{"id":255,"date":"2014-05-13T17:45:11","date_gmt":"2014-05-13T17:45:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/strategicmanagement\/?post_type=chapter&p=255"},"modified":"2019-07-02T23:09:47","modified_gmt":"2019-07-02T23:09:47","slug":"conclusion-8","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/strategicmanagement\/chapter\/conclusion-8\/","title":{"raw":"Conclusion","rendered":"Conclusion"},"content":{"raw":"This chapter explains corporate-level strategy. Executives grappling with corporate-level strategy must decide in what industry or industries their firms will compete. Many of the possible answers to this question involve growth. Concentration strategies involve competing within existing domains to expand within those domains. This can take the form of market penetration, market development, or product development. Integration involves expanding into new stages of the value chain. Backward integration occurs when a firm enters a supplier\u2019s business while forward vertical integration occurs when a firm enters a customer\u2019s business. Diversification involves entering entirely new industries; this can be an industry that is related or unrelated to a firm\u2019s existing activities. Sometimes being smart about corporate-level strategy requires shrinking the firm through retrenchment or restructuring. Finally, portfolio planning can be useful for analyzing firms that participate in a wide variety of industries.\r\n
\r\n

Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Divide your class into four or eight groups, depending on the size of the class. Each group should create a new portfolio planning technique by selecting two dimensions along which companies can be analyzed. Allow each group three to five minutes to present its approach to the class. Discuss which portfolio planning technique seems to offer the best insights.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. This text has\u00a0discussed Disney in several chapters. Imagine that you were hired as a consultant by General Electric (GE), a firm that competes with Disney in the movie, television, retail products, interactive, theme park, and cruise line industries. Choose three of these industries and explain what actions you would\u00a0recommend that GE take in these industries to gain advantages over Disney?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Attributions<\/h1>\r\nFigure 8.2:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>Coke Pepsi Cans<\/a> by Ryan Glenn (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gongus\/3025660880\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);\r\n\r\nPepsi Challenge<\/a> by Sean Loyless (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/haggismac\/5090028513\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(second);\r\n\r\nFirst coffee of the semester.<\/a> by Wesley Dobbs (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/wesdobbs\/3883583363\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(third);\r\n\r\nUp close with the music station thing<\/a> by Thomas Duesing (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tfduesing\/75826176\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);\r\n\r\nGillette Fusion 1<\/a> by Naotake Murayama (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/naotakem\/108650269\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fifth);\r\n\r\nMach-3-Razor<\/a> by Evan-Amos (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:Mach-3-Razor.jpg) is in the Public Domain (sixth)\r\n\r\nFigure 8.5:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>Air Canada 777 (7188398841)<\/a> by Simon_sees (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Air_Canada_777_(7188398841).jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);\r\n\r\nSeattle\u2019s Best<\/a> by Rachel Sarai (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/sarairachel\/7513449136\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(second);\r\n\r\nLaptop HP<\/a> by Shleiderbmx (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Laptop_HP.JPG) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(third);\r\n\r\n'01-'05 Chrysler PT Cruiser Wagon<\/a> by Bull-Doser (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%2701-%2705_Chrysler_PT_Cruiser_Wagon.JPG) is in the Public Domain (fourth);\r\n\r\nAdderall bottle and capsules<\/a> by Ryanaxp (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Adderall_bottle_and_capsules.jpg) is in the Public Domain (fifth)\r\n\r\nFigure 8.7:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>AmericanApparelMalibu<\/a> by American_Apparel (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:AmericanApparelMalibu.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);\r\n\r\nAmerican Apparel factory and distribution center, Los Angeles<\/a> by AA (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:American_Apparel_factory_and_distribution_center,_Los_Angeles.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0(second);\r\n\r\nDov Charney on young entrepreneur cover<\/a> by dovcharney (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dovcharney\/2885342063\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(third);\r\n\r\nFlickr - urbantofu - american apparel<\/a> by Urban Tofu (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:Flickr_-_urbantofu_-_american_apparel.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);\r\n\r\nHollywood Blvd. 022010Sa<\/a> by vmiramontes (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vmiramontes\/4376957889\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fifth);\r\n\r\nAmerican Apparel<\/a> by Nicolas Nova (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nnova\/3399896671\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(background)\r\n\r\nFigure 8.11:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>Prescriptives Flawless Skin Concealer<\/a> by ookikioo (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ookikioo\/314692747\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);\r\n\r\nDKNY_060309_2514<\/a> by Jessica Sheridan (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/16353290@N00\/4043846042\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(second);\r\n\r\nTokidoki for Smashbox cosmetics<\/a>\u00a0by porcupiny (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/porcupiny\/1926961411\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(third);\r\n\r\nEstee Lauder Sensuous<\/a> by daveynin (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/daveynin\/2726423708\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);\r\n\r\nStudio DNA \u2013 Bumble and bumble<\/a> by Shortcuts Smarter Business (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/57283318@N07\/5303842500\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(fifth);\r\n\r\nfacial soap<\/a> by Joanne Saige Lee (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/crystalliferous\/3024189623\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(sixth);\r\n\r\n\u2018even better\u2019 skin tone corrector<\/a> by Joanne Saige Lee (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/crystalliferous\/3025018504\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(seventh);\r\n\r\nBobbi Brown Stonewashed Nudes Palette<\/a> by ookikioo (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ookikioo\/856924791\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(eighth);\r\n\r\nMAC Cosmetics<\/a> by Church Street Marketplace (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/churchstreetmarketplace\/4180164459\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(ninth);\r\n\r\nAveda Suits \u2013 EVO Conference<\/a> by Betsy Weber (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/betsyweber\/5915582379\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(tenth);\r\n\r\nJo Malone Perfume<\/a> by Mohd Althani (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/33707373@N03\/4643563760\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(eleventh)\r\n\r\nFigure 8.13:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>P1010451<\/a> by Dr._Colleen_Morgan (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/colleenmorgan\/2216823306\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(first);\r\n\r\nKamstrup-Metro energy meter<\/a> by Gert Skriver (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kamstrup-Metro_energy_meter.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(second);\r\n\r\nBriefs-FruitoftheLoom-20080226<\/a> by Doommaster1994 (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Briefs-FruitoftheLoom-20080226.jpg) is in the Public Domain (third);\r\n\r\nBrick<\/a> by Andrewlister (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brick.jpg) is in the Public Domain (fourth);\r\n\r\nAsiana Airlines captains hat (6221725835)<\/a> by InSapphoWeTrust (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Asiana_Airlines_captains_hat_(6221725835).jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0(fifth);\r\n\r\nMorris-Chair-Ironwood<\/a> by Resonance african furniture (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Morris-Chair-Ironwood.jpg) is in the Public Domain (sixth);\r\n\r\nBroodmes<\/a> by T Houdijk (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Broodmes.jpg) is in the Public Domain (seventh);\r\n\r\nChocolate candy piece<\/a> by visualpanic (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chocolate_candy_piece.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(eighth);\r\n\r\nCheyenne Frontier Days Train - Pierce, Colorado<\/a> by Jerry Huddleston (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/huddleston\/14750632575\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(ninth)\r\n\r\nFigure 8.17:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>CES 2012 - Motorola (6764012909)<\/a> by CES 2012 \u2013 Motorola (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:CES_2012_-_Motorola_(6764012909).jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(first);\r\n\r\nToyota Camry LE<\/a> by IFCAR (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toyota_Camry_LE.jpg) is in the Public Domain (second);\r\n\r\nAn aol.com email address is the duncecap of the interne<\/a>t by Lee (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lazzarello\/5454431231\/) used under\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0(third);\r\n\r\nEPROMs National Semiconductor<\/a> by yellowcloud (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EPROMs_National_Semiconductor.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);\r\n\r\nDB-102b<\/a> by Caseman (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:DB-102b.jpg) used under CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0(fifth)\r\n\r\nFigure 8.20:<\/a>\r\n<\/strong>Star*<\/a> by Indolences (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Star*.svg) is in the Public Domain (first);\r\n\r\nVraagtaken<\/a> by Ogre (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vraagteken.svg) is in the Public Domain (second);\r\n\r\nCows, Lancaster County<\/a> by Tony Fischer (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tonythemisfit\/4101214805\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(third);\r\n\r\nRaskal<\/a> by fugzu (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Raskal.jpg) used under CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(fourth)","rendered":"

    This chapter explains corporate-level strategy. Executives grappling with corporate-level strategy must decide in what industry or industries their firms will compete. Many of the possible answers to this question involve growth. Concentration strategies involve competing within existing domains to expand within those domains. This can take the form of market penetration, market development, or product development. Integration involves expanding into new stages of the value chain. Backward integration occurs when a firm enters a supplier\u2019s business while forward vertical integration occurs when a firm enters a customer\u2019s business. Diversification involves entering entirely new industries; this can be an industry that is related or unrelated to a firm\u2019s existing activities. Sometimes being smart about corporate-level strategy requires shrinking the firm through retrenchment or restructuring. Finally, portfolio planning can be useful for analyzing firms that participate in a wide variety of industries.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n

    Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

    \n
      \n
    1. Divide your class into four or eight groups, depending on the size of the class. Each group should create a new portfolio planning technique by selecting two dimensions along which companies can be analyzed. Allow each group three to five minutes to present its approach to the class. Discuss which portfolio planning technique seems to offer the best insights.<\/li>\n
    2. This text has\u00a0discussed Disney in several chapters. Imagine that you were hired as a consultant by General Electric (GE), a firm that competes with Disney in the movie, television, retail products, interactive, theme park, and cruise line industries. Choose three of these industries and explain what actions you would\u00a0recommend that GE take in these industries to gain advantages over Disney?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      Attributions<\/h1>\n

      Figure 8.2:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      Coke Pepsi Cans<\/a> by Ryan Glenn (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gongus\/3025660880\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);<\/p>\n

      Pepsi Challenge<\/a> by Sean Loyless (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/haggismac\/5090028513\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(second);<\/p>\n

      First coffee of the semester.<\/a> by Wesley Dobbs (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/wesdobbs\/3883583363\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(third);<\/p>\n

      Up close with the music station thing<\/a> by Thomas Duesing (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tfduesing\/75826176\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);<\/p>\n

      Gillette Fusion 1<\/a> by Naotake Murayama (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/naotakem\/108650269\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fifth);<\/p>\n

      Mach-3-Razor<\/a> by Evan-Amos (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:Mach-3-Razor.jpg) is in the Public Domain (sixth)<\/p>\n

      Figure 8.5:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      Air Canada 777 (7188398841)<\/a> by Simon_sees (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Air_Canada_777_(7188398841).jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);<\/p>\n

      Seattle\u2019s Best<\/a> by Rachel Sarai (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/sarairachel\/7513449136\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(second);<\/p>\n

      Laptop HP<\/a> by Shleiderbmx (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Laptop_HP.JPG) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(third);<\/p>\n

      ’01-’05 Chrysler PT Cruiser Wagon<\/a> by Bull-Doser (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%2701-%2705_Chrysler_PT_Cruiser_Wagon.JPG) is in the Public Domain (fourth);<\/p>\n

      Adderall bottle and capsules<\/a> by Ryanaxp (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Adderall_bottle_and_capsules.jpg) is in the Public Domain (fifth)<\/p>\n

      Figure 8.7:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      AmericanApparelMalibu<\/a> by American_Apparel (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:AmericanApparelMalibu.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);<\/p>\n

      American Apparel factory and distribution center, Los Angeles<\/a> by AA (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:American_Apparel_factory_and_distribution_center,_Los_Angeles.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0(second);<\/p>\n

      Dov Charney on young entrepreneur cover<\/a> by dovcharney (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/dovcharney\/2885342063\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(third);<\/p>\n

      Flickr – urbantofu – american apparel<\/a> by Urban Tofu (http:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/wiki\/File:Flickr_-_urbantofu_-_american_apparel.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);<\/p>\n

      Hollywood Blvd. 022010Sa<\/a> by vmiramontes (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vmiramontes\/4376957889\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fifth);<\/p>\n

      American Apparel<\/a> by Nicolas Nova (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nnova\/3399896671\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(background)<\/p>\n

      Figure 8.11:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      Prescriptives Flawless Skin Concealer<\/a> by ookikioo (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ookikioo\/314692747\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(first);<\/p>\n

      DKNY_060309_2514<\/a> by Jessica Sheridan (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/16353290@N00\/4043846042\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(second);<\/p>\n

      Tokidoki for Smashbox cosmetics<\/a>\u00a0by porcupiny (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/porcupiny\/1926961411\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(third);<\/p>\n

      Estee Lauder Sensuous<\/a> by daveynin (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/daveynin\/2726423708\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);<\/p>\n

      Studio DNA \u2013 Bumble and bumble<\/a> by Shortcuts Smarter Business (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/57283318@N07\/5303842500\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(fifth);<\/p>\n

      facial soap<\/a> by Joanne Saige Lee (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/crystalliferous\/3024189623\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(sixth);<\/p>\n

      \u2018even better\u2019 skin tone corrector<\/a> by Joanne Saige Lee (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/crystalliferous\/3025018504\/in\/photostream\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(seventh);<\/p>\n

      Bobbi Brown Stonewashed Nudes Palette<\/a> by ookikioo (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ookikioo\/856924791\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(eighth);<\/p>\n

      MAC Cosmetics<\/a> by Church Street Marketplace (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/churchstreetmarketplace\/4180164459\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(ninth);<\/p>\n

      Aveda Suits \u2013 EVO Conference<\/a> by Betsy Weber (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/betsyweber\/5915582379\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(tenth);<\/p>\n

      Jo Malone Perfume<\/a> by Mohd Althani (http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/33707373@N03\/4643563760\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(eleventh)<\/p>\n

      Figure 8.13:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      P1010451<\/a> by Dr._Colleen_Morgan (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/colleenmorgan\/2216823306\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(first);<\/p>\n

      Kamstrup-Metro energy meter<\/a> by Gert Skriver (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kamstrup-Metro_energy_meter.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(second);<\/p>\n

      Briefs-FruitoftheLoom-20080226<\/a> by Doommaster1994 (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Briefs-FruitoftheLoom-20080226.jpg) is in the Public Domain (third);<\/p>\n

      Brick<\/a> by Andrewlister (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Brick.jpg) is in the Public Domain (fourth);<\/p>\n

      Asiana Airlines captains hat (6221725835)<\/a> by InSapphoWeTrust (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Asiana_Airlines_captains_hat_(6221725835).jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0(fifth);<\/p>\n

      Morris-Chair-Ironwood<\/a> by Resonance african furniture (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Morris-Chair-Ironwood.jpg) is in the Public Domain (sixth);<\/p>\n

      Broodmes<\/a> by T Houdijk (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Broodmes.jpg) is in the Public Domain (seventh);<\/p>\n

      Chocolate candy piece<\/a> by visualpanic (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Chocolate_candy_piece.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(eighth);<\/p>\n

      Cheyenne Frontier Days Train – Pierce, Colorado<\/a> by Jerry Huddleston (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/huddleston\/14750632575\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(ninth)<\/p>\n

      Figure 8.17:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      CES 2012 – Motorola (6764012909)<\/a> by CES 2012 \u2013 Motorola (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:CES_2012_-_Motorola_(6764012909).jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0(first);<\/p>\n

      Toyota Camry LE<\/a> by IFCAR (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Toyota_Camry_LE.jpg) is in the Public Domain (second);<\/p>\n

      An aol.com email address is the duncecap of the interne<\/a>t by Lee (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/lazzarello\/5454431231\/) used under\u00a0CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0(third);<\/p>\n

      EPROMs National Semiconductor<\/a> by yellowcloud (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EPROMs_National_Semiconductor.jpg) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(fourth);<\/p>\n

      DB-102b<\/a> by Caseman (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:DB-102b.jpg) used under CC BY-SA 3.0 Licence<\/a> \u00a0(fifth)<\/p>\n

      Figure 8.20:<\/a>
      \n<\/strong>      Star*<\/a> by Indolences (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Star*.svg) is in the Public Domain (first);<\/p>\n

      Vraagtaken<\/a> by Ogre (http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vraagteken.svg) is in the Public Domain (second);<\/p>\n

      Cows, Lancaster County<\/a> by Tony Fischer (https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tonythemisfit\/4101214805\/) used under\u00a0CC BY 2.0 Licence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0(third);<\/p>\n

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