{"id":310,"date":"2015-07-21T21:34:18","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T21:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=310"},"modified":"2015-08-10T20:14:46","modified_gmt":"2015-08-10T20:14:46","slug":"chapter-9-citations-and-referencing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/chapter-9-citations-and-referencing\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 9.Citations and Referencing","rendered":"Chapter 9.Citations and Referencing"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<h2><strong>9<\/strong><strong>.1<\/strong>\u00a0Supporting<strong> Your Ideas<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Evaluate when to use primary or secondary sources for support<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain the two forms of plagiarism and how to avoid them<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain the importance of academic integrity and the potential consequences of not abiding by this<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nIn this chapter you are going to learn more about compiling references and citations. You will also learn strategies for handling some of the more challenging aspects of writing a research paper, such as integrating material from your sources, citing information correctly, and avoiding any misuse of your sources. The first section of this chapter will introduce you to broad concepts associated with adding support to your ideas and providing documentation\u2014citations and references\u2014when you use sources in your papers.\r\n\r\n<strong>Using Primary and Secondary Research<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAs you write your draft, be mindful of how you are using primary and secondary source material to support your points. Recall that primary sources present firsthand information. Secondary sources are one step removed from primary sources. They present a writer\u2019s analysis or interpretation of primary source materials. How you balance primary and secondary source material in your paper will depend on the topic and assignment.\r\n\r\n<strong>Using Primary Sources Effectively<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSome types of research papers must use primary sources extensively to achieve their purpose. Any paper that analyzes a primary text or presents the writer\u2019s own experimental research falls in this category. Here are a few examples:\r\n\r\nA paper for a literature course analyzing several poems by Emily Dickinson\r\n\r\nA paper for a political science course comparing televised speeches delivered by two candidates for prime minister\r\n\r\nA paper for a communications course discussing gender bias in television commercials\r\n\r\nA paper for a business administration course that discusses the results of a survey the writer conducted with local businesses to gather information about their work from home and flextime policies\r\n\r\nA paper for an elementary education course that discusses the results of an experiment the writer conducted to compare the effectiveness of two different methods of mathematics instruction\r\n\r\nFor these types of papers, primary research is the main focus. If you are writing about a work (including non-print works, such as a movie or a painting), it is crucial to gather information and ideas from the original work, rather than rely solely on others\u2019 interpretations. And, of course, if you take the time to design and conduct your own field research, such as a survey, a series of interviews, or an experiment, you will want to discuss it in detail. For example, the interviews may provide interesting responses that you want to share with your reader.\r\n\r\n<strong>Using Secondary Sources Effectively<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor some assignments, it makes sense to rely more on secondary sources than primary sources. If you are <em>not<\/em> analyzing a text or conducting your own field research, you will need to use secondary sources extensively.\r\n\r\nAs much as possible, use secondary sources that are closely linked to primary research, such as a journal article presenting the results of the authors\u2019 scientific study or a book that cites interviews and case studies. These sources are more reliable and add more value to your paper than sources that are further removed from primary research. For instance, a popular magazine article on junk food addiction might be several steps removed from the original scientific study on which it is loosely based. As a result, the article may distort, sensationalize, or misinterpret the scientists\u2019 findings.\r\n\r\nEven if your paper is largely based on primary sources, you may use secondary sources to develop your ideas. For instance, an analysis of Alfred Hitchcock\u2019s films would focus on the films themselves as a primary source, but might also cite commentary from critics. A paper that presents an original experiment would include some discussion of similar prior research in the field.\r\n\r\nJorge, who is preparing his essay on low-carbohydrate diets, knew he did not have the time, resources, or experience needed to conduct original experimental research for his paper. Because he was relying on secondary sources to support his ideas, he made a point of citing sources that were not far removed from primary research.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSome sources could be considered primary or secondary sources, depending on the writer\u2019s purpose for using them. For instance, if a writer\u2019s purpose is to inform readers about how the American No Child Left Behind legislation has affected elementary education in the United States, a\u00a0<em>Time<\/em>\u00a0magazine article on the subject would be a secondary source. However, suppose the writer\u2019s purpose is to analyze how the news media has portrayed the effects of the No Child Left Behind legislation. In that case, articles about the legislation in news magazines like\u00a0<em>Time<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Newsweek<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>US News &amp; World Report<\/em>\u00a0would be primary sources. They provide firsthand examples of the media coverage the writer is analyzing.\r\n\r\n<strong>Avoiding Plagiarism<\/strong>\r\n\r\nYour research paper presents your thinking about a topic, supported and developed by other people\u2019s ideas and information. It is crucial to always distinguish between the two\u2014as you conduct research, as you plan your paper, and as you write. Failure to do so can lead to plagiarism.\r\n\r\n<strong>Intentional and Accidental Plagiarism<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Plagiarism<\/strong>\u00a0is the act of misrepresenting someone else\u2019s work as your own. Sometimes a writer plagiarizes work on purpose\u2014for instance, by copying and pasting or purchasing an essay from a website and submitting it as original course work. This often happens because the person has not managed his or her time and has left the paper to the last minute or has struggled with the writing process or the topic. Any of these can lead to desperation and cause the writer to just take someone else\u2019s ideas and take credit for them.\r\n\r\nIn other cases, a writer may commit accidental plagiarism due to carelessness, haste, or misunderstanding. For instance, a writer may be unable to provide a complete, accurate citation because of neglecting to record bibliographical information. A writer may cut and paste a passage from a website into her paper and later forget where the material came from. A writer who procrastinates may rush through a draft, which easily leads to sloppy paraphrasing and inaccurate quotations. Any of these actions can create the appearance of plagiarism and lead to negative consequences.\r\n\r\nCarefully organizing your time and notes is the best guard against these forms of plagiarism. Maintain a detailed working reference list and thorough notes throughout the research process. Check original sources again to clear up any uncertainties. Allow plenty of time for writing your draft so there is no temptation to cut corners.\r\n\r\nTo avoid unintentional\/accidental plagiarism, follow these guidelines:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Understand what types of information must be cited.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand what constitutes fair dealing of a source.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Keep source materials and notes carefully organized.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Follow guidelines for summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting sources.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Academic Integrity<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe concepts and strategies discussed in this section connect to a larger issue\u2014academic integrity. You maintain your integrity as a member of an academic community by representing your work and others\u2019 work honestly and by using other people\u2019s work only in legitimately accepted ways. It is a point of honour taken seriously in every academic discipline and career field.\r\n\r\nAcademic integrity violations have serious educational and professional consequences. Even when cheating and plagiarism go undetected, they still result in a student\u2019s failure to learn necessary research and writing skills. Students who are found guilty of academic integrity violations face consequences ranging from a failing grade to expulsion. Employees may be fired for plagiarism and do irreparable damage to their professional reputation. In short, it is never worth the risk.\r\n<h2>9.2\u00a0Documenting Source Material<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Identify when to summarize, paraphrase, and directly quote information from research sources<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify when citations are needed<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Introduce sources<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Throughout the writing process, be scrupulous about documenting information taken from sources. The purpose of doing so is twofold:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>To give credit to other writers or researchers for their ideas<\/li>\r\n\t<li>To allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nYou will cite sources within the body of your paper and at the end of the paper in your references section. For this assignment, you will use the citation format used by the American Psychological Association (also known as APA style). Within this course and for all of your courses at JIBC, you will need to follow the <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Jan2015.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a> when formatting citations and references within your papers.\r\n\r\nThis section covers the nitty-gritty details of in-text citations. You will learn how to format citations for different types of source materials, whether you are citing brief quotations, paraphrasing ideas, or quoting longer passages. You will also learn techniques you can use to introduce quoted and paraphrased material effectively. Keep this section handy as a reference to consult while writing the body of your paper.\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting Cited Material: The Basics<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn-text citations usually provide the name of the author(s) and the year the source was published. For direct quotations, the page number must also be included. Use past tense verbs when introducing a quote: for example, \u201cSmith found\u2026,\u201d not \u201cSmith finds.\u2026\u201d\r\n\r\n<strong>Citing Sources in the Body of Your Paper<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>In<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>text\u00a0citations<\/strong>\u00a0document your sources within the body of your paper. These include two vital pieces of information: the author\u2019s name and the year the source material was published. When quoting a print source, also include in the citation the page number where the quoted material originally appears. The page number follows the year in the in-text citation. <em>Page numbers are <\/em><em>necessary only when content has been directly quoted, not when it has been summarized or paraphrased.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<strong>Using Source Material in Your Paper<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOne of the challenges of writing a research paper is successfully integrating your ideas with material from your sources. Your paper must explain what you think, or it will read like a disconnected string of facts and quotations. However, you also need to support your ideas with research, or they will seem insubstantial. How do you strike the right balance?\r\n\r\nIn your essay, the introduction and conclusion function like the frame around a picture. They define and limit your topic and place your research in context. In the body paragraphs of your paper, you need to integrate ideas carefully at the paragraph level and at the sentence level. You will use topic sentences in your paragraphs to make sure readers understand the significance of any facts, details, or quotations you cite. You will also include sentences that transition between ideas from your research, either within a paragraph or between paragraphs. At the sentence level, you will need to think carefully about how you introduce paraphrased and quoted material.\r\n\r\nEarlier you learned about summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting when taking notes. In the next few sections, you will learn how to use these techniques in the body of your paper to weave in source material to support your ideas.\r\n\r\n<strong>Summarizing Sources<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLook back at <strong>Section 3.2: Summarizing<\/strong> to refresh your memory of how Jorge summarized the article. As was mentioned there, when you are summarizing, you are focusing on identifying and sharing the main elements of a source. This is when you paraphrase the concepts and put them in your own words, demonstrating you have a firm understanding of the concepts presented and are able to incorporate them into your own paper.\r\n\r\nWithin a paragraph, this information may appear as part of your introduction to the material or as a parenthetical citation at the end of a sentence. Read the examples that follow.\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLeibowitz (2008) found that low-carbohydrate diets often helped subjects with Type II diabetes maintain a healthy weight and control blood sugar levels.\r\n\r\nThe introduction to the source material (the<strong> attributive tag<\/strong>) includes the author\u2019s name followed by the year of publication in parentheses.\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLow-carbohydrate diets often help subjects with Type II diabetes maintain a healthy weight and control blood sugar levels (Leibowitz, 2008).\r\n\r\nThe parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence includes the author\u2019s name, a comma, and the year the source was published. The period at the end of the sentence comes after the parentheses.\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting Paraphrased and Summarized Material<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhen you paraphrase or summarize ideas from a source, you follow the same guidelines previously provided, except that you are not required to provide the page number where the ideas are located. If you are summing up the main findings of a research article, simply providing the author\u2019s name and publication year may suffice, but if you are paraphrasing a more specific idea, consider including the page number.\r\n\r\nRead the following examples.\r\n\r\nChang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.\r\n\r\nHere, the writer is summarizing a major idea that recurs throughout the source material. No page reference is needed.\r\n\r\nChang (2008) found that weight-bearing exercise could help women maintain or even increase bone density through middle age and beyond, reducing the likelihood that they will develop osteoporosis in later life (p. 86).\r\n\r\nAlthough the writer is not directly quoting the source, this passage paraphrases a specific detail, so the writer chose to include the page number where the information is located.\r\n\r\n<strong>Introducing Cited Material Effectively<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIncluding an introductory phrase in your text, such as \u201cJackson wrote\u201d or \u201cCopeland found,\u201d often helps you integrate source material smoothly. This citation technique also helps convey that you are actively engaged with your source material. Unfortunately, during the process of writing your research paper, it is easy to fall into a rut and use the same few dull verbs repeatedly, such as \u201cJones said,\u201d \u201cSmith stated,\u201d and so on.\r\n\r\nPunch up your writing by using strong verbs that help your reader understand how the source material presents ideas. There is a world of difference between an author who \u201csuggests\u201d and one who \u201cclaims,\u201d one who \u201cquestions\u201d and one who \u201ccriticizes.\u201d You do not need to consult your thesaurus every time you cite a source, but do think about which verbs will accurately represent the ideas and make your writing more engaging. <strong>T<\/strong><strong>able 9.1 Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited Material <\/strong>shows some possibilities.\r\n\r\nTable 9.1 Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited Material\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ask<\/td>\r\n<td>suggest<\/td>\r\n<td>question<\/td>\r\n<td>recommend<\/td>\r\n<td>determine<\/td>\r\n<td>insist<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>explain<\/td>\r\n<td>assert<\/td>\r\n<td>claim<\/td>\r\n<td>hypothesize<\/td>\r\n<td>measure<\/td>\r\n<td>argue<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>propose<\/td>\r\n<td>compare<\/td>\r\n<td>contrast<\/td>\r\n<td>evaluate<\/td>\r\n<td>conclude<\/td>\r\n<td>find<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>study<\/td>\r\n<td>sum up<\/td>\r\n<td>believe<\/td>\r\n<td>warn<\/td>\r\n<td>point out<\/td>\r\n<td>assess<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>When to Cite<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>Any idea or fact taken from an outside source must be cited, in both the body of your paper and the reference<\/em><em>s<\/em><em>.<\/em> The only exceptions are facts or general statements that are common knowledge. Common knowledge facts or general statements are commonly supported by and found in multiple sources. For example, a writer would not need to cite the statement that most breads, pastas, and cereals are high in carbohydrates; this is well known and well documented. However, if a writer explained in detail the differences among the chemical structures of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, a citation would be necessary. When in doubt, cite!\r\n\r\n<strong>Fair <\/strong><strong>Dealing<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn recent years, issues related to the fair use of sources have been prevalent in popular culture. Recording artists, for example, may disagree about the extent to which one has the right to sample another\u2019s music. For academic purposes, however, the guidelines for fair dealing are reasonably straightforward.\r\n\r\nWriters may quote from or paraphrase material from previously published works without formally obtaining the copyright holder\u2019s permission.\u00a0<strong>Fair\u00a0<\/strong><strong>dealing<\/strong> in copyright law allows a writer to legitimately use brief excerpts from source material to support and develop his or her own ideas. For instance, a columnist may excerpt a few sentences from a novel when writing a book review. However, quoting or paraphrasing another\u2019s work excessively, to the extent that large sections of the writing are unoriginal, is not fair dealing.\r\n\r\nAs he worked on his draft, Jorge was careful to cite his sources correctly and not to rely excessively on any one source. Occasionally, however, he caught himself quoting a source at great length. In those instances, he highlighted the paragraph in question so that he could go back to it later and revise. Read the example, along with Jorge\u2019s revision.\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHeinz (2009) found that \u201csubjects in the low-carbohydrate group (30% carbohydrates; 40% protein, 30% fat) had a mean weight loss of 10 kg (22 lbs) over a four-month period.\u201d These results were \u201cnoticeably better than results for subjects on a low-fat diet (45% carbohydrates, 35% protein, 20% fat)\u201d whose average weight loss was only \u201c7 kg (15.4 lbs) in the same period.\u201d From this, it can be concluded that \u201clow-carbohydrate diets obtain more rapid results.\u201d Other researchers agree that \u201cat least in the short term, patients following low-carbohydrate diets enjoy greater success\u201d than those who follow alternative plans (Johnson &amp; Crowe, 2010).\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.1<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>Paraphrasing practice is always a good thing! Take a look at Jorge\u2019s \u201csummary\u201d above. Notice he is not really summarizing but rather quoting. While this is technically not plagiarism, it does not show any processing of the information from the original source. It is just copying and pasting; the end result seems very chopp<\/strong><strong>y<\/strong><strong>, and a lot of the information can be generalized.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>For this exercise, try to rewrite Jorge\u2019s summary in your own words.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\r\n\r\nAfter reviewing the paragraph, Jorge realized that he had drifted into unoriginal writing. Most of the paragraph was taken verbatim from a single article. Although Jorge had enclosed the material in quotation marks, he knew it was not an appropriate way to use the research in his paper.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLow-carbohydrate diets may indeed be superior to other diet plans for short-term weight loss. In a study comparing low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets, Heinz (2009) found that subjects who followed a low-carbohydrate plan (30% of total calories) for four months lost, on average, about 3 kilograms more than subjects who followed a low-fat diet for the same time. Heinz concluded that these plans yield quick results, an idea supported by a similar study conducted by Johnson and Crowe (2010). What remains to be seen, however, is whether this initial success can be sustained for longer periods.\r\n\r\nAs Jorge revised the paragraph, he realized he did not need to quote these sources directly. Instead, he paraphrased their most important findings. He also made sure to include a topic sentence stating the main idea of the paragraph and a concluding sentence that transitioned to the next major topic in his essay.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt is extremely important to remember that even though you are summarizing and paraphrasing from another source\u2014not quoting\u2014you must still include a citation, including the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.\r\n\r\n<strong>Example<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAdditionally, marijuana burning creates toxins; this strategy is counterproductive, and there are numerous individual hazards associated with using the plant as medicine (Ogborne, Smart, &amp; Adlaf, 2000).\r\n\r\nExample taken from:\r\n\r\nWriting Commons. (2014, September). Open Text.Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa\">http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa<\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Writing at Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIt is important to accurately represent a colleague\u2019s ideas or communications in the workplace. When writing professional or academic papers, be mindful of how the words you use to describe someone\u2019s tone or ideas carry certain connotations. Do not say a source\u00a0\u201cargues\u201d\u00a0a particular point unless an argument is, in fact, presented. Use lively language, but avoid language that is emotionally charged. Doing so will ensure you have represented your colleague\u2019s words in an authentic and accurate way.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>An effective research paper focuses on the writer\u2019s ideas. The introduction and conclusion present and revisit the writer\u2019s thesis. The body of the paper develops the thesis and related points with information from research.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ideas and information taken from outside sources must be cited in the body of the paper and in the references section.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Material taken from sources should be used to develop the writer\u2019s ideas. Summarizing and paraphrasing are usually most effective for this purpose.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A summary concisely restates the main ideas of a source in the writer\u2019s own words.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A paraphrase restates ideas from a source using the writer\u2019s own words and sentence structures.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Direct quotations should be used sparingly. Ellipses and brackets must be used to indicate words that are omitted or changed for conciseness or grammatical correctness.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Always represent material from outside sources accurately.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Plagiarism has serious academic and professional consequences. To avoid accidental plagiarism, keep research materials organized, understand guidelines for fair dealing and appropriate citation of sources, and review the paper to make sure these guidelines are followed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>9.3\u00a0Making Your Quotes Fit<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Apply guidelines for citing sources within the body of the paper<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Evaluating when to use a short or long quote<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Incorporate short quotes with correct APA formatting<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Incorporate long quotations with correct APA formatting<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSo, now you may have decided after much critical thought, that you definitely have found the most amazing, well-suited quote that cannot be paraphrased, and you want to incorporate that quote into your paper. There are different ways to do this depending on how long the quote is; there are also a number of formatting requirements you need to apply.\r\n\r\n<strong>Quoting Sources Directly<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMost of the time, you will summarize or paraphrase source material instead of quoting directly. Doing so shows that you understand your research well enough to write about it confidently in your own words. However, direct quotes can be powerful when used sparingly and with purpose.\r\n\r\nQuoting directly can sometimes help you make a point in a colourful way. If an author\u2019s words are especially vivid, memorable, or well phrased, quoting them may help hold your reader\u2019s interest. Direct quotations from an interviewee or an eyewitness may help you personalize an issue for readers. Also, when you analyze primary sources, such as a historical speech or a work of literature, quoting extensively is often necessary to illustrate your points. These are valid reasons to use quotations.\r\n\r\nLess-experienced writers, however, sometimes overuse direct quotations in a research paper because it seems easier than paraphrasing. At best, this reduces the effectiveness of the quotations. At worst, it results in a paper that seems haphazardly pasted together from outside sources. <em>Use quotations sparingly for greater impact<\/em><em>.<\/em>\r\n\r\nWhen you do choose to quote directly from a source, follow these guidelines:\r\n\r\nOnly use a quote when the original writer has phrased a statement so perfectly that you do not believe you could rephrase it any better without getting away from the writer\u2019s point.\r\n\r\nMake sure you have transcribed the original statement accurately.\r\n\r\nRepresent the author\u2019s ideas honestly. Quote enough of the original text to reflect the author\u2019s point accurately.\r\n\r\nUse an attributive tag (e.g., \u201cAccording to Marshall (2013)\u2026.\u201d) to lead into the quote and provide a citation at the same time.\r\n\r\nNever use a standalone quotation. Always integrate the quoted material into your own sentence.\r\n\r\nMake sure any omissions or changed words do not alter the meaning of the original text. Omit or replace words only when absolutely necessary to shorten the text or to make it grammatically correct within your sentence.\r\n\r\nUse ellipses (3) [\u2026] if you need to omit a word or phrase; use (4) [\u2026.] when you are removing a section\u2014maybe a complete sentence\u2014that would end in a period. This shows your reader that you have critically and thoroughly examined the contents of this quote and have chosen only the most important and relevant information.\r\n\r\nUse brackets [ ] if you need to replace a word or phrase or if you need to change the verb tense.\r\n\r\nUse [<em>sic<\/em>] after something in the quote that is grammatically incorrect or spelled incorrectly. This shows your reader that the mistake is in the original, not your writing.\r\n\r\nUse double quotation marks [\u201c \u201d] when quoting and use single quotation marks [\u2018 \u2019] when you include a quote within a quote (i.e., if you quote a passage that already includes a quote, you need to change the double quotation marks in the original to single marks, and add double quotations marks around your entire quote).\r\n\r\nRemember to include correctly formatted citations that follow the JIBC APA Reference Guide.\r\n\r\nJorge interviewed a dietitian as part of his research, and he decided to quote her words in his paper. Read an excerpt from the interview and Jorge\u2019s use of it, which follows.\r\n\r\n<strong>Source<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPersonally, I don\u2019t really buy into all of the hype about low-carbohydrate miracle diets like Atkins and so on. Sure, for some people, they are great, but for most, any sensible eating and exercise plan would work just as well.\r\n\r\n<strong>Summary<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRegistered dietitian Dana Kwon (2010) admits, \u201cPersonally, I don\u2019t really buy into all of the hype.\u2026 Sure, for some people, [low carbohydrate diets] are great, but for most, any sensible eating and exercise plan would work just as well.\u201d\r\n\r\nNotice how Jorge smoothly integrated the quoted material by starting the sentence with an introductory phrase. His use of an ellipsis and brackets did not change the source\u2019s meaning.\r\n\r\n<strong>Short v<\/strong><strong>ersus<\/strong><strong> Long Quotations<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRemember, what you write in essays should be primarily your own words; your instructors want to know what your ideas are and for you to demonstrate your own critical thinking. This means you should only use the ideas of experts in the form of quotes to support your ideas<em>.<\/em> A paper that consists of mostly quotes pieced together does not demonstrate original thought but rather that you are good at cutting and pasting. Therefore, you should strive to state your ideas, develop them thoroughly, and then insert a supporting quote, and only if necessary. Focus on paraphrasing and integrating and blending those external sources into your own ideas (giving the original author credit by using a citation, of course). When deciding to use any quotation as opposed to paraphrasing, you need to make sure the quote is a statement that the original author has worded so beautifully it would be less effective if you changed it into your own words. When you find something you would like to include <strong>verbatim<\/strong> (word for word) from a source, you need to decide if you should include the whole paragraph or section, or a smaller part. Sometimes, you may choose to use a longer quote but remove any unnecessary words. You would then use ellipses to show what content you have removed. The following examples show how this is done.\r\n\r\n<strong>Original<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAccording to Marshall (2010), \u201cBefore the creation of organized governmental policing agencies, it was citizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).\r\n\r\n<strong>With Ellipses<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAccording to Marshall (2010), \u201cBefore the creation of organized governmental policing agencies, \u2026 citizens possessing firearms \u2026 monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).\r\n\r\n<strong>Short Quotations<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA short quote can be as one word or a phrase or a complete sentence as long as three lines of text (again, removing any unnecessary words). Generally, a short quotation is one that is fewer than 40 words. Whether you use a complete sentence or only part of one, you need to make sure it blends in perfectly with your own sentence or paragraph. For example, if your paragraph is written in the present tense but the quote is in the past, you will need to change the verb, so it will fit into your writing. (You will read about on this shortly.) Using an <strong>attributive tag<\/strong> is another way to help incorporate your quote more fluidly. An attributive tag is a phrase that shows your reader you got the information from a source, and you are giving the author attribution or credit for his or her ideas or words. Using an attributive tag allows you to provide a citation at the same time as helping integrate the quote more smoothly into your work.\r\n\r\n<strong>Example<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAccording to Marshall (2010), \u201cBefore the creation of organized governmental policing agencies, it was citizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).\r\n\r\nIn the example above, the attributive tag (with citation) is underlined; this statement is giving Marshall credit for his own words and ideas. You should note that this short quotation is a complete sentence taken from Marshall\u2019s bigger document, which is why the first word, <em>Before<\/em><em>,<\/em> is capitalized. If you were to include only a portion of that sentence, perhaps excerpting from the middle of it, you would not start the quote with a capital.\r\n\r\n<strong>Example<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMarshall (2010) argues that vigilantism in the Wild West was committed by \u201ccitizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).\r\n\r\nIn this example, notice how the student has only used a portion of the sentence, so did not need to include the capital.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf you do not use an attributive tag because the quote already fits smoothly into your sentence, you need to include the author\u2019s name after the sentence in parentheses with the date and page number.\r\n\r\n<strong>Example<\/strong>\r\n\r\nVigilantism in the Wild West was committed by \u201ccitizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (Marshall, 2010, p. 712).\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting <\/strong><strong>Short <\/strong><strong>Quotations<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor short quotations, use quotation marks to indicate where the quoted material begins and ends, and cite the name of the author(s), the year of publication, and the page number where the quotation appears in your source. Remember to include commas to separate elements within the parenthetical citation. Also, avoid redundancy. If you name the author(s) in your sentence, do not repeat the name(s) in your parenthetical citation. Review following the examples of different ways to cite direct quotations.\r\n\r\nChang (2008) emphasized that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).\r\n\r\nThe author\u2019s name can be included in the body of the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Note that when a parenthetical citation appears at the end of the sentence, it comes\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the closing quotation marks and\u00a0<em>before<\/em>\u00a0the period. The elements within parentheses are separated by commas.\r\n\r\n<em>Weight Training for Women<\/em>\u00a0(Chang, 2008) claimed that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).\r\n\r\n<em>Weight Training for Women<\/em>\u00a0claimed that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (Chang, 2008, p. 49).\r\n\r\nIncluding the title of a source is optional.\r\n\r\nIn Chang\u2019s 2008 text\u00a0<em>Weight Training for Women<\/em>, she asserts, \u201cEngaging in weight-bearing exercise is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).\r\n\r\nThe author\u2019s name, the date, and the title may appear in the body of the text. Include the page number in the parenthetical citation. Also, notice the use of the verb\u00a0<em>asserts<\/em>\u00a0to introduce the direct quotation.\r\n\r\n\u201cEngaging in weight-bearing exercise,\u201d Chang asserts, \u201cis one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (2008, p. 49).\r\n\r\nYou may begin a sentence with the direct quotation and add the author\u2019s name and a strong verb before continuing the quotation.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAlthough APA style guidelines do not require writers to provide page numbers for material that is not directly quoted, your instructor may wish you to do so when possible. Check with your instructor about his or her preferences.\r\n\r\n<strong>Long (Block) Quotations<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLong quotations should be used even more sparingly than shorter ones. Long quotations can range in length from four to seven or eight lines (40 words or more, and should <em>never<\/em> be as long as a page. There are two reasons for this: First, by using a long quote, you are essentially letting the original author do all the thinking for you; remember that your audience wants to see <em>your<\/em> ideas, not someone else\u2019s. Second, unless all the information and every word in the long quote is essential and could not be paraphrased (which is highly doubtful with a long passage), you are not showing your audience you have processed or evaluated the importance of the source\u2019s critical information and weeded out the unnecessary information. If you believe you have found the perfect paragraph to support your ideas, and you decide you really want or need to use the long quote, see if you can shorten it by removing unnecessary words or complete sentences and put ellipses in their place. This will again show your reader that you have put a lot of thought into the use of the quote and that you have included it just because you did not want to do any thinking.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBe wary of quoting from sources at length. Remember, your ideas should drive the paper, and quotations should be used to support and enhance your points. Make sure any lengthy quotations that you include serve a clear purpose. Generally, no more than 10 to 15 percent of a paper should consist of quoted material.\r\n\r\n<strong>Long Quotations: How to Make <\/strong><strong>T<\/strong><strong>hem Fit<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAs with short quotations, you need to make sure long quotations fit into your writing. To introduce a long quote, you need to include a <strong>stem<\/strong> (this can include an attributive tag) followed by a colon (:). The stem is underlined in the example below.\r\n\r\n<strong>Example:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMarshall uses the example of towns in the Wild West to explain that:\r\n\r\nMuch of the population\u2014especially younger males\u2014frequently engaged in violence by participating in saloon fights and shootouts and gun fights. [However,] crimes committed by females, the elderly, or the infirm were rare occasions were much rarer because of those individuals being less likely to frequent such drinking establishments. (2010, p. 725)\r\n\r\nIn example, you can see the stem clearly introduces the quote in a grammatically correct way, leading into the quote fluidly.\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting Longer Quotations<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhen you quote a longer passage from a source\u201440 words or more\u2014you need to use a different format to set off the quoted material. Instead of using quotation marks, create a\u00a0<strong>block\u00a0quotation<\/strong>\u00a0by starting the quotation on a new line and indented five spaces from the margin. Note that in this case, the parenthetical citation comes\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the period that ends the sentence. If the passage continues into a second paragraph, indent a full tab (five spaces) again in the first line of the second paragraph. Here is an example:\r\n\r\nIn recent years, many writers within the fitness industry have emphasized the ways in which women can benefit from weight-bearing exercise, such as weightlifting, karate, dancing, stair climbing, hiking, and jogging. Chang (2008) found that engaging in weight-bearing exercise regularly significantly reduces women\u2019s risk of developing osteoporosis. Additionally, these exercises help women maintain muscle mass and overall strength, and many common forms of weight bearing exercise, such as brisk walking or stair climbing, also provide noticeable cardiovascular benefits.\r\n\r\nIt is important to note that swimming cannot be considered a weight-bearing exercise, since the water supports and cushions the swimmer. That doesn\u2019t mean swimming isn\u2019t great exercise, but it should be considered one part of an integrated fitness program. (p. 93)\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.2<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>Look at the long<\/strong><strong>block quotation example above. Identify four <\/strong><strong>differences between how it is <\/strong><strong>formatt<\/strong><strong>ed and how you would format <\/strong><strong>a short quotation. <\/strong>\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo format a long quote, you need to remember the following:\r\n\r\nYou may want to single space the quote, but not the main part of your essay. This will allow the long block quotation to stand out even more.\r\n\r\nIndent on both sides of the quote; you can use <em>left<\/em> or <em>full <\/em>justification.\r\n\r\nDo not use quotation marks; they are unnecessary because the spacing and indenting (and citation) will tell your reader this is a quote.\r\n\r\nDo not put the quote in italics.\r\n\r\nInclude the end period (.) before the citation. See the example above.\r\n<h2>9.4\u00a0Citation Guidelines<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Apply APA guidelines for citing sources within the body of the paper for various source types<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>In<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>Text Citations<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThroughout the body of your paper, you must include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase material from your research sources. The purpose of citations is twofold: to give credit to others for their ideas and to allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired. Your in-text citations provide basic information about your source; you will provide more detailed information for each source you cite in text in the references section. (Refer to your <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a> for guidance on compose citation\u2014for quotes or paraphrasing\u2014under the referencing example for each type of source.)\r\n\r\nIn-text citations must provide the name of the author or authors and the year the source was published. (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may provide the source title or the name of the organization that published the material instead.) When directly quoting a source, you must include the page number where the quote appears in the work being cited. This information may be included within the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, as in these examples.\r\n\r\nEpstein (2010) points out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).\r\n\r\nHere, the writer names the source author when introducing the quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the author\u2019s name. The page number appears in parentheses\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the closing quotation marks and\u00a0<em>before<\/em> the period that ends the sentence.\r\n\r\nAddiction researchers caution that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).\r\n\r\nHere, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that includes the author\u2019s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the closing quotation marks and\u00a0<em>before<\/em>\u00a0the period at the end of the sentence.\r\n\r\nAs noted in the book\u00a0<em>Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em>\u00a0(Epstein, 2010, p. 137), \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.\u201d\r\n\r\nHere, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note that in this example the parenthetical citation is placed\u00a0<em>before<\/em>\u00a0the comma that signals the end of the introductory phrase.\r\n\r\nDavid Epstein\u2019s book\u00a0<em>Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em>\u00a0(2010) pointed out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).\r\n\r\nAnother variation is to introduce the author and the source title in your sentence and include the publication date and page number in parentheses within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. As long as you have included the essential information, you can use the option that works best for that particular sentence and source.\r\n\r\nCiting a book with a single author is usually straightforward. Of course, your research may require that you cite many other types of sources, such as books or articles with more than one author or sources with no individual author listed. You may also need to cite sources available in both print and online and nonprint sources, such as websites and personal interviews.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.3<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>In each of the sentences below, identify the mistakes with how the quote was incorporated. Look carefully; some of them are tricky and have more than one <\/strong><strong>error<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nOne researcher outlines the viewpoints of both parties:\r\n\r\nFreedom of research is undoubtedly a cherished ideal in our society. In that respect, research has an interest in being free, independent, and unrestricted. Such interests weigh against regulations. On the other hand, research should also be valid, verifiable, and unbiased, to attain the overarching goal of gaining obtaining generalisable knowledge (Simonsen, 2012, p. 46).\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n2.\r\n\r\nAccording to a recent research study, \u2018that women aged 41 and over were 5 times less likely to use condoms than were men aged 18 and younger\u2019 (2007, p. 707).\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n3.\r\n\r\nAccording to Emlet, the rate in which older adults have contracted HIV has grown exponentially. Currently, \u201capproximately 20% of all HIV cases were among older adults\u201d. (Emlet, 2008).\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\n_________________________________________\r\n\r\nExamples taken from:\r\n\r\nWriting Commons. (2014, September). <em>Open Text.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa\r\n\r\nAnswers\r\n\r\n1.\r\n\r\nThe quote is not indented on either side.\r\n\r\n[sic] is required after \u201cobtaining\u201dbecause it is a mistake in the original.\r\n\r\nThe period is placed after the citation not before.\r\n\r\n2.\r\n\r\n\u201cThat\u201d should have been removed to make the quote flow with the rest of the sentence.\r\n\r\nThere is no attributive tag and no mention of the authors in the citation: Sormanti &amp; Shibusawa\r\n\r\nSingle quotation marks are used instead of double quotation marks.\r\n\r\n3.\r\n\r\nThe writer used an attributive tag with the name of the source\u2019s author, then gave the name again in the citation at the end. The second one is redundant.\r\n\r\nThe original quote used the past tense (\u201cwere\u201d), but the transition word \u201ccurrently\u201d requires this verb to be changed to present tense (\u201care\u201d) inside square brackets to make it fit.\r\n\r\nThere is an extra period before the citation. With a short quote, you put the end punctuation after the citation.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Formatting In<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>Text Citations <\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe following subsections discuss the correct format for various types of in-text citations. Read them through quickly to get a sense of what is covered, and then refer to them again as needed.\r\n\r\n<strong>Print Sources<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThis section covers books, articles, and other print sources with one or more authors.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work by One Author<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor a print work with one author, follow the guidelines provided in\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a>. Always include the author\u2019s name and year of publication. Include a page reference whenever you quote a source directly. (See also the guidelines presented earlier in this chapter about when to include a page reference for paraphrased material.)\r\n\r\nChang (2008) emphasized that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).\r\n\r\nChang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.\r\n\r\n<strong>Two or More Works by the Same Author<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAt times, your research may include multiple works by the same author. If the works were published in different years, a standard in-text citation will serve to distinguish them. If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately after the year. Rank the sources in the order they appear in your references section. The source listed first should include an \u00a0<em>a<\/em>\u00a0 after the year, the source listed second should include a \u00a0<em>b<\/em>, and so on.\r\n\r\nRodriguez (2009a) criticized the nutrition supplement industry for making unsubstantiated and sometimes misleading claims about the benefits of taking supplements. Additionally, he warned that consumers frequently do not realize the potential harmful effects of some popular supplements (Rodriguez, 2009b).\r\n\r\nThe author\u2019s last name is again mentioned in the final citation despite it being used in the attributive tag. In this case, this is acceptable because this is referring to a different source written by the same person.\r\n\r\n<strong>Works by Authors with the Same Last Name<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf you are citing works by different authors with the same last name, include each author\u2019s initials in your citation, whether you mention them in the text or in parentheses. Do so even if the publication years are different.\r\n\r\nJ. S. Williams (2007) believes nutritional supplements can be a useful part of some diet and fitness regimens. C. D. Williams (2008), however, believes these supplements are overrated.\r\n\r\nAccording to two leading researchers, the rate of childhood obesity exceeds the rate of adult obesity (K. Connelley, 2010; O. Connelley, 2010).\r\n\r\nStudies from both A. Wright (2007) and C. A. Wright (2008) confirm the benefits of diet and exercise on weight loss.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work by Two Authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhen two authors are listed for a given work, include both authors\u2019 names each time you cite the work. If you are citing their names in parentheses, use an ampersand (&amp;) between them. (Use the word\u00a0<em>and<\/em>, however, if the names appear in your sentence.)\r\n\r\nAs Garrison and Gould (2010) pointed out, \u201cIt is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits\u201d (p. 101).\r\n\r\nAs doctors continue to point out, \u201cIt is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits\u201d (Garrison &amp; Gould, 2010, p. 101).\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work by Three to Five Authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf the work you are citing has three to five authors, list all the authors\u2019 names the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, use the first author\u2019s name followed by the abbreviation\u00a0<em>et\u00a0al.<\/em>\u00a0(<em>Et al.<\/em>\u00a0is short for\u00a0<em>et alia<\/em>, the Latin phrase for \u201cand others.\u201d)\r\n\r\nHenderson, Davidian, and Degler (2010) surveyed 350 smokers aged 18 to 30.\r\n\r\nOne survey, conducted among 350 smokers aged 18 to 30, included a detailed questionnaire about participants\u2019 motivations for smoking (Henderson, Davidian, &amp; Degler, 2010).\r\n\r\nNote that these examples follow the same ampersand conventions as sources with two authors. Again, use the ampersand only when listing authors\u2019 names in parentheses.\r\n\r\nAs Henderson et al. (2010) found, some young people, particularly young women, use smoking as a means of appetite suppression.\r\n\r\nDisturbingly, some young women use smoking as a means of appetite suppression (Henderson et al., 2010).\r\n\r\nNote how the phrase\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>\u00a0is punctuated. There is no period comes after\u00a0<em>et<\/em>, but there is one with \u00a0<em>al.<\/em>\u00a0 because it is an abbreviation for a longer Latin word. In parenthetical references, include a comma after\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>\u00a0but not before. Remember this rule by mentally translating the citation to English: \u201cHenderson and others, 2010.\u201d\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work by Six or More Authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf the work you are citing has six or more authors, list only the first author\u2019s name, followed by\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>, in your in-text citations. The other authors\u2019 names will be listed in your references section.\r\n\r\nResearchers have found that outreach work with young people has helped reduce tobacco use in some communities (Costello et al., 2007).\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work Authored by an Organization<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhen citing a work that has no individual author but is published by an organization, use the organization\u2019s name in place of the author\u2019s name. Lengthy organization names with well-known abbreviations can be abbreviated. In your first citation, use the full name, followed by the abbreviation in square brackets. Subsequent citations may use the abbreviation only.\r\n\r\nIt is possible for a patient to have a small stroke without even realizing it (American Heart Association [AHA], 2010).\r\n\r\nAnother cause for concern is that even if patients realize that they have had a stroke and need medical attention, they may not know which nearby facilities are best equipped to treat them (AHA, 2010).\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work with No Listed Author<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf no author is listed and the source cannot be attributed to an organization, use the title in place of the author\u2019s name. You may use the full title in your sentence or use the first few words\u2014enough to convey the key ideas\u2014in a parenthetical reference. Follow standard conventions for using italics or quotations marks with titles:\r\n\r\nUse italics for titles of books or reports.\r\n\r\nUse quotation marks for titles of articles or chapters.\r\n\r\n\u201cLiving With Diabetes: Managing Your Health\u201d (2009) recommends regular exercise for patients with diabetes.\r\n\r\nRegular exercise can benefit patients with diabetes (\u201cLiving with Diabetes,\u201d 2009).\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work Cited within Another Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo cite a source that is referred to within another secondary source, name the first source in your sentence. Then, in parentheses, use the phrase\u00a0<em>as cited in <\/em>and the name of the second source author.\r\n\r\nRosenhan\u2019s study \u201cOn Being Sane in Insane Places\u201d (as cited in Spitzer, 1975) found that psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia in people who claimed to be experiencing hallucinations and sought treatment\u2014even though these patients were, in fact, imposters.\r\n\r\n<strong>Two or More Works Cited in One Reference<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAt times, you may provide more than one citation in a parenthetical reference, such as when you are discussing related works or studies with similar results. List the citations in the same order they appear in your references section, and separate the citations with a semicolon.\r\n\r\nSome researchers have found serious flaws in the way Rosenhan\u2019s study was conducted (Dawes, 2001; Spitzer, 1975).\r\n\r\nBoth of these researchers authored works that support the point being made in this sentence, so it makes sense to include both in the same citation.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Famous Text Published in Multiple Editions<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn some cases, you may need to cite an extremely well-known work that has been repeatedly republished or translated. Many works of literature and sacred texts, as well as some classic nonfiction texts, fall into this category. For these works, the original date of publication may be unavailable. If so, include the year of publication or translation for your edition. Refer to specific parts or chapters if you need to cite a specific section. Discuss with your instructor whether he or she would like you to cite page numbers in this particular instance.\r\n\r\nIn\u00a0<em>New Introductory Lectures on Psycho Analysis<\/em>, Freud explains that the \u201cmanifest content\u201d of a dream\u2014what literally takes place\u2014is separate from its \u201clatent content,\u201d or hidden meaning (trans. 1965, lecture XXIX).\r\n\r\nIn this example, the student is citing a classic work of psychology, originally written in German and later translated to English. Since the book is a collection of Freud\u2019s lectures, the student cites the lecture number rather than a page number.\r\n\r\n<strong>An Introduction, Foreword, Preface, or Afterword<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo cite an introduction, foreword, preface, or afterword, cite the author of the material and the year, following the same format used for other print materials.\r\n\r\n<strong>Electronic Sources<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhenever possible, cite electronic sources as you would print sources, using the author, the date, and where appropriate, a page number. For some types of electronic sources\u2014for instance, many online articles\u2014this information is easily available. Other times, however, you will need to vary the format to reflect the differences in online media.\r\n\r\n<strong>Online Sources without Page Numbers<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf an online source has no page numbers but you want to refer to a specific portion of the source, try to locate other information you can use to direct your reader to the information cited. Some websites number paragraphs within published articles; if so, include the paragraph number in your citation. Precede the paragraph number with the abbreviation for the word\u00a0<em>paragraph<\/em>\u00a0and the number of the paragraph (e.g., para. 4).\r\n\r\nAs researchers have explained, \u201cIncorporating fresh fruits and vegetables into one\u2019s diet can be a challenge for residents of areas where there are few or no easily accessible supermarkets\u201d (Smith &amp; Jones, 2006, para. 4).\r\n\r\nEven if a source does not have numbered paragraphs, it is likely to have headings that organize the content. In your citation, name the section where your cited information appears, followed by a paragraph number.\r\n\r\nThe American Lung Association (2010) noted, \u201cAfter smoking, radon exposure is the second most common cause of lung cancer\u201d (What Causes Lung Cancer? section, para. 2).\r\n\r\nThis student cited the appropriate section heading within the website and then counted to find the specific paragraph where the cited information was located.\r\n\r\nIf an online source has no listed author and no date, use the source title and the abbreviation\u00a0<em>n.d.<\/em>\u00a0in your parenthetical reference.\r\n\r\nIt has been suggested that electromagnetic radiation from cellular telephones may pose a risk for developing certain cancers (\u201cCell Phones and Cancer,\u201d n.d.).\r\n\r\n<strong>Personal Communication<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor personal communications, such as interviews, letters, and emails, cite the name of the person involved, clarify that the material is from a personal communication, and provide the specific date the communication took place. Note that while in-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, personal communications are an exception to this rule. They are cited only in the body text of your paper.\r\n\r\nJ. H. Yardley, M.D., believes that available information on the relationship between cell phone use and cancer is inconclusive (personal communication, May 1, 2009).\r\n\r\n<strong>Writing at Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAt work, you may sometimes share information resources with your colleagues by photocopying an interesting article or forwarding the URL of a useful website. Your goal in these situations and in formal research citations is the same: to provide enough information to help your professional peers locate and follow up on potentially useful information. Provide as much specific information as possible to achieve that goal, and consult with your supervisor or professor as to what specific style he or she may prefer.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In APA papers, in-text citations include the name of the author(s) and the year of publication whenever possible.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Page numbers are always included when citing quotations. It is optional to include page numbers when citing paraphrased material; however, this should be done when citing a specific portion of a work.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>When citing online sources, provide the same information used for print sources if it is available.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>When a source does not provide information that usually appears in a citation, in-text citations should provide readers with alternative information that would help them locate the source material. This may include the title of the source, section headings and paragraph numbers for websites, and so forth.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>When writing a paper, discuss with your instructor what particular standards you should follow.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>9.5\u00a0Creating a References Page<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Navigate and find examples of references in the JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Compose an APA-formatted references page<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section. In-text citations provide basic information\u2014the author\u2019s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary\u2014while the references section provides more extensive information, which allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired.\r\n\r\nIn-text citations are necessary within your writing to show where you have borrowed ideas or quoted directly from another author. These are kept short because you do not want to disrupt the flow of your writing and distract the reader. While the in-text citation is very important, it is not enough to enable yourreaders to locate that source if they would like to use it for their own research.\r\n\r\nThe references section of your essay may consist of a single page for a brief research paper or may extend for many pages in professional journal articles. This section provides detailed information about how to create the references section of your paper. You will review basic formatting guidelines and learn how to format bibliographical entries for various types of sources. As you create this section of your paper, follow the guidelines provided here.\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting the References Page<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTo set up your references section, use the insert page break feature of your word processing program to begin a new page. Note that the header and margins will be the same as in the body of your paper, and pagination will continue from the body of your paper. (In other words, if you set up the body of your paper correctly, the correct header and page number should appear automatically in your references section.) The references page should be double spaced and list entries in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name. If an entry continues for more than one line, the second line and each subsequent line are indented five spaces, or one tab space; this is called a \u201changing indent.\u201d\r\n\r\n<strong>What to Include in the References Section<\/strong>\r\n\r\nGenerally, the information to include in your references section is:\r\n\r\nThe name(s) of the author(s) or institution that wrote the source\r\n\r\nThe year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication\r\n\r\nThe full title of the source\r\n\r\nFor books, the city of publication\r\n\r\nFor articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears\r\n\r\nFor magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears\r\n\r\nFor sources on the web, the URL where the source is located\r\n\r\nBefore you start compiling your own references and translating referencing information from possibly other styles into APA style, you need to be able to identify each piece of information in the reference. This can sometimes be challenging because the different styles format the information differently and may put it in different places within the reference. However, the types of information each of the referencing styles requires is generally the same.\r\n\r\n<strong>Navigating <\/strong><strong>Y<\/strong><strong>our Reference Guide<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a> is organized into types of sources\u2014print, online, mixed media\u2014and by number of authors (or if there is no author). Once you find the referencing format you need in the guide, you can study the example and follow the structure to set up your own citations. (The style guide also provides examples for how to do the in-text citation for quotes and paraphrasing from that type of source.)\r\n\r\nYou may be asking yourself why you cannot just use the reference that is often provided on the first page of the source (like a journal article), but you need to remember that not all authors use APA style referencing, or even if they do, they may not use the exact formatting you need to follow.\r\n\r\nPutting together a references page becomes a lot easier once you recognize the types of information you continually see in references. For example, anytime you see something <em>italicized<\/em> for APA or underlined (in MLA), you know it is the title of the major piece of writing, such as a book with chapters or an academic journal with multiple articles. Take a look at the examples below.\r\n\r\n<strong>Sample Book Entry<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_1.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_1-e1439236389143.png\" alt=\"Akinds, R.C. (2002). Dr Atkins' diet revolution. New York: NY: M. Evans and Company.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-486 size-full\" height=\"192\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Sample Journal Article Entry<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_2.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_2-e1439236442486.png\" alt=\"Bass, D.N. (2010). Fraud in the lunchroom? Education Next, 10(1), 67-71.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-487 size-full\" height=\"252\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf you are sourcing a chapter from a book, do not italicize the title of the chapter; instead, use double quotes. You also need to include the pages of the chapter within the book. (You <em>do<\/em> italicize the title of the book, similar to the journal article example above.)\r\n\r\nThe following box provides general guidelines for formatting the reference page. For the remainder of this chapter, you will learn about how to format reference entries for different source types, including multi-author and electronic sources.\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting the References Section: APA General Guidelines<\/strong>\r\n\r\nInclude the heading\u00a0References, centred at the top of the page. The heading should not be boldfaced, italicized, or underlined.\r\n\r\nUse double-spaced type throughout the references section, as in the body of your paper.\r\n\r\nUse <strong>hanging indentation<\/strong> for each entry. The first line should be flush with the left margin, while any lines that follow should be indented five spaces. (Hanging indentation is the opposite of normal indenting rules for paragraphs.)\r\n\r\nList entries in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name. For a work with multiple authors, use the last name of the first author listed.\r\n\r\nList authors\u2019 names using this format: Smith, J. C.\r\n\r\nFor a work with no individual author(s), use the name of the organization that published the work or, if this is unavailable, the title of the work in place of the author\u2019s name.\r\n\r\nFor works with multiple authors, follow these guidelines:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>For works with up to and including seven authors, list the last name and initials for each author.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>For works with more than seven authors, list the first six names, followed by ellipses, and then the name of the last author listed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use an ampersand before the name of the last author listed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUse title case for journal titles. Capitalize all important words in the title.\r\n\r\nUse sentence case for all other titles\u2014books, articles, web pages, and other source titles. Capitalize the first word of the title. Do not capitalize any other words in the title except for the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Proper nouns<\/li>\r\n\t<li>First word of a subtitle<\/li>\r\n\t<li>First word after a colon or dash<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUse italics for book and journal titles. Do not use italics, underlining, or quotation marks for titles of shorter works, such as articles.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThere are many word processing programs and websites available that allow you to just plug in your referencing information and it will format it to the style required. If you decide to use such a program, you must still check all your references against your referencing guide because the way those programs and sites piece the information together may not be the <em>exact<\/em> way you are expected to do so at your school. Always double check!\r\n\r\n<strong>Writing at Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCiting other people\u2019s work appropriately is just as important in the workplace as it is in school. If you need to consult outside sources to research a document you are creating, follow the general guidelines already discussed, as well as any industry-specific citation guidelines. For more extensive use of others\u2019 work\u2014for instance, requesting permission to link to another company\u2019s website on your own corporate website\u2014always follow your employer\u2019s established procedures.\r\n\r\n<strong>Formatting Reference <\/strong><strong>Page <\/strong><strong>Entries <\/strong>\r\n\r\nAs is the case for in-text citations, formatting reference entries becomes more complicated when you are citing a source with multiple authors, various types of online media, or sources for which you must provide additional information beyond the basics listed in the general guidelines. The following sections show how to format reference entries by type of source.\r\n\r\n<strong>Print Sources: Books<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor book-length sources and shorter works that appear in a book, follow the guidelines that best describe your source.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Book by Two or More Authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the authors\u2019 names in the order they appear on the book\u2019s title page. Use an ampersand (&amp;) before the last author\u2019s name.\r\n\r\nCampbell, D. T., &amp; Stanley, J. C. (1963).\u00a0<em>Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research.<\/em>\u00a0Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.\r\n\r\n<strong>An Edited Book with No Author<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the editor or editors\u2019 names in place of the author\u2019s name, followed by\u00a0<em>Ed.<\/em>\u00a0or<em>Eds.<\/em>\u00a0in parentheses.\r\n\r\nMyers, C., &amp; Reamer, D. (Eds.). (2009).\u00a0<em>2009 nutrition index.<\/em>\u00a0San Francisco, CA: HealthSource, Inc.\r\n\r\n<strong>An Edited Book with an Author<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the author\u2019s name first, followed by the title and the editor or editors. Note that when the editor is listed after the title, you list the initials before the last name.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_3.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_3-e1439236481590.png\" alt=\"Dickinson, E (1959). Selected poems and letters of Emily Dickinson. R.N. Linscott (Ed). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-488 size-full\" height=\"161\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe previous example shows the format used for an edited book with one author\u2014for instance, a collection of a famous person\u2019s letters that has been edited. This is different from an anthology, which is a collection of articles or essays by different authors. For citing works in anthologies, see the guidelines later in this section.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Translated Book<\/strong>\r\n\r\nInclude the translator\u2019s name after the title, and at the end of the citation, list the date the original work was published. Note that for the translator\u2019s name, you list the initials before the last name.\r\n\r\nFreud, S. (1965).\u00a0<em>New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis<\/em>\u00a0(J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1933).\r\n\r\n<strong>A Book Published in Multiple Editions<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf you are using any edition other than the first, include the edition number in parentheses after the title.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_4.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_4-e1439236535502.png\" alt=\"Berk, L. (2001). Development through the lifespan (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-489 size-full\" height=\"164\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>A Chapter in an Edited Book<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the name of the author(s) who wrote the chapter, followed by the chapter title. Then list the names of the book editor(s) and the title of the book, followed by the page numbers for the chapter and the usual information about the book\u2019s publisher.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_5.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_5-e1439236578460.png\" alt=\"Hughes, J.R. and Pierattini, R.A. (1992). An Introduction to pharmacotherapy for mental disorders, In J. Grabowski and G. VandenBos (Eds.), Pscyhopharmacology (pp.97-125). Washington, DC: American Psyhcological Association.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-490 size-full\" height=\"138\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>A Work That Appears in an Anthology<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFollow the same process you would use to cite a book chapter, substituting the article or essay title for the chapter title.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_6.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_6-e1439236664155.png\" alt=\"Beck, A.T. &amp; Young, J. (1986). College blues. In D. Goleman and D. Heller (Eds.), The pleasures of pyschology (pp. 309-323). New York, NY: New American Library.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-491 size-full\" height=\"144\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>An Article in a Reference Book<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the author\u2019s name if available; if no author is listed, provide the title of the entry where the author\u2019s name would normally be listed. If the book lists the name of the editor(s), include it in your citation. Indicate the volume number (if applicable) and page numbers in parentheses after the article title.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_8.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_8-e1439236741702.png\" alt=\"The census. (2006). In J.W. Wright (Ed.), The New York Times 2006 alamanac (pp.268-275). New York, NY: Penguin.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-492 size-full\" height=\"132\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Two or More Books by the Same Author<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the entries in order of their publication year, beginning with the work published first.\r\n\r\nSwedan, N. (2001).\u00a0<em>Women\u2019s sports medicine and rehabilitation.<\/em> Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.\r\n\r\nSwedan, N. (2003).\u00a0<em>The active woman\u2019s health and fitness handbook.<\/em>\u00a0New York, NY: Perigee.\r\n\r\nIf two books have multiple authors, and the first author is the same but the others are different, alphabetize by the second author\u2019s last name (or the third or fourth, if necessary).\r\n\r\nCarroll, D., &amp; Aaronson, F. (2008).\u00a0<em>Managing type II diabetes.<\/em>\u00a0Chicago, IL: Southwick Press.\r\n\r\nCarroll, D., &amp; Zuckerman, N. (2008).\u00a0<em>Gestational diabetes.<\/em>\u00a0Chicago, IL: Southwick Press.\r\n\r\n<strong>Books by Different Authors with the Same Last Name<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAlphabetize entries by the authors\u2019 first initial.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_9.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_9-e1439236793899.png\" alt=\"Smith, I.K. (2008). The 4-day diet. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. Smith S. (2008). The complete guide to Navy Seal fitness: Updated for today's warrior elite (3rd ed.) Long Island City, NY: Hatherleigh Press.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-493 size-full\" height=\"157\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>A Book Authored by an Organization<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTreat the organization name as you would an author\u2019s name. For the purposes of alphabetizing, ignore words like\u00a0<em>t<\/em><em>he<\/em>\u00a0in the organization\u2019s name (e.g., a book published by the American Heart Association would be listed with other entries whose authors\u2019 names begin with \u00a0<em>A<\/em>.)\r\n\r\nAmerican Psychiatric Association. (1994).\u00a0<em>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV<\/em>\u00a0(4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Book Authored by a Government Agency<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTreat these as you would a book published by a non-governmental organization, but be aware that these works may have an identification number listed. If so, include the number in parentheses after the publication year.\r\n\r\nU.S. Census Bureau. (2002).\u00a0<em>The decennial censuses from 1790 to 2000<\/em>(Publication No. POL\/02-MA). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Offices.\r\n\r\n<strong>Print Sources: Periodicals<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>An Article in a Scholarly Journal<\/strong>\r\n\r\nInclude the following information:\r\n\r\nAuthor or authors\u2019 names\r\n\r\nPublication year\r\n\r\nArticle title (in sentence case, without quotation marks or italics)\r\n\r\nJournal title (in title case and in italics)\r\n\r\nVolume number (in italics)\r\n\r\nIssue number (in parentheses)\r\n\r\nPage number(s) where the article appears\r\n\r\nDeMarco, R. F. (2010). Palliative care and African American women living with HIV.\u00a0<em>Journal of Nursing Education, 49<\/em>(5), 1\u20134.\r\n\r\n<strong>An Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn journals, page numbers are continuous across all the issues in a particular volume. For instance, the winter issue may begin with page 1, and in the spring issue that follows, the page numbers pick up where the previous issue left off. (If you have ever wondered why a print journal did not begin on page 1, or wondered why the page numbers of a journal extend into four digits, this is why.) Omit the issue number from your reference entry.\r\n\r\nWagner, J. (2009). Rethinking school lunches: A review of recent literature. <em>American School Nurses\u2019 Journal<\/em>,\u00a0<em>47,<\/em>\u00a01123\u20131127.\r\n\r\n<strong>An Abstract of a Scholarly Article<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAt times you may need to cite an <strong>abstract<\/strong>\u2014the summary that appears at the beginning of a published article. If you are citing the abstract only, and it was published separately from the article, provide the following information:\r\n\r\nPublication information for the article\r\n\r\nInformation about where the abstract was published (for instance, another journal or a collection of abstracts)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_10.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_10-e1439236881168.png\" alt=\"Romano, S. (2005). Parental involvement in raising standardized test scores. [Abstract]. Elementary Education Abstracts, 19, 36.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-494 size-full\" height=\"159\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_11.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_11-e1439236929119.png\" alt=\"Simposon, M.J. (2008). Assessing educational progress: Beyond standardized testing. Journal of the Association for School Administrative Professionals, 35 (4), 32-40. Abstract obtained from Assessment in Education, 2009, 73(6), Abstract No. 537892.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-495 size-full\" height=\"172\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>A Journal Article with Two to Seven Authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList all the authors\u2019 names in the order they appear in the article. Use an ampersand before the last name listed.\r\n\r\nBarker, E. T., &amp; Bornstein, M. H. (2010). Global self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and self-reported dieting in early adolescence.\u00a0<em>Journal of Early Adolescence, 30<\/em>(2), 205\u2013224.\r\n\r\nTremblay, M. S., Shields, M., Laviolette, M., Craig, C. L., Janssen, I., &amp; Gorber, S. C. (2010). Fitness of Canadian children and youth: Results from the 2007\u20132009 Canadian Health Measures Survey.\u00a0<em>Health Reports, 21<\/em>(1), 7\u201320.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Journal Article with More Than <\/strong><strong>Eight<\/strong><strong>Authors<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the first six authors\u2019 names, followed by a comma, an ellipsis, and the name of the last author listed. The article in the following example has 16 listed authors; the reference entry lists the first six authors and the 16th, omitting the seventh through the 15th.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_12.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_12-e1439237007503.png\" alt=\"Straznicky, N.E., Lambert, E.A., Nestel, P.J., McGrane, M.T., Dawood, T., Schlaich, M.P.,...Lambert, G.W. (2010). Sympathetic neural adaptation to hypocaloric diet with or without exercise training in obese metabolic syndrome subjects. Diabetes, 59 (1), 71-79.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-496 size-full\" height=\"161\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Writing at Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe idea of an eight-page article with 16 authors may seem strange to you\u2014especially if you are in the midst of writing a 10-page research paper on your own. More often than not, articles in scholarly journals list multiple authors. Sometimes, the authors actually did collaborate on writing and editing the published article. In other instances, some of the authors listed may have contributed to the research in some way while being only minimally involved in the process of writing the article. Whenever you collaborate with colleagues to produce a written product, follow your profession\u2019s conventions for giving everyone proper credit for their contribution.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Magazine Article<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAfter the publication year, list the issue date. Otherwise, magazine articles as you would journal articles. List the volume and issue number if both are available.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_13.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_13-e1439237105267.png\" alt=\"Marano, H.E. (2010, March\/April). Keen cuisine: Dairy queen. Psychology Today, 43(2), 58.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-497 size-full\" height=\"157\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>A Newspaper Article<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTreat newspaper articles as you would magazine and journal articles, with one important difference: precede the page number(s) with the abbreviation\u00a0<em>p.<\/em>\u00a0(for a single-page article) or\u00a0<em>pp.<\/em>\u00a0(for a multipage-page article). For articles that have non-continuous pagination, list all the pages included in the article. For example, an article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 would have the page reference A1, A4. An article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 and A5 would have the page reference A1, A4\u2013A5.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_14.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_14-e1439237171466.png\" alt=\"Corwin, C. (2009, January 24). School board votes to remove soda machines from county schools. Rockwood Gazette, pp. A1-A2.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-498 size-full\" height=\"81\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>A Letter to the Editor<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAfter the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a letter to the editor.\r\n\r\nJones, J. (2009, January 31). Food police in our schools [Letter to the editor].\u00a0<em>Rockwood Gazette,<\/em>\u00a0p. A8.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Review<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAfter the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a review and state the name of the work being reviewed. (Note that even if the title of the review is the same as the title of the book being reviewed, as in the following example, you should treat it as an article title. Do not italicize it.)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_15.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_15-e1439237222994.png\" alt=\"Penhollow, T.M, and Jackson, M.A. (2009). Drug abuse: Concepts, prevention, and cessation [Review of the book Drug abuse: Concepts, prevention, and cessation]. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33 (5), 620-622.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-499 size-full\" height=\"144\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Electronic Sources<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Citing Articles from Online Periodicals: URLs and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhenever you cite online sources, it is important to provide the most up-to-date information available to help readers locate the source. In some cases, this means providing an article\u2019s URL, or web address. (The letters\u00a0<em>URL<\/em>\u00a0stand for uniform resource locator.) Always provide the most complete URL possible. Provide a link to the specific article used, rather than a link to the publication\u2019s homepage.\r\n\r\nAs you likely know, web addresses are not always stable. If a website is updated or reorganized, the article you accessed in April may move to a different location in May. The URL you provided may become a dead link. For this reason, many online periodicals, especially scholarly publications, now rely on DOIs rather than URLs to keep track of articles.\r\n\r\nA\u00a0<strong>DOI<\/strong>\u00a0is a digital object identifier\u2014an identification code provided for some online documents, typically articles in scholarly journals. Like a URL, its purpose is to help readers locate an article. However, a DOI is more stable than a URL, so it makes sense to include it in your reference entry when possible. Follow these guidelines:\r\n\r\nIf you are citing an online article with a DOI, list the DOI at the end of the reference entry.\r\n\r\nIf the article appears in print as well as online, you do not need to provide the URL. However, include the words\u00a0<em>e<\/em><em>lectronic<\/em><em> version<\/em>\u00a0after the title in brackets.\r\n\r\nIn all other respects, treat the article as you would a print article. Include the volume number and issue number if available. (Note, however, that these may not be available for some online periodicals.)\r\n\r\n<strong>An Article from an Online Periodical with a DOI<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the DOI if one is provided. There is no need to include the URL if you have listed the DOI.\r\n\r\nBell, J. R. (2006). Low-carb beats low-fat diet for early losses but not long term.\u00a0<em>OBGYN News, 41<\/em>(12), 32. doi:10.1016\/S0029-7437(06)71905-X\r\n\r\n<strong>An Article from an Online Periodical with No DOI<\/strong>\r\n\r\nList the URL. Include the volume and issue number for the periodical if this information is available. (For some online periodicals, it may not be.)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_16.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_16-e1439237297616.png\" alt=\"Laufer-Cahana, A. (2010, March 15). Lactose-intolerance do's and don'ts. Salon. Retrieved from: web address.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-500 size-full\" height=\"148\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nNote that if the article appears in a print version of the publication, you do not need to list the URL, but do indicate that you accessed the electronic version.\r\n\r\nRobbins, K. (2010, March\/April). Nature\u2019s bounty: A heady feast [Electronic version].\u00a0<em>Psychology Today, 43<\/em>(2), 58.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Newspaper Article<\/strong>\r\n\r\nProvide the URL of the article.\r\n\r\nMcNeil, D. G. (2010, May 3). Maternal health: A new study challenges benefits of vitamin A for women and babies.\u00a0<em>The New York Times.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/05\/04\/health\/04glob.html?ref=health\r\n\r\n<strong>An Article Accessed through a Database<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCite articles accessed through a database the same way you would normally cite a print article. Provide database information only if the article is difficult to locate.\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nAPA style does not require the item number or accession number for articles retrieved from databases. You may choose to include it if the article is difficult to locate or the database is an obscure one. Check with your instructor for specific requirements for your course.\r\n\r\n<strong>An Abstract of an Article<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFormat article abstracts as you would an article citation, but add the word\u00a0<em>Abstract<\/em>\u00a0in brackets after the title.\r\n\r\nBradley, U., Spence, M., Courtney, C. H., McKinley, M. C., Ennis, C. N., McCance, D. R.\u2026Hunter, S. J. (2009). Low-fat versus low-carbohydrate weight reduction diets: Effects on weight loss, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: A randomized control trial [Abstract].\u00a0<em>Diabetes<\/em>,<em>58<\/em>(12), 2741\u20132748. http:\/\/diabetes.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/early\/2009\/08\/23\/db00098.abstract\r\n\r\n<strong>A Nonperiodical Web Document<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe ways you cite different nonperiodical web documents may vary slightly from source to source, depending on the information available. In your citation, include as much of the following information as you can:\r\n\r\nName of the author(s), whether an individual or organization\r\n\r\nDate of publication (Use \u00a0<em>n.d.<\/em>\u00a0 if no date is available.)\r\n\r\nTitle of the document\r\n\r\nAddress where you retrieved the document\r\n\r\nIf the document consists of more than one web page within the site, link to the homepage or the entry page for the document.\r\n\r\nAmerican Heart Association. (2010). <em>Heart attack, stroke, and cardiac arrest warning signs.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.americanheart.org\/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053\r\n\r\n<strong>An Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBecause these sources often do not include authors\u2019 names, you may list the title of the entry at the beginning of the citation. Provide the URL for the specific entry.\r\n\r\nAddiction. (n.d.) In <em>Merriam-Webster\u2019s online dictionary<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/addiction\r\n\r\n<strong>Graphic Data<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhen citing graphic data\u2014such as maps, pie charts, bar graphs, and so on\u2014include the name of the organization that compiled the information, along with the publication date. Briefly describe the contents in brackets. Provide the URL where you retrieved the information. (If the graphic is associated with a specific project or document, list it after your bracketed description of the contents.)\r\n\r\nUS Food and Drug Administration. (2009). [Pie charts showing the percentage breakdown of the FDA\u2019s budget for fiscal year 2005].\u00a0<em>2005 FDA budget summary<\/em>. Retrieved from mhttp:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AboutFDA\/ReportsManualsForms\/Reports\/BudgetReports\/2005FDABudgetSummary\/ucm117231.htm\r\n\r\n<strong>An Electronic Book<\/strong>\r\n\r\nElectronic books may include books available as text files online or audiobooks. If an electronic book is easily available in print, cite it as you would a print source. If it is unavailable in print (or extremely difficult to find), use the format in the example. (Use the words\u00a0<em>Available from<\/em>\u00a0in your citation if the book must be purchased or is not available directly.)\r\n\r\nChisholm, L. (n.d.).\u00a0<em>Celtic tales.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from http:\/\/www.childrenslibrary.org\/icdl\/BookReader?bookid= chicelt_00150014&amp;twoPage=false&amp;route=text&amp;size=0&amp;fullscreen=false&amp;pnum1=1&amp;lang= English&amp;ilang=English\r\n\r\n<strong>A Chapter from an Online Book or a Chapter or Section of a Web Document<\/strong>\r\n\r\nChapters and sections from online books or web documents are treated similarly to their print counterparts with the addition of retrieval information. Include the chapter or section number in parentheses after the book title.\r\n\r\nHart, A. M. (1895). Restoratives\u2014Coffee, cocoa, chocolate. In\u00a0<em>Diet in sickness and in health<\/em>\u00a0(VI). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/dietinsicknessin00hartrich\r\n\r\n<strong>A Dissertation or Thesis from a Database<\/strong>\r\n\r\nProvide the author, date of publication, title, and retrieval information. If the work is numbered within the database, include the number in parentheses at the end of the citation.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_18.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_18-e1439237403814.png\" alt=\"Coleman, M.D. (2004). Effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on bone mineral density, biomarkets of bone turnover, and calcium metabolism in healthy pre-menopausal females. Retrieved from Virginia Tech Digital Library and Archives: Electronic Theses and Dissertions. (etd-07282004-174858)\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-501 size-full\" height=\"183\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Computer Software<\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor commonly used office software and programming languages, it is not necessary to provide a citation. Cite software only when you are using a specialized program, such as the nutrition tracking software in the following example. If you download software from a website, provide the version and the year if available.\r\n\r\nInternet Brands, Inc. (2009). FitDay PC (Version 2) [Software]. Available from http:\/\/www.fitday.com\/Pc\/PcHome.html?gcid=14\r\n\r\n<strong>A Post on a Blog or Video Blog<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCitation guidelines for blogs are similar to those used for discussion forum postings. Briefly describe the type of source in brackets after the title.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_19.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_19-e1439237492790.png\" alt=\"Fazio, M. (2010, April 5). Exercising in my eighth month of pregnancy [Web log comment]. Retrieved from web address.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-502 size-full\" height=\"183\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Writing at Work<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBecause the content may not be carefully reviewed for accuracy, discussion forums and blogs should not be relied upon as a major source of information. However, it may be appropriate to cite these sources for some types of research. You may also participate in discussion forums or comment on blogs that address topics of personal or professional interest. Always keep in mind that when you post, you are making your thoughts public\u2014and in many cases, available through search engines. Make sure any posts that can easily be associated with your name are appropriately professional, because a potential employer could view them.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Television or Radio Broadcast<\/strong>\r\n\r\nInclude the name of the producer or executive producer; the date, title, and type of broadcast; and the associated company and location.\r\n\r\nWest, Ty. (Executive producer). (2009, September 24).\u00a0<em>PBS special report: Health care reform<\/em>\u00a0[Television broadcast]. New York, NY, and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Television or Radio Series or Episode<\/strong>\r\n\r\nInclude the producer and the type of series if you are citing an entire television or radio series.\r\n\r\nCouture, D., Nabors, S., Pinkard, S., Robertson, N., &amp; Smith, J. (Producers). (1979).\u00a0<em>The Diane Rehm show<\/em>\u00a0[Radio series]. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.\r\n\r\nTo cite a specific episode of a radio or television series, list the name of the writer or writers (if available), the date the episode aired, its title, and the type of series, along with general information about the series.\r\n\r\nBernanke, J., &amp; Wade, C. (2010, January 10). Hummingbirds: Magic in the air [Television series episode]. In F. Kaufman (Executive producer), <em>Nature.<\/em>\u00a0New York, NY: WNET.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Motion Picture<\/strong>\r\n\r\nName the director or producer (or both), year of release, title, country of origin, and studio.\r\n\r\nSpurlock, M. (Director\/producer), Morley, J. (Executive producer), &amp; Winters. H. M. (Executive producer). (2004).\u00a0<em>Super size me.<\/em>\u00a0United States: Kathbur Pictures in association with Studio on Hudson.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Recording<\/strong>\r\n\r\nName the primary contributors and list their role. Include the recording medium in brackets after the title. Then list the location and the label.\r\n\r\nSmith, L. W. (Speaker). (1999).\u00a0<em>Meditation and relaxation<\/em>\u00a0[CD]. New York, NY: Earth, Wind, &amp; Sky Productions.\r\n\r\nSz\u00e9kely, I. (Pianist), Budapest Symphony Orchestra (Performers), &amp; N\u00e9meth, G. (Conductor). (1988). <em>Chopin piano concertos no. 1 and 2<\/em>\u00a0[CD]. Hong Kong: Naxos.\r\n\r\n<strong>A Podcast<\/strong>\r\n\r\nProvide as much information as possible about the writer, director, and producer; the date the podcast aired; its title; any organization or series with which it is associated; and where you retrieved the podcast.\r\n\r\nKelsey, A. R. (Writer), Garcia, J. (Director), &amp; Kim, S. C. (Producer). (2010, May 7). Lies food labels tell us.\u00a0<em>Savvy consumer podcast<\/em> \u00a0[Audio podcast]<em>.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.savvyconsumer.org\/podcasts\/050710\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>-<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.4<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<strong>Using the guidelines above and your <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\"><strong>JIBC APA <\/strong><strong>Reference<\/strong><strong> Guide<\/strong><\/a><strong>, identify what each of these types of sources are based on their identifying characteristics and under which categories you would find them in the reference guide. Choose the answer that best describes each example.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBaudrillard, Jean. <em>For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign.<\/em> Trans. Charles Levin. Saint Louis: Telos, 1981.\r\n\r\nA book with two authors\r\n\r\nA multi-volume work\r\n\r\nAn article in a journal\r\n\r\nA book with one author\r\n\r\nUnited States Drug Enforcement Administration. (2014). The Dangers and consequences of marijuana abuse. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/dea\/docs\/dangers-consequences-marijuana-abuse.pdf\r\n\r\nOnline government document\r\n\r\nOnline task force report, corporate author\r\n\r\nOnline codes and standards\r\n\r\nA blog\r\n\r\nWatson, S. (2003). Antigone. In R. Sullivan &amp; M. Levene (Eds.), <em>Short Fiction: An Anthology<\/em> (pp. 323-329). Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1979)\r\n\r\nA short story reprinted in an anthology\r\n\r\nA chapter in a book\r\n\r\nA multi-volume book\r\n\r\nA book with three authors\r\n\r\nGilbert, Elliot. \u201cThe Ceremony of Innocence: Charles Dickens\u2019s <em>A Christmas Carol.<\/em>\u201d <em>PMLA <\/em>90 (1975): 22-31.\r\n\r\nAn online journal article\r\n\r\nAn academic article\r\n\r\nA chapter in a book\r\n\r\nA newspaper article\r\n\r\nOgborne, A.C., Smart, R.G., &amp; Adlaf, E.M. (2000). Self-reported medical use of marijuana: A survey of the general population. <em>Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162<\/em>(12), 1685. Retrieved from http:\/\/ecmaj.ca.cgi\r\n\r\nAn online academic journal article\r\n\r\nAn online authored report, non-governmental organization\r\n\r\nAn online academic journal article by multiple authors\r\n\r\nAn e-version of a print book\r\n\r\nDavid, L. (Producer) &amp; Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). <em>An Inconvenient Truth<\/em> [Motion Picture]. United States: Lawrence Bender Productions.\r\n\r\nA CD-ROM\r\n\r\nA television series\r\n\r\nA video\/DVD\r\n\r\nA blog\r\n\r\nJaynes, J. 1986 Consciousness of the voices of the mind. <em>Canadian Psychology<\/em> 27. 128-137.\r\n\r\nAn online journal article\r\n\r\nAn academic journal article\r\n\r\nA book\r\n\r\nA magazine article\r\n\r\nSpiro, M.D. (1983). Introduction: Thirty years of kibbutz research. In E. Krause (Ed.), <em>The sociology of the kibbutz: Studies in Israeli society II. <\/em>New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.\r\n\r\nA book\r\n\r\nA chapter\r\n\r\nAn edited book\r\n\r\nAll of the above\r\n\r\nKamel, F., Tanner, C., Umbach, D., Hoppin, J., Alavanja, M., Blair, A.,\u2026 Sandler, D. (2007). Pesticide exposure and self-reported Parkinson\u2019s disease in the agricultural health study. <em>Am J Epidemiol<\/em>, 165: 364-374.\r\n\r\nAn online academic article with eight or more authors\r\n\r\nA book with eight or more authors\r\n\r\nA print journal article with eight or more authors\r\n\r\nA chapter in an edited book\r\n\r\nMcPartland, J.M., &amp; Pruitt, P.L. (1997). Medical marijuana and its use by the immunocompromised. <em>Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 3<\/em>(3), 39-45. doi: 10.1080\/102825\r\n\r\nAn online newspaper article\r\n\r\nAn online article with DOI\r\n\r\nA chapter of a book from an online library\r\n\r\nAll of the above\r\n\r\nSome examples taken from:\r\n\r\nWriting Commons. (2014, September). <em>Open Text.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa\r\n\r\nAnswers:\r\n\r\nD. Although two names are given, only the first is the author; the second is a translator. It is a book because it has a city and publisher.\r\n\r\nA. Starts with \u201cUnited States\u201d = good chance it is a government-produced document\r\n\r\nA. The title of the book contains \u201canthology,\u201d which means collection of stories, and \u201cfiction\u201d refers to stories. We know it is a book because of the city and publisher.\r\n\r\nB. There are actually three titles given here: the article, a book within the title of the article, the journal name <em>PMLA<\/em> (<em>Publications of the Modern Language Association<\/em>). There are also a volume number after <em>PMLA<\/em> and page numbers.\r\n\r\nC. There are three authors, URL, and title of journal, identifying it as an online article with multiple authors.\r\n\r\nC. The keywords identifying it as a video\/DVD are <em>director, producer<\/em>, and <em>motion picture<\/em>\r\n\r\nB. The title of journal and article, and the page numbers identify it as a journal article, but there is no URL so we know it is not online.\r\n\r\nD. There are two titles, one italicized and one not, so it is part of a bigger source; the second name followed by \u201cEd.\u201d shows this was an edited book; we know it is a book because of the city and publisher.\r\n\r\nC. The title of journal and article, with page numbers, identifies it as a journal article, but not online as there is no URL. More than eight authors are listed.\r\n\r\nB. It is identified as a journal article because the journal title is given, and the name of the article. There is no URL but there is a DOI, identifying it as being online.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Sample <\/strong><strong>Reference Page<\/strong>\r\n\r\nReview the following example from Jorge\u2019s paper on evaluating low-carbohydrate diets. This is an example of how to piece all of your referencing information into one section.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_20.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_20-e1439237576466.png\" alt=\"Reference list\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-503 size-full\" height=\"671\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_21.png\"><img src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_21-e1439237600727.png\" alt=\"Reference list\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-504 size-full\" height=\"584\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>Assignment 3 (2.5%)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nUsing the <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a>, compile a reference page consisting of the six sources given below. You will need to apply the required formatting for each of the references as well as the page as a whole. You will have to look at each of the sources and the information that is given for each: there may be some extra information you will need to omit from the references.\r\n\r\n1. Identify what type of source this is from the information given.\r\n\r\n2. Find the example of that type of source in the reference guide.\r\n\r\n3. Decide what information you need and do not need for each.\r\n\r\n4. Compose each individual source\u2019s reference.\r\n\r\n5. On a separate page, combine the references you created for the six sources into a correctly formatted reference page.\r\n\r\n<strong>Submit this assignment to your instructor for grading<\/strong><strong>. (<\/strong><strong>2.5%<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Referencing information for Assignment 3<\/strong>\r\n\r\n1. <em>American Music Teacher<\/em>, August-Sept 1999 v49 (1) p34(5) 1998 National Survey of High School Pianists. Harold Kafer; Richard Kennel\r\n\r\n2. <em>The Economist<\/em> (US), June 1, 1996 v339 n7968 p79(1) The food of the gods.\r\n\r\n3. <em>Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em>, Dec 2005 v14 i6 p317(4) Music and Cognitive Abilities. Glenn E. Schellenberg\r\n\r\n4. <em>Nursing interventions: effective nursing treatments<\/em> \/ [edited by] Gloria M. Bulechek, Joanne C. McCloskey. Philadelphia: Saunders, c1999. 3rd ed Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 072167724X Fenwick Stacks Call Number: RT48 .N8833 1999\r\n\r\n5. Kok, S.C. (2005). Music and learning. In Hoffman, B. (Ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of Educational <\/em><em>Technology<\/em>.Retrieved: March 28, 2008, from http:\/\/coe.sdsu.edu\/eet\/articles\/musiclearning\/start.htm\r\n\r\n6. Tuning up young minds: music lessons give kids a small IQ advantage.B. Bower. <em>Science News<\/em> 165.25 (June 19, 2004): p389(1). (446 words)\r\n\r\n<strong>Checklist 7.1<\/strong>\u00a0Reference Page Reminder\r\n\r\nJust to review, your final reference page needs to:\r\n\r\nStart on an fresh page after your last page of writing\r\n\r\nBe titled \u201cReference Page\u201d or \u201cReferences\u201d\r\n\r\nBe in alphabetical order based on the author\u2019s last name\r\n\r\nBe double spaced\r\n\r\nHave hanging indents\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn APA style, book and article titles are formatted in sentence case, not title case. Sentence case means that only the first word is capitalized, along with any proper nouns.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In APA papers, in-text citations usually include the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, which provide detailed referencing information about a source.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Entries in the references section include as much of the following information as possible:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Print Resources: Author(s), date of publication, title, publisher, page numbers (for shorter works), editors (if applicable), and periodical title (if applicable).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Online resources (text based). Author(s), date of publication, title, publisher or sponsoring organization, and DOI or URL (if applicable).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Electronic resources (non text based).Details about the creator(s) of the work, title, associated company or series, and date the work was produced or broadcast. The specific details provided will vary depending on the medium and the information that is available.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Electronic resources (text based). If widely available in print form, it is sometimes unnecessary to provide details about how to access the electronic version. Check the guidelines for the specific source type.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Journal entry #9<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Write a paragraph or two responding to the following. <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<em>What did you find the most straightforward\/easy about citations?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>What did you find more difficult about citations?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>What did you find the most straightforward\/easy about composing references?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>What did you find more difficult about composing references?<\/em>\r\n\r\n<em>What concerns you most <\/em><em>about <\/em><em>referencing citations? What will you do to address this?<\/em>\r\n\r\nRemember as mentioned in the Assessment Descriptions in your syllabus:\r\n\r\nYou will be expected to respond to the questions by reflecting on and discussing your experiences with the week\u2019s material.\r\n\r\nWhen writing your journals, you should focus on freewriting\u2014writing without (overly) considering formal writing structures\u2014but remember that it will be read by the instructor, who needs to be able to understand your ideas.\r\n\r\nYour instructor will be able to see if you have completed this entry by the end of the week but will not read all of the journals until week 11.","rendered":"<div>\n<h2><strong>9<\/strong><strong>.1<\/strong>\u00a0Supporting<strong> Your Ideas<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Evaluate when to use primary or secondary sources for support<\/li>\n<li>Explain the two forms of plagiarism and how to avoid them<\/li>\n<li>Explain the importance of academic integrity and the potential consequences of not abiding by this<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In this chapter you are going to learn more about compiling references and citations. You will also learn strategies for handling some of the more challenging aspects of writing a research paper, such as integrating material from your sources, citing information correctly, and avoiding any misuse of your sources. The first section of this chapter will introduce you to broad concepts associated with adding support to your ideas and providing documentation\u2014citations and references\u2014when you use sources in your papers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Using Primary and Secondary Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As you write your draft, be mindful of how you are using primary and secondary source material to support your points. Recall that primary sources present firsthand information. Secondary sources are one step removed from primary sources. They present a writer\u2019s analysis or interpretation of primary source materials. How you balance primary and secondary source material in your paper will depend on the topic and assignment.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Using Primary Sources Effectively<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some types of research papers must use primary sources extensively to achieve their purpose. Any paper that analyzes a primary text or presents the writer\u2019s own experimental research falls in this category. Here are a few examples:<\/p>\n<p>A paper for a literature course analyzing several poems by Emily Dickinson<\/p>\n<p>A paper for a political science course comparing televised speeches delivered by two candidates for prime minister<\/p>\n<p>A paper for a communications course discussing gender bias in television commercials<\/p>\n<p>A paper for a business administration course that discusses the results of a survey the writer conducted with local businesses to gather information about their work from home and flextime policies<\/p>\n<p>A paper for an elementary education course that discusses the results of an experiment the writer conducted to compare the effectiveness of two different methods of mathematics instruction<\/p>\n<p>For these types of papers, primary research is the main focus. If you are writing about a work (including non-print works, such as a movie or a painting), it is crucial to gather information and ideas from the original work, rather than rely solely on others\u2019 interpretations. And, of course, if you take the time to design and conduct your own field research, such as a survey, a series of interviews, or an experiment, you will want to discuss it in detail. For example, the interviews may provide interesting responses that you want to share with your reader.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Using Secondary Sources Effectively<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For some assignments, it makes sense to rely more on secondary sources than primary sources. If you are <em>not<\/em> analyzing a text or conducting your own field research, you will need to use secondary sources extensively.<\/p>\n<p>As much as possible, use secondary sources that are closely linked to primary research, such as a journal article presenting the results of the authors\u2019 scientific study or a book that cites interviews and case studies. These sources are more reliable and add more value to your paper than sources that are further removed from primary research. For instance, a popular magazine article on junk food addiction might be several steps removed from the original scientific study on which it is loosely based. As a result, the article may distort, sensationalize, or misinterpret the scientists\u2019 findings.<\/p>\n<p>Even if your paper is largely based on primary sources, you may use secondary sources to develop your ideas. For instance, an analysis of Alfred Hitchcock\u2019s films would focus on the films themselves as a primary source, but might also cite commentary from critics. A paper that presents an original experiment would include some discussion of similar prior research in the field.<\/p>\n<p>Jorge, who is preparing his essay on low-carbohydrate diets, knew he did not have the time, resources, or experience needed to conduct original experimental research for his paper. Because he was relying on secondary sources to support his ideas, he made a point of citing sources that were not far removed from primary research.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Some sources could be considered primary or secondary sources, depending on the writer\u2019s purpose for using them. For instance, if a writer\u2019s purpose is to inform readers about how the American No Child Left Behind legislation has affected elementary education in the United States, a\u00a0<em>Time<\/em>\u00a0magazine article on the subject would be a secondary source. However, suppose the writer\u2019s purpose is to analyze how the news media has portrayed the effects of the No Child Left Behind legislation. In that case, articles about the legislation in news magazines like\u00a0<em>Time<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Newsweek<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>US News &amp; World Report<\/em>\u00a0would be primary sources. They provide firsthand examples of the media coverage the writer is analyzing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avoiding Plagiarism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Your research paper presents your thinking about a topic, supported and developed by other people\u2019s ideas and information. It is crucial to always distinguish between the two\u2014as you conduct research, as you plan your paper, and as you write. Failure to do so can lead to plagiarism.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Intentional and Accidental Plagiarism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Plagiarism<\/strong>\u00a0is the act of misrepresenting someone else\u2019s work as your own. Sometimes a writer plagiarizes work on purpose\u2014for instance, by copying and pasting or purchasing an essay from a website and submitting it as original course work. This often happens because the person has not managed his or her time and has left the paper to the last minute or has struggled with the writing process or the topic. Any of these can lead to desperation and cause the writer to just take someone else\u2019s ideas and take credit for them.<\/p>\n<p>In other cases, a writer may commit accidental plagiarism due to carelessness, haste, or misunderstanding. For instance, a writer may be unable to provide a complete, accurate citation because of neglecting to record bibliographical information. A writer may cut and paste a passage from a website into her paper and later forget where the material came from. A writer who procrastinates may rush through a draft, which easily leads to sloppy paraphrasing and inaccurate quotations. Any of these actions can create the appearance of plagiarism and lead to negative consequences.<\/p>\n<p>Carefully organizing your time and notes is the best guard against these forms of plagiarism. Maintain a detailed working reference list and thorough notes throughout the research process. Check original sources again to clear up any uncertainties. Allow plenty of time for writing your draft so there is no temptation to cut corners.<\/p>\n<p>To avoid unintentional\/accidental plagiarism, follow these guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand what types of information must be cited.<\/li>\n<li>Understand what constitutes fair dealing of a source.<\/li>\n<li>Keep source materials and notes carefully organized.<\/li>\n<li>Follow guidelines for summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting sources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Academic Integrity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The concepts and strategies discussed in this section connect to a larger issue\u2014academic integrity. You maintain your integrity as a member of an academic community by representing your work and others\u2019 work honestly and by using other people\u2019s work only in legitimately accepted ways. It is a point of honour taken seriously in every academic discipline and career field.<\/p>\n<p>Academic integrity violations have serious educational and professional consequences. Even when cheating and plagiarism go undetected, they still result in a student\u2019s failure to learn necessary research and writing skills. Students who are found guilty of academic integrity violations face consequences ranging from a failing grade to expulsion. Employees may be fired for plagiarism and do irreparable damage to their professional reputation. In short, it is never worth the risk.<\/p>\n<h2>9.2\u00a0Documenting Source Material<\/h2>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify when to summarize, paraphrase, and directly quote information from research sources<\/li>\n<li>Identify when citations are needed<\/li>\n<li>Introduce sources<\/li>\n<li>Throughout the writing process, be scrupulous about documenting information taken from sources. The purpose of doing so is twofold:<\/li>\n<li>To give credit to other writers or researchers for their ideas<\/li>\n<li>To allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>You will cite sources within the body of your paper and at the end of the paper in your references section. For this assignment, you will use the citation format used by the American Psychological Association (also known as APA style). Within this course and for all of your courses at JIBC, you will need to follow the <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Jan2015.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a> when formatting citations and references within your papers.<\/p>\n<p>This section covers the nitty-gritty details of in-text citations. You will learn how to format citations for different types of source materials, whether you are citing brief quotations, paraphrasing ideas, or quoting longer passages. You will also learn techniques you can use to introduce quoted and paraphrased material effectively. Keep this section handy as a reference to consult while writing the body of your paper.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting Cited Material: The Basics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In-text citations usually provide the name of the author(s) and the year the source was published. For direct quotations, the page number must also be included. Use past tense verbs when introducing a quote: for example, \u201cSmith found\u2026,\u201d not \u201cSmith finds.\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Citing Sources in the Body of Your Paper<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>text\u00a0citations<\/strong>\u00a0document your sources within the body of your paper. These include two vital pieces of information: the author\u2019s name and the year the source material was published. When quoting a print source, also include in the citation the page number where the quoted material originally appears. The page number follows the year in the in-text citation. <em>Page numbers are <\/em><em>necessary only when content has been directly quoted, not when it has been summarized or paraphrased.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Using Source Material in Your Paper<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the challenges of writing a research paper is successfully integrating your ideas with material from your sources. Your paper must explain what you think, or it will read like a disconnected string of facts and quotations. However, you also need to support your ideas with research, or they will seem insubstantial. How do you strike the right balance?<\/p>\n<p>In your essay, the introduction and conclusion function like the frame around a picture. They define and limit your topic and place your research in context. In the body paragraphs of your paper, you need to integrate ideas carefully at the paragraph level and at the sentence level. You will use topic sentences in your paragraphs to make sure readers understand the significance of any facts, details, or quotations you cite. You will also include sentences that transition between ideas from your research, either within a paragraph or between paragraphs. At the sentence level, you will need to think carefully about how you introduce paraphrased and quoted material.<\/p>\n<p>Earlier you learned about summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting when taking notes. In the next few sections, you will learn how to use these techniques in the body of your paper to weave in source material to support your ideas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summarizing Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Look back at <strong>Section 3.2: Summarizing<\/strong> to refresh your memory of how Jorge summarized the article. As was mentioned there, when you are summarizing, you are focusing on identifying and sharing the main elements of a source. This is when you paraphrase the concepts and put them in your own words, demonstrating you have a firm understanding of the concepts presented and are able to incorporate them into your own paper.<\/p>\n<p>Within a paragraph, this information may appear as part of your introduction to the material or as a parenthetical citation at the end of a sentence. Read the examples that follow.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Leibowitz (2008) found that low-carbohydrate diets often helped subjects with Type II diabetes maintain a healthy weight and control blood sugar levels.<\/p>\n<p>The introduction to the source material (the<strong> attributive tag<\/strong>) includes the author\u2019s name followed by the year of publication in parentheses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Low-carbohydrate diets often help subjects with Type II diabetes maintain a healthy weight and control blood sugar levels (Leibowitz, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>The parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence includes the author\u2019s name, a comma, and the year the source was published. The period at the end of the sentence comes after the parentheses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting Paraphrased and Summarized Material<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When you paraphrase or summarize ideas from a source, you follow the same guidelines previously provided, except that you are not required to provide the page number where the ideas are located. If you are summing up the main findings of a research article, simply providing the author\u2019s name and publication year may suffice, but if you are paraphrasing a more specific idea, consider including the page number.<\/p>\n<p>Read the following examples.<\/p>\n<p>Chang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.<\/p>\n<p>Here, the writer is summarizing a major idea that recurs throughout the source material. No page reference is needed.<\/p>\n<p>Chang (2008) found that weight-bearing exercise could help women maintain or even increase bone density through middle age and beyond, reducing the likelihood that they will develop osteoporosis in later life (p. 86).<\/p>\n<p>Although the writer is not directly quoting the source, this passage paraphrases a specific detail, so the writer chose to include the page number where the information is located.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introducing Cited Material Effectively<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Including an introductory phrase in your text, such as \u201cJackson wrote\u201d or \u201cCopeland found,\u201d often helps you integrate source material smoothly. This citation technique also helps convey that you are actively engaged with your source material. Unfortunately, during the process of writing your research paper, it is easy to fall into a rut and use the same few dull verbs repeatedly, such as \u201cJones said,\u201d \u201cSmith stated,\u201d and so on.<\/p>\n<p>Punch up your writing by using strong verbs that help your reader understand how the source material presents ideas. There is a world of difference between an author who \u201csuggests\u201d and one who \u201cclaims,\u201d one who \u201cquestions\u201d and one who \u201ccriticizes.\u201d You do not need to consult your thesaurus every time you cite a source, but do think about which verbs will accurately represent the ideas and make your writing more engaging. <strong>T<\/strong><strong>able 9.1 Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited Material <\/strong>shows some possibilities.<\/p>\n<p>Table 9.1 Strong Verbs for Introducing Cited Material<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ask<\/td>\n<td>suggest<\/td>\n<td>question<\/td>\n<td>recommend<\/td>\n<td>determine<\/td>\n<td>insist<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>explain<\/td>\n<td>assert<\/td>\n<td>claim<\/td>\n<td>hypothesize<\/td>\n<td>measure<\/td>\n<td>argue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>propose<\/td>\n<td>compare<\/td>\n<td>contrast<\/td>\n<td>evaluate<\/td>\n<td>conclude<\/td>\n<td>find<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>study<\/td>\n<td>sum up<\/td>\n<td>believe<\/td>\n<td>warn<\/td>\n<td>point out<\/td>\n<td>assess<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>When to Cite<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Any idea or fact taken from an outside source must be cited, in both the body of your paper and the reference<\/em><em>s<\/em><em>.<\/em> The only exceptions are facts or general statements that are common knowledge. Common knowledge facts or general statements are commonly supported by and found in multiple sources. For example, a writer would not need to cite the statement that most breads, pastas, and cereals are high in carbohydrates; this is well known and well documented. However, if a writer explained in detail the differences among the chemical structures of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, a citation would be necessary. When in doubt, cite!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fair <\/strong><strong>Dealing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In recent years, issues related to the fair use of sources have been prevalent in popular culture. Recording artists, for example, may disagree about the extent to which one has the right to sample another\u2019s music. For academic purposes, however, the guidelines for fair dealing are reasonably straightforward.<\/p>\n<p>Writers may quote from or paraphrase material from previously published works without formally obtaining the copyright holder\u2019s permission.\u00a0<strong>Fair\u00a0<\/strong><strong>dealing<\/strong> in copyright law allows a writer to legitimately use brief excerpts from source material to support and develop his or her own ideas. For instance, a columnist may excerpt a few sentences from a novel when writing a book review. However, quoting or paraphrasing another\u2019s work excessively, to the extent that large sections of the writing are unoriginal, is not fair dealing.<\/p>\n<p>As he worked on his draft, Jorge was careful to cite his sources correctly and not to rely excessively on any one source. Occasionally, however, he caught himself quoting a source at great length. In those instances, he highlighted the paragraph in question so that he could go back to it later and revise. Read the example, along with Jorge\u2019s revision.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Heinz (2009) found that \u201csubjects in the low-carbohydrate group (30% carbohydrates; 40% protein, 30% fat) had a mean weight loss of 10 kg (22 lbs) over a four-month period.\u201d These results were \u201cnoticeably better than results for subjects on a low-fat diet (45% carbohydrates, 35% protein, 20% fat)\u201d whose average weight loss was only \u201c7 kg (15.4 lbs) in the same period.\u201d From this, it can be concluded that \u201clow-carbohydrate diets obtain more rapid results.\u201d Other researchers agree that \u201cat least in the short term, patients following low-carbohydrate diets enjoy greater success\u201d than those who follow alternative plans (Johnson &amp; Crowe, 2010).<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.1<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Paraphrasing practice is always a good thing! Take a look at Jorge\u2019s \u201csummary\u201d above. Notice he is not really summarizing but rather quoting. While this is technically not plagiarism, it does not show any processing of the information from the original source. It is just copying and pasting; the end result seems very chopp<\/strong><strong>y<\/strong><strong>, and a lot of the information can be generalized.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>For this exercise, try to rewrite Jorge\u2019s summary in your own words.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>After reviewing the paragraph, Jorge realized that he had drifted into unoriginal writing. Most of the paragraph was taken verbatim from a single article. Although Jorge had enclosed the material in quotation marks, he knew it was not an appropriate way to use the research in his paper.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Low-carbohydrate diets may indeed be superior to other diet plans for short-term weight loss. In a study comparing low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets, Heinz (2009) found that subjects who followed a low-carbohydrate plan (30% of total calories) for four months lost, on average, about 3 kilograms more than subjects who followed a low-fat diet for the same time. Heinz concluded that these plans yield quick results, an idea supported by a similar study conducted by Johnson and Crowe (2010). What remains to be seen, however, is whether this initial success can be sustained for longer periods.<\/p>\n<p>As Jorge revised the paragraph, he realized he did not need to quote these sources directly. Instead, he paraphrased their most important findings. He also made sure to include a topic sentence stating the main idea of the paragraph and a concluding sentence that transitioned to the next major topic in his essay.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is extremely important to remember that even though you are summarizing and paraphrasing from another source\u2014not quoting\u2014you must still include a citation, including the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Additionally, marijuana burning creates toxins; this strategy is counterproductive, and there are numerous individual hazards associated with using the plant as medicine (Ogborne, Smart, &amp; Adlaf, 2000).<\/p>\n<p>Example taken from:<\/p>\n<p>Writing Commons. (2014, September). Open Text.Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa\">http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Writing at Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is important to accurately represent a colleague\u2019s ideas or communications in the workplace. When writing professional or academic papers, be mindful of how the words you use to describe someone\u2019s tone or ideas carry certain connotations. Do not say a source\u00a0\u201cargues\u201d\u00a0a particular point unless an argument is, in fact, presented. Use lively language, but avoid language that is emotionally charged. Doing so will ensure you have represented your colleague\u2019s words in an authentic and accurate way.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>An effective research paper focuses on the writer\u2019s ideas. The introduction and conclusion present and revisit the writer\u2019s thesis. The body of the paper develops the thesis and related points with information from research.<\/li>\n<li>Ideas and information taken from outside sources must be cited in the body of the paper and in the references section.<\/li>\n<li>Material taken from sources should be used to develop the writer\u2019s ideas. Summarizing and paraphrasing are usually most effective for this purpose.<\/li>\n<li>A summary concisely restates the main ideas of a source in the writer\u2019s own words.<\/li>\n<li>A paraphrase restates ideas from a source using the writer\u2019s own words and sentence structures.<\/li>\n<li>Direct quotations should be used sparingly. Ellipses and brackets must be used to indicate words that are omitted or changed for conciseness or grammatical correctness.<\/li>\n<li>Always represent material from outside sources accurately.<\/li>\n<li>Plagiarism has serious academic and professional consequences. To avoid accidental plagiarism, keep research materials organized, understand guidelines for fair dealing and appropriate citation of sources, and review the paper to make sure these guidelines are followed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>9.3\u00a0Making Your Quotes Fit<\/h2>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Apply guidelines for citing sources within the body of the paper<\/li>\n<li>Evaluating when to use a short or long quote<\/li>\n<li>Incorporate short quotes with correct APA formatting<\/li>\n<li>Incorporate long quotations with correct APA formatting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>So, now you may have decided after much critical thought, that you definitely have found the most amazing, well-suited quote that cannot be paraphrased, and you want to incorporate that quote into your paper. There are different ways to do this depending on how long the quote is; there are also a number of formatting requirements you need to apply.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quoting Sources Directly<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Most of the time, you will summarize or paraphrase source material instead of quoting directly. Doing so shows that you understand your research well enough to write about it confidently in your own words. However, direct quotes can be powerful when used sparingly and with purpose.<\/p>\n<p>Quoting directly can sometimes help you make a point in a colourful way. If an author\u2019s words are especially vivid, memorable, or well phrased, quoting them may help hold your reader\u2019s interest. Direct quotations from an interviewee or an eyewitness may help you personalize an issue for readers. Also, when you analyze primary sources, such as a historical speech or a work of literature, quoting extensively is often necessary to illustrate your points. These are valid reasons to use quotations.<\/p>\n<p>Less-experienced writers, however, sometimes overuse direct quotations in a research paper because it seems easier than paraphrasing. At best, this reduces the effectiveness of the quotations. At worst, it results in a paper that seems haphazardly pasted together from outside sources. <em>Use quotations sparingly for greater impact<\/em><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>When you do choose to quote directly from a source, follow these guidelines:<\/p>\n<p>Only use a quote when the original writer has phrased a statement so perfectly that you do not believe you could rephrase it any better without getting away from the writer\u2019s point.<\/p>\n<p>Make sure you have transcribed the original statement accurately.<\/p>\n<p>Represent the author\u2019s ideas honestly. Quote enough of the original text to reflect the author\u2019s point accurately.<\/p>\n<p>Use an attributive tag (e.g., \u201cAccording to Marshall (2013)\u2026.\u201d) to lead into the quote and provide a citation at the same time.<\/p>\n<p>Never use a standalone quotation. Always integrate the quoted material into your own sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Make sure any omissions or changed words do not alter the meaning of the original text. Omit or replace words only when absolutely necessary to shorten the text or to make it grammatically correct within your sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Use ellipses (3) [\u2026] if you need to omit a word or phrase; use (4) [\u2026.] when you are removing a section\u2014maybe a complete sentence\u2014that would end in a period. This shows your reader that you have critically and thoroughly examined the contents of this quote and have chosen only the most important and relevant information.<\/p>\n<p>Use brackets [ ] if you need to replace a word or phrase or if you need to change the verb tense.<\/p>\n<p>Use [<em>sic<\/em>] after something in the quote that is grammatically incorrect or spelled incorrectly. This shows your reader that the mistake is in the original, not your writing.<\/p>\n<p>Use double quotation marks [\u201c \u201d] when quoting and use single quotation marks [\u2018 \u2019] when you include a quote within a quote (i.e., if you quote a passage that already includes a quote, you need to change the double quotation marks in the original to single marks, and add double quotations marks around your entire quote).<\/p>\n<p>Remember to include correctly formatted citations that follow the JIBC APA Reference Guide.<\/p>\n<p>Jorge interviewed a dietitian as part of his research, and he decided to quote her words in his paper. Read an excerpt from the interview and Jorge\u2019s use of it, which follows.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Personally, I don\u2019t really buy into all of the hype about low-carbohydrate miracle diets like Atkins and so on. Sure, for some people, they are great, but for most, any sensible eating and exercise plan would work just as well.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Registered dietitian Dana Kwon (2010) admits, \u201cPersonally, I don\u2019t really buy into all of the hype.\u2026 Sure, for some people, [low carbohydrate diets] are great, but for most, any sensible eating and exercise plan would work just as well.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Notice how Jorge smoothly integrated the quoted material by starting the sentence with an introductory phrase. His use of an ellipsis and brackets did not change the source\u2019s meaning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Short v<\/strong><strong>ersus<\/strong><strong> Long Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Remember, what you write in essays should be primarily your own words; your instructors want to know what your ideas are and for you to demonstrate your own critical thinking. This means you should only use the ideas of experts in the form of quotes to support your ideas<em>.<\/em> A paper that consists of mostly quotes pieced together does not demonstrate original thought but rather that you are good at cutting and pasting. Therefore, you should strive to state your ideas, develop them thoroughly, and then insert a supporting quote, and only if necessary. Focus on paraphrasing and integrating and blending those external sources into your own ideas (giving the original author credit by using a citation, of course). When deciding to use any quotation as opposed to paraphrasing, you need to make sure the quote is a statement that the original author has worded so beautifully it would be less effective if you changed it into your own words. When you find something you would like to include <strong>verbatim<\/strong> (word for word) from a source, you need to decide if you should include the whole paragraph or section, or a smaller part. Sometimes, you may choose to use a longer quote but remove any unnecessary words. You would then use ellipses to show what content you have removed. The following examples show how this is done.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Original<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>According to Marshall (2010), \u201cBefore the creation of organized governmental policing agencies, it was citizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).<\/p>\n<p><strong>With Ellipses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>According to Marshall (2010), \u201cBefore the creation of organized governmental policing agencies, \u2026 citizens possessing firearms \u2026 monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Short Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A short quote can be as one word or a phrase or a complete sentence as long as three lines of text (again, removing any unnecessary words). Generally, a short quotation is one that is fewer than 40 words. Whether you use a complete sentence or only part of one, you need to make sure it blends in perfectly with your own sentence or paragraph. For example, if your paragraph is written in the present tense but the quote is in the past, you will need to change the verb, so it will fit into your writing. (You will read about on this shortly.) Using an <strong>attributive tag<\/strong> is another way to help incorporate your quote more fluidly. An attributive tag is a phrase that shows your reader you got the information from a source, and you are giving the author attribution or credit for his or her ideas or words. Using an attributive tag allows you to provide a citation at the same time as helping integrate the quote more smoothly into your work.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>According to Marshall (2010), \u201cBefore the creation of organized governmental policing agencies, it was citizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).<\/p>\n<p>In the example above, the attributive tag (with citation) is underlined; this statement is giving Marshall credit for his own words and ideas. You should note that this short quotation is a complete sentence taken from Marshall\u2019s bigger document, which is why the first word, <em>Before<\/em><em>,<\/em> is capitalized. If you were to include only a portion of that sentence, perhaps excerpting from the middle of it, you would not start the quote with a capital.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Marshall (2010) argues that vigilantism in the Wild West was committed by \u201ccitizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (p. 712).<\/p>\n<p>In this example, notice how the student has only used a portion of the sentence, so did not need to include the capital.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you do not use an attributive tag because the quote already fits smoothly into your sentence, you need to include the author\u2019s name after the sentence in parentheses with the date and page number.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vigilantism in the Wild West was committed by \u201ccitizens possessing firearms who monitored and maintained the peace\u201d (Marshall, 2010, p. 712).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting <\/strong><strong>Short <\/strong><strong>Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For short quotations, use quotation marks to indicate where the quoted material begins and ends, and cite the name of the author(s), the year of publication, and the page number where the quotation appears in your source. Remember to include commas to separate elements within the parenthetical citation. Also, avoid redundancy. If you name the author(s) in your sentence, do not repeat the name(s) in your parenthetical citation. Review following the examples of different ways to cite direct quotations.<\/p>\n<p>Chang (2008) emphasized that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).<\/p>\n<p>The author\u2019s name can be included in the body of the sentence or in the parenthetical citation. Note that when a parenthetical citation appears at the end of the sentence, it comes\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the closing quotation marks and\u00a0<em>before<\/em>\u00a0the period. The elements within parentheses are separated by commas.<\/p>\n<p><em>Weight Training for Women<\/em>\u00a0(Chang, 2008) claimed that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).<\/p>\n<p><em>Weight Training for Women<\/em>\u00a0claimed that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (Chang, 2008, p. 49).<\/p>\n<p>Including the title of a source is optional.<\/p>\n<p>In Chang\u2019s 2008 text\u00a0<em>Weight Training for Women<\/em>, she asserts, \u201cEngaging in weight-bearing exercise is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).<\/p>\n<p>The author\u2019s name, the date, and the title may appear in the body of the text. Include the page number in the parenthetical citation. Also, notice the use of the verb\u00a0<em>asserts<\/em>\u00a0to introduce the direct quotation.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEngaging in weight-bearing exercise,\u201d Chang asserts, \u201cis one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (2008, p. 49).<\/p>\n<p>You may begin a sentence with the direct quotation and add the author\u2019s name and a strong verb before continuing the quotation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Although APA style guidelines do not require writers to provide page numbers for material that is not directly quoted, your instructor may wish you to do so when possible. Check with your instructor about his or her preferences.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Long (Block) Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Long quotations should be used even more sparingly than shorter ones. Long quotations can range in length from four to seven or eight lines (40 words or more, and should <em>never<\/em> be as long as a page. There are two reasons for this: First, by using a long quote, you are essentially letting the original author do all the thinking for you; remember that your audience wants to see <em>your<\/em> ideas, not someone else\u2019s. Second, unless all the information and every word in the long quote is essential and could not be paraphrased (which is highly doubtful with a long passage), you are not showing your audience you have processed or evaluated the importance of the source\u2019s critical information and weeded out the unnecessary information. If you believe you have found the perfect paragraph to support your ideas, and you decide you really want or need to use the long quote, see if you can shorten it by removing unnecessary words or complete sentences and put ellipses in their place. This will again show your reader that you have put a lot of thought into the use of the quote and that you have included it just because you did not want to do any thinking.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Be wary of quoting from sources at length. Remember, your ideas should drive the paper, and quotations should be used to support and enhance your points. Make sure any lengthy quotations that you include serve a clear purpose. Generally, no more than 10 to 15 percent of a paper should consist of quoted material.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Long Quotations: How to Make <\/strong><strong>T<\/strong><strong>hem Fit<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As with short quotations, you need to make sure long quotations fit into your writing. To introduce a long quote, you need to include a <strong>stem<\/strong> (this can include an attributive tag) followed by a colon (:). The stem is underlined in the example below.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Marshall uses the example of towns in the Wild West to explain that:<\/p>\n<p>Much of the population\u2014especially younger males\u2014frequently engaged in violence by participating in saloon fights and shootouts and gun fights. [However,] crimes committed by females, the elderly, or the infirm were rare occasions were much rarer because of those individuals being less likely to frequent such drinking establishments. (2010, p. 725)<\/p>\n<p>In example, you can see the stem clearly introduces the quote in a grammatically correct way, leading into the quote fluidly.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting Longer Quotations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When you quote a longer passage from a source\u201440 words or more\u2014you need to use a different format to set off the quoted material. Instead of using quotation marks, create a\u00a0<strong>block\u00a0quotation<\/strong>\u00a0by starting the quotation on a new line and indented five spaces from the margin. Note that in this case, the parenthetical citation comes\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the period that ends the sentence. If the passage continues into a second paragraph, indent a full tab (five spaces) again in the first line of the second paragraph. Here is an example:<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, many writers within the fitness industry have emphasized the ways in which women can benefit from weight-bearing exercise, such as weightlifting, karate, dancing, stair climbing, hiking, and jogging. Chang (2008) found that engaging in weight-bearing exercise regularly significantly reduces women\u2019s risk of developing osteoporosis. Additionally, these exercises help women maintain muscle mass and overall strength, and many common forms of weight bearing exercise, such as brisk walking or stair climbing, also provide noticeable cardiovascular benefits.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to note that swimming cannot be considered a weight-bearing exercise, since the water supports and cushions the swimmer. That doesn\u2019t mean swimming isn\u2019t great exercise, but it should be considered one part of an integrated fitness program. (p. 93)<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.2<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Look at the long<\/strong><strong>block quotation example above. Identify four <\/strong><strong>differences between how it is <\/strong><strong>formatt<\/strong><strong>ed and how you would format <\/strong><strong>a short quotation. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To format a long quote, you need to remember the following:<\/p>\n<p>You may want to single space the quote, but not the main part of your essay. This will allow the long block quotation to stand out even more.<\/p>\n<p>Indent on both sides of the quote; you can use <em>left<\/em> or <em>full <\/em>justification.<\/p>\n<p>Do not use quotation marks; they are unnecessary because the spacing and indenting (and citation) will tell your reader this is a quote.<\/p>\n<p>Do not put the quote in italics.<\/p>\n<p>Include the end period (.) before the citation. See the example above.<\/p>\n<h2>9.4\u00a0Citation Guidelines<\/h2>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Apply APA guidelines for citing sources within the body of the paper for various source types<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>In<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Text Citations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Throughout the body of your paper, you must include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase material from your research sources. The purpose of citations is twofold: to give credit to others for their ideas and to allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired. Your in-text citations provide basic information about your source; you will provide more detailed information for each source you cite in text in the references section. (Refer to your <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a> for guidance on compose citation\u2014for quotes or paraphrasing\u2014under the referencing example for each type of source.)<\/p>\n<p>In-text citations must provide the name of the author or authors and the year the source was published. (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may provide the source title or the name of the organization that published the material instead.) When directly quoting a source, you must include the page number where the quote appears in the work being cited. This information may be included within the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, as in these examples.<\/p>\n<p>Epstein (2010) points out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).<\/p>\n<p>Here, the writer names the source author when introducing the quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the author\u2019s name. The page number appears in parentheses\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the closing quotation marks and\u00a0<em>before<\/em> the period that ends the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Addiction researchers caution that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).<\/p>\n<p>Here, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that includes the author\u2019s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed\u00a0<em>after<\/em>\u00a0the closing quotation marks and\u00a0<em>before<\/em>\u00a0the period at the end of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>As noted in the book\u00a0<em>Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em>\u00a0(Epstein, 2010, p. 137), \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Here, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note that in this example the parenthetical citation is placed\u00a0<em>before<\/em>\u00a0the comma that signals the end of the introductory phrase.<\/p>\n<p>David Epstein\u2019s book\u00a0<em>Junk Food, Junk Science<\/em>\u00a0(2010) pointed out that \u201cjunk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive\u201d (p. 137).<\/p>\n<p>Another variation is to introduce the author and the source title in your sentence and include the publication date and page number in parentheses within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. As long as you have included the essential information, you can use the option that works best for that particular sentence and source.<\/p>\n<p>Citing a book with a single author is usually straightforward. Of course, your research may require that you cite many other types of sources, such as books or articles with more than one author or sources with no individual author listed. You may also need to cite sources available in both print and online and nonprint sources, such as websites and personal interviews.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.3<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>In each of the sentences below, identify the mistakes with how the quote was incorporated. Look carefully; some of them are tricky and have more than one <\/strong><strong>error<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One researcher outlines the viewpoints of both parties:<\/p>\n<p>Freedom of research is undoubtedly a cherished ideal in our society. In that respect, research has an interest in being free, independent, and unrestricted. Such interests weigh against regulations. On the other hand, research should also be valid, verifiable, and unbiased, to attain the overarching goal of gaining obtaining generalisable knowledge (Simonsen, 2012, p. 46).<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>2.<\/p>\n<p>According to a recent research study, \u2018that women aged 41 and over were 5 times less likely to use condoms than were men aged 18 and younger\u2019 (2007, p. 707).<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>3.<\/p>\n<p>According to Emlet, the rate in which older adults have contracted HIV has grown exponentially. Currently, \u201capproximately 20% of all HIV cases were among older adults\u201d. (Emlet, 2008).<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>_________________________________________<\/p>\n<p>Examples taken from:<\/p>\n<p>Writing Commons. (2014, September). <em>Open Text.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa<\/p>\n<p>Answers<\/p>\n<p>1.<\/p>\n<p>The quote is not indented on either side.<\/p>\n<p>[sic] is required after \u201cobtaining\u201dbecause it is a mistake in the original.<\/p>\n<p>The period is placed after the citation not before.<\/p>\n<p>2.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThat\u201d should have been removed to make the quote flow with the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>There is no attributive tag and no mention of the authors in the citation: Sormanti &amp; Shibusawa<\/p>\n<p>Single quotation marks are used instead of double quotation marks.<\/p>\n<p>3.<\/p>\n<p>The writer used an attributive tag with the name of the source\u2019s author, then gave the name again in the citation at the end. The second one is redundant.<\/p>\n<p>The original quote used the past tense (\u201cwere\u201d), but the transition word \u201ccurrently\u201d requires this verb to be changed to present tense (\u201care\u201d) inside square brackets to make it fit.<\/p>\n<p>There is an extra period before the citation. With a short quote, you put the end punctuation after the citation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Formatting In<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Text Citations <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following subsections discuss the correct format for various types of in-text citations. Read them through quickly to get a sense of what is covered, and then refer to them again as needed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Print Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This section covers books, articles, and other print sources with one or more authors.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work by One Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For a print work with one author, follow the guidelines provided in\u00a0the <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a>. Always include the author\u2019s name and year of publication. Include a page reference whenever you quote a source directly. (See also the guidelines presented earlier in this chapter about when to include a page reference for paraphrased material.)<\/p>\n<p>Chang (2008) emphasized that \u201cengaging in weight-bearing exercise consistently is one of the single best things women can do to maintain good health\u201d (p. 49).<\/p>\n<p>Chang (2008) pointed out that weight-bearing exercise has many potential benefits for women.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Two or More Works by the Same Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>At times, your research may include multiple works by the same author. If the works were published in different years, a standard in-text citation will serve to distinguish them. If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately after the year. Rank the sources in the order they appear in your references section. The source listed first should include an \u00a0<em>a<\/em>\u00a0 after the year, the source listed second should include a \u00a0<em>b<\/em>, and so on.<\/p>\n<p>Rodriguez (2009a) criticized the nutrition supplement industry for making unsubstantiated and sometimes misleading claims about the benefits of taking supplements. Additionally, he warned that consumers frequently do not realize the potential harmful effects of some popular supplements (Rodriguez, 2009b).<\/p>\n<p>The author\u2019s last name is again mentioned in the final citation despite it being used in the attributive tag. In this case, this is acceptable because this is referring to a different source written by the same person.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Works by Authors with the Same Last Name<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you are citing works by different authors with the same last name, include each author\u2019s initials in your citation, whether you mention them in the text or in parentheses. Do so even if the publication years are different.<\/p>\n<p>J. S. Williams (2007) believes nutritional supplements can be a useful part of some diet and fitness regimens. C. D. Williams (2008), however, believes these supplements are overrated.<\/p>\n<p>According to two leading researchers, the rate of childhood obesity exceeds the rate of adult obesity (K. Connelley, 2010; O. Connelley, 2010).<\/p>\n<p>Studies from both A. Wright (2007) and C. A. Wright (2008) confirm the benefits of diet and exercise on weight loss.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work by Two Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When two authors are listed for a given work, include both authors\u2019 names each time you cite the work. If you are citing their names in parentheses, use an ampersand (&amp;) between them. (Use the word\u00a0<em>and<\/em>, however, if the names appear in your sentence.)<\/p>\n<p>As Garrison and Gould (2010) pointed out, \u201cIt is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits\u201d (p. 101).<\/p>\n<p>As doctors continue to point out, \u201cIt is never too late to quit smoking. The health risks associated with this habit begin to decrease soon after a smoker quits\u201d (Garrison &amp; Gould, 2010, p. 101).<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work by Three to Five Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the work you are citing has three to five authors, list all the authors\u2019 names the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, use the first author\u2019s name followed by the abbreviation\u00a0<em>et\u00a0al.<\/em>\u00a0(<em>Et al.<\/em>\u00a0is short for\u00a0<em>et alia<\/em>, the Latin phrase for \u201cand others.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>Henderson, Davidian, and Degler (2010) surveyed 350 smokers aged 18 to 30.<\/p>\n<p>One survey, conducted among 350 smokers aged 18 to 30, included a detailed questionnaire about participants\u2019 motivations for smoking (Henderson, Davidian, &amp; Degler, 2010).<\/p>\n<p>Note that these examples follow the same ampersand conventions as sources with two authors. Again, use the ampersand only when listing authors\u2019 names in parentheses.<\/p>\n<p>As Henderson et al. (2010) found, some young people, particularly young women, use smoking as a means of appetite suppression.<\/p>\n<p>Disturbingly, some young women use smoking as a means of appetite suppression (Henderson et al., 2010).<\/p>\n<p>Note how the phrase\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>\u00a0is punctuated. There is no period comes after\u00a0<em>et<\/em>, but there is one with \u00a0<em>al.<\/em>\u00a0 because it is an abbreviation for a longer Latin word. In parenthetical references, include a comma after\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>\u00a0but not before. Remember this rule by mentally translating the citation to English: \u201cHenderson and others, 2010.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work by Six or More Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the work you are citing has six or more authors, list only the first author\u2019s name, followed by\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>, in your in-text citations. The other authors\u2019 names will be listed in your references section.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers have found that outreach work with young people has helped reduce tobacco use in some communities (Costello et al., 2007).<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work Authored by an Organization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When citing a work that has no individual author but is published by an organization, use the organization\u2019s name in place of the author\u2019s name. Lengthy organization names with well-known abbreviations can be abbreviated. In your first citation, use the full name, followed by the abbreviation in square brackets. Subsequent citations may use the abbreviation only.<\/p>\n<p>It is possible for a patient to have a small stroke without even realizing it (American Heart Association [AHA], 2010).<\/p>\n<p>Another cause for concern is that even if patients realize that they have had a stroke and need medical attention, they may not know which nearby facilities are best equipped to treat them (AHA, 2010).<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work with No Listed Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If no author is listed and the source cannot be attributed to an organization, use the title in place of the author\u2019s name. You may use the full title in your sentence or use the first few words\u2014enough to convey the key ideas\u2014in a parenthetical reference. Follow standard conventions for using italics or quotations marks with titles:<\/p>\n<p>Use italics for titles of books or reports.<\/p>\n<p>Use quotation marks for titles of articles or chapters.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLiving With Diabetes: Managing Your Health\u201d (2009) recommends regular exercise for patients with diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Regular exercise can benefit patients with diabetes (\u201cLiving with Diabetes,\u201d 2009).<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work Cited within Another Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To cite a source that is referred to within another secondary source, name the first source in your sentence. Then, in parentheses, use the phrase\u00a0<em>as cited in <\/em>and the name of the second source author.<\/p>\n<p>Rosenhan\u2019s study \u201cOn Being Sane in Insane Places\u201d (as cited in Spitzer, 1975) found that psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia in people who claimed to be experiencing hallucinations and sought treatment\u2014even though these patients were, in fact, imposters.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Two or More Works Cited in One Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>At times, you may provide more than one citation in a parenthetical reference, such as when you are discussing related works or studies with similar results. List the citations in the same order they appear in your references section, and separate the citations with a semicolon.<\/p>\n<p>Some researchers have found serious flaws in the way Rosenhan\u2019s study was conducted (Dawes, 2001; Spitzer, 1975).<\/p>\n<p>Both of these researchers authored works that support the point being made in this sentence, so it makes sense to include both in the same citation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Famous Text Published in Multiple Editions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In some cases, you may need to cite an extremely well-known work that has been repeatedly republished or translated. Many works of literature and sacred texts, as well as some classic nonfiction texts, fall into this category. For these works, the original date of publication may be unavailable. If so, include the year of publication or translation for your edition. Refer to specific parts or chapters if you need to cite a specific section. Discuss with your instructor whether he or she would like you to cite page numbers in this particular instance.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<em>New Introductory Lectures on Psycho Analysis<\/em>, Freud explains that the \u201cmanifest content\u201d of a dream\u2014what literally takes place\u2014is separate from its \u201clatent content,\u201d or hidden meaning (trans. 1965, lecture XXIX).<\/p>\n<p>In this example, the student is citing a classic work of psychology, originally written in German and later translated to English. Since the book is a collection of Freud\u2019s lectures, the student cites the lecture number rather than a page number.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Introduction, Foreword, Preface, or Afterword<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To cite an introduction, foreword, preface, or afterword, cite the author of the material and the year, following the same format used for other print materials.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Electronic Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Whenever possible, cite electronic sources as you would print sources, using the author, the date, and where appropriate, a page number. For some types of electronic sources\u2014for instance, many online articles\u2014this information is easily available. Other times, however, you will need to vary the format to reflect the differences in online media.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Online Sources without Page Numbers<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If an online source has no page numbers but you want to refer to a specific portion of the source, try to locate other information you can use to direct your reader to the information cited. Some websites number paragraphs within published articles; if so, include the paragraph number in your citation. Precede the paragraph number with the abbreviation for the word\u00a0<em>paragraph<\/em>\u00a0and the number of the paragraph (e.g., para. 4).<\/p>\n<p>As researchers have explained, \u201cIncorporating fresh fruits and vegetables into one\u2019s diet can be a challenge for residents of areas where there are few or no easily accessible supermarkets\u201d (Smith &amp; Jones, 2006, para. 4).<\/p>\n<p>Even if a source does not have numbered paragraphs, it is likely to have headings that organize the content. In your citation, name the section where your cited information appears, followed by a paragraph number.<\/p>\n<p>The American Lung Association (2010) noted, \u201cAfter smoking, radon exposure is the second most common cause of lung cancer\u201d (What Causes Lung Cancer? section, para. 2).<\/p>\n<p>This student cited the appropriate section heading within the website and then counted to find the specific paragraph where the cited information was located.<\/p>\n<p>If an online source has no listed author and no date, use the source title and the abbreviation\u00a0<em>n.d.<\/em>\u00a0in your parenthetical reference.<\/p>\n<p>It has been suggested that electromagnetic radiation from cellular telephones may pose a risk for developing certain cancers (\u201cCell Phones and Cancer,\u201d n.d.).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Personal Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For personal communications, such as interviews, letters, and emails, cite the name of the person involved, clarify that the material is from a personal communication, and provide the specific date the communication took place. Note that while in-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, personal communications are an exception to this rule. They are cited only in the body text of your paper.<\/p>\n<p>J. H. Yardley, M.D., believes that available information on the relationship between cell phone use and cancer is inconclusive (personal communication, May 1, 2009).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Writing at Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>At work, you may sometimes share information resources with your colleagues by photocopying an interesting article or forwarding the URL of a useful website. Your goal in these situations and in formal research citations is the same: to provide enough information to help your professional peers locate and follow up on potentially useful information. Provide as much specific information as possible to achieve that goal, and consult with your supervisor or professor as to what specific style he or she may prefer.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In APA papers, in-text citations include the name of the author(s) and the year of publication whenever possible.<\/li>\n<li>Page numbers are always included when citing quotations. It is optional to include page numbers when citing paraphrased material; however, this should be done when citing a specific portion of a work.<\/li>\n<li>When citing online sources, provide the same information used for print sources if it is available.<\/li>\n<li>When a source does not provide information that usually appears in a citation, in-text citations should provide readers with alternative information that would help them locate the source material. This may include the title of the source, section headings and paragraph numbers for websites, and so forth.<\/li>\n<li>When writing a paper, discuss with your instructor what particular standards you should follow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>9.5\u00a0Creating a References Page<\/h2>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Navigate and find examples of references in the JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/li>\n<li>Compose an APA-formatted references page<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section. In-text citations provide basic information\u2014the author\u2019s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary\u2014while the references section provides more extensive information, which allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired.<\/p>\n<p>In-text citations are necessary within your writing to show where you have borrowed ideas or quoted directly from another author. These are kept short because you do not want to disrupt the flow of your writing and distract the reader. While the in-text citation is very important, it is not enough to enable yourreaders to locate that source if they would like to use it for their own research.<\/p>\n<p>The references section of your essay may consist of a single page for a brief research paper or may extend for many pages in professional journal articles. This section provides detailed information about how to create the references section of your paper. You will review basic formatting guidelines and learn how to format bibliographical entries for various types of sources. As you create this section of your paper, follow the guidelines provided here.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting the References Page<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To set up your references section, use the insert page break feature of your word processing program to begin a new page. Note that the header and margins will be the same as in the body of your paper, and pagination will continue from the body of your paper. (In other words, if you set up the body of your paper correctly, the correct header and page number should appear automatically in your references section.) The references page should be double spaced and list entries in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name. If an entry continues for more than one line, the second line and each subsequent line are indented five spaces, or one tab space; this is called a \u201changing indent.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>What to Include in the References Section<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Generally, the information to include in your references section is:<\/p>\n<p>The name(s) of the author(s) or institution that wrote the source<\/p>\n<p>The year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication<\/p>\n<p>The full title of the source<\/p>\n<p>For books, the city of publication<\/p>\n<p>For articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears<\/p>\n<p>For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears<\/p>\n<p>For sources on the web, the URL where the source is located<\/p>\n<p>Before you start compiling your own references and translating referencing information from possibly other styles into APA style, you need to be able to identify each piece of information in the reference. This can sometimes be challenging because the different styles format the information differently and may put it in different places within the reference. However, the types of information each of the referencing styles requires is generally the same.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Navigating <\/strong><strong>Y<\/strong><strong>our Reference Guide<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a> is organized into types of sources\u2014print, online, mixed media\u2014and by number of authors (or if there is no author). Once you find the referencing format you need in the guide, you can study the example and follow the structure to set up your own citations. (The style guide also provides examples for how to do the in-text citation for quotes and paraphrasing from that type of source.)<\/p>\n<p>You may be asking yourself why you cannot just use the reference that is often provided on the first page of the source (like a journal article), but you need to remember that not all authors use APA style referencing, or even if they do, they may not use the exact formatting you need to follow.<\/p>\n<p>Putting together a references page becomes a lot easier once you recognize the types of information you continually see in references. For example, anytime you see something <em>italicized<\/em> for APA or underlined (in MLA), you know it is the title of the major piece of writing, such as a book with chapters or an academic journal with multiple articles. Take a look at the examples below.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sample Book Entry<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_1-e1439236389143.png\" alt=\"Akinds, R.C. (2002). Dr Atkins' diet revolution. New York: NY: M. Evans and Company.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-486 size-full\" height=\"192\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sample Journal Article Entry<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_2-e1439236442486.png\" alt=\"Bass, D.N. (2010). Fraud in the lunchroom? Education Next, 10(1), 67-71.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-487 size-full\" height=\"252\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you are sourcing a chapter from a book, do not italicize the title of the chapter; instead, use double quotes. You also need to include the pages of the chapter within the book. (You <em>do<\/em> italicize the title of the book, similar to the journal article example above.)<\/p>\n<p>The following box provides general guidelines for formatting the reference page. For the remainder of this chapter, you will learn about how to format reference entries for different source types, including multi-author and electronic sources.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting the References Section: APA General Guidelines<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Include the heading\u00a0References, centred at the top of the page. The heading should not be boldfaced, italicized, or underlined.<\/p>\n<p>Use double-spaced type throughout the references section, as in the body of your paper.<\/p>\n<p>Use <strong>hanging indentation<\/strong> for each entry. The first line should be flush with the left margin, while any lines that follow should be indented five spaces. (Hanging indentation is the opposite of normal indenting rules for paragraphs.)<\/p>\n<p>List entries in alphabetical order by the author\u2019s last name. For a work with multiple authors, use the last name of the first author listed.<\/p>\n<p>List authors\u2019 names using this format: Smith, J. C.<\/p>\n<p>For a work with no individual author(s), use the name of the organization that published the work or, if this is unavailable, the title of the work in place of the author\u2019s name.<\/p>\n<p>For works with multiple authors, follow these guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For works with up to and including seven authors, list the last name and initials for each author.<\/li>\n<li>For works with more than seven authors, list the first six names, followed by ellipses, and then the name of the last author listed.<\/li>\n<li>Use an ampersand before the name of the last author listed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Use title case for journal titles. Capitalize all important words in the title.<\/p>\n<p>Use sentence case for all other titles\u2014books, articles, web pages, and other source titles. Capitalize the first word of the title. Do not capitalize any other words in the title except for the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proper nouns<\/li>\n<li>First word of a subtitle<\/li>\n<li>First word after a colon or dash<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Use italics for book and journal titles. Do not use italics, underlining, or quotation marks for titles of shorter works, such as articles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are many word processing programs and websites available that allow you to just plug in your referencing information and it will format it to the style required. If you decide to use such a program, you must still check all your references against your referencing guide because the way those programs and sites piece the information together may not be the <em>exact<\/em> way you are expected to do so at your school. Always double check!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Writing at Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Citing other people\u2019s work appropriately is just as important in the workplace as it is in school. If you need to consult outside sources to research a document you are creating, follow the general guidelines already discussed, as well as any industry-specific citation guidelines. For more extensive use of others\u2019 work\u2014for instance, requesting permission to link to another company\u2019s website on your own corporate website\u2014always follow your employer\u2019s established procedures.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Formatting Reference <\/strong><strong>Page <\/strong><strong>Entries <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As is the case for in-text citations, formatting reference entries becomes more complicated when you are citing a source with multiple authors, various types of online media, or sources for which you must provide additional information beyond the basics listed in the general guidelines. The following sections show how to format reference entries by type of source.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Print Sources: Books<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For book-length sources and shorter works that appear in a book, follow the guidelines that best describe your source.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Book by Two or More Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the authors\u2019 names in the order they appear on the book\u2019s title page. Use an ampersand (&amp;) before the last author\u2019s name.<\/p>\n<p>Campbell, D. T., &amp; Stanley, J. C. (1963).\u00a0<em>Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research.<\/em>\u00a0Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Edited Book with No Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the editor or editors\u2019 names in place of the author\u2019s name, followed by\u00a0<em>Ed.<\/em>\u00a0or<em>Eds.<\/em>\u00a0in parentheses.<\/p>\n<p>Myers, C., &amp; Reamer, D. (Eds.). (2009).\u00a0<em>2009 nutrition index.<\/em>\u00a0San Francisco, CA: HealthSource, Inc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Edited Book with an Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the author\u2019s name first, followed by the title and the editor or editors. Note that when the editor is listed after the title, you list the initials before the last name.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_3-e1439236481590.png\" alt=\"Dickinson, E (1959). Selected poems and letters of Emily Dickinson. R.N. Linscott (Ed). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-488 size-full\" height=\"161\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The previous example shows the format used for an edited book with one author\u2014for instance, a collection of a famous person\u2019s letters that has been edited. This is different from an anthology, which is a collection of articles or essays by different authors. For citing works in anthologies, see the guidelines later in this section.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Translated Book<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Include the translator\u2019s name after the title, and at the end of the citation, list the date the original work was published. Note that for the translator\u2019s name, you list the initials before the last name.<\/p>\n<p>Freud, S. (1965).\u00a0<em>New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis<\/em>\u00a0(J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1933).<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Book Published in Multiple Editions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If you are using any edition other than the first, include the edition number in parentheses after the title.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_4-e1439236535502.png\" alt=\"Berk, L. (2001). Development through the lifespan (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-489 size-full\" height=\"164\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Chapter in an Edited Book<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the name of the author(s) who wrote the chapter, followed by the chapter title. Then list the names of the book editor(s) and the title of the book, followed by the page numbers for the chapter and the usual information about the book\u2019s publisher.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_5-e1439236578460.png\" alt=\"Hughes, J.R. and Pierattini, R.A. (1992). An Introduction to pharmacotherapy for mental disorders, In J. Grabowski and G. VandenBos (Eds.), Pscyhopharmacology (pp.97-125). Washington, DC: American Psyhcological Association.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-490 size-full\" height=\"138\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Work That Appears in an Anthology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Follow the same process you would use to cite a book chapter, substituting the article or essay title for the chapter title.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_6-e1439236664155.png\" alt=\"Beck, A.T. &amp; Young, J. (1986). College blues. In D. Goleman and D. Heller (Eds.), The pleasures of pyschology (pp. 309-323). New York, NY: New American Library.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-491 size-full\" height=\"144\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>An Article in a Reference Book<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the author\u2019s name if available; if no author is listed, provide the title of the entry where the author\u2019s name would normally be listed. If the book lists the name of the editor(s), include it in your citation. Indicate the volume number (if applicable) and page numbers in parentheses after the article title.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_8.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_8-e1439236741702.png\" alt=\"The census. (2006). In J.W. Wright (Ed.), The New York Times 2006 alamanac (pp.268-275). New York, NY: Penguin.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-492 size-full\" height=\"132\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Two or More Books by the Same Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the entries in order of their publication year, beginning with the work published first.<\/p>\n<p>Swedan, N. (2001).\u00a0<em>Women\u2019s sports medicine and rehabilitation.<\/em> Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.<\/p>\n<p>Swedan, N. (2003).\u00a0<em>The active woman\u2019s health and fitness handbook.<\/em>\u00a0New York, NY: Perigee.<\/p>\n<p>If two books have multiple authors, and the first author is the same but the others are different, alphabetize by the second author\u2019s last name (or the third or fourth, if necessary).<\/p>\n<p>Carroll, D., &amp; Aaronson, F. (2008).\u00a0<em>Managing type II diabetes.<\/em>\u00a0Chicago, IL: Southwick Press.<\/p>\n<p>Carroll, D., &amp; Zuckerman, N. (2008).\u00a0<em>Gestational diabetes.<\/em>\u00a0Chicago, IL: Southwick Press.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Books by Different Authors with the Same Last Name<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Alphabetize entries by the authors\u2019 first initial.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_9-e1439236793899.png\" alt=\"Smith, I.K. (2008). The 4-day diet. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. Smith S. (2008). The complete guide to Navy Seal fitness: Updated for today's warrior elite (3rd ed.) Long Island City, NY: Hatherleigh Press.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-493 size-full\" height=\"157\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Book Authored by an Organization<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Treat the organization name as you would an author\u2019s name. For the purposes of alphabetizing, ignore words like\u00a0<em>t<\/em><em>he<\/em>\u00a0in the organization\u2019s name (e.g., a book published by the American Heart Association would be listed with other entries whose authors\u2019 names begin with \u00a0<em>A<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<p>American Psychiatric Association. (1994).\u00a0<em>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV<\/em>\u00a0(4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Book Authored by a Government Agency<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Treat these as you would a book published by a non-governmental organization, but be aware that these works may have an identification number listed. If so, include the number in parentheses after the publication year.<\/p>\n<p>U.S. Census Bureau. (2002).\u00a0<em>The decennial censuses from 1790 to 2000<\/em>(Publication No. POL\/02-MA). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Offices.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Print Sources: Periodicals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>An Article in a Scholarly Journal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Include the following information:<\/p>\n<p>Author or authors\u2019 names<\/p>\n<p>Publication year<\/p>\n<p>Article title (in sentence case, without quotation marks or italics)<\/p>\n<p>Journal title (in title case and in italics)<\/p>\n<p>Volume number (in italics)<\/p>\n<p>Issue number (in parentheses)<\/p>\n<p>Page number(s) where the article appears<\/p>\n<p>DeMarco, R. F. (2010). Palliative care and African American women living with HIV.\u00a0<em>Journal of Nursing Education, 49<\/em>(5), 1\u20134.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In journals, page numbers are continuous across all the issues in a particular volume. For instance, the winter issue may begin with page 1, and in the spring issue that follows, the page numbers pick up where the previous issue left off. (If you have ever wondered why a print journal did not begin on page 1, or wondered why the page numbers of a journal extend into four digits, this is why.) Omit the issue number from your reference entry.<\/p>\n<p>Wagner, J. (2009). Rethinking school lunches: A review of recent literature. <em>American School Nurses\u2019 Journal<\/em>,\u00a0<em>47,<\/em>\u00a01123\u20131127.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Abstract of a Scholarly Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>At times you may need to cite an <strong>abstract<\/strong>\u2014the summary that appears at the beginning of a published article. If you are citing the abstract only, and it was published separately from the article, provide the following information:<\/p>\n<p>Publication information for the article<\/p>\n<p>Information about where the abstract was published (for instance, another journal or a collection of abstracts)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_10.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_10-e1439236881168.png\" alt=\"Romano, S. (2005). Parental involvement in raising standardized test scores. [Abstract]. Elementary Education Abstracts, 19, 36.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-494 size-full\" height=\"159\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_11-e1439236929119.png\" alt=\"Simposon, M.J. (2008). Assessing educational progress: Beyond standardized testing. Journal of the Association for School Administrative Professionals, 35 (4), 32-40. Abstract obtained from Assessment in Education, 2009, 73(6), Abstract No. 537892.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-495 size-full\" height=\"172\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Journal Article with Two to Seven Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List all the authors\u2019 names in the order they appear in the article. Use an ampersand before the last name listed.<\/p>\n<p>Barker, E. T., &amp; Bornstein, M. H. (2010). Global self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and self-reported dieting in early adolescence.\u00a0<em>Journal of Early Adolescence, 30<\/em>(2), 205\u2013224.<\/p>\n<p>Tremblay, M. S., Shields, M., Laviolette, M., Craig, C. L., Janssen, I., &amp; Gorber, S. C. (2010). Fitness of Canadian children and youth: Results from the 2007\u20132009 Canadian Health Measures Survey.\u00a0<em>Health Reports, 21<\/em>(1), 7\u201320.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Journal Article with More Than <\/strong><strong>Eight<\/strong><strong>Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the first six authors\u2019 names, followed by a comma, an ellipsis, and the name of the last author listed. The article in the following example has 16 listed authors; the reference entry lists the first six authors and the 16th, omitting the seventh through the 15th.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_12.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_12-e1439237007503.png\" alt=\"Straznicky, N.E., Lambert, E.A., Nestel, P.J., McGrane, M.T., Dawood, T., Schlaich, M.P.,...Lambert, G.W. (2010). Sympathetic neural adaptation to hypocaloric diet with or without exercise training in obese metabolic syndrome subjects. Diabetes, 59 (1), 71-79.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-496 size-full\" height=\"161\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Writing at Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The idea of an eight-page article with 16 authors may seem strange to you\u2014especially if you are in the midst of writing a 10-page research paper on your own. More often than not, articles in scholarly journals list multiple authors. Sometimes, the authors actually did collaborate on writing and editing the published article. In other instances, some of the authors listed may have contributed to the research in some way while being only minimally involved in the process of writing the article. Whenever you collaborate with colleagues to produce a written product, follow your profession\u2019s conventions for giving everyone proper credit for their contribution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Magazine Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After the publication year, list the issue date. Otherwise, magazine articles as you would journal articles. List the volume and issue number if both are available.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_13.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_13-e1439237105267.png\" alt=\"Marano, H.E. (2010, March\/April). Keen cuisine: Dairy queen. Psychology Today, 43(2), 58.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-497 size-full\" height=\"157\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Newspaper Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Treat newspaper articles as you would magazine and journal articles, with one important difference: precede the page number(s) with the abbreviation\u00a0<em>p.<\/em>\u00a0(for a single-page article) or\u00a0<em>pp.<\/em>\u00a0(for a multipage-page article). For articles that have non-continuous pagination, list all the pages included in the article. For example, an article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 would have the page reference A1, A4. An article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 and A5 would have the page reference A1, A4\u2013A5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_14.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_14-e1439237171466.png\" alt=\"Corwin, C. (2009, January 24). School board votes to remove soda machines from county schools. Rockwood Gazette, pp. A1-A2.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-498 size-full\" height=\"81\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A Letter to the Editor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a letter to the editor.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, J. (2009, January 31). Food police in our schools [Letter to the editor].\u00a0<em>Rockwood Gazette,<\/em>\u00a0p. A8.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a review and state the name of the work being reviewed. (Note that even if the title of the review is the same as the title of the book being reviewed, as in the following example, you should treat it as an article title. Do not italicize it.)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_15.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_15-e1439237222994.png\" alt=\"Penhollow, T.M, and Jackson, M.A. (2009). Drug abuse: Concepts, prevention, and cessation [Review of the book Drug abuse: Concepts, prevention, and cessation]. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33 (5), 620-622.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-499 size-full\" height=\"144\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Electronic Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Citing Articles from Online Periodicals: URLs and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Whenever you cite online sources, it is important to provide the most up-to-date information available to help readers locate the source. In some cases, this means providing an article\u2019s URL, or web address. (The letters\u00a0<em>URL<\/em>\u00a0stand for uniform resource locator.) Always provide the most complete URL possible. Provide a link to the specific article used, rather than a link to the publication\u2019s homepage.<\/p>\n<p>As you likely know, web addresses are not always stable. If a website is updated or reorganized, the article you accessed in April may move to a different location in May. The URL you provided may become a dead link. For this reason, many online periodicals, especially scholarly publications, now rely on DOIs rather than URLs to keep track of articles.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>DOI<\/strong>\u00a0is a digital object identifier\u2014an identification code provided for some online documents, typically articles in scholarly journals. Like a URL, its purpose is to help readers locate an article. However, a DOI is more stable than a URL, so it makes sense to include it in your reference entry when possible. Follow these guidelines:<\/p>\n<p>If you are citing an online article with a DOI, list the DOI at the end of the reference entry.<\/p>\n<p>If the article appears in print as well as online, you do not need to provide the URL. However, include the words\u00a0<em>e<\/em><em>lectronic<\/em><em> version<\/em>\u00a0after the title in brackets.<\/p>\n<p>In all other respects, treat the article as you would a print article. Include the volume number and issue number if available. (Note, however, that these may not be available for some online periodicals.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Article from an Online Periodical with a DOI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the DOI if one is provided. There is no need to include the URL if you have listed the DOI.<\/p>\n<p>Bell, J. R. (2006). Low-carb beats low-fat diet for early losses but not long term.\u00a0<em>OBGYN News, 41<\/em>(12), 32. doi:10.1016\/S0029-7437(06)71905-X<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Article from an Online Periodical with No DOI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>List the URL. Include the volume and issue number for the periodical if this information is available. (For some online periodicals, it may not be.)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_16.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_16-e1439237297616.png\" alt=\"Laufer-Cahana, A. (2010, March 15). Lactose-intolerance do's and don'ts. Salon. Retrieved from: web address.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-500 size-full\" height=\"148\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Note that if the article appears in a print version of the publication, you do not need to list the URL, but do indicate that you accessed the electronic version.<\/p>\n<p>Robbins, K. (2010, March\/April). Nature\u2019s bounty: A heady feast [Electronic version].\u00a0<em>Psychology Today, 43<\/em>(2), 58.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Newspaper Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Provide the URL of the article.<\/p>\n<p>McNeil, D. G. (2010, May 3). Maternal health: A new study challenges benefits of vitamin A for women and babies.\u00a0<em>The New York Times.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/05\/04\/health\/04glob.html?ref=health<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Article Accessed through a Database<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cite articles accessed through a database the same way you would normally cite a print article. Provide database information only if the article is difficult to locate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>APA style does not require the item number or accession number for articles retrieved from databases. You may choose to include it if the article is difficult to locate or the database is an obscure one. Check with your instructor for specific requirements for your course.<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Abstract of an Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Format article abstracts as you would an article citation, but add the word\u00a0<em>Abstract<\/em>\u00a0in brackets after the title.<\/p>\n<p>Bradley, U., Spence, M., Courtney, C. H., McKinley, M. C., Ennis, C. N., McCance, D. R.\u2026Hunter, S. J. (2009). Low-fat versus low-carbohydrate weight reduction diets: Effects on weight loss, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: A randomized control trial [Abstract].\u00a0<em>Diabetes<\/em>,<em>58<\/em>(12), 2741\u20132748. http:\/\/diabetes.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/early\/2009\/08\/23\/db00098.abstract<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Nonperiodical Web Document<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The ways you cite different nonperiodical web documents may vary slightly from source to source, depending on the information available. In your citation, include as much of the following information as you can:<\/p>\n<p>Name of the author(s), whether an individual or organization<\/p>\n<p>Date of publication (Use \u00a0<em>n.d.<\/em>\u00a0 if no date is available.)<\/p>\n<p>Title of the document<\/p>\n<p>Address where you retrieved the document<\/p>\n<p>If the document consists of more than one web page within the site, link to the homepage or the entry page for the document.<\/p>\n<p>American Heart Association. (2010). <em>Heart attack, stroke, and cardiac arrest warning signs.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.americanheart.org\/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Because these sources often do not include authors\u2019 names, you may list the title of the entry at the beginning of the citation. Provide the URL for the specific entry.<\/p>\n<p>Addiction. (n.d.) In <em>Merriam-Webster\u2019s online dictionary<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/addiction<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When citing graphic data\u2014such as maps, pie charts, bar graphs, and so on\u2014include the name of the organization that compiled the information, along with the publication date. Briefly describe the contents in brackets. Provide the URL where you retrieved the information. (If the graphic is associated with a specific project or document, list it after your bracketed description of the contents.)<\/p>\n<p>US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). [Pie charts showing the percentage breakdown of the FDA\u2019s budget for fiscal year 2005].\u00a0<em>2005 FDA budget summary<\/em>. Retrieved from mhttp:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AboutFDA\/ReportsManualsForms\/Reports\/BudgetReports\/2005FDABudgetSummary\/ucm117231.htm<\/p>\n<p><strong>An Electronic Book<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Electronic books may include books available as text files online or audiobooks. If an electronic book is easily available in print, cite it as you would a print source. If it is unavailable in print (or extremely difficult to find), use the format in the example. (Use the words\u00a0<em>Available from<\/em>\u00a0in your citation if the book must be purchased or is not available directly.)<\/p>\n<p>Chisholm, L. (n.d.).\u00a0<em>Celtic tales.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from http:\/\/www.childrenslibrary.org\/icdl\/BookReader?bookid= chicelt_00150014&amp;twoPage=false&amp;route=text&amp;size=0&amp;fullscreen=false&amp;pnum1=1&amp;lang= English&amp;ilang=English<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Chapter from an Online Book or a Chapter or Section of a Web Document<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Chapters and sections from online books or web documents are treated similarly to their print counterparts with the addition of retrieval information. Include the chapter or section number in parentheses after the book title.<\/p>\n<p>Hart, A. M. (1895). Restoratives\u2014Coffee, cocoa, chocolate. In\u00a0<em>Diet in sickness and in health<\/em>\u00a0(VI). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/dietinsicknessin00hartrich<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Dissertation or Thesis from a Database<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Provide the author, date of publication, title, and retrieval information. If the work is numbered within the database, include the number in parentheses at the end of the citation.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_18.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_18-e1439237403814.png\" alt=\"Coleman, M.D. (2004). Effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on bone mineral density, biomarkets of bone turnover, and calcium metabolism in healthy pre-menopausal females. Retrieved from Virginia Tech Digital Library and Archives: Electronic Theses and Dissertions. (etd-07282004-174858)\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-501 size-full\" height=\"183\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Computer Software<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For commonly used office software and programming languages, it is not necessary to provide a citation. Cite software only when you are using a specialized program, such as the nutrition tracking software in the following example. If you download software from a website, provide the version and the year if available.<\/p>\n<p>Internet Brands, Inc. (2009). FitDay PC (Version 2) [Software]. Available from http:\/\/www.fitday.com\/Pc\/PcHome.html?gcid=14<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Post on a Blog or Video Blog<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Citation guidelines for blogs are similar to those used for discussion forum postings. Briefly describe the type of source in brackets after the title.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_19.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_19-e1439237492790.png\" alt=\"Fazio, M. (2010, April 5). Exercising in my eighth month of pregnancy [Web log comment]. Retrieved from web address.\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-502 size-full\" height=\"183\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Writing at Work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Because the content may not be carefully reviewed for accuracy, discussion forums and blogs should not be relied upon as a major source of information. However, it may be appropriate to cite these sources for some types of research. You may also participate in discussion forums or comment on blogs that address topics of personal or professional interest. Always keep in mind that when you post, you are making your thoughts public\u2014and in many cases, available through search engines. Make sure any posts that can easily be associated with your name are appropriately professional, because a potential employer could view them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Television or Radio Broadcast<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Include the name of the producer or executive producer; the date, title, and type of broadcast; and the associated company and location.<\/p>\n<p>West, Ty. (Executive producer). (2009, September 24).\u00a0<em>PBS special report: Health care reform<\/em>\u00a0[Television broadcast]. New York, NY, and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Television or Radio Series or Episode<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Include the producer and the type of series if you are citing an entire television or radio series.<\/p>\n<p>Couture, D., Nabors, S., Pinkard, S., Robertson, N., &amp; Smith, J. (Producers). (1979).\u00a0<em>The Diane Rehm show<\/em>\u00a0[Radio series]. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.<\/p>\n<p>To cite a specific episode of a radio or television series, list the name of the writer or writers (if available), the date the episode aired, its title, and the type of series, along with general information about the series.<\/p>\n<p>Bernanke, J., &amp; Wade, C. (2010, January 10). Hummingbirds: Magic in the air [Television series episode]. In F. Kaufman (Executive producer), <em>Nature.<\/em>\u00a0New York, NY: WNET.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Motion Picture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Name the director or producer (or both), year of release, title, country of origin, and studio.<\/p>\n<p>Spurlock, M. (Director\/producer), Morley, J. (Executive producer), &amp; Winters. H. M. (Executive producer). (2004).\u00a0<em>Super size me.<\/em>\u00a0United States: Kathbur Pictures in association with Studio on Hudson.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Name the primary contributors and list their role. Include the recording medium in brackets after the title. Then list the location and the label.<\/p>\n<p>Smith, L. W. (Speaker). (1999).\u00a0<em>Meditation and relaxation<\/em>\u00a0[CD]. New York, NY: Earth, Wind, &amp; Sky Productions.<\/p>\n<p>Sz\u00e9kely, I. (Pianist), Budapest Symphony Orchestra (Performers), &amp; N\u00e9meth, G. (Conductor). (1988). <em>Chopin piano concertos no. 1 and 2<\/em>\u00a0[CD]. Hong Kong: Naxos.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A Podcast<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Provide as much information as possible about the writer, director, and producer; the date the podcast aired; its title; any organization or series with which it is associated; and where you retrieved the podcast.<\/p>\n<p>Kelsey, A. R. (Writer), Garcia, J. (Director), &amp; Kim, S. C. (Producer). (2010, May 7). Lies food labels tell us.\u00a0<em>Savvy consumer podcast<\/em> \u00a0[Audio podcast]<em>.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/www.savvyconsumer.org\/podcasts\/050710<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\"><strong>Self<\/strong><strong>&#8211;<\/strong><strong>Practice EXERCISE 9.4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Using the guidelines above and your <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\"><strong>JIBC APA <\/strong><strong>Reference<\/strong><strong> Guide<\/strong><\/a><strong>, identify what each of these types of sources are based on their identifying characteristics and under which categories you would find them in the reference guide. Choose the answer that best describes each example.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Baudrillard, Jean. <em>For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign.<\/em> Trans. Charles Levin. Saint Louis: Telos, 1981.<\/p>\n<p>A book with two authors<\/p>\n<p>A multi-volume work<\/p>\n<p>An article in a journal<\/p>\n<p>A book with one author<\/p>\n<p>United States Drug Enforcement Administration. (2014). The Dangers and consequences of marijuana abuse. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/dea\/docs\/dangers-consequences-marijuana-abuse.pdf<\/p>\n<p>Online government document<\/p>\n<p>Online task force report, corporate author<\/p>\n<p>Online codes and standards<\/p>\n<p>A blog<\/p>\n<p>Watson, S. (2003). Antigone. In R. Sullivan &amp; M. Levene (Eds.), <em>Short Fiction: An Anthology<\/em> (pp. 323-329). Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1979)<\/p>\n<p>A short story reprinted in an anthology<\/p>\n<p>A chapter in a book<\/p>\n<p>A multi-volume book<\/p>\n<p>A book with three authors<\/p>\n<p>Gilbert, Elliot. \u201cThe Ceremony of Innocence: Charles Dickens\u2019s <em>A Christmas Carol.<\/em>\u201d <em>PMLA <\/em>90 (1975): 22-31.<\/p>\n<p>An online journal article<\/p>\n<p>An academic article<\/p>\n<p>A chapter in a book<\/p>\n<p>A newspaper article<\/p>\n<p>Ogborne, A.C., Smart, R.G., &amp; Adlaf, E.M. (2000). Self-reported medical use of marijuana: A survey of the general population. <em>Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162<\/em>(12), 1685. Retrieved from http:\/\/ecmaj.ca.cgi<\/p>\n<p>An online academic journal article<\/p>\n<p>An online authored report, non-governmental organization<\/p>\n<p>An online academic journal article by multiple authors<\/p>\n<p>An e-version of a print book<\/p>\n<p>David, L. (Producer) &amp; Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). <em>An Inconvenient Truth<\/em> [Motion Picture]. United States: Lawrence Bender Productions.<\/p>\n<p>A CD-ROM<\/p>\n<p>A television series<\/p>\n<p>A video\/DVD<\/p>\n<p>A blog<\/p>\n<p>Jaynes, J. 1986 Consciousness of the voices of the mind. <em>Canadian Psychology<\/em> 27. 128-137.<\/p>\n<p>An online journal article<\/p>\n<p>An academic journal article<\/p>\n<p>A book<\/p>\n<p>A magazine article<\/p>\n<p>Spiro, M.D. (1983). Introduction: Thirty years of kibbutz research. In E. Krause (Ed.), <em>The sociology of the kibbutz: Studies in Israeli society II. <\/em>New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.<\/p>\n<p>A book<\/p>\n<p>A chapter<\/p>\n<p>An edited book<\/p>\n<p>All of the above<\/p>\n<p>Kamel, F., Tanner, C., Umbach, D., Hoppin, J., Alavanja, M., Blair, A.,\u2026 Sandler, D. (2007). Pesticide exposure and self-reported Parkinson\u2019s disease in the agricultural health study. <em>Am J Epidemiol<\/em>, 165: 364-374.<\/p>\n<p>An online academic article with eight or more authors<\/p>\n<p>A book with eight or more authors<\/p>\n<p>A print journal article with eight or more authors<\/p>\n<p>A chapter in an edited book<\/p>\n<p>McPartland, J.M., &amp; Pruitt, P.L. (1997). Medical marijuana and its use by the immunocompromised. <em>Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 3<\/em>(3), 39-45. doi: 10.1080\/102825<\/p>\n<p>An online newspaper article<\/p>\n<p>An online article with DOI<\/p>\n<p>A chapter of a book from an online library<\/p>\n<p>All of the above<\/p>\n<p>Some examples taken from:<\/p>\n<p>Writing Commons. (2014, September). <em>Open Text.<\/em> Retrieved from http:\/\/writingcommons.org\/format\/apa\/675-block-quotations-apa<\/p>\n<p>Answers:<\/p>\n<p>D. Although two names are given, only the first is the author; the second is a translator. It is a book because it has a city and publisher.<\/p>\n<p>A. Starts with \u201cUnited States\u201d = good chance it is a government-produced document<\/p>\n<p>A. The title of the book contains \u201canthology,\u201d which means collection of stories, and \u201cfiction\u201d refers to stories. We know it is a book because of the city and publisher.<\/p>\n<p>B. There are actually three titles given here: the article, a book within the title of the article, the journal name <em>PMLA<\/em> (<em>Publications of the Modern Language Association<\/em>). There are also a volume number after <em>PMLA<\/em> and page numbers.<\/p>\n<p>C. There are three authors, URL, and title of journal, identifying it as an online article with multiple authors.<\/p>\n<p>C. The keywords identifying it as a video\/DVD are <em>director, producer<\/em>, and <em>motion picture<\/em><\/p>\n<p>B. The title of journal and article, and the page numbers identify it as a journal article, but there is no URL so we know it is not online.<\/p>\n<p>D. There are two titles, one italicized and one not, so it is part of a bigger source; the second name followed by \u201cEd.\u201d shows this was an edited book; we know it is a book because of the city and publisher.<\/p>\n<p>C. The title of journal and article, with page numbers, identifies it as a journal article, but not online as there is no URL. More than eight authors are listed.<\/p>\n<p>B. It is identified as a journal article because the journal title is given, and the name of the article. There is no URL but there is a DOI, identifying it as being online.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Sample <\/strong><strong>Reference Page<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Review the following example from Jorge\u2019s paper on evaluating low-carbohydrate diets. This is an example of how to piece all of your referencing information into one section.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_20.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_20-e1439237576466.png\" alt=\"Reference list\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-503 size-full\" height=\"671\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_21.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2015\/08\/chap9_21-e1439237600727.png\" alt=\"Reference list\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-504 size-full\" height=\"584\" width=\"500\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Assignment 3 (2.5%)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Using the <a href=\"http:\/\/lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\/docs\/766\/161187\/APA_Style-6th_ed-Oct2013.pdf\">JIBC APA Reference Guide<\/a>, compile a reference page consisting of the six sources given below. You will need to apply the required formatting for each of the references as well as the page as a whole. You will have to look at each of the sources and the information that is given for each: there may be some extra information you will need to omit from the references.<\/p>\n<p>1. Identify what type of source this is from the information given.<\/p>\n<p>2. Find the example of that type of source in the reference guide.<\/p>\n<p>3. Decide what information you need and do not need for each.<\/p>\n<p>4. Compose each individual source\u2019s reference.<\/p>\n<p>5. On a separate page, combine the references you created for the six sources into a correctly formatted reference page.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Submit this assignment to your instructor for grading<\/strong><strong>. (<\/strong><strong>2.5%<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Referencing information for Assignment 3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. <em>American Music Teacher<\/em>, August-Sept 1999 v49 (1) p34(5) 1998 National Survey of High School Pianists. Harold Kafer; Richard Kennel<\/p>\n<p>2. <em>The Economist<\/em> (US), June 1, 1996 v339 n7968 p79(1) The food of the gods.<\/p>\n<p>3. <em>Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em>, Dec 2005 v14 i6 p317(4) Music and Cognitive Abilities. Glenn E. Schellenberg<\/p>\n<p>4. <em>Nursing interventions: effective nursing treatments<\/em> \/ [edited by] Gloria M. Bulechek, Joanne C. McCloskey. Philadelphia: Saunders, c1999. 3rd ed Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 072167724X Fenwick Stacks Call Number: RT48 .N8833 1999<\/p>\n<p>5. Kok, S.C. (2005). Music and learning. In Hoffman, B. (Ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of Educational <\/em><em>Technology<\/em>.Retrieved: March 28, 2008, from http:\/\/coe.sdsu.edu\/eet\/articles\/musiclearning\/start.htm<\/p>\n<p>6. Tuning up young minds: music lessons give kids a small IQ advantage.B. Bower. <em>Science News<\/em> 165.25 (June 19, 2004): p389(1). (446 words)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Checklist 7.1<\/strong>\u00a0Reference Page Reminder<\/p>\n<p>Just to review, your final reference page needs to:<\/p>\n<p>Start on an fresh page after your last page of writing<\/p>\n<p>Be titled \u201cReference Page\u201d or \u201cReferences\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Be in alphabetical order based on the author\u2019s last name<\/p>\n<p>Be double spaced<\/p>\n<p>Have hanging indents<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tip<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In APA style, book and article titles are formatted in sentence case, not title case. Sentence case means that only the first word is capitalized, along with any proper nouns.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 itemprop=\"educationalUse\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In APA papers, in-text citations usually include the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.<\/li>\n<li>In-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, which provide detailed referencing information about a source.<\/li>\n<li>Entries in the references section include as much of the following information as possible:<\/li>\n<li>Print Resources: Author(s), date of publication, title, publisher, page numbers (for shorter works), editors (if applicable), and periodical title (if applicable).<\/li>\n<li>Online resources (text based). Author(s), date of publication, title, publisher or sponsoring organization, and DOI or URL (if applicable).<\/li>\n<li>Electronic resources (non text based).Details about the creator(s) of the work, title, associated company or series, and date the work was produced or broadcast. The specific details provided will vary depending on the medium and the information that is available.<\/li>\n<li>Electronic resources (text based). If widely available in print form, it is sometimes unnecessary to provide details about how to access the electronic version. Check the guidelines for the specific source type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Journal entry #9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Write a paragraph or two responding to the following. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>What did you find the most straightforward\/easy about citations?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>What did you find more difficult about citations?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>What did you find the most straightforward\/easy about composing references?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>What did you find more difficult about composing references?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>What concerns you most <\/em><em>about <\/em><em>referencing citations? What will you do to address this?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Remember as mentioned in the Assessment Descriptions in your syllabus:<\/p>\n<p>You will be expected to respond to the questions by reflecting on and discussing your experiences with the week\u2019s material.<\/p>\n<p>When writing your journals, you should focus on freewriting\u2014writing without (overly) considering formal writing structures\u2014but remember that it will be read by the instructor, who needs to be able to understand your ideas.<\/p>\n<p>Your instructor will be able to see if you have completed this entry by the end of the week but will not read all of the journals until week 11.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-310","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/310\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":545,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/310\/revisions\/545"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/310\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=310"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=310"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/writingforsuccess\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}