6t7deaplgY\">The 1985 launch of New Coke video<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/chrisbudtz\">Christian Budtz<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8_hvOBnsirI\">1985 Pepsi commercial- &#8220;They changed my Coke&#8221;<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/eyeh8cbs\">eyeh8cbs<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OORnMYoWX9c\">stone and stone wheel video<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/smack1313\">smack1313<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lawrencegs\/11466363313\/\">Google Glass<\/a>&#8221; by <a id=\"yui_3_16_0_1_1655164306439_1913\" class=\"owner-name truncate no-outline\" title=\"Go to lawrencegs\u2019s photostream\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lawrencegs\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">lawrencegs<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\"><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">CC BY 2.0 <\/span>licence.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">&#8220;<\/span><a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/39493003@N00\/3766496620\/\">Le champagne aide \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9merveillement<\/a>&#8221; by <a id=\"yui_3_16_0_1_1655164567401_1977\" class=\"owner-name truncate no-outline\" title=\"Go to Martine\u2019s photostream\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/39493003@N00\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">Martine<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\"><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">CC BY-NC 2.0 <\/span>licence.<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Rsth2qvWFfw\">Make Extra Money As a Mystery Shopper video<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/KSSAyisha\">KSSAyisha<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ricardore\/2523692456\/\">Satisfaction survey<\/a>&#8221; by <a id=\"yui_3_16_0_1_1655164702646_1840\" class=\"owner-name truncate no-outline\" title=\"Go to Ricardo Rodriguez\u2019s photostream\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ricardore\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">Ricardo Rodriguez<\/a> is licensed under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/2.0\/\"><span class=\"cc-license-identifier\">CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 <\/span>licence.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-239-1\">\u201cQuestionnaire Design,\u201d QuickMBA, http:\/\/www.quickmba.com\/marketing\/research\/qdesign (accessed December 14, 2009). <a href=\"#return-footnote-239-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-239","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":227,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1107,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239\/revisions\/1107"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/227"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/239\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=239"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=239"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}