{"id":68,"date":"2015-03-11T18:57:57","date_gmt":"2015-03-11T22:57:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/chapter\/3-1-factors-that-influence-consumers-buying-behavior\/"},"modified":"2023-01-13T11:47:02","modified_gmt":"2023-01-13T16:47:02","slug":"factors-that-influence-consumers-buying-behavior","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/chapter\/factors-that-influence-consumers-buying-behavior\/","title":{"raw":"3.1 Factors That Influence Consumers\u2019 Buying Behavior","rendered":"3.1 Factors That Influence Consumers\u2019 Buying Behavior"},"content":{"raw":"
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Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Describe the personal and psychological factors that may influence what consumers buy and when they buy it.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Explain what marketing professionals can do to influence consumers\u2019 behavior.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Explain how looking at lifestyle information helps firms understand what consumers want to purchase.<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. Explain how Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs works.<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. Explain how culture, subcultures, social classes, families, and reference groups affect consumers\u2019 buying behavior.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    You\u2019ve been a consumer with purchasing power for much longer than you probably realize\u2014since the first time you were asked which cereal or toy you wanted. Over the years, you\u2019ve developed rules of thumb or mental shortcuts providing a systematic way to choose among alternatives, even if you aren\u2019t aware of it. Other consumers follow a similar process, but different people, no matter how similar they are, make different purchasing decisions. You might be very interested in purchasing a Smart Car, but your best friend might want to buy a Ford F-150 truck. What factors influenced your decision and what factors influenced your friend\u2019s decision?<\/p>\r\n

    As we mentioned earlier in the chapter, consumer behaviour is influenced by many things, including environmental and marketing factors, the situation, personal and psychological factors, family, and culture. Businesses try to figure out trends<\/em> so they can reach the people most likely to buy their products in the most cost-effective way possible. Businesses often try to influence a consumer\u2019s behaviour with things they can control such as the layout of a store, music, grouping and availability of products, pricing, and advertising. While some influences may be temporary and others are long-lasting, different factors can affect how buyers behave\u2014whether they influence you to make a purchase, buy additional products, or buy nothing at all. Let\u2019s now look at some of the influences on consumer behaviour in more detail.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Situational Factors<\/h1>\r\n

    Have you ever been in a department store and couldn\u2019t find your way out? No, you aren\u2019t necessarily directionally challenged. Marketing professionals take physical factors such as a store\u2019s design and layout into account when they are designing their facilities. Presumably, the longer you wander around a facility, the more you will spend. Grocery stores frequently place bread and milk products on the opposite ends of the stores because people often need both types of products. To buy both, they have to walk around an entire store, which of course, is loaded with other items they might see and purchase.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    For 23 years, Starbucks famously operated 2 coffee shops in Vancouver, B.C. that were across the street from each other. Located on trendy Robson Street, Starbucks finally decided to close one of the shops in 2012.\r\n\"Kitty-corner Vancouver Starbucks to close down.\" CBC News, April 30, 2012<\/a><\/div>\r\n

    Store locations also influence behaviour. Starbucks has done a good job in terms of locating its stores. It has the process down to a science; you can scarcely drive a few miles down the road without passing a Starbucks. \u200bYou can also buy cups of Starbucks coffee at many grocery stores and in airports\u2014virtually any place where there is foot traffic.<\/p>\r\n

    Physical factors that firms can control, such as the layout of a store, music played at stores, the lighting, temperature, and even the smells you experience are called atmospherics. Perhaps you\u2019ve visited the office of an apartment complex and noticed how great it looked and even smelled. It\u2019s no coincidence. The managers of the complex were trying to get you to stay for a while and have a look at their facilities. Research shows that \u201cstrategic fragrancing\u201d results in customers staying in stores longer, buying more, and leaving with better impressions of the quality of stores\u2019 services and products. Mirrors near hotel elevators are another example. Hotel operators have found that when people are busy looking at themselves in the mirrors, they don\u2019t feel like they are waiting as long for their elevators (Moore, 2008).<\/p>\r\n

    \u200bNot all physical factors are under a company\u2019s control, however. Take the weather, for example. Rainy weather can be a boon to some companies, like umbrella makers such as Totes, but a problem for others. Beach resorts, outdoor concert venues, and golf courses suffer when it is raining heavily. Businesses such as automobile dealers also have fewer customers. Who wants to shop for a car in the rain?<\/p>\r\n

    Firms often attempt to deal with adverse physical factors such as bad weather by offering specials during unattractive times. For example, many resorts offer consumers discounts to travel to beach locations during hurricane season. Having an online presence is another way to cope with weather-related problems. What could be more comfortable than shopping at home? If it\u2019s raining too hard to drive to the GAP, REI, or Abercrombie & Fitch, you can buy products from these companies and many others online. You can shop online for cars, too, and many restaurants take orders online and deliver.<\/p>\r\n

    Crowding is another situational factor. Have you ever left a store and not purchased anything because it was just too crowded? Some studies have shown that consumers feel better about retailers who attempt to prevent overcrowding in their stores. However, other studies have shown that to a certain extent, crowding can have a positive impact on a person\u2019s buying experience. The phenomenon is often referred to as \u201cherd behaviour\u201d (Gaumer & Leif, 2005).<\/p>\r\n

    If people are lined up to buy something, you want to know why. Should you get in line to buy it too? Herd behaviour helped drive up the price of houses in the mid-2000s before the prices for them rapidly fell. Unfortunately, herd behaviour has also led to the deaths of people. In 2008, a store employee was trampled to death by an early morning crowd rushing into a Walmart to snap up holiday bargains.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Social Situation<\/h1>\r\n

    The social situation you\u2019re in can significantly affect your purchase behaviour. Perhaps you have seen Girl Scouts selling cookies outside grocery stores and other retail establishments and purchased nothing from them. But what if your neighbour\u2019s daughter is selling the cookies? Are you going to turn her down or be a friendly neighbour and buy a box (or two)?<\/p>\r\nWatch the video: Funny Dairy Queen Commercial (30 seconds)<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GJHN4eutKjY\r\n

    Companies like Pampered Chef that sell their products at parties understand that the social situation makes a difference. When you\u2019re at a friend\u2019s Pampered Chef party, you don\u2019t want to look cheap or disappoint your friend by not buying anything. Certain social situations can also make you less willing to buy products. You might spend quite a bit of money each month eating at fast-food restaurants like McDonald\u2019s and Subway. Where do you take someone for your first date? Some people might take a first date to Subway, but other people would perhaps choose a restaurant that\u2019s more upscale. Likewise, if you have turned down a drink or dessert on a date because you were worried about what the person you were with might have thought, your consumption was affected by your social situation (Matilla & Wirtz, 2008).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Time<\/h1>\r\n

    The time of day, time of year, and how much time consumers feel like they have to shop affect what they buy. Researchers have even discovered whether someone is a \u201cmorning person\u201d or \u201cevening person\u201d affects shopping patterns. Have you ever gone to the grocery store when you are hungry or after pay day when you have cash in your pocket? When you are hungry or have cash, you may purchase more than you would at other times. Seven-Eleven Japan is a company that\u2019s extremely in tune to time and how it affects buyers. The company\u2019s point-of-sale systems at its checkout counters monitor what is selling well and when, and stores are restocked with those items immediately\u2014sometimes via motorcycle deliveries that zip in and out of traffic along Japan\u2019s crowded streets. The goal is to get the products on the shelves when and where consumers want them. Seven-Eleven Japan also knows that, like Americans, its customers are \u201ctime-starved.\u201d Shoppers can pay their utility bills, local taxes, and insurance or pension premiums at Seven-Eleven Japan stores, and even make photocopies (Bird, 2002).<\/p>\r\n

    Companies worldwide are aware of people\u2019s lack of time and are finding ways to accommodate them. Some doctors\u2019 offices offer drive-through shots for patients who are in a hurry and for elderly patients who find it difficult to get out of their cars. Tickets.com allows companies to sell tickets by sending them to customers\u2019 mobile phones when they call in. The phones\u2019 displays are then read by barcode scanners when the ticket purchasers arrive at the events they\u2019re attending. Likewise, if you need customer service from Amazon.com, there\u2019s no need to wait on the telephone. If you have an account with Amazon, you just click a button on the company\u2019s Web site and an Amazon representative calls you immediately.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Reason for the Purchase<\/h1>\r\n

    The reason you are shopping also affects the amount of time you will spend shopping. Are you making an emergency purchase? What if you need something for an important dinner or a project and only have an hour to get everything? Are you shopping for a gift or for a special occasion? Are you buying something to complete a task\/project and need it quickly? In recent years, emergency clinics have sprung up in strip malls all over the country. Convenience is one reason. The other is a sheer necessity. If you cut yourself and you are bleeding badly, you\u2019re probably not going to shop around much to find the best clinic. You will go to the one that\u2019s closest to you. The same thing may happen if you need something immediately.<\/p>\r\n

    Purchasing a gift might not be an emergency situation, but you might not want to spend much time shopping for it either. Gift certificates have been popular for years. You can purchase gift cards for numerous merchants at your local grocery store or online. By contrast, suppose you need to buy an engagement ring. Sure, you could buy one online in a jiffy, but you probably wouldn\u2019t do that. What if the diamond was fake? What if your significant other turned you down and you had to return the ring? How hard would it be to get back online and return the ring? (Hornik & Miniero, 2009)<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Mood<\/h1>\r\n

    Have you ever felt like going on a shopping spree? At other times wild horses couldn\u2019t drag you to a mall. People\u2019s moods temporarily affect their spending patterns. Some people enjoy shopping. It\u2019s entertaining for them. At the extreme are compulsive spenders who get a temporary \u201chigh\u201d from spending.<\/p>\r\n

    A sour mood can spoil a consumer\u2019s desire to shop. The crash of the U.S. stock market in 2008 left many people feeling poorer, leading to a dramatic downturn in consumer spending. Penny pinching came into vogue, and conspicuous spending was out. Costco and Walmart experienced heightened sales of their low-cost Kirkland Signature and Great Value brands as consumers scrimped.[footnote]\u201cWal-Mart Unveils Plans for Own-Label Revamp,\u201d Financial Times, March 17, 2009, 15.[\/footnote] Saks Fifth Avenue wasn\u2019t so lucky. Its annual release of spring fashions usually leads to a feeding frenzy among shoppers, but spring 2009 was different. \u201cWe\u2019ve definitely seen a drop-off of this idea of shopping for entertainment,\u201d says Kimberly Grabel, Saks Fifth Avenue\u2019s senior vice president of marketing (Rosenbloom, 2009). To get buyers in the shopping mood, companies resorted to different measures. The upscale retailer Neiman Marcus began introducing more mid-priced brands. By studying customer loyalty cards, the French hypermarket Carrefour hoped to find ways to get its customers to purchase nonfood items that have higher profit margins.<\/p>\r\n

    The glum mood wasn\u2019t bad for all businesses though. Discounters like Half-Priced books saw their sales surge. So did seed sellers as people began planting their own gardens. Finally, what about those products (Aqua Globes, Snuggies, and Ped Eggs) you see being hawked on television? Their sales were the best ever. Apparently, consumers too broke to go on vacation or shop at Saks were instead watching television and treating themselves to the products (Ward, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Personal Factors<\/h1>\r\n

    Personality and Self-Concept<\/h2>\r\n

    Personality describes a person\u2019s disposition, helps show why people are different, and encompasses a person\u2019s unique traits. The \u201cBig Five\u201d personality traits that psychologists discuss frequently include openness<\/strong> or how open you are to new experiences, conscientiousness<\/strong> or how diligent you are, extraversion<\/strong> or how outgoing or shy you are, agreeableness<\/strong> or how easy you are to get along with, and neuroticism<\/strong> or how prone you are to negative mental states.<\/p>\r\n

    Do personality traits predict people\u2019s purchasing behaviour? Can companies successfully target certain products to people based on their personalities? How do you find out what personalities consumers have? Are extraverts wild spenders and introverts penny pinchers?<\/p>\r\n

    The link between people\u2019s personalities and their buying behaviour is somewhat unclear. Some research studies have shown that \u201csensation seekers,\u201d or people who exhibit extremely high levels of openness, are more likely to respond well to advertising that\u2019s violent and graphic. The problem for firms is figuring out \u201cwho\u2019s who\u201d in terms of their personalities.<\/p>\r\n

    Marketers have had better luck linking people\u2019s self-concepts to their buying behaviour. Your self-concept is how you see yourself\u2014be it positive or negative. Your ideal self is how you would like<\/em> to see yourself\u2014whether it\u2019s prettier, more popular, more eco-conscious, or more \u201cgoth,\u201d and others\u2019 self-concept, or how you think others see you, also influences your purchase behaviour. Marketing researchers believe people buy products to enhance how they feel about themselves\u2014to get themselves closer to their ideal selves.<\/p>\r\n

    The slogan \u201cBe All That You Can Be,\u201d which for years was used by the U.S. Army to recruit soldiers, is an attempt to appeal to the self-concept. Presumably, by joining the U.S. Army, you will become a better version of yourself, which will, in turn, improve your life. Many beauty products and cosmetic procedures are advertised in a way that\u2019s supposed to appeal to the ideal self people seek. All of us want products that improve our lives.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Gender, Age, and Stage of Life<\/h2>\r\n

    While demographic variables such as income, education, and marital status are important, we will look at gender, age, and stage of life and how they influence purchase decisions. Men and women need and buy different products (Ward & Thuhang, 2007). They also shop differently and in general, have different attitudes about shopping. You know the old stereotypes. Men see what they want and buy it, but women \u201ctry on everything and shop \u2018til they drop.\u201d There\u2019s some truth to the stereotypes. That\u2019s why you see so many advertisements directed at one sex or the other\u2014beer commercials that air on ESPN and commercials for household products that air on Lifetime. Women influence fully two-thirds of all household product purchases, whereas men buy about three-quarters of all alcoholic beverages (Schmitt, 2008). The shopping differences between men and women seem to be changing, though. Younger, well-educated men are less likely to believe grocery shopping is a woman\u2019s job and would be more inclined to bargain shop and use coupons if the coupons were properly targeted at them (Hill & Harmon, 2007). One survey found that approximately 45 percent of married men actually like<\/em> shopping and consider it relaxing.<\/p>\r\n

    One study by Resource Interactive, a technology research firm, found that when shopping online, men prefer sites with lots of pictures of products and women prefer to see products online in a lifestyle context\u2014say, a lamp in a living room. Women are also twice as likely as men to use viewing tools such as the zoom and rotate buttons and links that allow them to change the colour of products.<\/p>\r\nCheck out this Heineken commercial, which is meant to highlight the differences between \u201cwhat women want\u201d and \u201cwhat men want\u201d when it comes to products.\r\n\r\nWatch this video: Heineken: Walk in Fridge (30 seconds)<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yIutgtzwhAc\r\n\r\nMany businesses today are taking greater pains to figure out \u201cwhat men want.\u201d Products such as face toners and body washes for men such as the Axe brand and hair salons such as the Men\u2019s Zone and Weldon Barber are a relatively new phenomenon. Some advertising agencies specialize in advertising directed at men. There are also many products such as kayaks and mountain bikes targeted toward women that weren\u2019t in the past.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_63\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]\"3 Figure 3.2: Marketing to men is big business. Some advertising agencies specialize in advertisements designed specifically to appeal to male consumers.[\/caption]\r\n

    You have probably noticed that the things you buy have changed as you age. Think about what you wanted and how you spent five dollars when you were a child, a teenager, and an adult. When you were a child, the last thing you probably wanted as a gift was clothing. As you became a teen, however, cool clothes probably became a bigger priority. Don\u2019t look now, but depending on the stage of life you\u2019re currently in, diapers and wrinkle cream might be just around the corner.<\/p>\r\n

    If you\u2019re single and working after graduation, you probably spend your money differently than a newly married couple. How do you think spending patterns change when someone has a young child or a teenager or a child in college? Diapers and daycare, orthodontia, tuition, electronics\u2014regardless of the age, children affect the spending patterns of families. Once children graduate from college and parents are empty-nesters, spending patterns change again.<\/p>\r\n

    Empty nesters and baby boomers are a huge market that companies are trying to tap. Ford and other car companies have created \u201caging suits\u201d for young employees to wear when they\u2019re designing automobiles.[footnote]\u201cDesigning Cars for the Elderly: A Design Story,\u201d https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130224200325\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/stories\/2008-05-06\/nissan-toyota-focus-on-graying-driversbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice (accessed July 22, 2021).[\/footnote] The suit simulates the restricted mobility and vision people experience as they get older. Car designers can then figure out how to configure the automobiles to better meet the needs of these consumers.<\/p>\r\nThe \u201caging suit\u201d has elastic bindings that hamper a car designer\u2019s movement and goggles that simulate deteriorating eyesight. The suit gives the designer an idea of what kinds of car-related challenges older consumers face.\r\n\r\nWatch this video: Testing out Ford's third age suit (3 minutes)<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jGi1OA9wLwo\r\n

    Lisa Rudes Sandel, the founder of Not Your Daughter\u2019s Jeans (NYDJ), created a multimillion-dollar business by designing jeans for baby boomers with womanly bodies. Since its launch seven years ago, NYDJ has become the largest domestic manufacturer of women\u2019s jeans under $100. \u201cThe truth is,\u201d Rudes Sandel says, \u201cI\u2019ve never forgotten that woman I\u2019ve been aiming for since day one.\u201d Rudes Sandel \u201cspeaks to\u201d every one of her customers via a note tucked into each pair of jeans that reads, \u201cNYDJ (Not Your Daughter\u2019s Jeans) cannot be held responsible for any positive consequence that may arise due to your fabulous appearance when wearing the Tummy Tuck jeans. You can thank me later\u201d (Saffian, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_64\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]\"Three<\/a> Figure 3.3: You\u2019re only as old as you feel\u2014and the things you buy.[\/caption]\r\n

    Your chronological age, or actual age in years, is one thing. Your cognitive age, or how old you perceive yourself to be, is another. A person\u2019s cognitive age affects his or her activities and sparks interests consistent with his or her perceived age (Barak & Gould, 1985). Cognitive age is a significant predictor of consumer behaviours, including people dining out, watching television, going to bars and dance clubs, playing computer games, and shopping (Barak & Gould, 1985). Companies have found that many consumers feel younger than their chronological age and don\u2019t take kindly to products that feature \u201cold folks\u201d because they can\u2019t identify with them.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Lifestyle<\/h2>\r\n

    If you have ever watched the television show Wife Swap<\/em>, you can see that despite people\u2019s similarities (e.g., being middle-class Americans who are married with children), their lifestyles can differ radically. To better understand and connect with consumers, companies interview or ask people to complete questionnaires about their lifestyles or their activities, interests, and opinions (often referred to as AIO statements). Consumers are not only asked about products they like, where they live, and what their gender is but also about what they do\u2014that is, how they spend their time and what their priorities, values, opinions, and general outlooks on the world are. Where do they go other than work? Who do they like to talk to? What do they talk about? Researchers hired by Procter & Gamble have gone so far as to follow women around for weeks as they shop, run errands, and socialize with one another (Berner, 2006). Other companies have paid people to keep a daily journal of their activities and routines.<\/p>\r\n

    A number of research organizations examine lifestyle and psychographic characteristics of consumers. Psychographics combines the lifestyle traits of consumers and their personality styles with an analysis of their attitudes, activities, and values to determine groups of consumers with similar characteristics. One of the most widely used systems to classify people based on psychographics is the VALS (Values, Attitudes, and Lifestyles) framework. Using VALS to combine psychographics with demographic information such as marital status, education level, and income provides a better understanding of consumers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Psychological Factors<\/h1>\r\n

    Motivation<\/h2>\r\n

    Motivation is the inward drive we have to get what we need. In the mid-1900s, Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, developed the hierarchy of needs shown in Figure 3.4 \"Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs.\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"480\"]\"Maslow's Figure 3.4: Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs[\/caption]\r\n

    Maslow theorized that people have to fulfill their basic needs\u2014food, water, and sleep\u2014before they can begin fulfilling higher-level needs. Have you ever gone shopping when you were tired or hungry? Even if you were shopping for something that would make you the envy of your friends (maybe a new car) you probably wanted to sleep or eat even more. (Forget the car. Just give me a nap and a candy bar.)<\/p>\r\n

    The need for food is recurring. Other needs, such as shelter, clothing, and safety, tend to be enduring. Still other needs arise at different points in time in a person\u2019s life. For example, during grade school and high school, your social<\/em> needs probably rose to the forefront. You wanted to have friends and get a date. Perhaps this prompted you to buy certain types of clothing or electronic devices. After high school, you began thinking about how people would view you in your \u201cstation\u201d in life, so you decided to pay for college and get a professional degree, thereby fulfilling your need for esteem<\/em>. If you\u2019re lucky, at some point you will realize Maslow\u2019s state of self-actualization<\/em>. You will believe you have become the person in life that you feel you were meant to be.<\/p>\r\n

    Following the economic crisis that began in 2008, the sales of new automobiles dropped sharply virtually everywhere around the world\u2014except the sales of Hyundai vehicles. Hyundai understood that people needed to feel secure and safe and ran an ad campaign that assured car buyers they could return their vehicles if they couldn\u2019t make the payments on them without damaging their credit. Seeing Hyundai\u2019s success, other carmakers began offering similar programs. Likewise, banks began offering \u201cworry-free\u201d mortgages to ease the minds of would-be homebuyers. For a fee of about $500, First Mortgage Corp., a Texas-based bank, offered to make a homeowner\u2019s mortgage payment for six months if he or she got laid off (Jares, 2010).<\/p>\r\n

    While achieving self-actualization may be a goal for many individuals in the United States, consumers in Eastern cultures may focus more on belongingness and group needs. Marketers look at cultural differences in addition to individual needs. The importance of groups affects advertising (using groups versus individuals) and product decisions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \r\n\r\nChances are, Maslow's Hierarchy will cross your path many times in your life. Let's practice the order of categories so that you can be a pro!\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"16\"]\r\n\r\nIn addition, here is where you can access a very useful exercise that lets you practice identifying which need is taking precedence and which is being sacrificed for some sample situations:     Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Exercise<\/a>.\r\n

    Perception<\/h2>\r\n

    Perception is how you interpret the world around you and make sense of it in your brain. You do so via stimuli that affect your different senses\u2014sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. How you combine these senses also makes a difference. For example, in one study, consumers were blindfolded and asked to drink a new brand of clear beer. Most of them said the product tasted like regular beer. However, when the blindfolds came off and they drank the beer, many of them described it as \u201cwatery\u201d tasting (Ries, 2009).<\/p>\r\n

    Consumers are bombarded with messages on television, radio, magazines, the Internet, and even bathroom walls. The average consumer is exposed to about three thousand advertisements per day (Lasn, 1999). Consumers are surfing the Internet, watching television, and checking their cell phones for text messages simultaneously. Some, but not all, information makes it into our brains. Selecting information we see or hear (e.g., television shows or magazines) is called selective exposure.<\/p>\r\n

    Have you ever read or thought about something and then started noticing ads and information about it popping up everywhere? Many people are more perceptive to advertisements for products they need. Selective attention is the process of filtering out information based on how relevant it is to you. It\u2019s been described as a \u201csuit of armor\u201d that helps you filter out information you don\u2019t<\/em> need. At other times, people forget information, even if it\u2019s quite relevant to them, which is called selective retention. Often the information contradicts the person\u2019s belief. A longtime chain smoker who forgets much of the information communicated during an antismoking commercial is an example. To be sure their advertising messages get through to you and you remember them, companies use repetition. How tired of iPhone commercials were you before they tapered off? How often do you see the same commercial aired during a single television show?<\/p>\r\nAnother potential problem that advertisers (or your friends) may experience is selective distortion or misinterpretation of the intended message. Promotions for weight loss products show models that look slim and trim after using their products, and consumers may believe they will look like the model if they use the product. They misinterpret other factors such as how the model looked before or how long it will take to achieve the results. Similarly, have you ever told someone a story about a friend and that person told another person who told someone else? By the time the story gets back to you, it is completely different. The same thing can happen with many types of messages.\r\n\r\nWatch the video: Funny IPhone Propaganda Chistosa (1 minute)<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4vle73VqtHw\r\n

    Using surprising stimuli or shock advertising is also a technique that works. One study found that shocking content increased attention, benefited memory, and positively influenced behaviour among a group of university students (Dahl, et. al., 2003).<\/p>\r\n

    Subliminal advertising is the opposite of shock advertising and involves exposing consumers to marketing stimuli such as photos, ads, and messages by stealthily embedding them in movies, ads, and other media. Although there is no evidence that subliminal advertising works, years ago the words Drink Coca-Cola<\/em> were flashed for a millisecond on a movie screen. Consumers were thought to perceive the information subconsciously and to be influenced to buy the products shown. Many people considered the practice to be subversive, and in 1974, the Federal Communications Commission condemned it. Much of the original research on subliminal advertising, conducted by a researcher trying to drum up business for his market research firm, was fabricated (Crossen, 2007). People are still fascinated by subliminal advertising, however. To create \u201cbuzz\u201d about the television show The Mole<\/em> in 2008, ABC began hyping it by airing short commercials composed of just a few frames. If you blinked, you missed it. Some television stations actually called ABC to figure out what was going on. One-second ads were later rolled out to movie theatres (Adalian, 2008).<\/p>\r\n

    Different consumers perceive information differently. A couple of frames about The Mole<\/em> might make you want to see the television show. However, your friend might see the ad, find it stupid, and never tune in to watch the show. One man sees Pledge, an outstanding furniture polish, while another sees a can of spray no different from any other furniture polish. One woman sees a luxurious Gucci purse, and the other sees an overpriced bag to hold keys and makeup (Chartrand, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Learning<\/h2>\r\n

    Learning refers to the process by which consumers change their behaviour after they gain information or experience. It\u2019s the reason you don\u2019t buy a bad product twice. Learning doesn\u2019t just affect what you buy; it affects how you shop. People with limited experience with a product or brand generally seek out more information than people who have used a product before.<\/p>\r\n

    Companies try to get consumers to learn about their products in different ways. Car dealerships offer test drives. Pharmaceutical reps leave samples and brochures at doctor\u2019s offices. Other companies give consumers free samples. To promote its new line of coffees, McDonald\u2019s offered customers free samples to try. Have you ever eaten the food samples in a grocery store? While sampling is an expensive strategy, it gets consumers to try the product and many customers buy it, especially right after trying in the store.<\/p>\r\n

    Another kind of learning is operant or instrumental conditioning, which is what occurs when researchers are able to get a mouse to run through a maze for a piece of cheese or a dog to salivate just by ringing a bell. In other words, learning occurs through repetitive behaviour that has positive or negative consequences. Companies engage in operant conditioning by rewarding consumers, which causes consumers to want to repeat their purchasing behaviours. Prizes and toys that come in Cracker Jacks and McDonald\u2019s Happy Meals, free tans offered with gym memberships, a free sandwich after a certain number of purchases, and free car washes when you fill up your car with a tank of gas are examples.<\/p>\r\n

    Another learning process called classical conditioning occurs by associating a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to get a particular response. The more frequently the CS is linked with the US, the faster learning occurs and this is what advertisers and businesses try to do. Think about a meal at a restaurant where the food was really good and you went with someone special. You like the person and want to go out again. It could be that classical conditioning occurred. That is, the food produced a good feeling and you may associate the person with the food, thus producing a good feeling about the person.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Attitude<\/h2>\r\n

    Attitudes are \u201cmental positions\u201d or emotional feelings, favourable or unfavourable evaluations, and action tendencies people have about products, services, companies, ideas, issues, or institutions.[footnote]\u201cDictionary of Marketing Terms,\u201d https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150211053702\/http:\/\/www.allbusiness.com:80\/glossaries\/marketing\/4941810-1.html (accessed July 22, 2021).[\/footnote] Attitudes tend to be enduring, and because they are based on people\u2019s values and beliefs, they are hard to change. Companies want people to have positive feelings about their offerings. A few years ago, KFC began running ads to the effect that fried chicken was healthy\u2014until the U.S. Federal Trade Commission told the company to stop. Wendy\u2019s slogan that its products are \u201cway better than fast food\u201d is another example. Fast food has a negative connotation, so Wendy\u2019s is trying to get consumers to think about its offerings as being better.<\/p>\r\n

    An example of a shift in consumers\u2019 attitudes occurred when the taxpayer-paid government bailouts of big banks that began in 2008 provoked the wrath of Americans, creating an opportunity for small banks not involved in the credit bailout and subprime mortgage mess. The Worthington National Bank, a small bank in Fort Worth, Texas, ran billboards reading: \u201cDid Your Bank Take a Bailout? We didn\u2019t.\u201d Another read: \u201cJust Say NO to Bailout Banks. Bank Responsibly!\u201d The Worthington Bank received tens of millions in new deposits soon after running these campaigns (Mantone, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Societal Factors<\/h2>\r\n

    Situational factors, personal factors, and psychological factors influence what you buy, but only on a temporary basis. Societal factors are a bit different. They are more outward and have broad influences on your beliefs and the way you do things. They depend on the world around you and how it works.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Culture<\/h2>\r\n

    Culture refers to the shared beliefs, customs, behaviours, and attitudes that characterize a society. Culture is a handed-down way of life and is often considered the broadest influence on a consumer\u2019s behaviour. Your culture prescribes the way in which you should live and has a huge effect on the things you purchase. For example, in Beirut, Lebanon, women can often be seen wearing miniskirts. If you\u2019re a woman in Afghanistan wearing a miniskirt, however, you could face bodily harm or death. In Afghanistan women generally wear burqas<\/em>, which cover them completely from head to toe. Similarly, in Saudi Arabia, women must wear what\u2019s called an abaya<\/em>, or long black garment. Interestingly, abayas have become big business in recent years. They come in many styles, cuts, and fabrics and some are encrusted with jewels and cost thousands of dollars.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    To read about the fashions women in Muslim countries wear, check out this Time<\/em> magazine article \"The Return of the Veil\"<\/a>.<\/div>\r\n

    \"Even cultures that share many of the same values as the United States can be quite different. Following the meltdown of the financial markets in 2008, countries around the world were pressed by the United States to engage in deficit spending to stimulate the worldwide economy. The plan was a hard sell both to German politicians and to the German people in general. Most Germans don\u2019t own credit cards and running up a lot of debt is something people in that culture generally don\u2019t do. Credit card companies such as Visa, American Express, and MasterCard must understand cultural perceptions about credit.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Subcultures<\/h2>\r\n

    A subculture is a group of people within a culture who are different from the dominant culture but have something in common with one another such as common interests, vocations or jobs, religions, ethnic backgrounds, and geographic locations. The fastest-growing subculture in the United States consists of people of Hispanic origin, followed by Asian Americans, and African Americans. The purchasing power of U.S. Hispanics continues to grow, exceeding $1 trillion in 2010.[footnote]\u201cLatino Purchasing Power Now Pegged at $1 Trillion,\u201d Mariowire.com, May 4, 2011, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20111217084327\/http:\/\/www.mariowire.com\/2011\/05\/04\/latino-purchasing-power-1-trillion\/ (accessed July 22, 2021)[\/footnote] Home Depot has launched a Spanish version of its Web site. Walmart is in the process of converting some of its Neighborhood Markets into stores designed to appeal to Hispanics. The Supermarcado de Walmart stores are located in Hispanic neighbourhoods and feature elements such as caf\u00e9s serving Latino pastries and coffee and full meat and fish counters (Birchall, 2009). Marketing products based on the ethnicity of consumers is useful but may become harder to do in the future because the boundaries between ethnic groups are blurring.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_66\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"A Figure 3.6: Care to join the subculture of the \u201cOtherkin\u201d? Otherkins are primarily Internet users who believe they are reincarnations of mythological or legendary creatures\u2014angels, demons, vampires\u2014you name it. Here is where you can read more about the Otherkins and seven other bizarre subcultures. <\/a>[\/caption]\r\n

    Subcultures, such as college students, can develop in response to people\u2019s interests, similarities, and behaviours that allow marketing professionals to design specific products for them. You have probably heard of the hip-hop subculture, people who in engage in extreme types of sports such as helicopter skiing or people who play the fantasy game Dungeons and Dragons.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Social Class<\/h2>\r\n

    A social class is a group of people who have the same social, economic, or educational status in society.[footnote]Princeton University, \u201cWordNet,\u201d http:\/\/wordnetweb.princeton.edu\/perl\/webwn?s=social+class&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o7=&o5=&o1 =1&o6=&o4=&o3=&h= (accessed October 14, 2009).[\/footnote] While income helps define social class, the primary variable determining social class is occupation. To some<\/em> degree, consumers in the same social class exhibit similar purchasing behaviour. In many countries, people are expected to marry within their own social class. When asked, people tend to say they are middle class, which is not always correct. Have you ever been surprised to find out that someone you knew who was wealthy drove a beat-up old car or wore old clothes and shoes or that someone who isn\u2019t wealthy owns a Mercedes or other upscale vehicle? While some products may appeal to people in a social class, you can\u2019t assume a person is in a certain social class because they either have or don\u2019t have certain products or brands.<\/p>\r\n

    Table 3.1 \"An Example of Social Classes and Buying Patterns\" shows seven classes of American consumers along with the types of car brands they might buy. Keep in mind that the U.S. market is just a fraction of the world market. The rise of the middle class in India and China is creating opportunities for many companies to successfully sustain their products. For example, China has begun to overtake the United States as the world\u2019s largest auto market.[footnote]\u201cMore Cars Sold in China than in January,\u201d France 24, February 10, 2009, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130925170413\/http:\/\/www.france24.com:80\/en\/20090210-more-cars-sold-china-us-january-auto-market (access July 22, 2021)[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Table 3.1<\/span> An Example of Social Classes and Buying Patterns<\/caption>\r\n
    Class<\/th>\r\nType of Car<\/th>\r\nDefinition of Class<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
    Upper-Upper Class<\/td>\r\nRolls-Royce<\/td>\r\nPeople with inherited wealth and aristocratic names (the Kennedys, Rothschilds, Windsors, etc.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Lower-Upper Class<\/td>\r\nMercedes<\/td>\r\nProfessionals such as CEOs, doctors, and lawyers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Upper-Middle Class<\/td>\r\nLexus<\/td>\r\nCollege graduates and managers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Middle Class<\/td>\r\nToyota<\/td>\r\nBoth white-collar and blue-collar workers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Working Class<\/td>\r\nPontiac<\/td>\r\nBlue-collar workers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Lower but Not the Lowest<\/td>\r\nUsed Vehicle<\/td>\r\nPeople who are working but not on welfare<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    Lowest Class<\/td>\r\nNo vehicle<\/td>\r\nPeople on welfare<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    In a recession when luxury buyers are harder to come by, the makers of upscale brands may want their customer bases to be as large as possible. However, companies don\u2019t want to risk \u201ccheapening\u201d their brands. That\u2019s why, for example, Smart Cars, which are made by BMW, don\u2019t have the BMW label on them. For a time, Tiffany\u2019s sold a cheaper line of silver jewelry to a lot of customers. However, the company later worried that its reputation was being tarnished by the line. Keep in mind that a product\u2019s price is to some extent determined by supply and demand. Luxury brands, therefore, try to keep the supply of their products in check so their prices remain high.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_67\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]\"Black Figure 3.7: The whiskey brand Johnnie Walker has managed to expand its market share without cheapening the brand by producing a few lower-priced versions of the whiskey and putting them in bottles with different labels.[\/caption]\r\n

    Some companies, such as Johnnie Walker, have managed to capture market share by introducing \u201clower echelon\u201d brands without damaging their luxury brands. The company\u2019s whiskeys come in bottles with red, green, blue, black, and gold labels. The blue label is the company\u2019s best product. Every blue-label bottle has a serial number and is sold in a silk-lined box, accompanied by a certificate of authenticity.[footnote]\u201cJohnnie Walker,\u201d http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johnnie_Walker (accessed October 14, 2009).[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Reference Groups and Opinion Leaders<\/h2>\r\n

    Reference groups are groups (social groups, workgroups, family, or close friends) a consumer identifies with and may want to join. They influence consumers\u2019 attitudes and behaviour. If you have ever dreamed of being a professional player of basketball or another sport, you have an aspirational reference group. That\u2019s why, for example, Nike hires celebrities such as Michael Jordan to pitch the company\u2019s products. There may also be dissociative groups or groups where a consumer does not want to be associated.<\/p>\r\n

    Opinion leaders are people with expertise in certain areas. Consumers respect these people and often ask their opinions before they buy goods and services. An information technology (IT) specialist with a great deal of knowledge about computer brands is an example. These people\u2019s purchases often lie at the forefront of leading trends. The IT specialist is probably a person who has the latest and greatest tech products, and his opinion of them is likely to carry more weight with you than any sort of advertisement.<\/p>\r\n

    Today\u2019s companies are using different techniques to reach opinion leaders. Network analysis using special software is one way of doing so. Orgnet.com has developed software for this purpose. Orgnet\u2019s software doesn\u2019t mine sites like Facebook and LinkedIn, though. Instead, it\u2019s based on sophisticated techniques that unearthed the links between Al Qaeda terrorists. Explains Valdis Krebs, the company\u2019s founder: \u201cPharmaceutical firms want to identify who the key opinion leaders are. They don\u2019t want to sell a new drug to everyone. They want to sell to the 60 key oncologists\u201d (Campbell, 2004).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Family<\/h2>\r\n

    Most market researchers consider a person\u2019s family to be one of the most important influences on their buying behaviour. Like it or not, you are more like your parents than you think, at least in terms of your consumption patterns. Many of the things you buy and don\u2019t buy are a result of what your parents bought when you were growing up. Products such as the brand of soap and toothpaste your parents bought and used, and even the \u201cbrand\u201d of politics they leaned toward (Democratic or Republican) are examples of the products you may favour as an adult.<\/p>\r\n

    Companies are interested in which family members have the most influence over certain purchases. Children have a great deal of influence over many household purchases. For example, in 2003 nearly half (47 percent) of nine- to seventeen-year-olds were asked by parents to go online to find out about products or services, compared to 37 percent in 2001. IKEA used this knowledge to design their showrooms. The children\u2019s bedrooms feature fun beds with appealing comforters so children will be prompted to identify and ask for what they want.[footnote]\u201cTeen Market Profile,\u201d Mediamark Research, 2003, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120531121648\/http:\/\/www.magazine.org\/content\/files\/teenprofile04.pdf (accessed July 21, 2022).[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n

    Marketing to children has come under increasing scrutiny. Some critics accuse companies of deliberately manipulating children to nag their parents for certain products. For example, even though tickets for Hannah Montana concerts ranged from hundreds to thousands of dollars, the concerts often still sold out. However, as one writer put it, exploiting \u201cpester power\u201d is not always ultimately in the long-term interests of advertisers if it alienates kids\u2019 parents (Waddell, 2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n

    Key Takeaways<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
    \r\n
      \r\n \t
    • Situational influences are temporary conditions that affect how buyers behave. They include physical factors such as a store\u2019s buying locations, layout, music, lighting, and even scent. Companies try to make the physical factors in which consumers shop as favorable as possible. If they can\u2019t, they utilize other tactics such as discounts. The consumer\u2019s social situation, time factors, the reason for their purchases, and their moods also affect their buying behavior.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Your personality describes your disposition as other people see it. Market researchers believe people buy products to enhance how they feel about themselves. Your gender also affects what you buy and how you shop. Women shop differently than men. However, there\u2019s some evidence that this is changing. Younger men and women are beginning to shop more alike. People buy different things based on their ages and life stages. A person\u2019s cognitive age is how old one \u201cfeels\u201d oneself to be. To further understand consumers and connect with them, companies have begun looking more closely at their lifestyles (what they do, how they spend their time, what their priorities and values are, and how they see the world).<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Psychologist Abraham Maslow theorized that people have to fulfill their basic needs\u2014like the need for food, water, and sleep\u2014before they can begin fulfilling higher-level needs. Perception is how you interpret the world around you and make sense of it in your brain. To be sure their advertising messages get through to you, companies often resort to repetition. Shocking advertising and product placement are two other methods. Learning is the process by which consumers change their behavior after they gain information about or experience with a product. Consumers\u2019 attitudes are the \u201cmental positions\u201d people take based on their values and beliefs. Attitudes tend to be enduring and are often difficult for companies to change.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Culture prescribes the way in which you should live and affects the things you purchase. A subculture is a group of people within a culture who are different from the dominant culture but have something in common with one another\u2014common interests, vocations or jobs, religions, ethnic backgrounds, sexual orientations, and so forth. To some degree, consumers in the same social class exhibit similar purchasing behavior. Most market researchers consider a person\u2019s family to be one of the biggest determinants of buying behavior. Reference groups are groups that a consumer identifies with and wants to join. Companies often hire celebrities to endorse their products to appeal to people\u2019s reference groups. Opinion leaders are people with expertise in certain areas. Consumers respect these people and often ask their opinions before they buy goods and services.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
      \r\n

      Review Questions<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
      \r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. Explain what physical factors, social situations, time factors, and\/or moods have affected your buying behavior for different products.<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. Explain how someone\u2019s personality differs from his or her self-concept. How does the person\u2019s ideal self-concept come into play in a consumer behavior context?<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. Describe how buying patterns and purchase decisions may vary by age, gender, and stage of life.<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. Why are companies interested in consumers\u2019 cognitive ages and lifestyle factors?<\/li>\r\n \t
      5. How does the process of perception work and how can companies use it to their advantage in their marketing?<\/li>\r\n \t
      6. How do Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs and learning affect how companies market to consumers?<\/li>\r\n \t
      7. Why do people\u2019s cultures and subcultures affect what they buy?<\/li>\r\n \t
      8. How do subcultures differ from cultures? Can you belong to more than one culture or subculture?<\/li>\r\n \t
      9. How are companies trying to reach opinion leaders?<\/li>\r\n \t
      10. Let's practice identifying levels of Maslow's Hierarchy one more time! [h5p id=\"17\"]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

        References<\/h2>\r\nAdalian, J., \u201cABC Hopes \u2018Mole\u2019 Isn\u2019t Just a Blip,\u201d Television Week<\/em>, June 2, 2008, 3.\r\n\r\nBarak B. and Steven Gould, \u201cAlternative Age Measures: A Research Agenda,\u201d in Advances in Consumer Research<\/em>, vol. 12, ed. Elizabeth C. Hirschman and Morris B. Holbrook (Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1985), 53\u201358.\r\n\r\nBerner, R., \u201cDetergent Can Be So Much More,\u201d BusinessWeek<\/em>, May 1, 2006, 66\u201368.\r\n\r\nBirchall, J., \u201cWal-Mart Looks to Hispanic Market in Expansion Drive,\u201d Financial Times<\/em>, March 13, 2009, 18.\r\n\r\nBird, A., \u201cRetail Industry,\u201d Encyclopedia of Japanese Business and Management<\/em> (London: Routledge, 2002), 399\u2013400.\r\n\r\nCampbell, A., \u201cMarketing to Opinion Leaders<\/a>,\u201d Small Business Trends<\/em>, June 28, 2004, http:\/\/smallbiztrends.com\/2004\/06\/marketing-to-opinion-leaders.html (accessed October 13, 2009).\r\n\r\nChartrand, J., \u201cWhy Targeting Selective Perception Captures Immediate Attention<\/a>,\u201d http:\/\/www.copyblogger.com\/selective-perception (accessed October 14, 2009).\r\n\r\nCrossen, C., \u201cFor a Time in the \u201950s, A Huckster Fanned Fears of Ad \u2018Hypnosis,\u2019\u201d Wall Street Journal<\/em>, November 5, 2007, eastern edition, B1.\r\n\r\nDahl, D. W., Kristina D. Frankenberger, and Rajesh V. Manchanda, \u201cDoes It Pay to Shock? Reactions to Shocking and Nonshocking Advertising Content among University Students,\u201d Journal of Advertising Research<\/em> 43, no. 3 (2003): 268\u201380.\r\n\r\nGaumer C. J. and William C. Leif, \u201cSocial Facilitation: Affect and Application in Consumer Buying Situations,\u201d Journal of Food Products Marketing<\/em> 11, no. 1 (2005): 75\u201382.\r\n\r\nHill J. and Susan K. Harmon, \u201cMale Gender Role Beliefs, Coupon Use and Bargain Hunting,\u201d Academy of Marketing Studies Journal<\/em> 11, no. 2 (2007): 107\u201321.\r\n\r\nHornik J. and Giulia Miniero, \u201cSynchrony Effects on Customers\u2019 Responses and Behaviors,\u201d International Journal of Research in Marketing<\/em> 26, no. 1 (2009): 34\u201340.\r\n\r\nJares, A., \u201cNew Programs Are Taking Worries from Home Buying,\u201d Fort Worth Star-Telegram<\/em>, March 7, 2010, 1C\u20132C.\r\n\r\nLasn, K., Culture Jam: The Uncooling of America<\/em> (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1999).\r\n\r\nMantone, J., \u201cBanking on TARP Stigma<\/a>,\u201d SNL<\/em>, March 16, 2009, http:\/\/www.snl.com\/Interactivex\/article.aspx?CdId=A-9218440-12642 (accessed October 14, 2009).\r\n\r\nMatilla A. S. and Jochen Wirtz, \u201cThe Role of Store Environmental Stimulation and Social Factors on Impulse Purchasing,\u201d Journal of Services Marketing<\/em> 22, no. 7 (2008): 562\u201367.\r\n\r\nMoore, P., \u201cSmells Sell,\u201d NZ Business<\/em>, February 2008, 26\u201327.\r\n\r\nRies, L., In the Boardroom: Why Left-Brained Management and Right-Brain Marketing Don\u2019t See Eye-to-Eye<\/em> (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).\r\n\r\nRosenbloom S., (New York Times News Service), \u201cWhere Have All the Shoppers Gone?\u201d Fort Worth Star-Telegram<\/em>, March 18, 2009, 5E.\r\n\r\nSaffian, S., \u201cDreamers: The Making of Not Your Daughter\u2019s Jeans,\u201d Reader\u2019s Digest<\/em>, March 2009, 53\u201355.\r\n\r\nSchmitt, G., \u201cHunters and Gatherers,\u201d Dealernews<\/em> 44, no. 8 (2008): 72. The article references the 2006 Behavioral Tracking Study by Miller Brewing Company.\r\n\r\nWaddell, R., \u201cMiley Strikes Back,\u201d Billboard<\/em>, June 27, 2009, 7\u20138.\r\n\r\nWard C. B. and Tran Thuhang, \u201cConsumer Gifting Behaviors: One for You, One for Me?\u201d Services Marketing Quarterly<\/em> 29, no. 2 (2007): 1\u201317.\r\n\r\nWard, A., \u201cProducts of Our Time,\u201d Fort Worth Star-Telegram<\/em>, March 7, 2009, 1E.\r\n

        Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • \"Funny Dairy Queen Commercial\" video<\/a> by SLTV98<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • Heineken- Walk in Fridge (32 seconds) video<\/a> by biglebowskiwalter <\/a>is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • \"Three men in jacket laughing at each other photo<\/a>\" Photo by Jed Villejo<\/a> on Unsplash<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
        • Testing out Ford's Third Age Suit (3 minutes) video<\/a> by\u00a0WinnipegFreePress<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • \"Inner Child<\/a>\" by Viola Ng<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-ND 2.0 licence.<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
        • Funny IPhone Propaganda Chistosa (1 minute) video<\/a> by\u00a0cajarapida<\/a> is licensed under the Standard YouTube licence.<\/li>\r\n \t
        • \"Another Vampire Photo<\/a>\" by Zior_<\/a> is licensed under a CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 licence.<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
        • \"Johnnie Walker Black Label<\/a>\" by Carlos Ayala <\/a>is licensed under a CC BY-NC 2.0 licence.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"
          \n
          \n

          Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

          \n
            \n
          1. Describe the personal and psychological factors that may influence what consumers buy and when they buy it.<\/li>\n
          2. Explain what marketing professionals can do to influence consumers\u2019 behavior.<\/li>\n
          3. Explain how looking at lifestyle information helps firms understand what consumers want to purchase.<\/li>\n
          4. Explain how Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs works.<\/li>\n
          5. Explain how culture, subcultures, social classes, families, and reference groups affect consumers\u2019 buying behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

            You\u2019ve been a consumer with purchasing power for much longer than you probably realize\u2014since the first time you were asked which cereal or toy you wanted. Over the years, you\u2019ve developed rules of thumb or mental shortcuts providing a systematic way to choose among alternatives, even if you aren\u2019t aware of it. Other consumers follow a similar process, but different people, no matter how similar they are, make different purchasing decisions. You might be very interested in purchasing a Smart Car, but your best friend might want to buy a Ford F-150 truck. What factors influenced your decision and what factors influenced your friend\u2019s decision?<\/p>\n

            As we mentioned earlier in the chapter, consumer behaviour is influenced by many things, including environmental and marketing factors, the situation, personal and psychological factors, family, and culture. Businesses try to figure out trends<\/em> so they can reach the people most likely to buy their products in the most cost-effective way possible. Businesses often try to influence a consumer\u2019s behaviour with things they can control such as the layout of a store, music, grouping and availability of products, pricing, and advertising. While some influences may be temporary and others are long-lasting, different factors can affect how buyers behave\u2014whether they influence you to make a purchase, buy additional products, or buy nothing at all. Let\u2019s now look at some of the influences on consumer behaviour in more detail.<\/p>\n

            Situational Factors<\/h1>\n

            Have you ever been in a department store and couldn\u2019t find your way out? No, you aren\u2019t necessarily directionally challenged. Marketing professionals take physical factors such as a store\u2019s design and layout into account when they are designing their facilities. Presumably, the longer you wander around a facility, the more you will spend. Grocery stores frequently place bread and milk products on the opposite ends of the stores because people often need both types of products. To buy both, they have to walk around an entire store, which of course, is loaded with other items they might see and purchase.<\/p>\n

            For 23 years, Starbucks famously operated 2 coffee shops in Vancouver, B.C. that were across the street from each other. Located on trendy Robson Street, Starbucks finally decided to close one of the shops in 2012.
            \n            “Kitty-corner Vancouver Starbucks to close down.” CBC News, April 30, 2012<\/a><\/div>\n

            Store locations also influence behaviour. Starbucks has done a good job in terms of locating its stores. It has the process down to a science; you can scarcely drive a few miles down the road without passing a Starbucks. \u200bYou can also buy cups of Starbucks coffee at many grocery stores and in airports\u2014virtually any place where there is foot traffic.<\/p>\n

            Physical factors that firms can control, such as the layout of a store, music played at stores, the lighting, temperature, and even the smells you experience are called atmospherics. Perhaps you\u2019ve visited the office of an apartment complex and noticed how great it looked and even smelled. It\u2019s no coincidence. The managers of the complex were trying to get you to stay for a while and have a look at their facilities. Research shows that \u201cstrategic fragrancing\u201d results in customers staying in stores longer, buying more, and leaving with better impressions of the quality of stores\u2019 services and products. Mirrors near hotel elevators are another example. Hotel operators have found that when people are busy looking at themselves in the mirrors, they don\u2019t feel like they are waiting as long for their elevators (Moore, 2008).<\/p>\n

            \u200bNot all physical factors are under a company\u2019s control, however. Take the weather, for example. Rainy weather can be a boon to some companies, like umbrella makers such as Totes, but a problem for others. Beach resorts, outdoor concert venues, and golf courses suffer when it is raining heavily. Businesses such as automobile dealers also have fewer customers. Who wants to shop for a car in the rain?<\/p>\n

            Firms often attempt to deal with adverse physical factors such as bad weather by offering specials during unattractive times. For example, many resorts offer consumers discounts to travel to beach locations during hurricane season. Having an online presence is another way to cope with weather-related problems. What could be more comfortable than shopping at home? If it\u2019s raining too hard to drive to the GAP, REI, or Abercrombie & Fitch, you can buy products from these companies and many others online. You can shop online for cars, too, and many restaurants take orders online and deliver.<\/p>\n

            Crowding is another situational factor. Have you ever left a store and not purchased anything because it was just too crowded? Some studies have shown that consumers feel better about retailers who attempt to prevent overcrowding in their stores. However, other studies have shown that to a certain extent, crowding can have a positive impact on a person\u2019s buying experience. The phenomenon is often referred to as \u201cherd behaviour\u201d (Gaumer & Leif, 2005).<\/p>\n

            If people are lined up to buy something, you want to know why. Should you get in line to buy it too? Herd behaviour helped drive up the price of houses in the mid-2000s before the prices for them rapidly fell. Unfortunately, herd behaviour has also led to the deaths of people. In 2008, a store employee was trampled to death by an early morning crowd rushing into a Walmart to snap up holiday bargains.<\/p>\n

            Social Situation<\/h1>\n

            The social situation you\u2019re in can significantly affect your purchase behaviour. Perhaps you have seen Girl Scouts selling cookies outside grocery stores and other retail establishments and purchased nothing from them. But what if your neighbour\u2019s daughter is selling the cookies? Are you going to turn her down or be a friendly neighbour and buy a box (or two)?<\/p>\n

            Watch the video: Funny Dairy Queen Commercial (30 seconds)<\/a><\/p>\n