{"id":1273,"date":"2021-05-02T03:14:32","date_gmt":"2021-05-02T03:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/part\/bilingualism\/"},"modified":"2022-09-12T18:23:30","modified_gmt":"2022-09-12T18:23:30","slug":"bilingualism","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/part\/bilingualism\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 6: Bilingualism","rendered":"Chapter 6: Bilingualism"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand the definitions for bilingualism and its variations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the advantages of bilingualism.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Elaborate the evidence for and against bilingual language models.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"1446\"]Bilinguals[\/pb_glossary] are people who are fluent in two languages. It is not particularly necessary for bilinguals to be equally fluent in both languages. Fluency need not to be a binary classification but rather a continuum. While people often speak of first language or mother tongue and second language, psycholinguists refer to the language learned first as [pb_glossary id=\"1447\"]L1[\/pb_glossary] and the language learned after that as [pb_glossary id=\"1448\"]L2[\/pb_glossary]. Sometimes the language learned second may become the primary language of use in everyday life and the language learned first may become the secondary language in later life. Bilingualism can also be categorised as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"1449\"]Simultaneous bilingualism[\/pb_glossary]: L1 and L2 learned simultaneously<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"1450\"]Early sequential bilingualism[\/pb_glossary]: L1 is learned first and L2 is learned in childhood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"1451\"]Late sequential bilingualism[\/pb_glossary]: L1 is learned first and L2 is learned in adolescence or later<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBilingualism is not always a matter of choice. Some societies have a history of attempting to impose a language on others. In others, one language may be held as having higher prestige or allowing for better opportunities. On the other hand, bilingualism (or [pb_glossary id=\"1452\"]multilingualism[\/pb_glossary]) was the norm throughout most of human history until the rise of linguistically and ethnically divided states in Europe. Most human beings lived in multilingual societies or used one language in common use while learning another as a language of higher education (as with Latin in Europe, Sanskrit in India, Classical Chinese in China and English in the modern world).","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Understand the definitions for bilingualism and its variations.<\/li>\n<li>Discuss the advantages of bilingualism.<\/li>\n<li>Elaborate the evidence for and against bilingual language models.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1446\">Bilinguals<\/a> are people who are fluent in two languages. It is not particularly necessary for bilinguals to be equally fluent in both languages. Fluency need not to be a binary classification but rather a continuum. While people often speak of first language or mother tongue and second language, psycholinguists refer to the language learned first as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1447\">L1<\/a> and the language learned after that as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1448\">L2<\/a>. Sometimes the language learned second may become the primary language of use in everyday life and the language learned first may become the secondary language in later life. Bilingualism can also be categorised as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1449\">Simultaneous bilingualism<\/a>: L1 and L2 learned simultaneously<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1450\">Early sequential bilingualism<\/a>: L1 is learned first and L2 is learned in childhood<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1451\">Late sequential bilingualism<\/a>: L1 is learned first and L2 is learned in adolescence or later<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bilingualism is not always a matter of choice. Some societies have a history of attempting to impose a language on others. In others, one language may be held as having higher prestige or allowing for better opportunities. On the other hand, bilingualism (or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1273_1452\">multilingualism<\/a>) was the norm throughout most of human history until the rise of linguistically and ethnically divided states in Europe. Most human beings lived in multilingual societies or used one language in common use while learning another as a language of higher education (as with Latin in Europe, Sanskrit in India, Classical Chinese in China and English in the modern world).<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_1273_1446\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1446\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A person who speaks two languages.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1273_1447\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1447\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The language acquired before the end of the critical language acquisition period.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1273_1448\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1448\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The language acquired after the end of the critical language acquisition period. Usually results in an inability to acquire native fluency without great effort.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1273_1449\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1449\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Acquiring two languages at the same time.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1273_1450\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1450\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Learning one language first and then acquiring another language in childhood.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1273_1451\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1451\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Learning one language first and then acquiring another language in adolescence or adulthood.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1273_1452\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1273_1452\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The phenomenon of speaking many languages.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1273","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1273","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1273\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1453,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1273\/revisions\/1453"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1273"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1273"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/psyclanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1273"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}