{"id":335,"date":"2024-02-26T22:30:17","date_gmt":"2024-02-27T03:30:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/chapter\/development-chapter-resources\/"},"modified":"2024-10-24T11:43:52","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T15:43:52","slug":"development-chapter-resources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/chapter\/development-chapter-resources\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter Resources","rendered":"Chapter Resources"},"content":{"raw":"

References<\/h1>\r\n
The reference list for this chapter has been excluded from this file to reduce page count. The full reference list can be viewed online at opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/chapter\/development-chapter-resources\/.<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41,<\/em> 49\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7312\/stei93738-006<\/p>\r\n

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation<\/em>. Erlbaum.<\/p>\r\n

Amsterdam, B. (1972). Mirror image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiolog<\/em>y, 5, 297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.420050403<\/p>\r\n

Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L. Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J.D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N.M., Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4<\/em>(3), 81\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x<\/p>\r\n

Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136<\/em>(2), 151\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018251<\/p>\r\n

Archer, J. (1992). Ethology and human development. <\/em>Harvester Wheatsheaf.<\/p>\r\n

Arnett, J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55<\/em>(5), 469\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469<\/p>\r\n

Asselmann, E., Stender, J., Grabe, H., K\u00f6nig, J., Schmidt, C., Hamm, A., & Pan\u00e9-Farr\u00e9, C. (2018). Assessing the interplay of childhood adversities with more recent stressful life events and conditions in predicting panic pathology among adults from the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225,<\/em> 715-722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.050<\/p>\r\n

Baillargeon, R. (1987). Young infants\u2019 reasoning about the physical and spatial properties of a hidden object. Cognitive Development, 2<\/em>(3), 179\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0885-2014(87)90043-8<\/p>\r\n

Baillargeon, R. (2004). Infants\u2019 reasoning about hidden objects: Evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations. Developmental Science, 7<\/em>(4), 391\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2004.00357.x<\/p>\r\n

Baillargeon, R., Li, J., Gertner, Y., & Wu, D. (2011). How do infants reason about physical events. In U. Goswami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development <\/em>(pp. 11\u201348). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444325485<\/p>\r\n

Barber, B. K. (1994). Cultural, family, and person contexts of parent-adolescent conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56,<\/em> 375\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353106<\/p>\r\n

Barnes, R., & Josefowitz, N. (2019). Indian residential schools in Canada: Persistent impacts on Aboriginal students\u2019 psychological development and functioning. Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie canadienne, 60<\/em>(2), 65-76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cap0000154<\/p>\r\n

Barnes, R., Josefowitz, N., & Cole, E. (2006). Residential schools: Impact on Aboriginal students' academic and cognitive development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21<\/em>(1-2), 18-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0829573506298751<\/p>\r\n

Barter, C., Stanley, N., Wood, M., Lanau, A., Aghtaie, N., Larkins, C., & \u00d8verlien, C. (2017). Young people\u2019s online and face-to-face experiences of interpersonal violence and abuse and their subjective impact across \ufb01ve European countries. Psychology of Violence, 7<\/em>(3), 375\u2013384. https:\/\/ doi. org\/ 10. 1037\/ vio00 00096<\/p>\r\n

Benson, P. L., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2008). Spiritual development: a missing priority in youth development. New directions for youth development<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yd.253.<\/p>\r\n

Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Rude, S. P. (2003). Spiritual development in childhood and adolescence: Toward a field of inquiry. Applied Developmental Science, 7<\/em>(3), 204-212.<\/p>\r\n

Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Syvertsen, A. K., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2012). Is youth spiritual development a universal developmental process? An international exploration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7<\/em>(6), 453\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439760.2012.732102.<\/p>\r\n

Berger, K. S. (2014). The developing person through the lifespan<\/em> (9th ed.). Worth Publishers.<\/p>\r\n

Bjorklund, D. F. (1987). A note on neonatal imitation. Developmental Review<\/em>, 7, 86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0273-2297(87)90006-2<\/p>\r\n

Blossom, M., & Morgan, J.L. (2006). Does the face say what the mouth says? A study of infants\u2019 sensitivity to visual prosody. 30th anuual Boston University conference on language development, Somerville, MA<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n

Bogartz, R. S., Shinskey, J. L., & Schilling, T. (2000). Object permanence in five-and-a-half-month-old infants? Infancy, 1<\/em>(4), 403\u2013428.<\/p>\r\n

Bohman, H., L\u00e5ftman, S. B., P\u00e4\u00e4ren, A., & Jonsson, U. (2017). Parental separation in childhood as a risk factor for depression in adulthood: A community-based study of adolescents screened for depression and followed up after 15 years. BMC Psychiatry, 17<\/em>(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-017-1252-z<\/p>\r\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Decomposing identity: Differential relationships between several aspects of ethnic identity and the negative effects of perceived discrimination among First Nations adults in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16<\/em>(4), 507-516.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021373<\/p>\r\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2011). The impact of stressors on second generation Indian residential school survivors. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48<\/em>(4), 367-391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461511410240<\/p>\r\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014a). Appraisals of discriminatory events among adult offspring of Indian residential school survivors: The influences of identity centrality and past perceptions of discrimination. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20<\/em>(1), 75-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033352<\/p>\r\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014b). The intergenerational effects of Indian residential schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51<\/em>(3), 320-338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461513503380<\/p>\r\n

Bombay, A., McQuaid, R. J., Schwartz, F., Thomas, A., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018). Suicidal thoughts and attempts in First Nations communities: Links to parental Indian residential school attendance across development. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10<\/em>(1), 123-131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2040174418000405<\/p>\r\n

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment <\/em>(Vol. 1). Basic Books.<\/p>\r\n

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design.<\/em> Harvard University Press.<\/p>\r\n

Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O\u2019Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D., Malhi, G., Van Hoof, M., McFarlane, A. C., & Nickerson, A. (2017). Separation from parents during childhood trauma predicts adult attachment security and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 47<\/em>(11), 2028-2035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717000472<\/p>\r\n

Burgess, M., Dill, K. E., Stermer, S. P., Burgess, S. R., & Brown, B. P. (2011). Playing with prejudice: The prevalence and consequences of racial stereotypes in video games. Media Psychology, 14<\/em>(3), 289\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213269.2011.596467<\/p>\r\n

Cabral, M. D., & Patel, D. R. (2020). Risk factors and prevention strategies for anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. In Y.K. Kim (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries <\/em>(pp. 543-559). Springer.<\/p>\r\n

Callaghan, T. C., Rochat, P., Lillard, A., Claux, M.L., Odden, H., Itakura, S., . . . Singh, S. (2005). Synchrony in the onset of mental-state reasoning. Psychological Science, 16<\/em>, 378\u2013384.<\/p>\r\n

Campbell, R. A., & Curtis, J. E. (1996). The public\u2019s views on the future of religion and science: Cross-national survey results. Review of Religious Research, 37<\/em>, 164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3512278<\/p>\r\n

Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to Adulthood. <\/em>Academic.<\/p>\r\n

Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 19<\/em>(3), 104\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2005.01.011<\/p>\r\n

Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2018). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications <\/em>(3rd ed.). Guilford Publications.<\/p>\r\n

Chick, K., Heilman-Houser, R., & Hunter, M. (2002). The impact of child care on gender role development and gender stereotypes. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29<\/em>(3), 149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1014528424032<\/p>\r\n

Clark, K. & Clark, M. (1950). Emotional factors in racial identification and preference in Negro children. Journal of Negro Education, 19<\/em>, 341\u2013350. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2966491<\/p>\r\n

Coffino, B. (2009). The role of childhood parent figure loss in the etiology of adult depression: Findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Attachment & Human Development, 11<\/em>(5), 445-470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616730903135993<\/p>\r\n

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36<\/em>(6), 528-541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.03.007<\/p>\r\n

Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983). A Longitudinal Study of Moral Judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48<\/em>(1), 1-124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1165913<\/p>\r\n

Commons, M. L., & Bresette, L. M. (2006). Illuminating major creative scientific innovators with postformal stages. In C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of adult development and learning<\/em> (pp. 255\u2013280). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n

Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2002). From infant to child: The dynamics of cognitive change in the second year of life. Psychological Bulletin, 128,<\/em> 250\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.250<\/p>\r\n

Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. B. (2014). You can form a part of yourself online: The influence of new media on identity development and coming out for 2SLGBTQ+ youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18<\/em>(2), 95\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19359705.2013.777007<\/p>\r\n

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.<\/em> Harper & Row.<\/p>\r\n

de Hevia, M. D., & Spelke, E. S. (2010). Number-space mapping in human infants. Psychological Science, 21<\/em>(5), 653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610366091<\/p>\r\n

Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance.<\/em> MIT Press.<\/p>\r\n

Diamond, A. (2009). The interplay of biology and the environment broadly defined. Developmental Psychology, 45<\/em>(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014601<\/p>\r\n

Dill, K. E., & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people\u2019s perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57<\/em>(11\u201312), 851\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-007-9278-1<\/p>\r\n

Downing, N. E., & Roush, K. L. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women. The Counseling Psychologist, 13<\/em>(4), 695\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000085134013<\/p>\r\n

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success.<\/em> Random House.<\/p>\r\n

Elias, B., Mignone, J., Hall, M., Hong, S. P., Hart, L., & Sareen, J. (2012). Trauma and suicide behaviour histories among a Canadian Indigenous population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada\u2019s residential school system. Social Science & Medicine, 74<\/em>(10), 1560-1569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.026<\/p>\r\n

Ellis, K., & Goggin, G. (2015). Disability, identity, and representation: An introduction. In K. Ellis & G. Goggin (Eds.), Disability and the media<\/em> (pp. 1\u201318). Routledge.<\/p>\r\n

Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. <\/em>Norton.<\/p>\r\n

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society <\/em>(2nd ed.). Norton.<\/p>\r\n

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis.<\/em> Norton.<\/p>\r\n

Facing History and Ourselves. (2019). Resistance. https:\/\/www.facinghistory.org\/stolen-lives-indigenous-peoples-canada-and-indian-residential-schools\/chapter-4\/resistance<\/p>\r\n

Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.12.002<\/p>\r\n

Ferrer, M., & Fugate, A. (2003). Helping your school-age child develop a healthy self-concept.<\/em> IFAS Extensions. https:\/\/www.wildcatdistrict.k-state.edu\/food-family\/child-development\/documents\/SelfConcept.pdf<\/p>\r\n

First Nations Health Authority. (2019). First Nations regional health survey phase 3 (2015-17). <\/em>https:\/\/www.fnha.ca\/Documents\/FNHA-First-Nations-Regional-Health-Survey-Phase-3-2015-2017-BC-Provincial-Report.pdf<\/p>\r\n

Fischer, K. W., Yan, Z., & Stewart, J. (2003). Adult cognitive development: Dynamics in the developmental web. In J. Valsiner & K Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology<\/em> (pp. 491\u2013516). Sage Publications.<\/p>\r\n

Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. <\/em>HarperOne.<\/p>\r\n

Fox, J., & Tang, W. Y. (2017). Sexism in online video games: The role of conformity to masculine norms and social dominance orientation. Computers in Human Behavior, 77<\/em>, 197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.08.043<\/p>\r\n

Galambos, N. L., & Almeida, D. M. (1992). Does parent-adolescent conflict increase in early adolescence? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54,<\/em> 737\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353157<\/p>\r\n

Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk-taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk? Developmental Science, 10, <\/em>F8\u2013F14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00579.x<\/p>\r\n

Ganger, J., & Brent, M.R. (2004). Reexamining the vocabulary spurt. Developmental Psychology, 40<\/em>(4), 621\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.40.4.621<\/p>\r\n

Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Ming, L. K., Shibuya, A., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Bushman, B. J., Huesmann, L. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2009). The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35<\/em>(6), 752\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167209333045<\/p>\r\n

Gershenson, S., Holt, S. B., & Papageorge, N. W. (2016). Who believes in me? The effect of student\u2013teacher demographic match on teacher expectations. Economics of Education Review, 52,<\/em> 209-224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2016.03.002<\/p>\r\n

Gervai, J. (2009). Environmental and genetic influences on early attachment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3<\/em>, 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1753-2000-3-25<\/p>\r\n

Gesell, A. (1933). Maturation and the patterning of behavior. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of child psychology<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 209\u2013235). Clark University Press.<\/p>\r\n

Gesell, A. (1939). Biographies of child development. <\/em>Paul B. Hoeber.<\/p>\r\n

Gesell, A. (1940). The first five years of life. <\/em>Harper.<\/p>\r\n

Gesell, A., & Ilg, F. L. (1946). The child from five to ten. <\/em>Harper.<\/p>\r\n

Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373<\/em>(9657), 68-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7<\/p>\r\n

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women\u2019s development. <\/em>Harvard University Press.<\/p>\r\n

Gleitman, L. R., & Newport, E. L. (1995). The invention of language by children: Environmental and biological influences on the acquisition of language. In L. R. Gleitman & M. Liberman (Eds.), An invitation to cognitive science, Vol. 1: Language. <\/em>(2nd ed., pp. 1\u201324). MIT Press.<\/p>\r\n

Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69<\/em>(1), 66\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034857<\/p>\r\n

Gray, K. (2018). Un\/gaming 2SLGBTQ+ bodies: Sexual and gender minority experiences in digital gaming spaces. Journal of Gender Studies, 27<\/em>(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09589236.2017.1388777<\/p>\r\n

Greenhow, C., & Lewin, C. (2016). Social media and education: Reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Learning, Media and Technology, 41<\/em>(1), 6\u201330. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2015.1064954<\/p>\r\n

Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Kinukawa, A., Lippman, L., & Michelson, E. (2005). The parent-adolescent relationship scale. In L. Lippman (Ed.), Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development: What Do Children Need to Flourish? <\/em>(pp. 183\u2013202). Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Press.<\/p>\r\n

Harris, J. R. (2009). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do<\/em> (2nd ed.). Free Press.<\/p>\r\n

Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344<\/em>(6186), 862-867.<\/p>\r\n

Heilbronn, L., & Williams, T. M. (1987). The Impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities. Contemporary Sociology, 16,<\/em> 553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2069944<\/p>\r\n

Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14<\/em>(3), 206\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2010.494133<\/p>\r\n

Hodge, D. R., Struthers, R., & Geishirt Cantrell, B. A. (2002). Connecting Western science and Native American wisdom. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 5<\/em>(3-4), 17-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J137v05n03_03<\/p>\r\n

Holvoet, C., Scola, C., Arciszewski, T., & Picard, D. (2019). Infants\u2019 social evaluation abilities: Testing their preference for prosocial agents at 6, 12, and 18 months with different social scenarios. Early Child Development and Care, 189,<\/em> 1018-1031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03004430.2017.1361415<\/p>\r\n

Hovens, J. G., Giltay, E. J., Spinhoven, P., Van Hemert, A. M., & Penninx, B. W. (2015). Impact of childhood life events and childhood trauma on the onset and recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76<\/em>(07), 931-938. https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/jcp\/impact-childhood-life-events-childhood-trauma-onset\/<\/p>\r\n

Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.-L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992.\u00a0Developmental Psychology, 39<\/em>(2), 201\u2013221.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.201<\/p>\r\n

Hutchinson, N. (2011). A geographically informed vision of skills development. Geographical Education, 24<\/em>, 15. https:\/\/search.informit.org\/doi\/abs\/10.3316\/aeipt.191136<\/p>\r\n

Iverson, J.M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16<\/em>(5), 367\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x<\/p>\r\n

John-Steiner, V. & Mahn, H. (1996). Sociocultural approaches to learning and development: A Vygotskian framework. Educational Psychologist, 31<\/em>, 191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.1996.9653266<\/p>\r\n

Juruena, M. F., Eror, F., Cleare, A. J., & Young, A. H. (2020). The role of early life stress in HPA Axis and anxiety. In Y.K. Kim (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries <\/em>(pp. 141-153). Springer.<\/p>\r\n

Kaplan, H., & Dove, H. (1987). Infant development among the Ach\u00e9 of Eastern Paraguay. Developmental Psychology, 23<\/em>, 190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.23.2.190<\/p>\r\n

Karasik, L. B., Adolph, K. E., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Bornstein, M. H. (2010). WEIRD Walking: Cross-cultural research on motor development. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 33<\/em>(2-3), 95\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0140525X10000117<\/p>\r\n

Karunamuni, N., Imayama, I., & Goonetilleke, D. (2021). Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables. Social Science & Medicine, 272<\/em>, 112846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112846<\/p>\r\n

Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook\u00ae and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26<\/em>(6), 1237\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.024<\/p>\r\n

Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research<\/em> (pp. 347-480). Rand McNally.<\/p>\r\n

Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice.<\/em> Harper & Row.<\/p>\r\n

Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (2009). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. <\/em>Worth.<\/p>\r\n

Kosasih, E., & Hermawan, R. (2023). Spiritual Development in Adulthood and Later Life from the Perspective of Psychology and Religious Studies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51244\/ijrsi.2023.101013<\/p>\r\n

Kosasih, E., & Hermawan, R. (2023). Spiritual Development in Adulthood and Later Life from the Perspective of Psychology and Religious Studies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51244\/ijrsi.2023.101013<\/p>\r\n

Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035618<\/p>\r\n

Kuznekoff, J. H., & Titsworth, S. (2013). The impact of mobile phone usage on student learning. Communication Education, 62<\/em>(3), 233\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03634523.2013.767917<\/p>\r\n

L\u00e4hdepuro, A., Savolainen, K., Lahti-Pulkkinen, M., Eriksson, J. G., Lahti, J., Tuovinen, S., Kajantie, E., Pesonen, A., Heinonen, K., & R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen, K. (2019). The impact of early life stress on anxiety symptoms in late adulthood. Scientific Reports, 9<\/em>(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-40698-0<\/p>\r\n

Lauzen, M. M., Dozier, D. M., & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52<\/em>(2), 200\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08838150801991971<\/p>\r\n

Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R. (2018). Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10<\/em>(1), 22-29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000302<\/p>\r\n

Leonard, D. (2006). Not a hater, just keepin' it real: The importance of race- and gender-based game studies. Games and Culture, 1<\/em>(1), 83\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555412005281910<\/p>\r\n

Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American psychologist, 41<\/em>(1), 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.41.1.3<\/p>\r\n

Linebarger, D. L., & Walker, D. (2005). Infants\u2019 and toddlers\u2019 television viewing and language outcomes. American Behavioral Scientist, 48<\/em>(5), 624\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764204271505<\/p>\r\n

Lo, C. K., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2017). Insecure adult attachment and child maltreatment: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20<\/em>(5), 706-719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838017730579<\/p>\r\n

Lobo, I. (2008). Environmental influences on gene expression. Nature Education 1<\/em>(1), 39.<\/p>\r\n

Loop, E. (2013). Major milestones in cognitive development in early childhood. <\/em>http:\/\/everydaylife.globalpost.com\/major-milestones-cognitive-development-early-childhood-4625.html<\/p>\r\n

Ludvig, A. (2006). Differences Between Women? Intersecting Voices in a Female Narrative. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13,<\/em> 245-258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1350506806065755.<\/p>\r\n

Ma, J., Fallon, B., & Richard, K. (2019). The overrepresentation of First Nations children and families involved with child welfare: Findings from the Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2013. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90<\/em>, 52-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.022<\/p>\r\n

Maccoby, E. (1980). Social development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. <\/em>Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.<\/p>\r\n

MacFarlane, A. (1978, February). What a baby knows. Human Nature, <\/em>74\u201381.<\/p>\r\n

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganised\/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years<\/em> (pp. 121\u2013160). University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\r\n

Mares, M. L., & Woodard, E. H. (2005). Positive effects of television on children\u2019s social interactions: A meta-analysis. Media Psychology, 7<\/em>(3), 301\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0703_4<\/p>\r\n

McInroy, L. B. (2016). Intersectionality, youth gaming, and online harassment. In A. Harris (Ed.), Identity and leadership in virtual communities: Establishing credibility and influence<\/em> (pp. 17\u201333). IGI Global.<\/p>\r\n

McMillan, L. J. (2021). Unsettling standards indigenous peoples and child welfare. In Graham, J. E., Holmes, C., McDonald, F., & Darnell, R. The social life of standards: Ethnographic methods for local engagement <\/em>(pp. 179-198). <\/em>UBC Press.<\/p>\r\n

Miller, J. R. (1996). Shingwauk\u2019s vision: A history of native residential schools.<\/em> University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\r\n

Mills, M., & Melhuish, E. (1974). Recognition of mother\u2019s voice in early infancy. Nature, 252<\/em>, 123\u2013124. Recognition of mother\u2019s voice in early infancy. Nature,<\/em><\/p>\r\n

Mitchell, T. (2019). Colonial trauma: Complex, continuous, collective, cumulative and compounding effects on the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada and beyond. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14<\/em>(2), 74-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32799\/ijih.v14i2.32251<\/p>\r\n

Moore, K. A., Guzman, L., Hair, E. C., Lippman, L., & Garrett, S. B. (2004). Parent-teen relationships and interactions: Far more positive than not. Child Trends. <\/em>https:\/\/www.catalystforchildren.org\/pdf\/Parent_TeenRB.pdf<\/p>\r\n

Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A., & Samara, M. (2020). Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life. BMJ,<\/em> m3048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3048<\/p>\r\n

Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136<\/em>(7), 887-894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.136.7.887<\/p>\r\n

Nietzsche, F. (1888). The comic nature of Ecce Homo. The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 43<\/em>, 32-43.<\/p>\r\n

Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9<\/em>(11), e1001349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349<\/p>\r\n

Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49<\/em>(11), 2191-2200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031985<\/p>\r\n

O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127<\/em>(4), 800\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-0054<\/p>\r\n

Overman, W. H., Bachevalier, J., Turner, M., & Peuster, A. (1992). Object recognition versus object discrimination: Comparison between human infants and infant monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106<\/em>, 15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.106.1.15<\/p>\r\n

Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21<\/em>(4), 516\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009365094021004004<\/p>\r\n

Paul, J., McQuaid, R., Stewart, S.H., Hopkins, C., Anisman, H., Matheson, K., Foundation, T.B., & Bombay, A. (2022). Relations between bullying and distress among youth living in First Nations communities: Assessing direct and moderating effects of culture-related variables. Transcultural Psychiatry. Accepted. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634615221109359<\/p>\r\n

Piaget, J. (1930). The child\u2019s conception of the world. <\/em>Harcourt, Brace & World.<\/p>\r\n

Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. <\/em>Harcourt, Brace & World.<\/p>\r\n

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children.<\/em> International Universities Press.<\/p>\r\n

Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child.<\/em> Basic Books.<\/p>\r\n

Pickens, J. (1994). Full-term and preterm infants\u2019 perception of face-voice synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 17,<\/em> 447\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0163-6383(94)90036-1<\/p>\r\n

Posso, A. (2016). Internet usage and educational outcomes among 15-year-old Australian students. International Journal of Communication, 10<\/em>, 3852\u20133876. https:\/\/ijoc.org\/index.php\/ijoc\/article\/view\/4768<\/p>\r\n

R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen, K., Lahti, M., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A., Wahlbeck, K., Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J., & Eriksson, J. G. (2011). Risk of severe mental disorders in adults separated temporarily from their parents in childhood: The Helsinki birth cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45<\/em>(3), 332-338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.07.003<\/p>\r\n

Ram\u00edrez Berg, C. (2002). Latino images in film: Stereotypes, subversion, resistance. <\/em>University of Texas Print<\/p>\r\n

Rickard, K. M. (1989). The relationship of self-esteem, feminist identity development, and psychological well-being in women. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03324948<\/p>\r\n

Robinson, J. P., Martin, S., Glenny, M., & Biederman, J. (2015). Does home internet use influence the academic performance of low-income children? Developmental Psychology, 51<\/em>(4), 429\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000017<\/p>\r\n

Rojo-Wissar, D. M., Sosnowski, D. W., Ingram, M. M., Jackson, C. L., Maher, B. S., Alfano, C. A., Meltzer, L. J., & Spira, A. P. (2021). Associations of adverse childhood experiences with adolescent total sleep time, social jetlag, and insomnia symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 88<\/em>, 104-115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.10.019<\/p>\r\n

Rothbaum, R., Weisz, J., Pott, M., Miyake, K., & Morelli, G. (2000). Attachment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan. American Psychologist, 55<\/em>, 1093\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.10.1093<\/p>\r\n

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57<\/em>(6), 1069-1081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069<\/p>\r\n

Sege, R. D., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2019). Clinical considerations related to the behavioral manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatric Mental Health: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies<\/em>, 295-307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-0100<\/p>\r\n

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55<\/em>(1), 5-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.5<\/p>\r\n

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tomer, R., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). The neuroanatomical basis of understanding sarcasm and its relationship to social cognition. Neuropsychology, 19<\/em>(3), 288\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.288<\/p>\r\n

Shanahan, L., McHale, S. M., Osgood, D. W., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Conflict frequency with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within and between family comparisons. Developmental Psychology, 43,<\/em> 539\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.3.539<\/p>\r\n

Sharif, I., & Sargent, J. D. (2006). Association between television, movie, and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics, 118<\/em>(4), 1061\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-2854<\/p>\r\n

Shaw, A. (2009). Putting the gay in games: Cultural production and GLBT content in video games. Games and Culture, 4<\/em>(3), 228\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555412009339722<\/p>\r\n

Siegler, R. S. (2005). Children\u2019s thinking<\/em> (4th ed). Erlbaum.<\/p>\r\n

Siegler, R. S. (2006). Microgenetic analyses of learning. In D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Cognition, perception, and language<\/em> (6th ed., Vol. 2). Wiley.<\/p>\r\n

Signorielli, N. (2009). Television's gender role images and contribution to stereotyping: Past, present, and future. In D. L. Rhode & A. K. Rothenberg (Eds.), Gender, race, and class in media: A critical reader<\/em> (pp. 115\u2013127). SAGE Publications.<\/p>\r\n

Sinnott, J. D. (1998). The development of logic in adulthood: Postformal thought and its applications<\/em>. Springer.<\/p>\r\n

Skoric, M. M., et al. (2009). Violent video games and aggression: A longitudinal analysis in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics, 122(5), e1067\u2013e1072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-1425<\/p>\r\n

Skoric, M. M., Teo, L. L. C., & Neo, R. L. (2009). Children and video games: Addiction, engagement, and scholastic achievement. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12<\/em>(5), 567\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2009.0079<\/p>\r\n

Smith, A. (n.d.). Indigenous Peoples and Boarding Schools: A Comparative Study. Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/E_C_19_2009_crp1.pdf<\/p>\r\n

Spelke, E.S., & Cortelyou, A. (1981). Perceptual aspects of social knowing: Looking and listening in infancy. In M.E. Lamb & L.R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations<\/em> (pp. 61\u201383). Erlbaum.<\/p>\r\n

Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52,<\/em> 83\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.83<\/p>\r\n

Tanner, J. M. (1978). Fetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. <\/em>Harvard University Press.<\/p>\r\n

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/irsi.ubc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-files\/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf<\/p>\r\n

Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Doug\u00e9, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144<\/em>(2), e20191765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-1765<\/p>\r\n

Twenge, J. M., et al. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6<\/em>(1), 3\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702617723376<\/p>\r\n

Tynes, B. M., Giang, M.T., Williams, D.R., Thompson, G.N. (2008). Online racial discrimination and psychological adjustment among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43<\/em>(2008), 565\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021<\/p>\r\n

Ullrich, J. (2019). For the love of our children: an Indigenous connectedness framework. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 15,<\/em> 121-130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1177180119828114<\/p>\r\n

Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72<\/em>(11), 1135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792<\/p>\r\n

Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents\u2019 and adolescents\u2019 online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43<\/em>(2), 267\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.267<\/p>\r\n

van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment.<\/em> Guilford.<\/p>\r\n

Vouloumanos, A., & Werker, J. F. (2004). Tuned to the signal: The privileged status of speech for young infants. Developmental Science, 7, <\/em>270\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2004.00345.x<\/p>\r\n

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. H<\/em>arvard University Press.<\/p>\r\n

Walker, L. (1999). Moral Development in Adolescence: Examining the Theoretical Perspectives of Kohlberg and Gilligan. Journal of Moral Education, 28<\/em>(3), 297-308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03057249910355<\/p>\r\n

Walker, L. J. (1989). A longitudinal study of moral reasoning. Child Development, 60<\/em>(1), 157-166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02285.x<\/p>\r\n

Walker, L. J. (2006). Gender and morality. In M. Killen & J. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development<\/em> (pp. 93\u2013115). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.<\/p>\r\n

Ward, L. M. (2004). Wading through the stereotypes: Positive and negative associations between media use and Black adolescents\u2019 conceptions of self. Developmental Psychology, 40(2), 284\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.40.2.284<\/p>\r\n

Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311<\/em>(5765), 1301-1303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1121448<\/p>\r\n

White, L. O., Ising, M., Von Klitzing, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Klein, A. M., Andreas, A., Keil, J., Quintero, L., M\u00fcller-Myhsok, B., Uhr, M., Gausche, R., Manly, J. T., Crowley, M. J., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2017). Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58<\/em>(9), 998-1007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12700<\/p>\r\n

Williams, D., Martins, N., Consalvo, M., & Ivory, J. D. (2009). The virtual census: Representations of gender, race, and age in video games. New Media & Society, 11<\/em>(5), 815\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444809105354<\/p>\r\n

Williams, T. M. (1986). The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities. <\/em>Academic Press.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Chapter Attribution<\/h1>\r\n\"Lifespan Development\" by Jessica Motherwell McFarlane is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence<\/a>. It includes sections adapted from the \"Development\" chapter in the Introduction to Psychology & Neuroscience<\/em><\/a> (2nd Edition) edited by Leanne Stevens, Jennifer Stamp, & Kevin LeBlanc, which is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>. Some of the original paragraphs remain intact.\r\n

About the Author: Jessica Motherwell McFarlane<\/h1>\r\n

Justice Institute of British Columbia<\/p>\r\nI am an uninvited guest working and living on the stolen territories of the x\u02b7m\u0259\u03b8k\u02b7\u0259y\u0313\u0259m (Musqueam), Skwxw\u00fa7mesh-ulh Tem\u00edx\u0331w (Squamish), and s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259ta\u0241\u026c t\u0259m\u0259x\u02b7 (Tsleil-Waututh) peoples.\u00a0My ancestors were Celtic, British, and Germanic. As I a white, heterosexual, cisgender, able-bodied, healthy, middle class woman, I am committed to increasing my awareness of my advantages in life and using my privilege to benefit others.\u00a0I have more than 30 years experience as a feminist scholar, instructor, researcher, and counsellor with a specialization in women\u2019s development, gender, EDI and decolonization. I am the program developer and director of Life Outside the Box<\/i> \u2014 a JIBC initiative \u2014 that focuses on using visual narratives (stick figure comics) to teach about oppression, anti-oppression best practices, and other social justice learning issues. I am a deeply spiritual, Nature-loving, Unitarian Universalist. My spiritual and religious beliefs inform my values around protecting the Earth; honouring the inherent worth and dignity of each person; committing myself to ending oppressive systems and actions; and supporting the rights of 2SLGBTQIA+ people. I have a fundamental commitment to conducting myself with supreme kindness and radical inclusivity in all my relationships. I adore spending time around children and babies which was one of the reasons I chose to earn a Ph.D. in developmental psychology. I have been honoured to teach many hundreds of students in my career \u2014 all of whom have taught me about my mistakes, trusted me to improve, and celebrated when I got it right. Every day, I am grateful for my husband, child, family \u2014 and cats \u2014 who fill my life with adventure, beauty, and love.\r\n

<\/div>\r\n
Jessica\u2019s Dedication<\/b><\/div>\r\nI dedicate my chapters to the memory of Dr. Tannis MacBeth, who taught me everything I know about scholarly excellence and standing up for equity and social justice. I will always be grateful for her belief in me, and especially for her gift of covering my first drafts with red ink corrections so that I could learn to be better. Dr. Tannis taught me that our best chance to succeed against oppressive systems and social harms is to take supremely good care of ourselves, so we can remain empowered to continue making the difficult changes needed for a long time into the future.","rendered":"

References<\/h1>\n
The reference list for this chapter has been excluded from this file to reduce page count. The full reference list can be viewed online at opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/chapter\/development-chapter-resources\/.<\/div>\n
\n

Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41,<\/em> 49\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7312\/stei93738-006<\/p>\n

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation<\/em>. Erlbaum.<\/p>\n

Amsterdam, B. (1972). Mirror image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiolog<\/em>y, 5, 297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.420050403<\/p>\n

Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L. Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J.D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N.M., Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4<\/em>(3), 81\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x<\/p>\n

Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136<\/em>(2), 151\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0018251<\/p>\n

Archer, J. (1992). Ethology and human development. <\/em>Harvester Wheatsheaf.<\/p>\n

Arnett, J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55<\/em>(5), 469\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469<\/p>\n

Asselmann, E., Stender, J., Grabe, H., K\u00f6nig, J., Schmidt, C., Hamm, A., & Pan\u00e9-Farr\u00e9, C. (2018). Assessing the interplay of childhood adversities with more recent stressful life events and conditions in predicting panic pathology among adults from the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225,<\/em> 715-722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.050<\/p>\n

Baillargeon, R. (1987). Young infants\u2019 reasoning about the physical and spatial properties of a hidden object. Cognitive Development, 2<\/em>(3), 179\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0885-2014(87)90043-8<\/p>\n

Baillargeon, R. (2004). Infants\u2019 reasoning about hidden objects: Evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations. Developmental Science, 7<\/em>(4), 391\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2004.00357.x<\/p>\n

Baillargeon, R., Li, J., Gertner, Y., & Wu, D. (2011). How do infants reason about physical events. In U. Goswami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development <\/em>(pp. 11\u201348). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444325485<\/p>\n

Barber, B. K. (1994). Cultural, family, and person contexts of parent-adolescent conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56,<\/em> 375\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353106<\/p>\n

Barnes, R., & Josefowitz, N. (2019). Indian residential schools in Canada: Persistent impacts on Aboriginal students\u2019 psychological development and functioning. Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie canadienne, 60<\/em>(2), 65-76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cap0000154<\/p>\n

Barnes, R., Josefowitz, N., & Cole, E. (2006). Residential schools: Impact on Aboriginal students’ academic and cognitive development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21<\/em>(1-2), 18-32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0829573506298751<\/p>\n

Barter, C., Stanley, N., Wood, M., Lanau, A., Aghtaie, N., Larkins, C., & \u00d8verlien, C. (2017). Young people\u2019s online and face-to-face experiences of interpersonal violence and abuse and their subjective impact across \ufb01ve European countries. Psychology of Violence, 7<\/em>(3), 375\u2013384. https:\/\/ doi. org\/ 10. 1037\/ vio00 00096<\/p>\n

Benson, P. L., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2008). Spiritual development: a missing priority in youth development. New directions for youth development<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yd.253.<\/p>\n

Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Rude, S. P. (2003). Spiritual development in childhood and adolescence: Toward a field of inquiry. Applied Developmental Science, 7<\/em>(3), 204-212.<\/p>\n

Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Syvertsen, A. K., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2012). Is youth spiritual development a universal developmental process? An international exploration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7<\/em>(6), 453\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439760.2012.732102.<\/p>\n

Berger, K. S. (2014). The developing person through the lifespan<\/em> (9th ed.). Worth Publishers.<\/p>\n

Bjorklund, D. F. (1987). A note on neonatal imitation. Developmental Review<\/em>, 7, 86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0273-2297(87)90006-2<\/p>\n

Blossom, M., & Morgan, J.L. (2006). Does the face say what the mouth says? A study of infants\u2019 sensitivity to visual prosody. 30th anuual Boston University conference on language development, Somerville, MA<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bogartz, R. S., Shinskey, J. L., & Schilling, T. (2000). Object permanence in five-and-a-half-month-old infants? Infancy, 1<\/em>(4), 403\u2013428.<\/p>\n

Bohman, H., L\u00e5ftman, S. B., P\u00e4\u00e4ren, A., & Jonsson, U. (2017). Parental separation in childhood as a risk factor for depression in adulthood: A community-based study of adolescents screened for depression and followed up after 15 years. BMC Psychiatry, 17<\/em>(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-017-1252-z<\/p>\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Decomposing identity: Differential relationships between several aspects of ethnic identity and the negative effects of perceived discrimination among First Nations adults in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16<\/em>(4), 507-516.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021373<\/p>\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2011). The impact of stressors on second generation Indian residential school survivors. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48<\/em>(4), 367-391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461511410240<\/p>\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014a). Appraisals of discriminatory events among adult offspring of Indian residential school survivors: The influences of identity centrality and past perceptions of discrimination. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20<\/em>(1), 75-86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033352<\/p>\n

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014b). The intergenerational effects of Indian residential schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51<\/em>(3), 320-338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461513503380<\/p>\n

Bombay, A., McQuaid, R. J., Schwartz, F., Thomas, A., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018). Suicidal thoughts and attempts in First Nations communities: Links to parental Indian residential school attendance across development. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10<\/em>(1), 123-131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2040174418000405<\/p>\n

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment <\/em>(Vol. 1). Basic Books.<\/p>\n

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design.<\/em> Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O\u2019Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D., Malhi, G., Van Hoof, M., McFarlane, A. C., & Nickerson, A. (2017). Separation from parents during childhood trauma predicts adult attachment security and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 47<\/em>(11), 2028-2035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717000472<\/p>\n

Burgess, M., Dill, K. E., Stermer, S. P., Burgess, S. R., & Brown, B. P. (2011). Playing with prejudice: The prevalence and consequences of racial stereotypes in video games. Media Psychology, 14<\/em>(3), 289\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15213269.2011.596467<\/p>\n

Cabral, M. D., & Patel, D. R. (2020). Risk factors and prevention strategies for anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. In Y.K. Kim (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries <\/em>(pp. 543-559). Springer.<\/p>\n

Callaghan, T. C., Rochat, P., Lillard, A., Claux, M.L., Odden, H., Itakura, S., . . . Singh, S. (2005). Synchrony in the onset of mental-state reasoning. Psychological Science, 16<\/em>, 378\u2013384.<\/p>\n

Campbell, R. A., & Curtis, J. E. (1996). The public\u2019s views on the future of religion and science: Cross-national survey results. Review of Religious Research, 37<\/em>, 164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3512278<\/p>\n

Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to Adulthood. <\/em>Academic.<\/p>\n

Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 19<\/em>(3), 104\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2005.01.011<\/p>\n

Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2018). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications <\/em>(3rd ed.). Guilford Publications.<\/p>\n

Chick, K., Heilman-Houser, R., & Hunter, M. (2002). The impact of child care on gender role development and gender stereotypes. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29<\/em>(3), 149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1014528424032<\/p>\n

Clark, K. & Clark, M. (1950). Emotional factors in racial identification and preference in Negro children. Journal of Negro Education, 19<\/em>, 341\u2013350. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2966491<\/p>\n

Coffino, B. (2009). The role of childhood parent figure loss in the etiology of adult depression: Findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Attachment & Human Development, 11<\/em>(5), 445-470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616730903135993<\/p>\n

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36<\/em>(6), 528-541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.03.007<\/p>\n

Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983). A Longitudinal Study of Moral Judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48<\/em>(1), 1-124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1165913<\/p>\n

Commons, M. L., & Bresette, L. M. (2006). Illuminating major creative scientific innovators with postformal stages. In C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of adult development and learning<\/em> (pp. 255\u2013280). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2002). From infant to child: The dynamics of cognitive change in the second year of life. Psychological Bulletin, 128,<\/em> 250\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.250<\/p>\n

Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. B. (2014). You can form a part of yourself online: The influence of new media on identity development and coming out for 2SLGBTQ+ youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18<\/em>(2), 95\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19359705.2013.777007<\/p>\n

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.<\/em> Harper & Row.<\/p>\n

de Hevia, M. D., & Spelke, E. S. (2010). Number-space mapping in human infants. Psychological Science, 21<\/em>(5), 653\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610366091<\/p>\n

Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance.<\/em> MIT Press.<\/p>\n

Diamond, A. (2009). The interplay of biology and the environment broadly defined. Developmental Psychology, 45<\/em>(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014601<\/p>\n

Dill, K. E., & Thill, K. P. (2007). Video game characters and the socialization of gender roles: Young people\u2019s perceptions mirror sexist media depictions. Sex Roles, 57<\/em>(11\u201312), 851\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-007-9278-1<\/p>\n

Downing, N. E., & Roush, K. L. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women. The Counseling Psychologist, 13<\/em>(4), 695\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000085134013<\/p>\n

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success.<\/em> Random House.<\/p>\n

Elias, B., Mignone, J., Hall, M., Hong, S. P., Hart, L., & Sareen, J. (2012). Trauma and suicide behaviour histories among a Canadian Indigenous population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada\u2019s residential school system. Social Science & Medicine, 74<\/em>(10), 1560-1569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.026<\/p>\n

Ellis, K., & Goggin, G. (2015). Disability, identity, and representation: An introduction. In K. Ellis & G. Goggin (Eds.), Disability and the media<\/em> (pp. 1\u201318). Routledge.<\/p>\n

Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. <\/em>Norton.<\/p>\n

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society <\/em>(2nd ed.). Norton.<\/p>\n

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis.<\/em> Norton.<\/p>\n

Facing History and Ourselves. (2019). Resistance. https:\/\/www.facinghistory.org\/stolen-lives-indigenous-peoples-canada-and-indian-residential-schools\/chapter-4\/resistance<\/p>\n

Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.12.002<\/p>\n

Ferrer, M., & Fugate, A. (2003). Helping your school-age child develop a healthy self-concept.<\/em> IFAS Extensions. https:\/\/www.wildcatdistrict.k-state.edu\/food-family\/child-development\/documents\/SelfConcept.pdf<\/p>\n

First Nations Health Authority. (2019). First Nations regional health survey phase 3 (2015-17). <\/em>https:\/\/www.fnha.ca\/Documents\/FNHA-First-Nations-Regional-Health-Survey-Phase-3-2015-2017-BC-Provincial-Report.pdf<\/p>\n

Fischer, K. W., Yan, Z., & Stewart, J. (2003). Adult cognitive development: Dynamics in the developmental web. In J. Valsiner & K Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology<\/em> (pp. 491\u2013516). Sage Publications.<\/p>\n

Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. <\/em>HarperOne.<\/p>\n

Fox, J., & Tang, W. Y. (2017). Sexism in online video games: The role of conformity to masculine norms and social dominance orientation. Computers in Human Behavior, 77<\/em>, 197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.08.043<\/p>\n

Galambos, N. L., & Almeida, D. M. (1992). Does parent-adolescent conflict increase in early adolescence? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54,<\/em> 737\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/353157<\/p>\n

Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk-taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk? Developmental Science, 10, <\/em>F8\u2013F14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00579.x<\/p>\n

Ganger, J., & Brent, M.R. (2004). Reexamining the vocabulary spurt. Developmental Psychology, 40<\/em>(4), 621\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.40.4.621<\/p>\n

Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Ming, L. K., Shibuya, A., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Bushman, B. J., Huesmann, L. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2009). The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35<\/em>(6), 752\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167209333045<\/p>\n

Gershenson, S., Holt, S. B., & Papageorge, N. W. (2016). Who believes in me? The effect of student\u2013teacher demographic match on teacher expectations. Economics of Education Review, 52,<\/em> 209-224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2016.03.002<\/p>\n

Gervai, J. (2009). Environmental and genetic influences on early attachment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3<\/em>, 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1753-2000-3-25<\/p>\n

Gesell, A. (1933). Maturation and the patterning of behavior. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of child psychology<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 209\u2013235). Clark University Press.<\/p>\n

Gesell, A. (1939). Biographies of child development. <\/em>Paul B. Hoeber.<\/p>\n

Gesell, A. (1940). The first five years of life. <\/em>Harper.<\/p>\n

Gesell, A., & Ilg, F. L. (1946). The child from five to ten. <\/em>Harper.<\/p>\n

Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373<\/em>(9657), 68-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7<\/p>\n

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women\u2019s development. <\/em>Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

Gleitman, L. R., & Newport, E. L. (1995). The invention of language by children: Environmental and biological influences on the acquisition of language. In L. R. Gleitman & M. Liberman (Eds.), An invitation to cognitive science, Vol. 1: Language. <\/em>(2nd ed., pp. 1\u201324). MIT Press.<\/p>\n

Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. (2014). The benefits of playing video games. American Psychologist, 69<\/em>(1), 66\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034857<\/p>\n

Gray, K. (2018). Un\/gaming 2SLGBTQ+ bodies: Sexual and gender minority experiences in digital gaming spaces. Journal of Gender Studies, 27<\/em>(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09589236.2017.1388777<\/p>\n

Greenhow, C., & Lewin, C. (2016). Social media and education: Reconceptualizing the boundaries of formal and informal learning. Learning, Media and Technology, 41<\/em>(1), 6\u201330. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439884.2015.1064954<\/p>\n

Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Kinukawa, A., Lippman, L., & Michelson, E. (2005). The parent-adolescent relationship scale. In L. Lippman (Ed.), Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development: What Do Children Need to Flourish? <\/em>(pp. 183\u2013202). Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Press.<\/p>\n

Harris, J. R. (2009). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do<\/em> (2nd ed.). Free Press.<\/p>\n

Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344<\/em>(6186), 862-867.<\/p>\n

Heilbronn, L., & Williams, T. M. (1987). The Impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities. Contemporary Sociology, 16,<\/em> 553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2069944<\/p>\n

Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14<\/em>(3), 206\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2010.494133<\/p>\n

Hodge, D. R., Struthers, R., & Geishirt Cantrell, B. A. (2002). Connecting Western science and Native American wisdom. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 5<\/em>(3-4), 17-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J137v05n03_03<\/p>\n

Holvoet, C., Scola, C., Arciszewski, T., & Picard, D. (2019). Infants\u2019 social evaluation abilities: Testing their preference for prosocial agents at 6, 12, and 18 months with different social scenarios. Early Child Development and Care, 189,<\/em> 1018-1031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03004430.2017.1361415<\/p>\n

Hovens, J. G., Giltay, E. J., Spinhoven, P., Van Hemert, A. M., & Penninx, B. W. (2015). Impact of childhood life events and childhood trauma on the onset and recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76<\/em>(07), 931-938. https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/jcp\/impact-childhood-life-events-childhood-trauma-onset\/<\/p>\n

Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C.-L., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992.\u00a0Developmental Psychology, 39<\/em>(2), 201\u2013221.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.201<\/p>\n

Hutchinson, N. (2011). A geographically informed vision of skills development. Geographical Education, 24<\/em>, 15. https:\/\/search.informit.org\/doi\/abs\/10.3316\/aeipt.191136<\/p>\n

Iverson, J.M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16<\/em>(5), 367\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x<\/p>\n

John-Steiner, V. & Mahn, H. (1996). Sociocultural approaches to learning and development: A Vygotskian framework. Educational Psychologist, 31<\/em>, 191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00461520.1996.9653266<\/p>\n

Juruena, M. F., Eror, F., Cleare, A. J., & Young, A. H. (2020). The role of early life stress in HPA Axis and anxiety. In Y.K. Kim (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries <\/em>(pp. 141-153). Springer.<\/p>\n

Kaplan, H., & Dove, H. (1987). Infant development among the Ach\u00e9 of Eastern Paraguay. Developmental Psychology, 23<\/em>, 190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.23.2.190<\/p>\n

Karasik, L. B., Adolph, K. E., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Bornstein, M. H. (2010). WEIRD Walking: Cross-cultural research on motor development. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 33<\/em>(2-3), 95\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0140525X10000117<\/p>\n

Karunamuni, N., Imayama, I., & Goonetilleke, D. (2021). Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables. Social Science & Medicine, 272<\/em>, 112846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112846<\/p>\n

Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook\u00ae and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26<\/em>(6), 1237\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.024<\/p>\n

Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research<\/em> (pp. 347-480). Rand McNally.<\/p>\n

Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice.<\/em> Harper & Row.<\/p>\n

Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (2009). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. <\/em>Worth.<\/p>\n

Kosasih, E., & Hermawan, R. (2023). Spiritual Development in Adulthood and Later Life from the Perspective of Psychology and Religious Studies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51244\/ijrsi.2023.101013<\/p>\n

Kosasih, E., & Hermawan, R. (2023). Spiritual Development in Adulthood and Later Life from the Perspective of Psychology and Religious Studies. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation<\/em>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51244\/ijrsi.2023.101013<\/p>\n

Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035618<\/p>\n

Kuznekoff, J. H., & Titsworth, S. (2013). The impact of mobile phone usage on student learning. Communication Education, 62<\/em>(3), 233\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03634523.2013.767917<\/p>\n

L\u00e4hdepuro, A., Savolainen, K., Lahti-Pulkkinen, M., Eriksson, J. G., Lahti, J., Tuovinen, S., Kajantie, E., Pesonen, A., Heinonen, K., & R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen, K. (2019). The impact of early life stress on anxiety symptoms in late adulthood. Scientific Reports, 9<\/em>(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-40698-0<\/p>\n

Lauzen, M. M., Dozier, D. M., & Horan, N. (2008). Constructing gender stereotypes through social roles in prime-time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52<\/em>(2), 200\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08838150801991971<\/p>\n

Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R. (2018). Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10<\/em>(1), 22-29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000302<\/p>\n

Leonard, D. (2006). Not a hater, just keepin’ it real: The importance of race- and gender-based game studies. Games and Culture, 1<\/em>(1), 83\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555412005281910<\/p>\n

Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American psychologist, 41<\/em>(1), 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.41.1.3<\/p>\n

Linebarger, D. L., & Walker, D. (2005). Infants\u2019 and toddlers\u2019 television viewing and language outcomes. American Behavioral Scientist, 48<\/em>(5), 624\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0002764204271505<\/p>\n

Lo, C. K., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2017). Insecure adult attachment and child maltreatment: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20<\/em>(5), 706-719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838017730579<\/p>\n

Lobo, I. (2008). Environmental influences on gene expression. Nature Education 1<\/em>(1), 39.<\/p>\n

Loop, E. (2013). Major milestones in cognitive development in early childhood. <\/em>http:\/\/everydaylife.globalpost.com\/major-milestones-cognitive-development-early-childhood-4625.html<\/p>\n

Ludvig, A. (2006). Differences Between Women? Intersecting Voices in a Female Narrative. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13,<\/em> 245-258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1350506806065755.<\/p>\n

Ma, J., Fallon, B., & Richard, K. (2019). The overrepresentation of First Nations children and families involved with child welfare: Findings from the Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2013. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90<\/em>, 52-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.022<\/p>\n

Maccoby, E. (1980). Social development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. <\/em>Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.<\/p>\n

MacFarlane, A. (1978, February). What a baby knows. Human Nature, <\/em>74\u201381.<\/p>\n

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganised\/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years<\/em> (pp. 121\u2013160). University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Mares, M. L., & Woodard, E. H. (2005). Positive effects of television on children\u2019s social interactions: A meta-analysis. Media Psychology, 7<\/em>(3), 301\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0703_4<\/p>\n

McInroy, L. B. (2016). Intersectionality, youth gaming, and online harassment. In A. Harris (Ed.), Identity and leadership in virtual communities: Establishing credibility and influence<\/em> (pp. 17\u201333). IGI Global.<\/p>\n

McMillan, L. J. (2021). Unsettling standards indigenous peoples and child welfare. In Graham, J. E., Holmes, C., McDonald, F., & Darnell, R. The social life of standards: Ethnographic methods for local engagement <\/em>(pp. 179-198). <\/em>UBC Press.<\/p>\n

Miller, J. R. (1996). Shingwauk\u2019s vision: A history of native residential schools.<\/em> University of Toronto Press.<\/p>\n

Mills, M., & Melhuish, E. (1974). Recognition of mother\u2019s voice in early infancy. Nature, 252<\/em>, 123\u2013124. Recognition of mother\u2019s voice in early infancy. Nature,<\/em><\/p>\n

Mitchell, T. (2019). Colonial trauma: Complex, continuous, collective, cumulative and compounding effects on the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada and beyond. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14<\/em>(2), 74-94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32799\/ijih.v14i2.32251<\/p>\n

Moore, K. A., Guzman, L., Hair, E. C., Lippman, L., & Garrett, S. B. (2004). Parent-teen relationships and interactions: Far more positive than not. Child Trends. <\/em>https:\/\/www.catalystforchildren.org\/pdf\/Parent_TeenRB.pdf<\/p>\n

Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A., & Samara, M. (2020). Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life. BMJ,<\/em> m3048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3048<\/p>\n

Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136<\/em>(7), 887-894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.136.7.887<\/p>\n

Nietzsche, F. (1888). The comic nature of Ecce Homo. The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 43<\/em>, 32-43.<\/p>\n

Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9<\/em>(11), e1001349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349<\/p>\n

Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49<\/em>(11), 2191-2200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031985<\/p>\n

O’Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127<\/em>(4), 800\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-0054<\/p>\n

Overman, W. H., Bachevalier, J., Turner, M., & Peuster, A. (1992). Object recognition versus object discrimination: Comparison between human infants and infant monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106<\/em>, 15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.106.1.15<\/p>\n

Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21<\/em>(4), 516\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009365094021004004<\/p>\n

Paul, J., McQuaid, R., Stewart, S.H., Hopkins, C., Anisman, H., Matheson, K., Foundation, T.B., & Bombay, A. (2022). Relations between bullying and distress among youth living in First Nations communities: Assessing direct and moderating effects of culture-related variables. Transcultural Psychiatry. Accepted. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634615221109359<\/p>\n

Piaget, J. (1930). The child\u2019s conception of the world. <\/em>Harcourt, Brace & World.<\/p>\n

Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. <\/em>Harcourt, Brace & World.<\/p>\n

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children.<\/em> International Universities Press.<\/p>\n

Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child.<\/em> Basic Books.<\/p>\n

Pickens, J. (1994). Full-term and preterm infants\u2019 perception of face-voice synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 17,<\/em> 447\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0163-6383(94)90036-1<\/p>\n

Posso, A. (2016). Internet usage and educational outcomes among 15-year-old Australian students. International Journal of Communication, 10<\/em>, 3852\u20133876. https:\/\/ijoc.org\/index.php\/ijoc\/article\/view\/4768<\/p>\n

R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen, K., Lahti, M., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A., Wahlbeck, K., Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J., & Eriksson, J. G. (2011). Risk of severe mental disorders in adults separated temporarily from their parents in childhood: The Helsinki birth cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45<\/em>(3), 332-338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.07.003<\/p>\n

Ram\u00edrez Berg, C. (2002). Latino images in film: Stereotypes, subversion, resistance. <\/em>University of Texas Print<\/p>\n

Rickard, K. M. (1989). The relationship of self-esteem, feminist identity development, and psychological well-being in women. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering.<\/em> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03324948<\/p>\n

Robinson, J. P., Martin, S., Glenny, M., & Biederman, J. (2015). Does home internet use influence the academic performance of low-income children? Developmental Psychology, 51<\/em>(4), 429\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000017<\/p>\n

Rojo-Wissar, D. M., Sosnowski, D. W., Ingram, M. M., Jackson, C. L., Maher, B. S., Alfano, C. A., Meltzer, L. J., & Spira, A. P. (2021). Associations of adverse childhood experiences with adolescent total sleep time, social jetlag, and insomnia symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 88<\/em>, 104-115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.10.019<\/p>\n

Rothbaum, R., Weisz, J., Pott, M., Miyake, K., & Morelli, G. (2000). Attachment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan. American Psychologist, 55<\/em>, 1093\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.10.1093<\/p>\n

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57<\/em>(6), 1069-1081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.57.6.1069<\/p>\n

Sege, R. D., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2019). Clinical considerations related to the behavioral manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatric Mental Health: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies<\/em>, 295-307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-0100<\/p>\n

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55<\/em>(1), 5-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.5<\/p>\n

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tomer, R., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). The neuroanatomical basis of understanding sarcasm and its relationship to social cognition. Neuropsychology, 19<\/em>(3), 288\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.288<\/p>\n

Shanahan, L., McHale, S. M., Osgood, D. W., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Conflict frequency with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within and between family comparisons. Developmental Psychology, 43,<\/em> 539\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.3.539<\/p>\n

Sharif, I., & Sargent, J. D. (2006). Association between television, movie, and video game exposure and school performance. Pediatrics, 118<\/em>(4), 1061\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-2854<\/p>\n

Shaw, A. (2009). Putting the gay in games: Cultural production and GLBT content in video games. Games and Culture, 4<\/em>(3), 228\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1555412009339722<\/p>\n

Siegler, R. S. (2005). Children\u2019s thinking<\/em> (4th ed). Erlbaum.<\/p>\n

Siegler, R. S. (2006). Microgenetic analyses of learning. In D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Cognition, perception, and language<\/em> (6th ed., Vol. 2). Wiley.<\/p>\n

Signorielli, N. (2009). Television’s gender role images and contribution to stereotyping: Past, present, and future. In D. L. Rhode & A. K. Rothenberg (Eds.), Gender, race, and class in media: A critical reader<\/em> (pp. 115\u2013127). SAGE Publications.<\/p>\n

Sinnott, J. D. (1998). The development of logic in adulthood: Postformal thought and its applications<\/em>. Springer.<\/p>\n

Skoric, M. M., et al. (2009). Violent video games and aggression: A longitudinal analysis in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics, 122(5), e1067\u2013e1072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-1425<\/p>\n

Skoric, M. M., Teo, L. L. C., & Neo, R. L. (2009). Children and video games: Addiction, engagement, and scholastic achievement. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12<\/em>(5), 567\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.2009.0079<\/p>\n

Smith, A. (n.d.). Indigenous Peoples and Boarding Schools: A Comparative Study. Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/E_C_19_2009_crp1.pdf<\/p>\n

Spelke, E.S., & Cortelyou, A. (1981). Perceptual aspects of social knowing: Looking and listening in infancy. In M.E. Lamb & L.R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations<\/em> (pp. 61\u201383). Erlbaum.<\/p>\n

Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52,<\/em> 83\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.83<\/p>\n

Tanner, J. M. (1978). Fetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. <\/em>Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada. <\/em>https:\/\/irsi.ubc.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/inline-files\/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf<\/p>\n

Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Doug\u00e9, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144<\/em>(2), e20191765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2019-1765<\/p>\n

Twenge, J. M., et al. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6<\/em>(1), 3\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702617723376<\/p>\n

Tynes, B. M., Giang, M.T., Williams, D.R., Thompson, G.N. (2008). Online racial discrimination and psychological adjustment among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43<\/em>(2008), 565\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021<\/p>\n

Ullrich, J. (2019). For the love of our children: an Indigenous connectedness framework. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 15,<\/em> 121-130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1177180119828114<\/p>\n

Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72<\/em>(11), 1135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792<\/p>\n

Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Preadolescents\u2019 and adolescents\u2019 online communication and their closeness to friends. Developmental Psychology, 43<\/em>(2), 267\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.2.267<\/p>\n

van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment.<\/em> Guilford.<\/p>\n

Vouloumanos, A., & Werker, J. F. (2004). Tuned to the signal: The privileged status of speech for young infants. Developmental Science, 7, <\/em>270\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2004.00345.x<\/p>\n

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. H<\/em>arvard University Press.<\/p>\n

Walker, L. (1999). Moral Development in Adolescence: Examining the Theoretical Perspectives of Kohlberg and Gilligan. Journal of Moral Education, 28<\/em>(3), 297-308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03057249910355<\/p>\n

Walker, L. J. (1989). A longitudinal study of moral reasoning. Child Development, 60<\/em>(1), 157-166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02285.x<\/p>\n

Walker, L. J. (2006). Gender and morality. In M. Killen & J. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development<\/em> (pp. 93\u2013115). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.<\/p>\n

Ward, L. M. (2004). Wading through the stereotypes: Positive and negative associations between media use and Black adolescents\u2019 conceptions of self. Developmental Psychology, 40(2), 284\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.40.2.284<\/p>\n

Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311<\/em>(5765), 1301-1303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1121448<\/p>\n

White, L. O., Ising, M., Von Klitzing, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Klein, A. M., Andreas, A., Keil, J., Quintero, L., M\u00fcller-Myhsok, B., Uhr, M., Gausche, R., Manly, J. T., Crowley, M. J., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2017). Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58<\/em>(9), 998-1007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12700<\/p>\n

Williams, D., Martins, N., Consalvo, M., & Ivory, J. D. (2009). The virtual census: Representations of gender, race, and age in video games. New Media & Society, 11<\/em>(5), 815\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444809105354<\/p>\n

Williams, T. M. (1986). The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities. <\/em>Academic Press.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Chapter Attribution<\/h1>\n

“Lifespan Development” by Jessica Motherwell McFarlane is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence<\/a>. It includes sections adapted from the “Development” chapter in the Introduction to Psychology & Neuroscience<\/em><\/a> (2nd Edition) edited by Leanne Stevens, Jennifer Stamp, & Kevin LeBlanc, which is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 licence<\/a>. Some of the original paragraphs remain intact.<\/p>\n

About the Author: Jessica Motherwell McFarlane<\/h1>\n

Justice Institute of British Columbia<\/p>\n

I am an uninvited guest working and living on the stolen territories of the x\u02b7m\u0259\u03b8k\u02b7\u0259y\u0313\u0259m (Musqueam), Skwxw\u00fa7mesh-ulh Tem\u00edx\u0331w (Squamish), and s\u0259l\u0313ilw\u0259ta\u0241\u026c t\u0259m\u0259x\u02b7 (Tsleil-Waututh) peoples.\u00a0My ancestors were Celtic, British, and Germanic. As I a white, heterosexual, cisgender, able-bodied, healthy, middle class woman, I am committed to increasing my awareness of my advantages in life and using my privilege to benefit others.\u00a0I have more than 30 years experience as a feminist scholar, instructor, researcher, and counsellor with a specialization in women\u2019s development, gender, EDI and decolonization. I am the program developer and director of Life Outside the Box<\/i> \u2014 a JIBC initiative \u2014 that focuses on using visual narratives (stick figure comics) to teach about oppression, anti-oppression best practices, and other social justice learning issues. I am a deeply spiritual, Nature-loving, Unitarian Universalist. My spiritual and religious beliefs inform my values around protecting the Earth; honouring the inherent worth and dignity of each person; committing myself to ending oppressive systems and actions; and supporting the rights of 2SLGBTQIA+ people. I have a fundamental commitment to conducting myself with supreme kindness and radical inclusivity in all my relationships. I adore spending time around children and babies which was one of the reasons I chose to earn a Ph.D. in developmental psychology. I have been honoured to teach many hundreds of students in my career \u2014 all of whom have taught me about my mistakes, trusted me to improve, and celebrated when I got it right. Every day, I am grateful for my husband, child, family \u2014 and cats \u2014 who fill my life with adventure, beauty, and love.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
Jessica\u2019s Dedication<\/b><\/div>\n

I dedicate my chapters to the memory of Dr. Tannis MacBeth, who taught me everything I know about scholarly excellence and standing up for equity and social justice. I will always be grateful for her belief in me, and especially for her gift of covering my first drafts with red ink corrections so that I could learn to be better. Dr. Tannis taught me that our best chance to succeed against oppressive systems and social harms is to take supremely good care of ourselves, so we can remain empowered to continue making the difficult changes needed for a long time into the future.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":127,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jessica-motherwell-mcfarlane"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[61],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-335","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jessica-motherwell-mcfarlane","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":310,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/127"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1207,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335\/revisions\/1207"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/310"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/335\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=335"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=335"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psychologymtdi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}