{"id":70,"date":"2017-12-17T13:06:57","date_gmt":"2017-12-17T13:06:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/chapter\/figurestables\/"},"modified":"2025-10-27T20:13:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T20:13:24","slug":"figures-and-tables","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/chapter\/figures-and-tables\/","title":{"raw":"3.4  Figures and Tables","rendered":"3.4  Figures and Tables"},"content":{"raw":"Visual elements such as graphs, charts, tables, photographs, diagrams, and maps capture your readers\u2019 attention and help them to understand your ideas more fully. They are like the illustrations that help tell the story. These visuals help to augment your written ideas and simplify complicated textual descriptions. They can help the reader understand a complicated process or visualize trends in the data. The key concept to remember here is that visuals <em>clarify<\/em>, <em>illustrate,<\/em> and <em>augment<\/em> your written text; they are not a replacement for written text. The old adage, \u201ca picture is worth a thousand words\u201d does not hold true in technical writing, but adding visuals may save you a hundred words or so of additional explanation and clarification. If you have visual elements in your document, they must be based on and supplement your written content. Throwing in \u201cgratuitous graphics\u201d just to decorate or take up space can confuse your reader.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-67 size-thumbnail aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-150x150.png\" alt=\"yin yang symbol, put in the document randomly to illustrate the point about &quot;gratuitous graphics&quot;\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>\r\n\r\nIt is important to choose the right kind of visual to convey the story you want your reader to understand. If visuals are poorly chosen or poorly designed for the task, they can actually confuse the reader and have negative consequences. For example, it's very likely that the first thing you noticed when you opened this page was the image above. Did you wonder why is it there? Has it distracted you?\r\n<h1>Conventions for Integrating Visuals in your Document<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Each style of visual has its own conventions that you will recognize after you have seen enough of them. In addition, different publications have different style guides that dictate the specific of how to format and integrate visual elements.\u00a0 In general, however, whenever you integrate any kind of visual, you should adhere to five key rules.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Five Rules for Integrating Graphics into your Document<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Give each visual a numbered caption that includes a clear descriptive title<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Refer to the caption number within the body text and discuss its content<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Label all units (x and y axes, legends, column box heads, parts of diagrams, etc)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide the source of the data and\/or visual image if you did not create it yourself<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid distorting the data or image.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn addition, visual elements should also be surrounded with sufficient passive space to emphasize the image and enhance its readability. If copying and pasting an image, make sure all elements are clear and the print size is readable. A visual that has been shrunk down to an unreadable size does not help the reader understand your ideas.\u00a0 If at all possible, try to orient the visual image in the same direction as the body text.\r\n\r\nExamine <strong>Figure 3.4.1<\/strong> below. Do you understand what information it conveys? What is missing?<a id=\"retfig3.4.1\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"center4\" style=\"width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2022\/01\/image15.png\" alt=\"A graph with missing information. Image description available.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" \/> <strong>Figure 3.4.1 <\/strong><a href=\"#fig3.4.1\">[Image Description]<\/a>[\/caption]If you look carefully, you might be able to guess what story this graph is telling. However, the lack of a descriptive caption and labelling of axes makes it impossible to know for sure. Compare it to <strong>Figure 3.4.2<\/strong> below.<a id=\"retfig3.4.2\"><\/a>\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"center4\" style=\"width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2022\/01\/image16-1024x646.png\" alt=\"A graph that contains all of the necessary labels. Image description available.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"646\" \/> <strong>Figure 3.4.2<\/strong> Water Consumption in Edmonton during the 2010 Gold Medal Hockey Game. <a href=\"#fig3.4.2\">[Image description]<\/a>[\/caption]<figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<strong>Figure 3.4.2<\/strong> has a numbered caption (which I have just referred to in my paragraph), a descriptive title, and it has properly labelled x and y axes and legends. It also cites the source the graph was retrieved from in the caption using an in-text citation, which is linked to a full reference below.\u00a0 The original image has not been distorted in any way. Thus, it follows the five key rules listed above.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In addition to those five general rules, there are specific guidelines for implementing them. These are outlined in detail in the <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/Engineering-WTR-Guideline-2017.pdf\">Faculty of Engineering Co-op Work Term Report Guideline [PDF]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Specific Guidelines for Integrating Graphics<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Terminology<\/h3>\r\nVisual elements are referred to as either <strong>Tables <\/strong>or<strong> Figures<\/strong>. <strong>Tables<\/strong> are made up of rows and columns and the cells usually have numbers in them (but may also have words or images). <strong>Figures<\/strong> refer to any visual elements\u2014graphs, charts, diagrams, photos, <em>etc<\/em>.\u2014that are not Tables. They may be included in the main sections of the report, or if they contain supplemental material they may be contained in an appendix. Try to ensure that figures and tables are not broken over two pages. Tables that require a full page might be best put in an appendix.\r\n<h3>Labeling Tables and Figures<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextIndent no-indent\">Tables and figures must all be labeled with numbered captions that clearly identify and describe them.\u00a0 Figure captions are generally placed below the figures, while table captions must be placed above the tables. This is because we generally read tables from the top down, and therefore want to see the caption at the top. Figures are not always read top down. When you open a page and see a figure, the first thing you want to know is \u201cwhat is that?\u201d The caption below it should immediately identify what the figure represents for the reader.\u00a0 If you choose to place figure captions above the figures, do so consistently throughout your document.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextIndent no-indent\">Use the following conventions to assist the reader in understanding your graphics:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Numbering<\/strong>:\u00a0 Table and Figures are numbered sequentially, but separately<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><em>e.g.<\/em> Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 3, <em>etc<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Captioning<\/strong>: After the Figure or Table number, add a <strong>descriptive caption<\/strong> that clearly indicate what the figure or table illustrates without having to read anything else on the page.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextIndent no-indent\">There are two systems for numbering figures and tables within your document:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Simple Consecutive Numbering<\/strong><\/em>: All figures and tables are numbered consecutively (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Table 1, Table 2, Table, 3 <em>etc<\/em>.) throughout the document regardless of which section they are in.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>Section-based Numbering<\/strong><\/em>: Within each section, figures and tables may be numbered sequentially through each section (e.g. Table 1.1 refers to the first table in section 1, Table 2.4 refers to the fourth table in section 2).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextFirstIndent2 no-indent\">If a large number of illustrations are presented, the latter option is the better choice. This can become confusing, however, when using sub-sections.<\/p>\r\nIf the table or figure that you present in your report was not created by you, but comes from other sources, you must include a reference for the original source in your caption: <em>e.g<\/em>.: Figure 1. Network Design [3]. You must ensure that all figures and tables represent data accurately and ethically, and that they do not distort data to create bias.\r\n\r\nUsing the <strong>Insert<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192 <strong>Caption <\/strong>\u2026 function will allow Word to keep track of the Figure and Table numbering for you, and allow you to auto-create a <strong>List of Figures and Tables<\/strong> at the beginning of your document.\r\n\r\nIf you don't use the<strong> Insert Caption<\/strong> function, then you should manually change the font of your captions to distinguish them from body text.\u00a0 Caption font is usually slightly smaller than body font and is often italicized.\u00a0 The numbered portion is often bolded in both the caption and in the in-paragraph reference to the figure or table.\r\n<h3>Referring to Tables and Figures in your Text<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Any figures or tables you use in your document must be discussed in your text. Use the following guidelines when discussing and referring to tables and figures:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Place the table\/figure close to where it is first referred to in the text (preferably immediately below the paragraph in which it is first mentioned).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Refer to tables and figures in your text by their numbers, not their placement in the text. <em>E.g<\/em>, \u201cSee Figure 9 for a detailed schematic\u201d (<strong>not<\/strong> \u201csee the figure below\u201d); \u201cthe test results are summarized in Table 1.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When referring to a figure or table in your body text, it is helpful to place the reference in bold font.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Selecting the Right Visual<\/h1>\r\n<strong>Table 3.1.1<\/strong> lists common kinds of visual elements used in technical writing, along with their general purpose or description (for a more detailed discussion of how and when to use these kinds of visuals, see Graves and Graves.[footnote]H. Graves and R. Graves, \u201cCommunicating through visuals,\u201d in <em>A Strategic Guide to Technical Communications<\/em>, 2nd ed. Peterborough, ONT: Broadview Press, 2011, pp. 137-148.[\/footnote] Notice the \u201cbox head\u201d on the top and \u201cstubs\u201d on the left are bolded and centred to enhance readability. Tables that have text in the cells instead of numbers can also be referred to as figures. Thus, <strong>Table 3.1.1<\/strong> could have been captioned as <strong>Figure 3.7<\/strong> instead.\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\"><caption>TABLE 3.1.1 Common types of illustrative graphics<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 99.9999%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">[<a href=\"#03\">Skip Table<\/a>]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 45.4199%;\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Type of Visual<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 54.58%;\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Description and Purpose<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Tables<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Place detailed data\/information in categories formatted into rows and columns for comparison; use when exact figures are important. Label column headings (box heads) and\/or rows (stubs).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" rowspan=\"3\" scope=\"rowgroup\"><strong>Graphs<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Bar Graph<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Compare and contrast two or more subjects at the same point in time, or compare change over time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Column Graph<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Reveal change in a subject at regular intervals of time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Line Graph<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Show the degree and direction of change relative to two variables; compare items over time, show frequency or distribution, or show correlations.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" rowspan=\"4\" scope=\"rowgroup\"><strong>Charts<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Pie Chart<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Display the number and relative size of the divisions of a subject; shows relation of parts to a whole (parts must sum to 100% to make sense).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Org. Chart<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Map the divisions and levels of responsibility or hierarchy within an organization.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Flow Chart<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Show the sequence of steps in a process or procedure.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Gantt Chart<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Indicates timelines for multi-stepped projects, especially used in proposals and progress reports.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" rowspan=\"4\" scope=\"rowgroup\"><strong>Illustrations<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Diagram<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Identify the parts of a subject and their spatial or functional relationship; emphasize detail or show dimensions.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Photo<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Show what a subject looks like in realistic detail or show it being used.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Animation<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Simulate a process, operation, or incident.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Film clip<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Depict a process, operation, or incident in realistic detail.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">For more information on how to format a long report, see the Faculty of Engineering's \u201cCo-op Work Term Report Guidelines.\u201d\u00a0[footnote]<a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/296\/2017\/12\/Engineering-WTR-Guideline-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Engineering Co-op Work Term Report Guidelines [PDF]<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\nPractice your knowledge of figures and tables using this H5P interaction.\r\n<div class=\"h5p\">[h5p id=\"18\"]<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"pdf\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n<strong>H5P: Figures and Tables<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Select all that applies: Visual elements\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Capture your readers' attention.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Help readers understand your ideas more fully.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Simplify complicated textual descriptions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Include graphs, charts, tables, photographs, diagrams, and maps.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Augment your written ideas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gratuitous graphics help decorate your document and add value.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Each visual needs a numbered caption that includes a clear descriptive title.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select all that applies: When integrating a visual into your document, ensure you\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bRefer to the caption number within the body text and discuss its context.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Distort the image to suit your needs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Crowd the visual with text to pack the most in.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Label all units.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Figures are made up of rows and columns and contain cells.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any visual element including tables are called figures.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tables and figures must be labelled with numbered captions that clearly identify and describe them. These must be placed above the elements.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Select all that applies: When labelling tables and figures\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Represent all visual elements accurately and ethically and do not distort the data to create bias.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bAdd a descriptive caption that clearly indicates what is illustrated<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bNumber your figures and tables sequentially but separately, such as Table 1, Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 2.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bIf the visual element is not created by you, you must include a reference<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Choose the correct way to refer to a table in your writing:\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe table above shows the results \u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe test results are summarized in Table 5 \u2026<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tables that have text in the cells instead of numbers can also be referred to as figures.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>True<\/li>\r\n \t<li>False<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 3.7 Design a figure to match the data<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nUsing what you have learned about figures and tables, create two different visual representations of the data described in the following paragraph. Explain why you chose those methods and list the pros and cons of each:\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span lang=\"en-US\" xml:lang=\"en-US\">We surveyed the students in 3 sections of ENGR 240 (total of 100 students) to gauge which aspect of the writing process they found most challenging: Pre-writing, Drafting, or Revising. The results among the 3 sections were consistent. Overall 50% of students said that they found the Pre-writing stage to be the most challenging, while 28% found the Drafting stage most difficult and 22% said the Revision stage was most challenging (see <strong>Figure 1)<\/strong><\/span><span lang=\"en-US\" xml:lang=\"en-US\">. These results suggest that we should place more emphasis on teaching and practicing pre-writing strategies during the course.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[create a <strong>Figure 1<\/strong> and a descriptive caption that illustrates the data above]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Additional Resources<\/h1>\r\nReview the <a class=\"external\" href=\"\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/296\/2017\/12\/Visuals-Tables-and-Figures-in-Reports-2018.pptx\">Visuals - Tables and Figures in Reports[PPTX]<\/a>.\r\n\r\nFor a look at how professionals can animate data, check out <a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo\">Hans Rosling's \"The Joy of Stats\" on <em>YouTub<\/em>e<\/a> [Online].\r\n<h3>Image Descriptions<\/h3>\r\n<strong><a id=\"fig3.4.1\"><\/a>Figure 3.4.1 image description<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA graph with no figure number or caption and no x or y axis labels, so it is difficult to determine what point it is trying to make. It shows something rising and falling during a hockey game. This thing spikes at the end of each period and drops dramatically when Canada wins.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#retfig3.4.1\">[Return to Figure 3.4.1]<\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong><a id=\"fig3.4.2\"><\/a>Figure 3.4.2 Water Consumption in Edmonton during the 2010 Gold Medal Hockey Game.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA graph charting water consumption in Edmonton during the 2010 Gold Medal Hockey Game. The graphs shows spikes in water consumption at the end of each period, followed by very low usage periods, especially near the end of the 3rd period, and between the end of the game and the medal ceremony. It also has a line depicting water usage the previous day, which was fairly steady throughout the day.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#retfig3.4.2\">[Return to Figure 3.4.2]<\/a>\r\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Fig. 3.4.1; 3.4.2. EPCOR, Edmonton\u2019s Water Utility. \u201cWater Consumption in Edmonton during 2010 Gold Medal hockey game\u201d. This data is credited to EPCOR. Publication details of the originating report are unavailable. For noncommercial, educational use only.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>Visual elements such as graphs, charts, tables, photographs, diagrams, and maps capture your readers\u2019 attention and help them to understand your ideas more fully. They are like the illustrations that help tell the story. These visuals help to augment your written ideas and simplify complicated textual descriptions. They can help the reader understand a complicated process or visualize trends in the data. The key concept to remember here is that visuals <em>clarify<\/em>, <em>illustrate,<\/em> and <em>augment<\/em> your written text; they are not a replacement for written text. The old adage, \u201ca picture is worth a thousand words\u201d does not hold true in technical writing, but adding visuals may save you a hundred words or so of additional explanation and clarification. If you have visual elements in your document, they must be based on and supplement your written content. Throwing in \u201cgratuitous graphics\u201d just to decorate or take up space can confuse your reader.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-67 size-thumbnail aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-150x150.png\" alt=\"yin yang symbol, put in the document randomly to illustrate the point about &quot;gratuitous graphics&quot;\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/yinyang.png 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>It is important to choose the right kind of visual to convey the story you want your reader to understand. If visuals are poorly chosen or poorly designed for the task, they can actually confuse the reader and have negative consequences. For example, it&#8217;s very likely that the first thing you noticed when you opened this page was the image above. Did you wonder why is it there? Has it distracted you?<\/p>\n<h1>Conventions for Integrating Visuals in your Document<\/h1>\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Each style of visual has its own conventions that you will recognize after you have seen enough of them. In addition, different publications have different style guides that dictate the specific of how to format and integrate visual elements.\u00a0 In general, however, whenever you integrate any kind of visual, you should adhere to five key rules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Five Rules for Integrating Graphics into your Document<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Give each visual a numbered caption that includes a clear descriptive title<\/li>\n<li>Refer to the caption number within the body text and discuss its content<\/li>\n<li>Label all units (x and y axes, legends, column box heads, parts of diagrams, etc)<\/li>\n<li>Provide the source of the data and\/or visual image if you did not create it yourself<\/li>\n<li>Avoid distorting the data or image.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In addition, visual elements should also be surrounded with sufficient passive space to emphasize the image and enhance its readability. If copying and pasting an image, make sure all elements are clear and the print size is readable. A visual that has been shrunk down to an unreadable size does not help the reader understand your ideas.\u00a0 If at all possible, try to orient the visual image in the same direction as the body text.<\/p>\n<p>Examine <strong>Figure 3.4.1<\/strong> below. Do you understand what information it conveys? What is missing?<a id=\"retfig3.4.1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"center4\" style=\"width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2022\/01\/image15.png\" alt=\"A graph with missing information. Image description available.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.4.1 <\/strong><a href=\"#fig3.4.1\">[Image Description]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>If you look carefully, you might be able to guess what story this graph is telling. However, the lack of a descriptive caption and labelling of axes makes it impossible to know for sure. Compare it to <strong>Figure 3.4.2<\/strong> below.<a id=\"retfig3.4.2\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"center4\" style=\"width: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/principlesofmarketingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2022\/01\/image16-1024x646.png\" alt=\"A graph that contains all of the necessary labels. Image description available.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"646\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.4.2<\/strong> Water Consumption in Edmonton during the 2010 Gold Medal Hockey Game. <a href=\"#fig3.4.2\">[Image description]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Figure 3.4.2<\/strong> has a numbered caption (which I have just referred to in my paragraph), a descriptive title, and it has properly labelled x and y axes and legends. It also cites the source the graph was retrieved from in the caption using an in-text citation, which is linked to a full reference below.\u00a0 The original image has not been distorted in any way. Thus, it follows the five key rules listed above.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In addition to those five general rules, there are specific guidelines for implementing them. These are outlined in detail in the <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2017\/12\/Engineering-WTR-Guideline-2017.pdf\">Faculty of Engineering Co-op Work Term Report Guideline [PDF]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Specific Guidelines for Integrating Graphics<\/h2>\n<h3>Terminology<\/h3>\n<p>Visual elements are referred to as either <strong>Tables <\/strong>or<strong> Figures<\/strong>. <strong>Tables<\/strong> are made up of rows and columns and the cells usually have numbers in them (but may also have words or images). <strong>Figures<\/strong> refer to any visual elements\u2014graphs, charts, diagrams, photos, <em>etc<\/em>.\u2014that are not Tables. They may be included in the main sections of the report, or if they contain supplemental material they may be contained in an appendix. Try to ensure that figures and tables are not broken over two pages. Tables that require a full page might be best put in an appendix.<\/p>\n<h3>Labeling Tables and Figures<\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextIndent no-indent\">Tables and figures must all be labeled with numbered captions that clearly identify and describe them.\u00a0 Figure captions are generally placed below the figures, while table captions must be placed above the tables. This is because we generally read tables from the top down, and therefore want to see the caption at the top. Figures are not always read top down. When you open a page and see a figure, the first thing you want to know is \u201cwhat is that?\u201d The caption below it should immediately identify what the figure represents for the reader.\u00a0 If you choose to place figure captions above the figures, do so consistently throughout your document.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextIndent no-indent\">Use the following conventions to assist the reader in understanding your graphics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Numbering<\/strong>:\u00a0 Table and Figures are numbered sequentially, but separately<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><em>e.g.<\/em> Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 3, <em>etc<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Captioning<\/strong>: After the Figure or Table number, add a <strong>descriptive caption<\/strong> that clearly indicate what the figure or table illustrates without having to read anything else on the page.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextIndent no-indent\">There are two systems for numbering figures and tables within your document:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><strong>Simple Consecutive Numbering<\/strong><\/em>: All figures and tables are numbered consecutively (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Table 1, Table 2, Table, 3 <em>etc<\/em>.) throughout the document regardless of which section they are in.<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>Section-based Numbering<\/strong><\/em>: Within each section, figures and tables may be numbered sequentially through each section (e.g. Table 1.1 refers to the first table in section 1, Table 2.4 refers to the fourth table in section 2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-BodyTextFirstIndent2 no-indent\">If a large number of illustrations are presented, the latter option is the better choice. This can become confusing, however, when using sub-sections.<\/p>\n<p>If the table or figure that you present in your report was not created by you, but comes from other sources, you must include a reference for the original source in your caption: <em>e.g<\/em>.: Figure 1. Network Design [3]. You must ensure that all figures and tables represent data accurately and ethically, and that they do not distort data to create bias.<\/p>\n<p>Using the <strong>Insert<\/strong>\u00a0\u2192 <strong>Caption <\/strong>\u2026 function will allow Word to keep track of the Figure and Table numbering for you, and allow you to auto-create a <strong>List of Figures and Tables<\/strong> at the beginning of your document.<\/p>\n<p>If you don&#8217;t use the<strong> Insert Caption<\/strong> function, then you should manually change the font of your captions to distinguish them from body text.\u00a0 Caption font is usually slightly smaller than body font and is often italicized.\u00a0 The numbered portion is often bolded in both the caption and in the in-paragraph reference to the figure or table.<\/p>\n<h3>Referring to Tables and Figures in your Text<\/h3>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Any figures or tables you use in your document must be discussed in your text. Use the following guidelines when discussing and referring to tables and figures:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Place the table\/figure close to where it is first referred to in the text (preferably immediately below the paragraph in which it is first mentioned).<\/li>\n<li>Refer to tables and figures in your text by their numbers, not their placement in the text. <em>E.g<\/em>, \u201cSee Figure 9 for a detailed schematic\u201d (<strong>not<\/strong> \u201csee the figure below\u201d); \u201cthe test results are summarized in Table 1.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>When referring to a figure or table in your body text, it is helpful to place the reference in bold font.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Selecting the Right Visual<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Table 3.1.1<\/strong> lists common kinds of visual elements used in technical writing, along with their general purpose or description (for a more detailed discussion of how and when to use these kinds of visuals, see Graves and Graves.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"H. Graves and R. Graves, \u201cCommunicating through visuals,\u201d in A Strategic Guide to Technical Communications, 2nd ed. Peterborough, ONT: Broadview Press, 2011, pp. 137-148.\" id=\"return-footnote-70-1\" href=\"#footnote-70-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Notice the \u201cbox head\u201d on the top and \u201cstubs\u201d on the left are bolded and centred to enhance readability. Tables that have text in the cells instead of numbers can also be referred to as figures. Thus, <strong>Table 3.1.1<\/strong> could have been captioned as <strong>Figure 3.7<\/strong> instead.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<caption>TABLE 3.1.1 Common types of illustrative graphics<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.9999%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\">[<a href=\"#03\">Skip Table<\/a>]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 45.4199%;\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Type of Visual<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 54.58%;\" scope=\"col\"><strong>Description and Purpose<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" colspan=\"2\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Tables<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Place detailed data\/information in categories formatted into rows and columns for comparison; use when exact figures are important. Label column headings (box heads) and\/or rows (stubs).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" rowspan=\"3\" scope=\"rowgroup\"><strong>Graphs<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Bar Graph<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Compare and contrast two or more subjects at the same point in time, or compare change over time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Column Graph<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Reveal change in a subject at regular intervals of time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Line Graph<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Show the degree and direction of change relative to two variables; compare items over time, show frequency or distribution, or show correlations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" rowspan=\"4\" scope=\"rowgroup\"><strong>Charts<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Pie Chart<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Display the number and relative size of the divisions of a subject; shows relation of parts to a whole (parts must sum to 100% to make sense).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Org. Chart<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Map the divisions and levels of responsibility or hierarchy within an organization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Flow Chart<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Show the sequence of steps in a process or procedure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Gantt Chart<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Indicates timelines for multi-stepped projects, especially used in proposals and progress reports.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" rowspan=\"4\" scope=\"rowgroup\"><strong>Illustrations<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Diagram<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Identify the parts of a subject and their spatial or functional relationship; emphasize detail or show dimensions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Photo<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Show what a subject looks like in realistic detail or show it being used.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Animation<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Simulate a process, operation, or incident.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 20%;\" scope=\"row\"><strong>Film clip<\/strong><\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 54.58%;\">Depict a process, operation, or incident in realistic detail.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">For more information on how to format a long report, see the Faculty of Engineering&#8217;s \u201cCo-op Work Term Report Guidelines.\u201d\u00a0<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Engineering Co-op Work Term Report Guidelines [PDF]\" id=\"return-footnote-70-2\" href=\"#footnote-70-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Practice your knowledge of figures and tables using this H5P interaction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"h5p\">\n<div id=\"h5p-18\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-18\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"18\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Figures and Tables\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pdf\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p><strong>H5P: Figures and Tables<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Select all that applies: Visual elements\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Capture your readers&#8217; attention.<\/li>\n<li>Help readers understand your ideas more fully.<\/li>\n<li>Simplify complicated textual descriptions.<\/li>\n<li>Include graphs, charts, tables, photographs, diagrams, and maps.<\/li>\n<li>Augment your written ideas.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Gratuitous graphics help decorate your document and add value.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Each visual needs a numbered caption that includes a clear descriptive title.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Select all that applies: When integrating a visual into your document, ensure you\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bRefer to the caption number within the body text and discuss its context.<\/li>\n<li>Distort the image to suit your needs.<\/li>\n<li>Crowd the visual with text to pack the most in.<\/li>\n<li>Label all units.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Figures are made up of rows and columns and contain cells.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Any visual element including tables are called figures.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tables and figures must be labelled with numbered captions that clearly identify and describe them. These must be placed above the elements.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Select all that applies: When labelling tables and figures\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Represent all visual elements accurately and ethically and do not distort the data to create bias.<\/li>\n<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bAdd a descriptive caption that clearly indicates what is illustrated<\/li>\n<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bNumber your figures and tables sequentially but separately, such as Table 1, Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 2.<\/li>\n<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bIf the visual element is not created by you, you must include a reference<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Choose the correct way to refer to a table in your writing:\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe table above shows the results \u2026<\/li>\n<li>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe test results are summarized in Table 5 \u2026<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tables that have text in the cells instead of numbers can also be referred to as figures.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>True<\/li>\n<li>False<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 3.7 Design a figure to match the data<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Using what you have learned about figures and tables, create two different visual representations of the data described in the following paragraph. Explain why you chose those methods and list the pros and cons of each:<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span lang=\"en-US\" xml:lang=\"en-US\">We surveyed the students in 3 sections of ENGR 240 (total of 100 students) to gauge which aspect of the writing process they found most challenging: Pre-writing, Drafting, or Revising. The results among the 3 sections were consistent. Overall 50% of students said that they found the Pre-writing stage to be the most challenging, while 28% found the Drafting stage most difficult and 22% said the Revision stage was most challenging (see <strong>Figure 1)<\/strong><\/span><span lang=\"en-US\" xml:lang=\"en-US\">. These results suggest that we should place more emphasis on teaching and practicing pre-writing strategies during the course.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[create a <strong>Figure 1<\/strong> and a descriptive caption that illustrates the data above]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Additional Resources<\/h1>\n<p>Review the <a class=\"external\" href=\"\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/296\/2017\/12\/Visuals-Tables-and-Figures-in-Reports-2018.pptx\">Visuals &#8211; Tables and Figures in Reports[PPTX]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For a look at how professionals can animate data, check out <a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo\">Hans Rosling&#8217;s &#8220;The Joy of Stats&#8221; on <em>YouTub<\/em>e<\/a> [Online].<\/p>\n<h3>Image Descriptions<\/h3>\n<p><strong><a id=\"fig3.4.1\"><\/a>Figure 3.4.1 image description<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A graph with no figure number or caption and no x or y axis labels, so it is difficult to determine what point it is trying to make. It shows something rising and falling during a hockey game. This thing spikes at the end of each period and drops dramatically when Canada wins.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#retfig3.4.1\">[Return to Figure 3.4.1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"fig3.4.2\"><\/a>Figure 3.4.2 Water Consumption in Edmonton during the 2010 Gold Medal Hockey Game.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A graph charting water consumption in Edmonton during the 2010 Gold Medal Hockey Game. The graphs shows spikes in water consumption at the end of each period, followed by very low usage periods, especially near the end of the 3rd period, and between the end of the game and the medal ceremony. It also has a line depicting water usage the previous day, which was fairly steady throughout the day.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#retfig3.4.2\">[Return to Figure 3.4.2]<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Media Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Fig. 3.4.1; 3.4.2. EPCOR, Edmonton\u2019s Water Utility. \u201cWater Consumption in Edmonton during 2010 Gold Medal hockey game\u201d. This data is credited to EPCOR. Publication details of the originating report are unavailable. For noncommercial, educational use only.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-70-1\">H. Graves and R. Graves, \u201cCommunicating through visuals,\u201d in <em>A Strategic Guide to Technical Communications<\/em>, 2nd ed. Peterborough, ONT: Broadview Press, 2011, pp. 137-148. <a href=\"#return-footnote-70-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-70-2\"><a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/296\/2017\/12\/Engineering-WTR-Guideline-2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Engineering Co-op Work Term Report Guidelines [PDF]<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-70-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":90,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[50],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-70","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":56,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/90"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":514,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/revisions\/514"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/56"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/technicalwritingh5p\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}