{"id":96,"date":"2020-02-26T21:35:02","date_gmt":"2020-02-27T02:35:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/chapter\/citing-and-referencing-techniques\/"},"modified":"2022-01-05T18:36:30","modified_gmt":"2022-01-05T23:36:30","slug":"citing-and-referencing-techniques","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/chapter\/citing-and-referencing-techniques\/","title":{"raw":"Citing and Referencing Techniques","rendered":"Citing and Referencing Techniques"},"content":{"raw":"This section covers the details of in-text citations. You will learn how to format citations for different types of source materials, whether you are citing brief quotations, paraphrasing ideas, or quoting longer passages. You will also learn techniques you can use to introduce quoted and paraphrased material effectively. Keep this section handy as a reference to consult while writing the body of your paper.\n<h1>Formatting Cited Material: The Basics<\/h1>\nAs noted in previous sections of this book, in-text citations usually provide the name of the author(s) and the year the source was published. For direct quotations, the page number must also be included. Use past-tense verbs when introducing a quote\u2014\"Smith found\u2026\" and not \"Smith finds.\u2026\"\n<h2>Formatting Brief Quotations<\/h2>\nFor brief quotations\u2014fewer than forty words\u2014use quotation marks to indicate where the quoted material begins and ends, and cite the name of the author(s), the year of publication, and the page number where the quotation appears in your source. Remember to include commas to separate elements within the parenthetical citation. Also, avoid redundancy. If you name the author(s) in your sentence, do not repeat the name(s) in your parenthetical citation. Review following the examples of different ways to cite direct quotations.\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) emphasized that \"engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\" (p. 49).<\/div>\nThe author\u2019s name can be included in the body of the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Note that when a parenthetical citation appears at the end of the sentence, it comes <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">after<\/strong> the closing quotation marks and <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">before<\/strong> the period. The elements within parentheses are separated by commas.\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p04\" class=\"para\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Weight Training for Women<\/em> (Chang, 2008) claimed that \"engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\" (p. 49).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p05\" class=\"para\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Weight Training for Women<\/em> claimed that \"engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\" (Chang, 2008, p. 49).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\nIncluding the title of a source is optional.\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p07\" class=\"para\">In Chang\u2019s 2008 text <em class=\"emphasis\">Weight Training for Women<\/em>, she asserts, \"Engaging in weight-bearing exercise is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\" (p. 49).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\nThe author\u2019s name, the date, and the title may appear in the body of the text. Include the page number in the parenthetical citation. Also, notice the use of the verb <em class=\"emphasis\">asserts<\/em> to introduce the direct quotation.\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p09\" class=\"para\">\"Engaging in weight-bearing exercise,\" Chang asserts, \"is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\" (2008, p. 49).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\nYou may begin a sentence with the direct quotation and add the author\u2019s name and a strong verb before continuing the quotation.\n<h2>Formatting Paraphrased and Summarized Material<\/h2>\nWhen you paraphrase or summarize ideas from a source, you follow the same guidelines previously provided, except that you are not required to provide the page number where the ideas are located. If you are summing up the main findings of a research article, simply providing the author\u2019s name and publication year may suffice, but if you are paraphrasing a more specific idea, consider including the page number.\n\nRead the following examples.\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.<\/div>\nHere, the writer is summarizing a major idea that recurs throughout the source material. No page reference is needed.\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s02_p05\" class=\"para\">Chang (2008) found that weight-bearing exercise could help women maintain or even increase bone density through middle age and beyond, reducing the likelihood that they will develop osteoporosis in later life (p. 86).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\nAlthough the writer is not directly quoting the source, this passage paraphrases a specific detail, so the writer chose to include the page number where the information is located.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<strong>TIP:<\/strong> Although APA style guidelines do not require writers to provide page numbers for material that is not directly quoted, your instructor may wish you to do so when possible.\n\nCheck with your instructor about his or her preferences.\n\n<\/div>\n<h2>Formatting Longer Quotations<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When you quote a longer passage from a source\u2014forty words or more\u2014use a different format to set off the quoted material. Instead of using quotation marks, create a block quotation by starting the quotation on a new line and indented five spaces from the margin. Note that in this case, the parenthetical citation comes <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">after<\/strong> the period that ends the sentence. Here is an example:<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">In recent years, many writers within the fitness industry have emphasized the ways in which women can benefit from weight-bearing exercise, such as weightlifting, karate, dancing, stair climbing, hiking, and jogging. Chang (2008) found that engaging in weight-bearing exercise regularly significantly reduces women\u2019s risk of developing osteoporosis. Additionally, these exercises help women maintain muscle mass and overall strength, and many common forms of weight-bearing exercise, such as brisk walking or stair climbing, also provide noticeable cardiovascular benefits. (p. 93)<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.1<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nReview the places in your paper where you cited, quoted, and paraphrased material from a source with a single author. Edit your citations to ensure that\n<ul>\n \t<li>each citation includes the author\u2019s name, the date of publication, and, where appropriate, a page reference;<\/li>\n \t<li>parenthetical citations are correctly formatted;<\/li>\n \t<li>longer quotations use the block-quotation format.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">If you are quoting a passage that continues into a second paragraph, indent five spaces again in the first line of the second paragraph. Here is an example:<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n\nIn recent years, many writers within the fitness industry have emphasized the ways in which women can benefit from weight-bearing exercise, such as weightlifting, karate, dancing, stair climbing, hiking, and jogging. Chang (2008) found that engaging in weight-bearing exercise regularly significantly reduces women\u2019s risk of developing osteoporosis. Additionally, these exercises help women maintain muscle mass and overall strength, and many common forms of weight-bearing exercise, such as brisk walking or stair climbing, also provide noticeable cardiovascular benefits.\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s03_p06\" class=\"para\">It is important to note that swimming cannot be considered a weight-bearing exercise, since the water supports and cushions the swimmer. That doesn\u2019t mean swimming isn\u2019t great exercise, but it should be considered one part of an integrated fitness program. (p. 93)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>TIP:<\/strong> Be wary of quoting from sources at length. Remember, your ideas should drive the paper, and quotations should be used to support and enhance your points. Make sure any lengthy quotations that you include serve a clear purpose. Generally, no more than 10\u201315 percent of a paper should consist of quoted material.<\/div>\n<h1>Introducing Cited Material Effectively<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s04_p01\">Including an introductory phrase in your text, such as \"Jackson wrote\" or \"Copeland found,\" often helps you integrate source material smoothly. This citation technique also helps convey that you are actively engaged with your source material. Unfortunately, during the process of writing your research paper, it is easy to fall into a rut and use the same few dull verbs repeatedly, such as \"Jones said,\" \"Smith stated,\" and so on.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s04_p02\">Punch up your writing by using strong verbs that help your reader understand how the source material presents ideas. There is a world of difference between an author who \"suggests\" and one who \"claims,\" one who \"questions\" and one who \"criticizes.\" You do not need to consult your thesaurus every time you cite a source, but do think about which verbs will accurately represent the ideas and make your writing more engaging. The following list shows some possibilities.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited Material<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"threecolumn\">\n \t<li>ask<\/li>\n \t<li>suggest<\/li>\n \t<li>question<\/li>\n \t<li>explain<\/li>\n \t<li>assert<\/li>\n \t<li>claim<\/li>\n \t<li>recommend<\/li>\n \t<li>compare<\/li>\n \t<li>contrast<\/li>\n \t<li>propose<\/li>\n \t<li>hypothesize<\/li>\n \t<li>believe<\/li>\n \t<li>insist<\/li>\n \t<li>argue<\/li>\n \t<li>find<\/li>\n \t<li>determine<\/li>\n \t<li>measure<\/li>\n \t<li>assess<\/li>\n \t<li>evaluate<\/li>\n \t<li>conclude<\/li>\n \t<li>study<\/li>\n \t<li>warn<\/li>\n \t<li>point out<\/li>\n \t<li>sum up<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.2<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nReview the citations in your paper once again. This time, look for places where you introduced source material using a signal phrase in your sentence.\n<ol>\n \t<li>Highlight the verbs used in your signal phrases, and make note of any that seem to be overused throughout the paper.<\/li>\n \t<li>Identify at least three places where a stronger verb could be used.<\/li>\n \t<li>Make the edits to your draft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Formatting In-Text Citations for Other Source Types<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">These sections discuss the correct format for various types of in-text citations. Read them through quickly to get a sense of what is covered, and then refer to them again as needed.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Print Sources<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">This section covers books, articles, and other print sources with one or more authors.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>A Work by One Author<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">For a print work with one author, always include the author\u2019s name and year of publication. Include a page reference whenever you quote a source directly. (See also the guidelines presented earlier in this chapter about when to include a page reference for paraphrased material.)<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) emphasized that \"engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\" (p. 49).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Two or More Works by the Same Author<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">At times, your research may include multiple works by the same author. If the works were published in different years, a standard in-text citation will serve to distinguish them. If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately after the year. Rank the sources in the order they appear in your references section. The source listed first includes an <em class=\"emphasis\">a<\/em> after the year, the source listed second includes a <em class=\"emphasis\">b<\/em>, and so on.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">Rodriguez (2009a) criticized the nutrition-supplement industry for making unsubstantiated and sometimes misleading claims about the benefits of taking supplements. Additionally, he warned that consumers frequently do not realize the potential harmful effects of some popular supplements (Rodriguez, 2009b).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Works by Authors with the Same Last Name<\/h2>\nIf you are citing works by different authors with the same last name, include each author\u2019s initials in your citation, whether you mention them in the text or in parentheses. Do so even if the publication years are different.\n<div class=\"textbox\">J. S. Williams (2007) believes nutritional supplements can be a useful part of some diet and fitness regimens. C. D. Williams (2008), however, believes these supplements are overrated.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">According to two leading researchers, the rate of childhood obesity exceeds the rate of adult obesity (K. Connelley, 2010; O. Connelley, 2010).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Studies from both A. Wright (2007) and C. A. Wright (2008) confirm the benefits of diet and exercise on weight loss.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>A Work by Two Authors<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When two authors are listed for a given work, include both authors\u2019 names each time you cite the work. If you are citing their names in parentheses, use an ampersand (&amp;) between them. (Use the word <em class=\"emphasis\">and<\/em>, however, if the names appear in your sentence.)<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">As Garrison and Gould (2010) pointed out, \"It is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits\" (p. 101).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">As doctors continue to point out, \"It is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits\" (Garrison &amp; Gould, 2010, p. 101).<\/div>\n<h2>A Work by Three to Five Authors<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If the work you are citing has three to five authors, list all the authors\u2019 names the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, use the first author\u2019s name followed by the abbreviation et al. (<em class=\"emphasis bolditalic\">Et al.<\/em> is short for <em class=\"emphasis\">et alia<\/em>, the Latin phrase for \"and others.\")<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">Henderson, Davidian, and Degler (2010) surveyed 350 smokers aged 18 to 30.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">One survey, conducted among 350 smokers aged 18 to 30, included a detailed questionnaire about participants\u2019 motivations for smoking (Henderson, Davidian, &amp; Degler, 2010).<\/div>\nNote that these examples follow the same ampersand conventions as sources with two authors. Again, use the ampersand only when listing authors\u2019 names in parentheses.\n<div class=\"textbox\">As Henderson et al. (2010) found, some young people, particularly young women, use smoking as a means of appetite suppression.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Disturbingly, some young women use smoking as a means of appetite suppression (Henderson et al., 2010).<\/div>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s05_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Note how the phrase <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em> is punctuated. No period comes after <em class=\"emphasis\">et<\/em>, but <em class=\"emphasis\">al.<\/em> gets a period because it is an abbreviation for a longer Latin word. In parenthetical references, include a comma after <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em> but not before. Remember this rule by mentally translating the citation to English: \"Henderson and others, 2010.\"<\/p>\n\n<h2>A Work by Six or More Authors<\/h2>\nIf the work you are citing has six or more authors, list only the first author\u2019s name, followed by <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em>, in your in-text citations. The other authors\u2019 names will be listed in your references section.\n<div class=\"textbox\">Researchers have found that outreach work with young people has helped reduce tobacco use in some communities (Costello et al., 2007).<\/div>\n<h2>A Work Authored by an Organization<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s07_p01\">When citing a work that has no individual author(s) but is published by an organization, use the organization\u2019s name in place of the author\u2019s name. Lengthy organization names with well-known abbreviations can be abbreviated. In your first citation, use the full name, followed by the abbreviation in square brackets. Subsequent citations may use the abbreviation only.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">It is possible for a patient to have a small stroke without even realizing it (American Heart Association [AHA], 2010).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Another cause for concern is that even if patients realize that they have had a stroke and need medical attention, they may not know which nearby facilities are best equipped to treat them (AHA, 2010).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.3<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n \t<li>Review the places in your paper where you cited material from a source with multiple authors or with an organization as the author. Edit your citations to ensure that each citation follows APA guidelines for the inclusion of the authors\u2019 names, the use of ampersands and <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em>, the date of publication, and, where appropriate, a page reference.<\/li>\n \t<li>Mark any additional citations within your paper that you are not sure how to format based on the guidelines provided so far. You will revisit these citations after reading the next few sections.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>A Work with No Listed Author<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s08_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If no author is listed and the source cannot be attributed to an organization, use the title in place of the author\u2019s name. You may use the full title in your sentence or use the first few words\u2014enough to convey the key ideas\u2014in a parenthetical reference. Follow standard conventions for using italics or quotations marks with titles:<\/p>\n\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s08_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n \t<li>Use italics for titles of books or reports.<\/li>\n \t<li>Use quotation marks for titles of articles or chapters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\"Living With Diabetes: Managing Your Health\" (2009) recommends regular exercise for patients with diabetes.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Regular exercise can benefit patients with diabetes (\"Living with Diabetes,\" 2009).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Rosenhan (1973) had mentally healthy study participants claim to be experiencing hallucinations so they would be admitted to psychiatric hospitals.<\/div>\n<h2>A Work Cited within Another Work<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s09_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">To cite a source that is referred to within another secondary source, name the first source in your sentence. Then, in parentheses, use the phrase <em class=\"emphasis\">as cited in<\/em> and the name of the second source author.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">Rosenhan\u2019s study \"On Being Sane in Insane Places\" (as cited in Spitzer, 1975) found that psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia in people who claimed to be experiencing hallucinations and sought treatment\u2014even though these patients were, in fact, imposters.<\/div>\n<h2>Two or More Works Cited in One Reference<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s10_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">At times, you may provide more than one citation in a parenthetical reference, such as when you are discussing related works or studies with similar results. List the citations in the same order they appear in your references section, and separate the citations with a semicolon.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">Some researchers have found serious flaws in the way Rosenhan\u2019s study was conducted (Dawes, 2001; Spitzer, 1975).<\/div>\nBoth of these researchers authored works that support the point being made in this sentence, so it makes sense to include both in the same citation.\n<h2>A Famous Text Published in Multiple Editions<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s11_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">In some cases, you may need to cite an extremely well-known work that has been repeatedly republished or translated. Many works of literature and sacred texts, as well as some classic nonfiction texts, fall into this category. For these works, the original date of publication may be unavailable. If so, include the year of publication or translation for your edition. Refer to specific parts or chapters if you need to cite a specific section. Discuss with your instructor whether they would like you to cite page numbers in this particular instance.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">In <em class=\"emphasis\">New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis<\/em>, Freud explains that the \"manifest content\" of a dream\u2014what literally takes place\u2014is separate from its \"latent content,\" or hidden meaning (trans. 1965, lecture XXIX).<\/div>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s11_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Here, the student is citing a classic work of psychology, originally written in German and later translated to English. Since the book is a collection of Freud\u2019s lectures, the student cites the lecture number rather than a page number.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s12\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>An Introduction, Foreword, Preface, or Afterword<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s12_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">To cite an introduction, foreword, preface, or afterword, cite the author of the material and the year, following the same format used for other print materials.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Electronic Sources<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Whenever possible, cite electronic sources as you would print sources, using the author, the date, and where appropriate, a page number. For some types of electronic sources\u2014for instance, many online articles\u2014this information is easily available. Other times, however, you will need to vary the format to reflect the differences in online media.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Online Sources without Page Numbers<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If an online source has no page numbers but you want to refer to a specific portion of the source, try to locate other information you can use to direct your reader to the information cited. Some websites number paragraphs within published articles; if so, include the paragraph number in your citation. Precede the paragraph number with the abbreviation for the word <em class=\"emphasis\">paragraph<\/em> and the number of the paragraph (e.g., para. 4).<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">As researchers have explained, \"Incorporating fresh fruits and vegetables into one\u2019s diet can be a challenge for residents of areas where there are few or no easily accessible supermarkets\" (Smith &amp; Jones, 2006, para. 4).<\/div>\nEven if a source does not have numbered paragraphs, it is likely to have headings that organize the content. In your citation, name the section where your cited information appears, followed by a paragraph number.\n<div class=\"textbox\">The American Lung Association (2010) noted, \"After smoking, radon exposure is the second most common cause of lung cancer\" (What Causes Lung Cancer? section, para. 2).<\/div>\nThis student cited the appropriate section heading within the website and then counted to find the specific paragraph where the cited information was located.\n\nIf an online source has no listed author and no date, use the source title and the abbreviation <em class=\"emphasis\">n.d.<\/em> in your parenthetical reference.\n<div class=\"textbox\">It has been suggested that electromagnetic radiation from cellular telephones may pose a risk for developing certain cancers (\"Cell Phones and Cancer,\" n.d.).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Personal Communication<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">For personal communications, such as interviews, letters, and e-mails, cite the name of the person involved, clarify that the material is from a personal communication, and provide the specific date the communication took place. Note that while in-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, personal communications are an exception to this rule. They are cited only in the body text of your paper.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox\">J. H. Yardley, M.D., believes that available information on the relationship between cell phone use and cancer is inconclusive (personal communication, May 1, 2009).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.4<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nRevisit the problem citations you identified in Exercise 26.3\u2014for instance, sources with no listed author or other oddities. Review the guidelines provided in this section and edit your citations for these kinds of sources according to APA guidelines.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Text Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li>This chapter was adapted from \"<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/13-2-citing-and-referencing-techniques\/\">Citing and Referencing Techniques<\/a>\" in\u00a0<em>Writing for Success\u00a0<\/em>by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution (and republished by University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing). Adapted by Allison Kilgannon. \u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>This section covers the details of in-text citations. You will learn how to format citations for different types of source materials, whether you are citing brief quotations, paraphrasing ideas, or quoting longer passages. You will also learn techniques you can use to introduce quoted and paraphrased material effectively. Keep this section handy as a reference to consult while writing the body of your paper.<\/p>\n<h1>Formatting Cited Material: The Basics<\/h1>\n<p>As noted in previous sections of this book, in-text citations usually provide the name of the author(s) and the year the source was published. For direct quotations, the page number must also be included. Use past-tense verbs when introducing a quote\u2014&#8221;Smith found\u2026&#8221; and not &#8220;Smith finds.\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Formatting Brief Quotations<\/h2>\n<p>For brief quotations\u2014fewer than forty words\u2014use quotation marks to indicate where the quoted material begins and ends, and cite the name of the author(s), the year of publication, and the page number where the quotation appears in your source. Remember to include commas to separate elements within the parenthetical citation. Also, avoid redundancy. If you name the author(s) in your sentence, do not repeat the name(s) in your parenthetical citation. Review following the examples of different ways to cite direct quotations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) emphasized that &#8220;engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health&#8221; (p. 49).<\/div>\n<p>The author\u2019s name can be included in the body of the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Note that when a parenthetical citation appears at the end of the sentence, it comes <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">after<\/strong> the closing quotation marks and <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">before<\/strong> the period. The elements within parentheses are separated by commas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p04\" class=\"para\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Weight Training for Women<\/em> (Chang, 2008) claimed that &#8220;engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health&#8221; (p. 49).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p05\" class=\"para\"><em class=\"emphasis\">Weight Training for Women<\/em> claimed that &#8220;engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health&#8221; (Chang, 2008, p. 49).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Including the title of a source is optional.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p07\" class=\"para\">In Chang\u2019s 2008 text <em class=\"emphasis\">Weight Training for Women<\/em>, she asserts, &#8220;Engaging in weight-bearing exercise is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health&#8221; (p. 49).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The author\u2019s name, the date, and the title may appear in the body of the text. Include the page number in the parenthetical citation. Also, notice the use of the verb <em class=\"emphasis\">asserts<\/em> to introduce the direct quotation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s01_p09\" class=\"para\">&#8220;Engaging in weight-bearing exercise,&#8221; Chang asserts, &#8220;is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health&#8221; (2008, p. 49).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>You may begin a sentence with the direct quotation and add the author\u2019s name and a strong verb before continuing the quotation.<\/p>\n<h2>Formatting Paraphrased and Summarized Material<\/h2>\n<p>When you paraphrase or summarize ideas from a source, you follow the same guidelines previously provided, except that you are not required to provide the page number where the ideas are located. If you are summing up the main findings of a research article, simply providing the author\u2019s name and publication year may suffice, but if you are paraphrasing a more specific idea, consider including the page number.<\/p>\n<p>Read the following examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.<\/div>\n<p>Here, the writer is summarizing a major idea that recurs throughout the source material. No page reference is needed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s02_p05\" class=\"para\">Chang (2008) found that weight-bearing exercise could help women maintain or even increase bone density through middle age and beyond, reducing the likelihood that they will develop osteoporosis in later life (p. 86).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Although the writer is not directly quoting the source, this passage paraphrases a specific detail, so the writer chose to include the page number where the information is located.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>TIP:<\/strong> Although APA style guidelines do not require writers to provide page numbers for material that is not directly quoted, your instructor may wish you to do so when possible.<\/p>\n<p>Check with your instructor about his or her preferences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Formatting Longer Quotations<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When you quote a longer passage from a source\u2014forty words or more\u2014use a different format to set off the quoted material. Instead of using quotation marks, create a block quotation by starting the quotation on a new line and indented five spaces from the margin. Note that in this case, the parenthetical citation comes <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">after<\/strong> the period that ends the sentence. Here is an example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">In recent years, many writers within the fitness industry have emphasized the ways in which women can benefit from weight-bearing exercise, such as weightlifting, karate, dancing, stair climbing, hiking, and jogging. Chang (2008) found that engaging in weight-bearing exercise regularly significantly reduces women\u2019s risk of developing osteoporosis. Additionally, these exercises help women maintain muscle mass and overall strength, and many common forms of weight-bearing exercise, such as brisk walking or stair climbing, also provide noticeable cardiovascular benefits. (p. 93)<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Review the places in your paper where you cited, quoted, and paraphrased material from a source with a single author. Edit your citations to ensure that<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>each citation includes the author\u2019s name, the date of publication, and, where appropriate, a page reference;<\/li>\n<li>parenthetical citations are correctly formatted;<\/li>\n<li>longer quotations use the block-quotation format.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s03_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">If you are quoting a passage that continues into a second paragraph, indent five spaces again in the first line of the second paragraph. Here is an example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p>In recent years, many writers within the fitness industry have emphasized the ways in which women can benefit from weight-bearing exercise, such as weightlifting, karate, dancing, stair climbing, hiking, and jogging. Chang (2008) found that engaging in weight-bearing exercise regularly significantly reduces women\u2019s risk of developing osteoporosis. Additionally, these exercises help women maintain muscle mass and overall strength, and many common forms of weight-bearing exercise, such as brisk walking or stair climbing, also provide noticeable cardiovascular benefits.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s03_p06\" class=\"para\">It is important to note that swimming cannot be considered a weight-bearing exercise, since the water supports and cushions the swimmer. That doesn\u2019t mean swimming isn\u2019t great exercise, but it should be considered one part of an integrated fitness program. (p. 93)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>TIP:<\/strong> Be wary of quoting from sources at length. Remember, your ideas should drive the paper, and quotations should be used to support and enhance your points. Make sure any lengthy quotations that you include serve a clear purpose. Generally, no more than 10\u201315 percent of a paper should consist of quoted material.<\/div>\n<h1>Introducing Cited Material Effectively<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s04_p01\">Including an introductory phrase in your text, such as &#8220;Jackson wrote&#8221; or &#8220;Copeland found,&#8221; often helps you integrate source material smoothly. This citation technique also helps convey that you are actively engaged with your source material. Unfortunately, during the process of writing your research paper, it is easy to fall into a rut and use the same few dull verbs repeatedly, such as &#8220;Jones said,&#8221; &#8220;Smith stated,&#8221; and so on.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s01_s04_p02\">Punch up your writing by using strong verbs that help your reader understand how the source material presents ideas. There is a world of difference between an author who &#8220;suggests&#8221; and one who &#8220;claims,&#8221; one who &#8220;questions&#8221; and one who &#8220;criticizes.&#8221; You do not need to consult your thesaurus every time you cite a source, but do think about which verbs will accurately represent the ideas and make your writing more engaging. The following list shows some possibilities.<\/p>\n<h2>Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited Material<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"threecolumn\">\n<li>ask<\/li>\n<li>suggest<\/li>\n<li>question<\/li>\n<li>explain<\/li>\n<li>assert<\/li>\n<li>claim<\/li>\n<li>recommend<\/li>\n<li>compare<\/li>\n<li>contrast<\/li>\n<li>propose<\/li>\n<li>hypothesize<\/li>\n<li>believe<\/li>\n<li>insist<\/li>\n<li>argue<\/li>\n<li>find<\/li>\n<li>determine<\/li>\n<li>measure<\/li>\n<li>assess<\/li>\n<li>evaluate<\/li>\n<li>conclude<\/li>\n<li>study<\/li>\n<li>warn<\/li>\n<li>point out<\/li>\n<li>sum up<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.2<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Review the citations in your paper once again. This time, look for places where you introduced source material using a signal phrase in your sentence.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Highlight the verbs used in your signal phrases, and make note of any that seem to be overused throughout the paper.<\/li>\n<li>Identify at least three places where a stronger verb could be used.<\/li>\n<li>Make the edits to your draft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Formatting In-Text Citations for Other Source Types<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">These sections discuss the correct format for various types of in-text citations. Read them through quickly to get a sense of what is covered, and then refer to them again as needed.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Print Sources<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">This section covers books, articles, and other print sources with one or more authors.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>A Work by One Author<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">For a print work with one author, always include the author\u2019s name and year of publication. Include a page reference whenever you quote a source directly. (See also the guidelines presented earlier in this chapter about when to include a page reference for paraphrased material.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) emphasized that &#8220;engaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health&#8221; (p. 49).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Chang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Two or More Works by the Same Author<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">At times, your research may include multiple works by the same author. If the works were published in different years, a standard in-text citation will serve to distinguish them. If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately after the year. Rank the sources in the order they appear in your references section. The source listed first includes an <em class=\"emphasis\">a<\/em> after the year, the source listed second includes a <em class=\"emphasis\">b<\/em>, and so on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Rodriguez (2009a) criticized the nutrition-supplement industry for making unsubstantiated and sometimes misleading claims about the benefits of taking supplements. Additionally, he warned that consumers frequently do not realize the potential harmful effects of some popular supplements (Rodriguez, 2009b).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Works by Authors with the Same Last Name<\/h2>\n<p>If you are citing works by different authors with the same last name, include each author\u2019s initials in your citation, whether you mention them in the text or in parentheses. Do so even if the publication years are different.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">J. S. Williams (2007) believes nutritional supplements can be a useful part of some diet and fitness regimens. C. D. Williams (2008), however, believes these supplements are overrated.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">According to two leading researchers, the rate of childhood obesity exceeds the rate of adult obesity (K. Connelley, 2010; O. Connelley, 2010).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Studies from both A. Wright (2007) and C. A. Wright (2008) confirm the benefits of diet and exercise on weight loss.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>A Work by Two Authors<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s04_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">When two authors are listed for a given work, include both authors\u2019 names each time you cite the work. If you are citing their names in parentheses, use an ampersand (&amp;) between them. (Use the word <em class=\"emphasis\">and<\/em>, however, if the names appear in your sentence.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">As Garrison and Gould (2010) pointed out, &#8220;It is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits&#8221; (p. 101).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">As doctors continue to point out, &#8220;It is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits&#8221; (Garrison &amp; Gould, 2010, p. 101).<\/div>\n<h2>A Work by Three to Five Authors<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s05_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If the work you are citing has three to five authors, list all the authors\u2019 names the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, use the first author\u2019s name followed by the abbreviation et al. (<em class=\"emphasis bolditalic\">Et al.<\/em> is short for <em class=\"emphasis\">et alia<\/em>, the Latin phrase for &#8220;and others.&#8221;)<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Henderson, Davidian, and Degler (2010) surveyed 350 smokers aged 18 to 30.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">One survey, conducted among 350 smokers aged 18 to 30, included a detailed questionnaire about participants\u2019 motivations for smoking (Henderson, Davidian, &amp; Degler, 2010).<\/div>\n<p>Note that these examples follow the same ampersand conventions as sources with two authors. Again, use the ampersand only when listing authors\u2019 names in parentheses.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">As Henderson et al. (2010) found, some young people, particularly young women, use smoking as a means of appetite suppression.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Disturbingly, some young women use smoking as a means of appetite suppression (Henderson et al., 2010).<\/div>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s05_p07\" class=\"para editable block\">Note how the phrase <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em> is punctuated. No period comes after <em class=\"emphasis\">et<\/em>, but <em class=\"emphasis\">al.<\/em> gets a period because it is an abbreviation for a longer Latin word. In parenthetical references, include a comma after <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em> but not before. Remember this rule by mentally translating the citation to English: &#8220;Henderson and others, 2010.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>A Work by Six or More Authors<\/h2>\n<p>If the work you are citing has six or more authors, list only the first author\u2019s name, followed by <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em>, in your in-text citations. The other authors\u2019 names will be listed in your references section.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Researchers have found that outreach work with young people has helped reduce tobacco use in some communities (Costello et al., 2007).<\/div>\n<h2>A Work Authored by an Organization<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s07_p01\">When citing a work that has no individual author(s) but is published by an organization, use the organization\u2019s name in place of the author\u2019s name. Lengthy organization names with well-known abbreviations can be abbreviated. In your first citation, use the full name, followed by the abbreviation in square brackets. Subsequent citations may use the abbreviation only.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">It is possible for a patient to have a small stroke without even realizing it (American Heart Association [AHA], 2010).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Another cause for concern is that even if patients realize that they have had a stroke and need medical attention, they may not know which nearby facilities are best equipped to treat them (AHA, 2010).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.3<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Review the places in your paper where you cited material from a source with multiple authors or with an organization as the author. Edit your citations to ensure that each citation follows APA guidelines for the inclusion of the authors\u2019 names, the use of ampersands and <em class=\"emphasis\">et al.<\/em>, the date of publication, and, where appropriate, a page reference.<\/li>\n<li>Mark any additional citations within your paper that you are not sure how to format based on the guidelines provided so far. You will revisit these citations after reading the next few sections.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>A Work with No Listed Author<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s08_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If no author is listed and the source cannot be attributed to an organization, use the title in place of the author\u2019s name. You may use the full title in your sentence or use the first few words\u2014enough to convey the key ideas\u2014in a parenthetical reference. Follow standard conventions for using italics or quotations marks with titles:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s08_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Use italics for titles of books or reports.<\/li>\n<li>Use quotation marks for titles of articles or chapters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox\">&#8220;Living With Diabetes: Managing Your Health&#8221; (2009) recommends regular exercise for patients with diabetes.<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Regular exercise can benefit patients with diabetes (&#8220;Living with Diabetes,&#8221; 2009).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Rosenhan (1973) had mentally healthy study participants claim to be experiencing hallucinations so they would be admitted to psychiatric hospitals.<\/div>\n<h2>A Work Cited within Another Work<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s09_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">To cite a source that is referred to within another secondary source, name the first source in your sentence. Then, in parentheses, use the phrase <em class=\"emphasis\">as cited in<\/em> and the name of the second source author.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Rosenhan\u2019s study &#8220;On Being Sane in Insane Places&#8221; (as cited in Spitzer, 1975) found that psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia in people who claimed to be experiencing hallucinations and sought treatment\u2014even though these patients were, in fact, imposters.<\/div>\n<h2>Two or More Works Cited in One Reference<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s10_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">At times, you may provide more than one citation in a parenthetical reference, such as when you are discussing related works or studies with similar results. List the citations in the same order they appear in your references section, and separate the citations with a semicolon.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">Some researchers have found serious flaws in the way Rosenhan\u2019s study was conducted (Dawes, 2001; Spitzer, 1975).<\/div>\n<p>Both of these researchers authored works that support the point being made in this sentence, so it makes sense to include both in the same citation.<\/p>\n<h2>A Famous Text Published in Multiple Editions<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s11_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">In some cases, you may need to cite an extremely well-known work that has been repeatedly republished or translated. Many works of literature and sacred texts, as well as some classic nonfiction texts, fall into this category. For these works, the original date of publication may be unavailable. If so, include the year of publication or translation for your edition. Refer to specific parts or chapters if you need to cite a specific section. Discuss with your instructor whether they would like you to cite page numbers in this particular instance.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">In <em class=\"emphasis\">New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis<\/em>, Freud explains that the &#8220;manifest content&#8221; of a dream\u2014what literally takes place\u2014is separate from its &#8220;latent content,&#8221; or hidden meaning (trans. 1965, lecture XXIX).<\/div>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s11_p03\" class=\"para editable block\">Here, the student is citing a classic work of psychology, originally written in German and later translated to English. Since the book is a collection of Freud\u2019s lectures, the student cites the lecture number rather than a page number.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s12\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>An Introduction, Foreword, Preface, or Afterword<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s01_s12_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">To cite an introduction, foreword, preface, or afterword, cite the author of the material and the year, following the same format used for other print materials.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Electronic Sources<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Whenever possible, cite electronic sources as you would print sources, using the author, the date, and where appropriate, a page number. For some types of electronic sources\u2014for instance, many online articles\u2014this information is easily available. Other times, however, you will need to vary the format to reflect the differences in online media.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h2>Online Sources without Page Numbers<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">If an online source has no page numbers but you want to refer to a specific portion of the source, try to locate other information you can use to direct your reader to the information cited. Some websites number paragraphs within published articles; if so, include the paragraph number in your citation. Precede the paragraph number with the abbreviation for the word <em class=\"emphasis\">paragraph<\/em> and the number of the paragraph (e.g., para. 4).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">As researchers have explained, &#8220;Incorporating fresh fruits and vegetables into one\u2019s diet can be a challenge for residents of areas where there are few or no easily accessible supermarkets&#8221; (Smith &amp; Jones, 2006, para. 4).<\/div>\n<p>Even if a source does not have numbered paragraphs, it is likely to have headings that organize the content. In your citation, name the section where your cited information appears, followed by a paragraph number.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">The American Lung Association (2010) noted, &#8220;After smoking, radon exposure is the second most common cause of lung cancer&#8221; (What Causes Lung Cancer? section, para. 2).<\/div>\n<p>This student cited the appropriate section heading within the website and then counted to find the specific paragraph where the cited information was located.<\/p>\n<p>If an online source has no listed author and no date, use the source title and the abbreviation <em class=\"emphasis\">n.d.<\/em> in your parenthetical reference.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">It has been suggested that electromagnetic radiation from cellular telephones may pose a risk for developing certain cancers (&#8220;Cell Phones and Cancer,&#8221; n.d.).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Personal Communication<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch13_s02_s02_s03_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">For personal communications, such as interviews, letters, and e-mails, cite the name of the person involved, clarify that the material is from a personal communication, and provide the specific date the communication took place. Note that while in-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, personal communications are an exception to this rule. They are cited only in the body text of your paper.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">J. H. Yardley, M.D., believes that available information on the relationship between cell phone use and cancer is inconclusive (personal communication, May 1, 2009).<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 26.4<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Revisit the problem citations you identified in Exercise 26.3\u2014for instance, sources with no listed author or other oddities. Review the guidelines provided in this section and edit your citations for these kinds of sources according to APA guidelines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Text Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>This chapter was adapted from &#8220;<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/13-2-citing-and-referencing-techniques\/\">Citing and Referencing Techniques<\/a>&#8221; in\u00a0<em>Writing for Success\u00a0<\/em>by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution (and republished by University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing). Adapted by Allison Kilgannon. \u00a0<a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-96","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":84,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":97,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96\/revisions\/97"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/84"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/96\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=96"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=96"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/provincialenglishabe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=96"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}