{"id":157,"date":"2018-01-24T16:28:46","date_gmt":"2018-01-24T16:28:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/chapter\/appendixc-integratingevidence\/"},"modified":"2022-06-30T17:55:18","modified_gmt":"2022-06-30T17:55:18","slug":"integrating-source-evidence-into-your-writing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/chapter\/integrating-source-evidence-into-your-writing\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix C: Integrating Source Evidence into Your Writing","rendered":"Appendix C: Integrating Source Evidence into Your Writing"},"content":{"raw":"Writing in an academic context often entails engaging with the words and ideas of other authors. Therefore, being able to correctly and fluently incorporate and engage with other writers' words and ideas in your own writing is a critical academic skill. There are three main ways to integrate evidence from sources into your writing: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Each form requires a citation because you are using another person\u2019s words and\/or ideas. Even if you do not quote directly, but paraphrase source content and express it in your own words, you still must give credit to the original authors for their ideas.\u00a0 Similarly, if you quote someone who says something that is \"common knowledge,\" you still must cite this quotation, as you are using their sentences structure, organizational logic, and\/or syntax.\r\n<h2><strong>Integrating Quotations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<strong>WHY:<\/strong> Using direct quotations in your argument has several benefits:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Integrating quotations provide direct evidence from reliable sources to support your argument.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using the words of credible sources conveys your credibility by showing you have done research into the area you are writing about and consulted relevant and authoritative sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Selecting effective quotations illustrates that you can extract the important aspects of the information and use them effectively in your own argument.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>WHEN: <\/strong>Be careful not to over-quote.\u00a0 Quotations should be used sparingly because too many quotations can interfere with the flow of ideas and make it seem like you don\u2019t have ideas of your own. Paraphrasing can be more effective in some cases.\r\n\r\nSo when should you use quotations?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If the language of the original source uses the best possible phrasing or imagery, and no paraphrase or summary could be as effective; or<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If the use of language in the quotation is itself the focus of your analysis (<em>e.g.,<\/em> if you are analyzing the author's use of a particular image, metaphor, or other rhetorical strategy).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Quotations Correctly<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nIntegrating quotations into your writing happens on two levels:\u00a0 argumentative and grammatical. At the argument level, the quotation is being used to illustrate or support a point that you have made, and you will follow it with some analysis, explanation, comment, or interpretation that ties that quote to your argument. <strong><em>Never quote and run<\/em><\/strong>: don\u2019t leave your reader to determine the relevance of the quotation. A quotation, statistic or bit of data cannot speak for itself; you must provide context and an explanation for quotations you use.\u00a0 Essentially, you should create a \"quotation sandwich\" (see <strong>Figure C-1<\/strong>). Remember the acronym I.C.E. \u2192 Introduce - Cite - Explain.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_156\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"642\"]<img class=\"wp-image-156\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-1024x525.png\" alt=\"A sandwich. &quot;Introduce&quot; and &quot;Explain&quot; are the pieces of bread that contain the quote\" width=\"642\" height=\"329\" \/> <em><strong>Figure C-1<\/strong> Quotation sandwich.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe second level of integration is grammatical. This involves integrating the quotation into your own sentences so that it flows smoothly and fits logically and syntactically. There are three main methods to integrate quotations grammatically:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Seamless Integration Method:<\/strong> embed the quoted words as if they were an organic part of your sentence (if you read the sentence aloud, your listeners would not know there was a quotation).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Signal Phrase Method:<\/strong> use a signal phrase (Author + Verb) to introduce the quotation, clearly indicating that the quotation comes from a specific source<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Colon Method:<\/strong> introduce the quotation with a complete sentence ending in a colon.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nConsider the following opening sentence (and famous comma splice) from <em>A Tale of Two Cities<\/em> by Charles Dickens, as an example:\r\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times.\u201d<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>1. Seamless Integration:<\/strong> embed the quotation, or excerpts from the quotation, as a seamless part of your sentence<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Charles Dickens begins his novel with the paradoxical observation that the eighteenth century was both \u201cthe best of times\u201d and \u201cthe worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<strong>2. Signal Phrase:<\/strong> introduce the author and then the quote using a signal verb (scroll down to see a list of common verbs that signal you are about to quote someone)<em>\r\n<\/em>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Describing the eighteenth century, Charles Dickens observes, \u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>3. Colon:<\/strong> if your own introductory words form a complete sentence, you can use a colon to introduce and set off the quotation. This can give the quotation added emphasis.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Dickens defines the eighteenth century as a time of paradox: \u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The eighteenth century was a time of paradox: \u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<h2><strong>Editing Quotations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nWhen you use quotation marks around material, this indicates that you have used the <em><strong>exact<\/strong><\/em> words of the original author. However, sometimes the text you want to quote will not fit grammatically or clearly into your sentence without making some changes. Perhaps you need to replace a pronoun in the quote with the actual noun to make the context clear, or perhaps the verb tense does not fit. There are two key ways to edit a quotation to make it fit grammatically with your own sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use square brackets<\/strong>: to reflect changes or additions to a quote, place square brackets around any words that have been changed or added.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use ellipses<\/strong> (3 dots): to show that some text has been removed, use the ellipses. Three dots indicate that some words have been removed from the sentence; 4 dots indicate that a substantial amount of text has been deleted, including the period at the end of a sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Sample Quotation, Citation, and Reference<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n\u201cEngineers are always striving for success, but failure is seldom far from their minds. In the case of Canadian engineers, this focus on potentially catastrophic flaws in a design is rooted in a failure that occurred over a century ago. In 1907 a bridge of enormous proportions collapsed while still under construction in Quebec. Planners expected that when completed, the 1,800-foot main span of the cantilever bridge would set a world record for long-span bridges of all types, many of which had come to be realized at a great price. According to one superstition, a bridge would claim one life for every million dollars spent on it. In fact, by the time the Quebec Bridge would finally be completed, in 1917, almost ninety construction workers would have been killed in the course of building the $25 million structure\u201d [3].\r\n<p class=\"no-indent hanging-indent\">[3]\u00a0 H. Petroski, \u201cThe Obligation of an Engineer,\u201d in <em>To Forgive Design<\/em>, Boston: Belknap Press, 2014, p. 175.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nYou are allowed to change the original words, to shorten the quoted material or integrate material grammatically, but only if you signal those changes appropriately with square brackets or ellipses:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Example 1:<\/strong>\u00a0 Petroski observed that \u201c[e]ngineers are always striving for success, but failure is seldom far from their minds\u201d [3; p. 175].<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0 Petroski recounts the story of a large bridge that was constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century in Quebec, saying that \u201cby the time [it was done], in 1917, almost ninety construction workers [were] killed in the course of building the $25 million structure\u201d [3; p. 175].<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Example 3:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cPlanners expected that when completed the \u2026 bridge would set a world record for long-span bridges of all types\u201d [3; p. 175].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2><strong>Integrating Paraphrases and Summaries<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nInstead of using direct quotations, you can paraphrase and summarize evidence to integrate it into your argument more succinctly. Both paraphrase and summary requires you to read the source carefully, understand it, and then rewrite the idea in your own words. Using these forms of integration demonstrates your understanding of the source, because rephrasing requires a good grasp of the core ideas. Paraphrasing and summarizing also makes integrating someone else's ideas into your own sentences and paragraphs a little easier, as you do not have to merge grammar and writing style\u2014you don\u2019t need to worry about grammatical integration of someone else\u2019s language.\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Paraphrase and summary differ in that paraphrases focuses on a smaller, specific section of text that when paraphrased may be close to the length of the original. Summaries, on the other hand, are condensations of large chunks of text, so they are much shorter than the original and capture only the main ideas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Sample Paraphrase<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">At the end of its construction, the large cantilever bridge cost $25 million dollars, but the cost in lives lost far exceeded the prediction of one death for each million spent. While the planners hoped that the bridge would set a global record, in fact its claim to fame was much more grim [3].<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Sample Summary<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">According to Petroski, a large bridge built in Quebec during the early part of the twentieth century claimed the lives of dozens of workers during its construction. The collapse of the bridge early in its construction represented a pivotal design failure for Canadian engineers that shaped the profession [3].<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nRegardless of whether you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing, you must cite your source any time you use someone else\u2019s intellectual property\u2014whether in the form of words, ideas, language structures, images, statistics, data, or formulas\u2014in your document.\r\n\r\nTest your knowledge with this H5P quiz. There are 12 questions.\r\n<div class=\"h5p\">[h5p id=\"36\"]<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pdf\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>H5P: Integrating Quotations<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Use direct quotations in your writing to: (choose all that apply)\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Show that you understand how to extract the important aspects of information.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Show that you have done your research.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Support your argument from reliable sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Show that consulted relevant and authoritative sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add to your word count.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Convey your credibility.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using too many quotations: (choose all that apply).\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Shows how smart you are.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Makes it appear like you don't have ideas of your own.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interferes with the flow of ideas.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can be fixed by paraphrasing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>True or False: Quotations need to be integrated into your writing argumentatively and grammatically.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following quotation uses which method: In <em>The Fellowship of the Ring<\/em>, Gandalf explains to Frodo that we have both a responsibility and a lack of control, \u201c[a]ll we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us\u201d (n.p.).\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Colon<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following quotation uses which method: Tolkien illustrates both a responsibility and a lack of control in our lives: \u201c[a]ll we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us\u201d (n.p.).\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Colon<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following quotation uses which method: The famous line, \u201c[e]lementary, my dear Watson\u201d, never appeared in any of the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Colon<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following quotation uses which method: Conan Doyle never wrote the phrase: \u201c[e]lementary, my dear Watson\u201d (n.p.).\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Colon<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following quotation uses which method: In <em>The Fellowship of the Ring<\/em>, Gandalf explains, \u201c[a]ll we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us\u201d (n.p.).\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Colon<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The following quotation uses which method: Sherlock proclaimed, \u201c[e]lementary, my dear Watson\u201d. (n.p.)\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Colon<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>True or False: In the sentence, \u201cPlanners expected that when completed the \u2026 bridge would set a world record for long-span bridges of all types\u201d (3; p. 175) The ellipses are used to show that some text has been changed.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>True or False: In the sentence, Petroski observed that \u201c[e]ngineers are always striving for success, but failure is seldom far from their mind\u201d (3, p. 175). The square brackets show that the E has been changed from uppercase to lowercase.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>True or False: Paraphrases are a smaller, specific section of text that is rewritten in your own words.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Using Signal Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nVerbs like \"\"says,\" \"writes\" or \"discusses\" tend to be commonly over-used to signal a quotation and are rather vague. In very informal situations, people use \"talks about\" (avoid \"talks about\" in formal writing). These verbs, however, do not provide much information about the rhetorical purpose of the author.\r\n\r\nThe list of signal verbs below offers suggestions for introducing quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material that convey more information than verbs like \u201csays\u201d or \u201cwrites\u201d or \u201cdiscusses.\u201d When choosing a signal verb, try to indicate the author\u2019s rhetorical purpose: what is the author <strong><em>doing<\/em><\/strong> in the quoted passage? Is the author <em>describing<\/em> something?\u00a0 <em>Explaining<\/em> something? <em>Arguing<\/em>? <em>Giving examples? Estimating? Recommending? Warning<\/em>?\u00a0<em>Urging?\u00a0<\/em> Be sure the verb you choose accurately represents the intention of the source text. For example, don\u2019t use \u201cconcedes\u201d if the writer isn\u2019t actually conceding a point. Look up any words you don\u2019t know and add ones that you like to use.\r\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\"><caption>Table C.1 Commonly used signal verbs<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Making a claim<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Recommending<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Disagreeing or Questioning<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Showing<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Expressing Agreement<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Additional Signal Verbs<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">argue\r\n\r\nassert\r\n\r\nbelieve\r\n\r\nclaim\r\n\r\nemphasize\r\n\r\ninsist\r\n\r\nremind\r\n\r\nsuggest\r\n\r\nhypothesize\r\n\r\nmaintains<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">advocate\r\n\r\ncall for\r\n\r\ndemand\r\n\r\nencourage\r\n\r\nexhort\r\n\r\nimplore\r\n\r\nplead\r\n\r\nrecommend\r\n\r\nurge\r\n\r\nwarn<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">challenge\r\n\r\ncomplicate\r\n\r\ncriticize\r\n\r\nqualify\r\n\r\ncounter\r\n\r\ncontradict\r\n\r\nrefute\r\n\r\nreject\r\n\r\ndeny\r\n\r\nquestion<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">illustrates\r\n\r\nconveys\r\n\r\nreveals\r\n\r\ndemonstrates\r\n\r\nproposes\r\n\r\npoints out\r\n\r\nexemplifies\r\n\r\nindicates<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">agree\r\n\r\nadmire\r\n\r\nendorse\r\n\r\nsupport\r\n\r\naffirm\r\n\r\ncorroborate\r\n\r\nverify\r\n\r\nreaffirm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">responds\r\n\r\nassumes\r\n\r\nspeculates\r\n\r\ndebates\r\n\r\nestimates\r\n\r\nexplains\r\n\r\nimplies\r\n\r\nuses<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nBe careful with the phrasing after your signal verb. In some cases, you will use \"that\" to join the signal phrase to the quotation:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Smith argues <strong>that<\/strong> \"bottled water should be banned from campus\" [1].\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\nBut not all signal verbs can be followed by \"that.\"\r\n\r\nWe can use clauses with <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> after these verbs related to thinking:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Think\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I think <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you have an excellent point.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Believe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He believes <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> unicorns exist.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Expect\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She expects <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> things will get better.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Decide\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He decided <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> it would be best to buy the red car.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Hope\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I hope <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you know what you are doing.<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Know\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I know <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you will listen carefully<\/blockquote>\r\n<blockquote>Understand\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She understood <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> this would be complicated.<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nAnd after verbs related to saying:\r\n<blockquote>Say\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She said <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> she would be here by 6:00 pm.\r\n\r\nAdmit\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He admits <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> the study had limitations.\r\n\r\nArgue\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She argues <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> bottled water should be banned on campus.\r\n\r\nAgree\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He agrees <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> carbon taxes are effective.\r\n\r\nClaim\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They claim <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> their methods are valid.\r\n\r\nExplain\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He explained <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> the rules are complicated.\r\n\r\nSuggest\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They suggest <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you follow instructions carefully.<\/blockquote>\r\nBut some verbs require an <strong><em>object<\/em><\/strong> (a person or thing) before you can use \u201cthat\u201d:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Tell \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tell <strong><em>a person<\/em><\/strong> that\u2026 tell <strong><em>as story<\/em><\/strong>\u2026 tell <strong><em>the truth<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Describe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 describe <strong><em>the mechanism <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Convince \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 convince <strong><em>an audience<\/em><\/strong> that you are credible<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Persuade \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 persuade <strong><em>a reader<\/em><\/strong> that this is a worthwhile idea<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Inform \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 inform <strong><em>a colleague<\/em><\/strong> that their proposal has been accepted<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Remind\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 remind <strong><em>the client<\/em><\/strong> that \u2026<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Analyze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 analyze <strong><em>a process<\/em><\/strong>; analyze <strong><em>a text<\/em><\/strong>; analyze<strong><em> the problem<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Summarize\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 summarize <strong><em>a text<\/em><\/strong>; summarize <strong><em>an idea<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Support\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I support <strong><em>the idea<\/em><\/strong> that all people are created equal<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nIt would be <strong>incorrect<\/strong> to write the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The author persuades <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The writers convince <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The speaker expressed <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>...<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>He analyzes <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>She informs <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>... <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>They described <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>...<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>I support <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Practice Exercise C-1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Download the linked Word document containing a practice exercise for integrating quotations: <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/296\/2018\/01\/Integrating-Quotations-Exercise.docx\">Integrating Quotations Exercise [Word doc]<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Writing in an academic context often entails engaging with the words and ideas of other authors. Therefore, being able to correctly and fluently incorporate and engage with other writers&#8217; words and ideas in your own writing is a critical academic skill. There are three main ways to integrate evidence from sources into your writing: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Each form requires a citation because you are using another person\u2019s words and\/or ideas. Even if you do not quote directly, but paraphrase source content and express it in your own words, you still must give credit to the original authors for their ideas.\u00a0 Similarly, if you quote someone who says something that is &#8220;common knowledge,&#8221; you still must cite this quotation, as you are using their sentences structure, organizational logic, and\/or syntax.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Integrating Quotations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>WHY:<\/strong> Using direct quotations in your argument has several benefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrating quotations provide direct evidence from reliable sources to support your argument.<\/li>\n<li>Using the words of credible sources conveys your credibility by showing you have done research into the area you are writing about and consulted relevant and authoritative sources.<\/li>\n<li>Selecting effective quotations illustrates that you can extract the important aspects of the information and use them effectively in your own argument.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>WHEN: <\/strong>Be careful not to over-quote.\u00a0 Quotations should be used sparingly because too many quotations can interfere with the flow of ideas and make it seem like you don\u2019t have ideas of your own. Paraphrasing can be more effective in some cases.<\/p>\n<p>So when should you use quotations?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If the language of the original source uses the best possible phrasing or imagery, and no paraphrase or summary could be as effective; or<\/li>\n<li>If the use of language in the quotation is itself the focus of your analysis (<em>e.g.,<\/em> if you are analyzing the author&#8217;s use of a particular image, metaphor, or other rhetorical strategy).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>How to Integrate Quotations Correctly<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Integrating quotations into your writing happens on two levels:\u00a0 argumentative and grammatical. At the argument level, the quotation is being used to illustrate or support a point that you have made, and you will follow it with some analysis, explanation, comment, or interpretation that ties that quote to your argument. <strong><em>Never quote and run<\/em><\/strong>: don\u2019t leave your reader to determine the relevance of the quotation. A quotation, statistic or bit of data cannot speak for itself; you must provide context and an explanation for quotations you use.\u00a0 Essentially, you should create a &#8220;quotation sandwich&#8221; (see <strong>Figure C-1<\/strong>). Remember the acronym I.C.E. \u2192 Introduce &#8211; Cite &#8211; Explain.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_156\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-156\" style=\"width: 642px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-156\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-1024x525.png\" alt=\"A sandwich. &quot;Introduce&quot; and &quot;Explain&quot; are the pieces of bread that contain the quote\" width=\"642\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-1024x525.png 1024w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-225x115.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich-350x180.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/09\/Quote-Sandwich.png 1084w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-156\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Figure C-1<\/strong> Quotation sandwich.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The second level of integration is grammatical. This involves integrating the quotation into your own sentences so that it flows smoothly and fits logically and syntactically. There are three main methods to integrate quotations grammatically:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Seamless Integration Method:<\/strong> embed the quoted words as if they were an organic part of your sentence (if you read the sentence aloud, your listeners would not know there was a quotation).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Signal Phrase Method:<\/strong> use a signal phrase (Author + Verb) to introduce the quotation, clearly indicating that the quotation comes from a specific source<\/li>\n<li><strong>Colon Method:<\/strong> introduce the quotation with a complete sentence ending in a colon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Consider the following opening sentence (and famous comma splice) from <em>A Tale of Two Cities<\/em> by Charles Dickens, as an example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times.\u201d<\/strong><\/div>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>1. Seamless Integration:<\/strong> embed the quotation, or excerpts from the quotation, as a seamless part of your sentence<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Charles Dickens begins his novel with the paradoxical observation that the eighteenth century was both \u201cthe best of times\u201d and \u201cthe worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>2. Signal Phrase:<\/strong> introduce the author and then the quote using a signal verb (scroll down to see a list of common verbs that signal you are about to quote someone)<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Describing the eighteenth century, Charles Dickens observes, \u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><strong>3. Colon:<\/strong> if your own introductory words form a complete sentence, you can use a colon to introduce and set off the quotation. This can give the quotation added emphasis.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Dickens defines the eighteenth century as a time of paradox: \u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The eighteenth century was a time of paradox: \u201cIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times\u201d [1].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2><strong>Editing Quotations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>When you use quotation marks around material, this indicates that you have used the <em><strong>exact<\/strong><\/em> words of the original author. However, sometimes the text you want to quote will not fit grammatically or clearly into your sentence without making some changes. Perhaps you need to replace a pronoun in the quote with the actual noun to make the context clear, or perhaps the verb tense does not fit. There are two key ways to edit a quotation to make it fit grammatically with your own sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Use square brackets<\/strong>: to reflect changes or additions to a quote, place square brackets around any words that have been changed or added.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use ellipses<\/strong> (3 dots): to show that some text has been removed, use the ellipses. Three dots indicate that some words have been removed from the sentence; 4 dots indicate that a substantial amount of text has been deleted, including the period at the end of a sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Sample Quotation, Citation, and Reference<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>\u201cEngineers are always striving for success, but failure is seldom far from their minds. In the case of Canadian engineers, this focus on potentially catastrophic flaws in a design is rooted in a failure that occurred over a century ago. In 1907 a bridge of enormous proportions collapsed while still under construction in Quebec. Planners expected that when completed, the 1,800-foot main span of the cantilever bridge would set a world record for long-span bridges of all types, many of which had come to be realized at a great price. According to one superstition, a bridge would claim one life for every million dollars spent on it. In fact, by the time the Quebec Bridge would finally be completed, in 1917, almost ninety construction workers would have been killed in the course of building the $25 million structure\u201d [3].<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent hanging-indent\">[3]\u00a0 H. Petroski, \u201cThe Obligation of an Engineer,\u201d in <em>To Forgive Design<\/em>, Boston: Belknap Press, 2014, p. 175.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>You are allowed to change the original words, to shorten the quoted material or integrate material grammatically, but only if you signal those changes appropriately with square brackets or ellipses:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Example 1:<\/strong>\u00a0 Petroski observed that \u201c[e]ngineers are always striving for success, but failure is seldom far from their minds\u201d [3; p. 175].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Example 2:<\/strong>\u00a0 Petroski recounts the story of a large bridge that was constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century in Quebec, saying that \u201cby the time [it was done], in 1917, almost ninety construction workers [were] killed in the course of building the $25 million structure\u201d [3; p. 175].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Example 3:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cPlanners expected that when completed the \u2026 bridge would set a world record for long-span bridges of all types\u201d [3; p. 175].<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Integrating Paraphrases and Summaries<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Instead of using direct quotations, you can paraphrase and summarize evidence to integrate it into your argument more succinctly. Both paraphrase and summary requires you to read the source carefully, understand it, and then rewrite the idea in your own words. Using these forms of integration demonstrates your understanding of the source, because rephrasing requires a good grasp of the core ideas. Paraphrasing and summarizing also makes integrating someone else&#8217;s ideas into your own sentences and paragraphs a little easier, as you do not have to merge grammar and writing style\u2014you don\u2019t need to worry about grammatical integration of someone else\u2019s language.<\/p>\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Paraphrase and summary differ in that paraphrases focuses on a smaller, specific section of text that when paraphrased may be close to the length of the original. Summaries, on the other hand, are condensations of large chunks of text, so they are much shorter than the original and capture only the main ideas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Sample Paraphrase<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">At the end of its construction, the large cantilever bridge cost $25 million dollars, but the cost in lives lost far exceeded the prediction of one death for each million spent. While the planners hoped that the bridge would set a global record, in fact its claim to fame was much more grim [3].<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Sample Summary<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">According to Petroski, a large bridge built in Quebec during the early part of the twentieth century claimed the lives of dozens of workers during its construction. The collapse of the bridge early in its construction represented a pivotal design failure for Canadian engineers that shaped the profession [3].<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Regardless of whether you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing, you must cite your source any time you use someone else\u2019s intellectual property\u2014whether in the form of words, ideas, language structures, images, statistics, data, or formulas\u2014in your document.<\/p>\n<p>Test your knowledge with this H5P quiz. There are 12 questions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p\">\n<div id=\"h5p-36\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-36\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"36\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Integrating Quotations\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pdf\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>H5P: Integrating Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Use direct quotations in your writing to: (choose all that apply)\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Show that you understand how to extract the important aspects of information.<\/li>\n<li>Show that you have done your research.<\/li>\n<li>Support your argument from reliable sources.<\/li>\n<li>Show that consulted relevant and authoritative sources.<\/li>\n<li>Add to your word count.<\/li>\n<li>Convey your credibility.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using too many quotations: (choose all that apply).\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Shows how smart you are.<\/li>\n<li>Makes it appear like you don&#8217;t have ideas of your own.<\/li>\n<li>Interferes with the flow of ideas.<\/li>\n<li>Can be fixed by paraphrasing.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>True or False: Quotations need to be integrated into your writing argumentatively and grammatically.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The following quotation uses which method: In <em>The Fellowship of the Ring<\/em>, Gandalf explains to Frodo that we have both a responsibility and a lack of control, \u201c[a]ll we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us\u201d (n.p.).\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\n<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\n<li>Colon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The following quotation uses which method: Tolkien illustrates both a responsibility and a lack of control in our lives: \u201c[a]ll we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us\u201d (n.p.).\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\n<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\n<li>Colon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The following quotation uses which method: The famous line, \u201c[e]lementary, my dear Watson\u201d, never appeared in any of the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\n<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\n<li>Colon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The following quotation uses which method: Conan Doyle never wrote the phrase: \u201c[e]lementary, my dear Watson\u201d (n.p.).\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\n<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\n<li>Colon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The following quotation uses which method: In <em>The Fellowship of the Ring<\/em>, Gandalf explains, \u201c[a]ll we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us\u201d (n.p.).\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\n<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\n<li>Colon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>The following quotation uses which method: Sherlock proclaimed, \u201c[e]lementary, my dear Watson\u201d. (n.p.)\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Colon<\/li>\n<li>Seamless integration<\/li>\n<li>Signal phrase<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>True or False: In the sentence, \u201cPlanners expected that when completed the \u2026 bridge would set a world record for long-span bridges of all types\u201d (3; p. 175) The ellipses are used to show that some text has been changed.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>True or False: In the sentence, Petroski observed that \u201c[e]ngineers are always striving for success, but failure is seldom far from their mind\u201d (3, p. 175). The square brackets show that the E has been changed from uppercase to lowercase.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>True or False: Paraphrases are a smaller, specific section of text that is rewritten in your own words.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Using Signal Verbs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Verbs like &#8220;&#8221;says,&#8221; &#8220;writes&#8221; or &#8220;discusses&#8221; tend to be commonly over-used to signal a quotation and are rather vague. In very informal situations, people use &#8220;talks about&#8221; (avoid &#8220;talks about&#8221; in formal writing). These verbs, however, do not provide much information about the rhetorical purpose of the author.<\/p>\n<p>The list of signal verbs below offers suggestions for introducing quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material that convey more information than verbs like \u201csays\u201d or \u201cwrites\u201d or \u201cdiscusses.\u201d When choosing a signal verb, try to indicate the author\u2019s rhetorical purpose: what is the author <strong><em>doing<\/em><\/strong> in the quoted passage? Is the author <em>describing<\/em> something?\u00a0 <em>Explaining<\/em> something? <em>Arguing<\/em>? <em>Giving examples? Estimating? Recommending? Warning<\/em>?\u00a0<em>Urging?\u00a0<\/em> Be sure the verb you choose accurately represents the intention of the source text. For example, don\u2019t use \u201cconcedes\u201d if the writer isn\u2019t actually conceding a point. Look up any words you don\u2019t know and add ones that you like to use.<\/p>\n<table class=\"lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<caption>Table C.1 Commonly used signal verbs<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Making a claim<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Recommending<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Disagreeing or Questioning<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Showing<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Expressing Agreement<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 16.6667%;\" scope=\"col\">Additional Signal Verbs<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">argue<\/p>\n<p>assert<\/p>\n<p>believe<\/p>\n<p>claim<\/p>\n<p>emphasize<\/p>\n<p>insist<\/p>\n<p>remind<\/p>\n<p>suggest<\/p>\n<p>hypothesize<\/p>\n<p>maintains<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">advocate<\/p>\n<p>call for<\/p>\n<p>demand<\/p>\n<p>encourage<\/p>\n<p>exhort<\/p>\n<p>implore<\/p>\n<p>plead<\/p>\n<p>recommend<\/p>\n<p>urge<\/p>\n<p>warn<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">challenge<\/p>\n<p>complicate<\/p>\n<p>criticize<\/p>\n<p>qualify<\/p>\n<p>counter<\/p>\n<p>contradict<\/p>\n<p>refute<\/p>\n<p>reject<\/p>\n<p>deny<\/p>\n<p>question<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">illustrates<\/p>\n<p>conveys<\/p>\n<p>reveals<\/p>\n<p>demonstrates<\/p>\n<p>proposes<\/p>\n<p>points out<\/p>\n<p>exemplifies<\/p>\n<p>indicates<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">agree<\/p>\n<p>admire<\/p>\n<p>endorse<\/p>\n<p>support<\/p>\n<p>affirm<\/p>\n<p>corroborate<\/p>\n<p>verify<\/p>\n<p>reaffirm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.6667%; vertical-align: top;\">responds<\/p>\n<p>assumes<\/p>\n<p>speculates<\/p>\n<p>debates<\/p>\n<p>estimates<\/p>\n<p>explains<\/p>\n<p>implies<\/p>\n<p>uses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Be careful with the phrasing after your signal verb. In some cases, you will use &#8220;that&#8221; to join the signal phrase to the quotation:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Smith argues <strong>that<\/strong> &#8220;bottled water should be banned from campus&#8221; [1].\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>But not all signal verbs can be followed by &#8220;that.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>We can use clauses with <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> after these verbs related to thinking:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Think\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I think <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you have an excellent point.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Believe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He believes <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> unicorns exist.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Expect\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She expects <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> things will get better.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Decide\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He decided <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> it would be best to buy the red car.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Hope\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I hope <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you know what you are doing.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Know\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I know <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you will listen carefully<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>Understand\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She understood <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> this would be complicated.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>And after verbs related to saying:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Say\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She said <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> she would be here by 6:00 pm.<\/p>\n<p>Admit\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He admits <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> the study had limitations.<\/p>\n<p>Argue\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 She argues <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> bottled water should be banned on campus.<\/p>\n<p>Agree\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He agrees <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> carbon taxes are effective.<\/p>\n<p>Claim\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They claim <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> their methods are valid.<\/p>\n<p>Explain\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He explained <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> the rules are complicated.<\/p>\n<p>Suggest\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 They suggest <strong><em>that<\/em><\/strong> you follow instructions carefully.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>But some verbs require an <strong><em>object<\/em><\/strong> (a person or thing) before you can use \u201cthat\u201d:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Tell \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tell <strong><em>a person<\/em><\/strong> that\u2026 tell <strong><em>as story<\/em><\/strong>\u2026 tell <strong><em>the truth<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Describe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 describe <strong><em>the mechanism <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Convince \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 convince <strong><em>an audience<\/em><\/strong> that you are credible<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Persuade \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 persuade <strong><em>a reader<\/em><\/strong> that this is a worthwhile idea<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Inform \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 inform <strong><em>a colleague<\/em><\/strong> that their proposal has been accepted<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Remind\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 remind <strong><em>the client<\/em><\/strong> that \u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Analyze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 analyze <strong><em>a process<\/em><\/strong>; analyze <strong><em>a text<\/em><\/strong>; analyze<strong><em> the problem<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Summarize\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 summarize <strong><em>a text<\/em><\/strong>; summarize <strong><em>an idea<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Support\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I support <strong><em>the idea<\/em><\/strong> that all people are created equal<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>It would be <strong>incorrect<\/strong> to write the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The author persuades <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The writers convince <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The speaker expressed <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>&#8230;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<li>He analyzes <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<li>She informs <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>&#8230; <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<li>They described <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>&#8230;<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<li>I support <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">that <\/span>\u2026 <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">x<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Practice Exercise C-1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Download the linked Word document containing a practice exercise for integrating quotations: <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/296\/2018\/01\/Integrating-Quotations-Exercise.docx\">Integrating Quotations Exercise [Word doc]<\/a><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["suzan-last","candice-neveu"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[62,61],"license":[],"class_list":["post-157","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","contributor-candice-neveu","contributor-suzan-last"],"part":151,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/157\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":351,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/157\/revisions\/351"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/151"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/157\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=157"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=157"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}