At this stage in the writing process, you may already have begun setting up your references section. This section may consist of a single page for a brief research paper or may extend for many pages in professional journal articles. As you create this section of your paper, follow the guidelines provided here.<\/p>\n\n
To set up your references section, use the insert page break feature of your word-processing program to begin a new page. Note that the header and margins will be the same as in the body of your paper, and pagination continues from the body of your paper. (In other words, if you set up the body of your paper correctly, the correct header and page number should appear automatically in your references section.) See additional guidelines below.<\/p>\n\n
Reference entries should include the following information:<\/p>\n\n
See the following examples for how to format a book or journal article with a single author.<\/p>\n\n
Sample Book Entry<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n
Sample Journal Article Entry<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n
Formatting the References Section: APA General Guidelines<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n
Exercise 27.1<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n
As is the case for in-text citations, formatting reference entries becomes more complicated when you are citing a source with multiple authors, citing various types of online media, or citing sources for which you must provide additional information beyond the basics listed in the general guidelines. The following guidelines show how to format reference entries for these different situations.<\/p>\n\n
List the editor or editors\u2019 names in place of the author\u2019s name, followed by Ed.<\/em> or Eds.<\/em> in parentheses.<\/p>\n\n List the author\u2019s name first, followed by the title and the editor or editors. Note that when the editor is listed after the title, you list the initials before the last name.<\/p>\n\n Include the translator\u2019s name after the title, and at the end of the citation, list the date the original work was published. Note that for the translator\u2019s name, you list the initials before the last name.<\/p>\n\n Freud, S. (1965). New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis<\/em> (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1933).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n If you are using any edition other than the first edition, include the edition number in parentheses after the title.<\/p>\n\n List the name of the author(s) who wrote the chapter, followed by the chapter title. Then list the names of the book editor(s) and the title of the book, followed by the page numbers for the chapter and the usual information about the book\u2019s publisher.<\/p>\n\n List the author\u2019s name if available; if no author is listed, provide the title of the entry where the author\u2019s name would normally be listed. If the book lists the name of the editor(s), include it in your citation. Indicate the volume number (if applicable) and page numbers in parentheses after the article title.<\/p>\n\n List the entries in order of their publication year, beginning with the work published first.<\/p>\n\n If two books have multiple authors, and the first author is the same but the others are different, alphabetize by the second author\u2019s last name (or the third or fourth, if necessary).<\/p>\n\n Jameson, R., & Dewey, J. (2009). Preliminary findings from an evaluation of the president\u2019s physical fitness program in Pleasantville school district.<\/em> Pleasantville, WA: Pleasantville Board of Education.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n U.S. Census Bureau. (2002). The decennial censuses from 1790 to 2000<\/em> (Publication No. POL\/02-MA). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Offices.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Exercise 27.2<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n Revisit the references section you began to compile in Exercise 27.1. Use the guidelines provided to format any entries for book-length print sources that you were unable to finish earlier.<\/p>\n Review how Jorge formatted these book-length print sources:<\/p>\n\n The idea of an eight-page article with sixteen authors may seem strange to you\u2014especially if you are in the midst of writing a ten-page research paper on your own. More often than not, articles in scholarly journals list multiple authors. Sometimes, the authors actually did collaborate on writing and editing the published article. In other instances, some of the authors listed may have contributed to the research in some way while being only minimally involved in the process of writing the article. Whenever you collaborate with colleagues to produce a written product, follow your profession\u2019s conventions for giving everyone proper credit for their contribution.<\/p>\n\n After the publication year, list the issue date. Otherwise, treat these as you would journal articles. List the volume and issue number if both are available.<\/p>\n\n Treat these as you would magazine and journal articles, with one important difference: precede the page number(s) with the abbreviation p.<\/em> (for a single-page article) or pp.<\/em> (for a multipage article). For articles whose pagination is not continuous, list all the pages included in the article. For example, an article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 would have the page reference A1, A4. An article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 and A5 would have the page reference A1, A4\u2013A5.<\/p>\n\n After the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a letter to the editor.<\/p>\n\n After the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a review and state the name of the work being reviewed. (Note that even if the title of the review is the same as the title of the book being reviewed, as in the following example, you should treat it as an article title. Do not italicize it.)<\/p>\n\n Exercise 27.3<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n List the DOI if one is provided. There is no need to include the URL if you have listed the DOI.<\/p>\n\n List the URL. Include the volume and issue number for the periodical if this information is available. (For some online periodicals, it may not be.)<\/p>\n\n Robbins, K. (2010, March\/April). Nature\u2019s bounty: A heady feast [Electronic version]. Psychology Today, 43<\/em>(2), 58.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n McNeil, D. G. (2010, May 3). Maternal health: A new study challenges benefits of vitamin A for women and babies. The New York Times.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/05\/04\/health\/04glob.html?ref=health<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Cite these articles as you would normally cite a print article. Provide database information only if the article is difficult to locate.<\/p>\n\n Format these as you would an article citation, but add the word Abstract<\/em> in brackets after the title.<\/p>\n\n Bradley, U., Spence, M., Courtney, C. H., McKinley, M. C., Ennis, C. N., McCance, D. R.\u2026Hunter, S. J. (2009). Low-fat versus low-carbohydrate weight reduction diets: Effects on weight loss, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: A randomized control trial [Abstract]. Diabetes<\/em>, 58<\/em>(12), 2741\u20132748. http:\/\/diabetes.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/early\/2009\/08\/23\/db00098.abstract<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n The ways you cite different nonperiodical web documents may vary slightly from source to source, depending on the information that is available. In your citation, include as much of the following information as you can:<\/p>\n\n If the document consists of more than one web page within the site, link to the homepage or the entry page for the document.<\/p>\n\n American Heart Association. (2010). Heart attack, stroke, and cardiac arrest warning signs.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.americanheart.org\/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Because these sources often do not include authors\u2019 names, you may list the title of the entry at the beginning of the citation. Provide the URL for the specific entry.<\/p>\n\n Addiction. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster\u2019s online dictionary<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/addiction<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n If you cite raw data compiled by an organization, such as statistical data, provide the URL where you retrieved the information. Provide the name of the organization that sponsors the site.<\/p>\n\n US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). Nationwide evaluation of X-ray trends: NEXT surveys performed<\/em> [Data file]. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Radiation-EmittingProducts\/RadiationSafety\/NationwideEvaluationofX- RayTrendsNEXT\/ucm116508.htm<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n When citing graphic data\u2014such as maps, pie charts, bar graphs, and so on\u2014include the name of the organization that compiled the information, along with the publication date. Briefly describe the contents in brackets. Provide the URL where you retrieved the information. (If the graphic is associated with a specific project or document, list it after your bracketed description of the contents.)<\/p>\n\n US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). [Pie charts showing the percentage breakdown of the FDA\u2019s budget for fiscal year 2005]. 2005 FDA budget summary<\/em>. Retrieved from mhttp:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AboutFDA\/ReportsManualsForms\/Reports\/BudgetReports\/2005FDABudgetSummary\/ucm117231.htm<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n List the interviewer, interviewee, and date. After the title, include bracketed text describing the interview as an \"Interview transcript\" or \"Interview audio file,\" depending on the format of the interview you accessed. List the name of the website and the URL where you retrieved the information. Use the following format.<\/p>\n\n Davies, D. (Interviewer), & Pollan, M. (Interviewee). (2008). Michael Pollan offers president food for thought<\/em> [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from National Public Radio website: http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/transcript\/transcript.php?storyId=100755362<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Electronic books may include books available as text files online or audiobooks. If an electronic book is easily available in print, cite it as you would a print source. If it is unavailable in print (or extremely difficult to find), use the format in the example. (Use the words Available from<\/em> in your citation if the book must be purchased or is not available directly.)<\/p>\n\n Chisholm, L. (n.d.). Celtic tales.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.childrenslibrary.org\/icdl\/BookReader?bookid= chicelt_00150014&twoPage=false&route=text&size=0&fullscreen=false&pnum1=1&lang= English&ilang=English<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n These are treated similarly to their print counterparts with the addition of retrieval information. Include the chapter or section number in parentheses after the book title.<\/p>\n\n Hart, A. M. (1895). Restoratives\u2014Coffee, cocoa, chocolate. In Diet in sickness and in health<\/em> (VI). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/dietinsicknessin00hartrich<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Provide the author, date of publication, title, and retrieval information. If the work is numbered within the database, include the number in parentheses at the end of the citation.<\/p>\n\n For commonly used office software and programming languages, it is not necessary to provide a citation. Cite software only when you are using a specialized program, such as the nutrition tracking software in the following example. If you download software from a website, provide the version and the year if available.<\/p>\n\n Internet Brands, Inc. (2009). FitDay PC (Version 2) [Software]. Available from http:\/\/www.fitday.com\/Pc\/PcHome.html?gcid=14<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Citation guidelines for these sources are similar to those used for discussion forum postings. Briefly describe the type of source in brackets after the title.<\/p>\n\n Include the name of the producer or executive producer; the date, title, and type of broadcast; and the associated company and location.<\/p>\n\n West, Ty. (Executive producer). (2009, September 24). PBS special report: Health care reform<\/em> [Television broadcast]. New York, NY, and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Include the producer and the type of series if you are citing an entire television or radio series.<\/p>\n\n Couture, D., Nabors, S., Pinkard, S., Robertson, N., & Smith, J. (Producers). (1979). The Diane Rehm show<\/em> [Radio series]. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n To cite a specific episode of a radio or television series, list the name of the writer or writers (if available), the date the episode aired, its title, and the type of series, along with general information about the series.<\/p>\n\n Bernanke, J., & Wade, C. (2010, January 10). Hummingbirds: Magic in the air [Television series episode]. In F. Kaufman (Executive producer), Nature.<\/em> New York, NY: WNET.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Name the director or producer (or both), year of release, title, country of origin, and studio.<\/p>\n\n Spurlock, M. (Director\/producer), Morley, J. (Executive producer), & Winters. H. M. (Executive producer). (2004). Super size me.<\/em> United States: Kathbur Pictures in association with Studio on Hudson.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Name the primary contributors and list their role. Include the recording medium in brackets after the title. Then list the location and the label.<\/p>\n\n Smith, L. W. (Speaker). (1999). Meditation and relaxation<\/em> [CD]. New York, NY: Earth, Wind, & Sky Productions.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Sz\u00e9kely, I. (Pianist), Budapest Symphony Orchestra (Performers), & N\u00e9meth, G. (Conductor). (1988). Chopin piano concertos no. 1 and 2<\/em> [CD]. Hong Kong: Naxos.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Provide as much information as possible about the writer, director, and producer; the date the podcast aired; its title; any organization or series with which it is associated; and where you retrieved the podcast.<\/p>\n\n Kelsey, A. R. (Writer), Garcia, J. (Director), & Kim, S. C. (Producer). (2010, May 7). Lies food labels tell us. Savvy consumer podcasts<\/em> [Audio podcast].<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.savvyconsumer.org\/podcasts\/050710<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n Exercise 27.4<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n This section provides detailed information about how to create the references section of your paper. You will review basic formatting guidelines and learn how to format bibliographical entries for various types of sources.<\/p>\n At this stage in the writing process, you may already have begun setting up your references section. This section may consist of a single page for a brief research paper or may extend for many pages in professional journal articles. As you create this section of your paper, follow the guidelines provided here.<\/p>\n To set up your references section, use the insert page break feature of your word-processing program to begin a new page. Note that the header and margins will be the same as in the body of your paper, and pagination continues from the body of your paper. (In other words, if you set up the body of your paper correctly, the correct header and page number should appear automatically in your references section.) See additional guidelines below.<\/p>\n Reference entries should include the following information:<\/p>\n See the following examples for how to format a book or journal article with a single author.<\/p>\n Sample Book Entry<\/p>\n<\/header>\n Sample Journal Article Entry<\/p>\n<\/header>\n The following box provides general guidelines for formatting the reference page. For the remainder of this chapter, you will learn about how to format bibliographical entries for different source types, including multiauthor and electronic sources.<\/p>\n Formatting the References Section: APA General Guidelines<\/p>\n<\/header>\nAn edited book with an author<\/h3>\n
A translated book<\/h3>\n
A book published in multiple editions<\/h3>\n
A chapter in an edited book<\/h3>\n
A work that appears in an anthology<\/h3>\nFollow the same process you would use to cite a book chapter, substituting the article or essay title for the chapter title.\n
An article in a reference book<\/h3>\n
Two or more books by the same author<\/h3>\n
Books by different authors with the same last name<\/h3>\nAlphabetize entries by the authors\u2019 first initial.\n
A book authored by an organization<\/h3>\nTreat the organization name as you would an author\u2019s name. For the purposes of alphabetizing, ignore words like The<\/em> in the organization\u2019s name. (That is, a book published by the American Heart Association would be listed with other entries whose authors\u2019 names begin with A<\/em>.)\n
A book-length report<\/h3>\nFormat technical and research reports as you would format other book-length sources. If the organization that issued the report assigned it a number, include the number in parentheses after the title. (See also the guidelines provided for citing works produced by government agencies.)\n
A book authored by a government agency<\/h3>\nTreat these as you would a book published by a nongovernment organization, but be aware that these works may have an identification number listed. If so, include it in parentheses after the publication year.\n
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Print Sources: Periodicals<\/h2>\n
An article in a scholarly journal<\/h3>\nInclude the following information:\n
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An article in a journal paginated by volume<\/h3>\nIn these types of journals, page numbers for one volume continue across all the issues in that volume. For instance, the winter issue may begin with page 1, and in the spring issue that follows, the page numbers pick up where the previous issue left off. (If you have ever wondered why a print journal did not begin on page 1, or wondered why the page numbers of a journal extend into four digits, this is why.) Omit the issue number from your reference entry.\n
An abstract of a scholarly article<\/h3>\nAt times you may need to cite an abstract\u2014the summary that appears at the beginning\u2014of a published article. If you are citing the abstract only, and it was published separately from the article, provide the following information:\n
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A journal article with two to seven authors<\/h3>\nList all the authors\u2019 names in the order they appear in the article. Use an ampersand before the last name listed.\n
A journal article with more than seven authors<\/h3>\nList the first six authors\u2019 names, followed by a comma, an ellipsis, and the name of the last author listed. The article in the following example has sixteen listed authors; the reference entry lists the first six authors and the sixteenth, omitting the seventh through the fifteenth.\n
Writing at work<\/h4>\n
A magazine article<\/h3>\n
A newspaper article<\/h3>\n
A letter to the editor<\/h3>\n
A review<\/h3>\n
Electronic Sources<\/h2>\n
Citing articles from online periodicals: URLs and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)<\/h3>\nWhenever you cite online sources, it is important to provide the most up-to-date information available to help readers locate the source. In some cases, this means providing an article\u2019s URL, or web address. (The letters URL<\/em> stand for uniform resource locator.) Always provide the most complete URL possible. Provide a link to the specific article used, rather than a link to the publication\u2019s homepage.\n\nAs you know, web addresses are not always stable. If a website is updated or reorganized, the article you accessed in April may move to a different location in May. The URL you provided may become a dead link. For this reason, many online periodicals, especially scholarly publications, now rely on DOIs rather than URLs to keep track of articles.\n\nA DOI is a Digital Object Identifier\u2014an identification code provided for some online documents, typically articles in scholarly journals. Like a URL, its purpose is to help readers locate an article. However, a DOI is more stable than a URL, so it makes sense to include it in your reference entry when possible. Follow these guidelines:\n
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An article from an online periodical with a DOI<\/h3>\n
An article from an online periodical with no DOI<\/h3>\n
A newspaper article<\/h3>\nProvide the URL of the article.\n
An article accessed through a database<\/h3>\n
An abstract of an article<\/h3>\n
A nonperiodical web document<\/h3>\n
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An entry from an online encyclopedia or dictionary<\/h3>\n
Data sets<\/h3>\n
Graphic data<\/h3>\n
An online interview (audio file or transcript)<\/h3>\n
An electronic book<\/h3>\n
A chapter from an online book or a chapter or section of a web document<\/h3>\n
A dissertation or thesis from a database<\/h3>\n
Computer software<\/h3>\n
A post on a blog or video blog<\/h3>\n
A television or radio broadcast<\/h3>\n
A television or radio series or episode<\/h3>\n
A motion picture<\/h3>\n
A recording<\/h3>\n
A podcast<\/h3>\n
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Text Attributions<\/h3>\n
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Formatting the References Section: The Basics<\/h1>\n
Formatting the References Section<\/h2>\n
Formatting Reference Entries<\/h2>\n
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