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Surface Water Systems

Groundwater Systems

Springs

Wells

Well Construction

• Who is qualified to drill a well and install a well pump?
• How to identify a well.
• How to protect groundwater by installing proper surface seals, how to flood proof wells, how to protect the well head, and how to deactivate and close unused wells.
• That wells are identified by tags through the provincial ID system.
• That well drillers and pump installers must be registered.
• Deactivation of unused wells to protect the aquifer from contaminants entering
• Flood proofing to prevents surface water from entering a well.

Well Types:

• dug
• bored
• drilled
• driven

Dug wells

Bored wells

Driven wells

Drilled wells

Well components

Sanitary seal

Well slab

Casing

Annulus

Grouting

• Bentonite clay mixtures
• Concrete grout
• Sand, cement grout (consisting of sand, cement, and water)

Well screen

Gravel packing

Well logs

Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps

Non-Positive Displacement Pumps

Jet pump

Submersible pumps

Pump Motors

Submersible motors

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs)

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)

Pressure System Components

Foot Valve

Inline Check Valves

Riser Pipe (Pump Drop)

Torque Arrestors

Safety Rope

Pitless Adapter

Well Caps and Seals

Caps

Seals

Pressure Tanks

Pressure Switch

• 140 kPa (20 psi) pump cut-in and 280 kPa (40 psi) pump cut-out
• 210 kPa (30 psi) pump cut-in and 345 kPa (50 psi) pump cut-out
• 280 kPa (40 psi) pump cut-in and 410 kPa (60 psi) pump cut-out

VFD Pressure Sensor/Transducer

Mascontrol

Pressure Relief Valve

Self-Test 1

Media Attributions

• Figure 1. "Hydrological cycle" by Sunson08 on Wikimedia Commons is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 2. "Ground water" - The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.
• Figure 3. "Dug well" from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 4. "Driven well" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 5. "Well components" - The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.
• Figure 6. "Hand pump" by Manco Capac on Wikimedia Commons is licensed under a CC BY-SA 3.0 licence.
• Figure 7. "Reciprocating piston pump" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 8. "Centrifugal pump" from NTGD Pump is used and adapted for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 9. "Theoretical suction lift" - The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.
• Figure 10. "Shallow well jet pump operating principle" from Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 11. "Deep well jet pump principle" by Camosun College is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 12. "Submersible pump parts diagram" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 13. "CSIR motor and pump package" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 14. "Submersible pump control box" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 15. "Two wire and three wire submersible pumps" by Camosun College is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 16. "Franklin Electric SubDrive (VFD) with phone app" from Franklin Electric is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 17. "Foot valve" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 18. "Inline check valve" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 19. "Torque arrestor" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 20. "Pitless adapter" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 21. "Well caps" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 22. "Well seals" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 23. "Diaphragm pressure tank operation" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 24. "Standard pressure tanks" - The source for this image is unknown. It is being used for non-commercial, educational purposes. To receive credit for this image, please reach out to the publisher.
• Figure 25. "Flow-Thru pressure tank connection" from Flexcon Industries is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 26. "Pressure switch" from SkilledTradesBC is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 27. "Pressure switch with low pressure cut-off" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 28. "VFD pressure sensor" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 29. "Mascontrol pump controller" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.
• Figure 30. "Tank tee" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-SA licence.

Well Data

Well Yield

Estimate Water Demand

• Fixture count
• Peak demand tables

Fixture Count Method

Peak Demand Tables

Estimating Farm Systems

[latex] \text{Pump Capacity (GPM)} = \frac{\text{Total daily requirement (gallons)}}{120 \text{ minutes (2 hours)}}[/latex]

Additional Supply Considerations

Calculate the Total Pumping Head

• Vertical suction lift from the water source to the pump
• Suction pipe friction loss
• Vertical discharge lift from the pump to the intended point of use
• Discharge pipe friction loss
• Desired pressure at the point of use

Pipe Friction Loss

The amount of friction loss that increases the total head of a pumping system depends on many things, including type, length and size of pipe and fittings, as well as rate of flow. There are many sources of information available to assist you in determining the piping friction loss including formulas, spreadsheets, tables and phone apps. Two examples of friction loss tables are shown in Figure 35. It is important to use a table that matches the type of pipe. You will notice when comparing these two tables the friction loss shown for the same nominal sizes is much lower on the PE than the PVC. In this case it is primarily due to the smaller inside diameter of the IPS Sch80 PVC compared to the PE SDR size.

[Skip Table]

  [Skip Table]

9.688 ft./100ft × 0.433 psi/ft = 4.19 psi/100ft

Friction loss example:

• 1” 90º elbow is equivalent to 6 ft. of straight plastic pipe
• 1” Swing check is equivalent to 11 ft. of straight plastic pipe
• 100 ft. of pipe – equivalent to 100 ft. of straight pipe
• Total equivalent length = 117 ft. = Total equivalent pipe

Step 2 Figure friction loss for the equivalent length  of 1” plastic pipe at an assumed flow of 10 GPM:

• PVC Friction loss app shows 9.69 ft. loss per 100 ft. of pipe.
• In step 1 above we have determined total equivalent ft. of pipe to be 117 ft.
• Convert 117 ft. to percentage 117 ÷ 100 = 1.17
• Multiply 9.69 × 1.17 = 11.34 ft
• 11.34 ft. (4.91 psi) is the total friction loss for this system.

Suction Head

Discharge Head

Total Head Calculations

• Calculate suction head as sum of:
  • depth to static water level (metres or feet)
  • drawdown (metres or feet)
  • friction losses to pump (metres or feet)
• Calculate discharge head as sum of:
  • elevation from discharge of pump to pressure tank, VFD sensor, or highest delivery point
  • pressure tank, VFD sensor, or delivery point required static pressure (converted to metres or feet)
  • friction losses of piping and fittings (metres or feet)
• Total head = suction head + discharge head

Example 1

1. Calculate suction head (friction losses + vertical lift):

• Suction friction loss
  • Equivalent length:
  • 3 ea 1 ¼” 90º elbow is equivalent to 21 ft. of straight plastic pipe
  • 1 ea 1 ¼” Foot valve is equivalent to 18 ft. of straight plastic pipe
  • 20 ft depth + 60 ft horizontal 80 ft. of straight pipe
  • Total equivalent length = 119 ft. = Total equivalent pipe
  • Figure friction loss for 119 ft. of 1 ¼” PVC pipe at an assumed flow of 5 GPM:
    • Sch. 80 PVC pressure loss table shows 0.28 psi loss per 100 ft. of pipe.
    • 0.26 psi = 0.6 ft
    • [latex] 119 \text{ feet} \times \frac{0.6}{100 \text{ ft}} = 0.71 \text{ ft}[/latex]
  • Total suction head = 15 ft + 0.71 ft = 15.71 ft

2. Calculate discharge head (vertical distance + friction losses + delivery pressure):

• For this installation the pressure tank is mounted directly onto the pump as a package unit therefore there is no vertical lift or friction loss to account for.
• The pressure switch has a range of 20-40 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 40 psi will be used. You will need to convert this tank pressure to ft. head
• Total discharge head = 40 psi × 2.31 ft/psi = 92.4 ft

3. Calculate the total head (suction head + discharge head):

• 15.71 ft + 92.4 ft = 108.1 ft

Example 2

1. Calculate suction head (friction losses + vertical lift):

• As this is a submersible installation there will not be any suction head calculations.

2. Calculate discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):

• Discharge friction loss
  • Equivalent length:
  • 4 ea 1 ¼” 90º elbow is equivalent to 28 ft. of straight plastic pipe
  • Length of pipe(130 + 50 + 20) = 200 ft.
  • Total equivalent length = 228 ft. = Equivalent pipe
  • Figure friction loss for 228 ft. of 1 ¼” PVC pipe at an assumed flow of 15 GPM:
    • Sch. 80 PVC pressure loss table shows 2.40 psi loss per 100 ft. of pipe.
    • 2.40 psi = 5.54 ft
    • [latex]228 \text{ feet} \times \frac{5.54}{100 \text{ ft}} = 12.63 \text{ ft}[/latex] of discharge friction loss
  • Total discharge lift (pumping level + elevation lift)
    • 130 ft + 20 ft = 150 ft
  • The pressure switch has a range of 40-60 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 60 psi will be used. You will need to convert this tank pressure to head:
    • 60 psi × 2.31 ft/psi =138.6 ft. head
  • Total discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure): 12.63 + 150 + 138.6 = 301.23 ft

3. Calculate the total head (suction head + discharge head):

• • 0 ft + 301.23 ft = 301.23 ft

Select the Pump Type

Well Depth

Water Quality

Motor Type

Specific Application Requirements

Pump Size

Additional Features

Size the Pump

Example 1

• Desired flow rate of 15 USGPM
• A total pump head of 107 ft

Example 2

• Desired flow rate of 9 USGPM
• Total discharge head (friction losses + vertical lift distance + delivery pressure):
  • Friction loss was calculated to be 30 ft.
  • Total vertical lift from pumping water level is 230 ft.
  • The pressure switch has a range of 40-60 psi, so the maximum (shut-off) pressure of 60 psi will be used, (60 psi × 2.31 ft/psi =138.6 ft. head).
• Therefore, Total Head = 30 + 230 + 138.6 = 399 ft

Manufactures Sizing Software

Pressure Tank Sizing

[latex](P1 \, V1) = (P2 \, V2)[/latex] [latex](34.73 \text{ psia} \times 15 \text{ gallons}) = (54.73 \text{ psia} \times V2)[/latex] [latex]V_2 = \frac{34.73 \times 15}{54.73} = 9.52 \text{ gallons of air at pump cut out}[/latex] [latex]\therefore \text{Drawdown is } 15 \, \text{ gallons} - 9,52 \text{ gallons} = 5.48 \text{ gallons}[/latex]

[latex](44.73 \text{ psia} \times 15 \text{ gallons}) = (64.73 \text{ psia} \times V2)[/latex] [latex]V2 = \frac{44.73 \times 15}{64.73} = 10.36 \text{ gallons of air at pump cut out}[/latex] [latex]\therefore \text{Drawdown for the 30/50 pressure switch is } 15 \text{ gallons} - 10.36 \text{ gallons} = 4.64 \text{ gallons}[/latex]

[Skip Table]

Tanks for Constant Pressure Systems

The motors that are used for constant pressure systems, are specifically designed to handle frequent starts and stops. The purpose of a pressure tank serving a constant pressure system is not to supply reserve capacity but rather to act as a buffer for pump starts and stops. Therefore, the required tank size is very small, as its only purpose is maintaining system stability and preventing pressure fluctuations. The tank must be installed as close as possible after the pump and the precharge pressure is typically 70% of the controller pressure setpoint. For residential applications an 8 liter (2 gallon) tank is appropriate. The table in Figure 52 shows one manufactures recommend tank sizes for constant pressure systems.

Self-Test 2

Appendices

Assess Well Dimensions and Capacity

[latex]fps = \frac{\text{gpm} \times 0.409}{\text{ID}^2 - \text{OD}^2}[/latex]

Installation Preparation

Flow Sleeve

• Well diameter is too large to achieve minimum cooling flow velocity
• Pump is in an open body of water.
• Pump is in a rock well or below the well casing.
• Pump is set in or below casing screens or perforations creating a top feeding (a,k,a, cascading) supply.

Pitless Adapter Installation

Install Submersible Pumps

Materials

• torque arrestors,
• pipe for pump drop and supply line to the pressure tank. Series #160 Polyethylene is commonly used for residential installations,
• a pitless adapter for the size of the casing and drop pipe used,
• suitable stainless steel or brass insert adapters and threaded fittings,
• clamps for connecting the poly tube to insert adapter (the clamps are to be all stainless steel, including the tightening drive nut),
• safety rope or cable used to raise the pump when servicing or replacement is necessary,
• a well cap or sanitary seal for the well,
• a pressure tank,
• a tank tee,
• a pressure switch and gauge,
• a drain valve for the tank tee,
• an adjustable pressure relief valve for system pressure protection,
• a suitable shut-off valve for the pressure tank, to be placed at the outlet of the tank tee to allow shut-off of the distribution system,
• Submersible, single phase, 3-wire motors require the use of a control box. The control box and 3-wire motor must match in HP and voltage to operate properly,
• If there is a potential for the well to run dry another electrical no-load control box is recommended to protect the pump,
• Constant pressure systems will require a special electronic control or VFD and a pressure transducer,
• screws to fasten the pump's control box to a wall,
• some electrical box wire connectors,
• a suitable water proof splice kit to attach the cable wires to the motor leads of the submersible motor,
• tie wraps to fasten the electrical cable to the drop pipe,
• appropriate size and length of electrical drop cable.
  • Power cables must be selected to match the type of motor (i.e., single-phase, three-phase), voltage, horsepower and length. Always check manufacturer’s recommendations. The Table below shows a sample of the range of wire sizes that are specified for each type of submersible motor depending upon the total cable length required from the motor to the service power panel.
  • If the control box will be located close to the well head, as in a dedicated pumphouse, then the pump portion of the cable length should be cut long enough to reach the control box. In cases were the control box will be located away from the well head, within the building, then the pump portion of the total cable should be long enough to reach to the top of the well head with enough slack to make a connection to the wires coming from the control box in the building. The motor leads may be smaller than the specified cable, this is acceptable as the motor leads are short and there is virtually no voltage drop across the leads.

1. Both jacketed cable and single conductor cables may be used other then values marked Bold and * indicating conductor only (not jacketed).
2. Table based on copper wire. If aluminum wire is used, multiply lengths by 0.5. Maximum allowable length of aluminum is considerably shorter than copper wire of same size.

Submersible Pump Installation Steps

1. After carrying out the general pre-installation checks, assemble the pump and motor if necessary.
   • Never use a wrench on any part of the pump except the machined flats on the top of the pump.
2. Splice the motor cable. The splice requires covering with a shrink tube containing a sealing compound that releases when the shrink tube is heated, forming a seal for the electrical splice. The wires should be trimmed back to place each individual splice in the wires a short distance apart from the next splice to avoid a large ball of excess material at the splice location. A general procedure for splicing cables with a heat shrink splice kit is:
   • check that motor cable and drop cable are in good condition
   • stagger the motor leads by cutting each one successively shorter
   • cut the drop cable leads to match
   • if installing a single-phase motor, match colours
   • strip about 13 mm (½”) of insulation from each lead
   • slide pre-cut heat shrink tubing onto leads
   • connect leads with connectors and crimp the connecting lugs
   • slide tubing over connections and heat until tube contracts and sealant flows
   • spliced should be tested with an ohmmeter for leaks to ground prior to pump installation. Procedure for testing motor cables and splices are explained in Learning Task 5.
3. Lay out the riser pipe sections, fittings and pump. Make sure you have the appropriate thread compound, fittings or cements to join steel or plastic piping. Compare your measured well depths with the length of piping to ensure that the submersible will be suspended at the correct depth. The pump should always be at least 0.9 m (3’) below the maximum drawdown level of the well. If you use plastic piping, remember to allow for the stretching that will occur. Some people will cut a length of 4² PVC pipe and attach it to the bottom of pump motor to act as a support to keep the pump a pre-set distance from the bottom of the well. This practice is not recommended as it will affect the cooling of the motor and potentially void the manufactures warranty.
4. Connect the first section of riser pipe to the discharge outlet of the pump. Make sure that you do not overtighten the threaded connections as this could damage the check valve in the discharge chamber and destroy the pump. Extra long barbed insert adapters are available for hanging pump on poly riser pipe. When tightening the threaded adapter into the pump only grip the pump by the two flats at the top of the pump. Do not hold the pump housing during installation of the riser pipe adapter or a check valve. If the pump uses an external check valve it will need to be installed first into the top pf the pump.
5. All polyethylene pipe connections should be double-clamped. The clamps should be installed in an alternate arrangement to place one head of a clamp on either side of the tube and the clamps should be placed to clamp over the barbs of the adapter. Do not overtighten the clamps, as they can be stripped. When applying the clamps, keep them as close together as possible, and tighten them in steps, snugging them up many times rather than tightening them in one step. Remember that the polyethylene you are using will be quite stiff and will slip more easily onto the mating portion of the barbed fitting if the poly is warm. In colder conditions, it may be necessary to warm the pipe ends with warm water or carefully with a heat gun. Do not heat the tube with a torch, as overheating may change the plastic to a brittle compound that can break under the stress of service.
6. Install a torque arrestor (Figure 58 left) to keep pump centered and control flexing movement of the pipe caused by the pump starting and stopping. The first torque arrestor is typically installed 18"-24" above the submersible pump. Installation practices can vary depending on the depth, type of pipe and the pump horsepower. Some installers will install additional arrestors at 75-100 ft intervals to prevent the piping from rubbing the side of the casing and wearing the pipe and or cable. Cable guards (Figure 58 right) are another option to keep the upper section of the drop pipe centered and keep the power cable from rubbing against the well casing. [caption id="attachment_141" align="aligncenter" width="388"] Figure 58. Torque arrestor and cable guard[/caption]
7. Use cable ties to secure the drop cable to the riser pipe at minimum of 3m (10 ft) intervals to prevent cables tangling or being damaged. When securing the cable to the riser pipe, allow 2 inches of slack between the intervals as plastic pipe tends to stretch under load. Avoid using electrical tape to fasten the wires, as it is known to loosen and detach in the moist conditions of the well, commonly ending up at the intake of the pump and blocking it.
8. Attach a safety rope to the pump to assist in removal of the pump from the well. Under no circumstances should the pump be removed by using the electrical wires to lift the pump and discharge piping. Most pumps will have an integral hook or loop in the top of the pump to attach the rope securely.
9. Lower the pump and first section of riser pipe into the well. Depending on the type of drop pipe there are a number of different methods that are used to lower the pump smoothly and prevent damage.
   • If using polyethylene make sure to remove any sharp edges on the casing. Some installers will make a protective donut or rollers to help guide the pipe over the casing edge. Getting the full length of pipe, pump and wires into the well is heavy work that requires two people in charge of feeding the pipe down into the well head, and a third guiding the top end of the pipe.
   • If steel or ridged plastic pipe is used then some type of overhead hoist will be needed that is tall enough to elevate a full length of pipe. You will also need riser clamp or pipe holder to span the top of the well head for temporarily supporting the lowered sections each time you join the next section of pipe.
10. Slowly lower the pump, piping, power cable and safety rope to the required depth, clipping the drop cable and adding any necessary additional torque arrestors or cable guards. For pump settings 60 m (200 ft) or deeper, manufacturers recommend the installation of additional spring-loaded in-line check valves at regular 60 m (200 ft) intervals. An ohmmeter, or megger should be used to measure the insulation resistance on the power cable every 20 feet as the pump is lowered. This will locate any fault in the cable. Procedures for testing the insulation resistance are explained in Learning Task 5
11. Depending on whether the drop pipe will exist the well below or above ground, terminate the drop pipe with either a well seal or a well cap with pitless adapter (Figure 59). [caption id="attachment_143" align="aligncenter" width="616"] Figure 59. Well seal and well cap terminations[/caption]
    • For an above ground well seal termination, connect the necessary pipe adapter and threaded nipple onto the end of the drop pipe, while supporting the installed string of drop pipe. Slip the seal down over the threaded nipple and connect an elbow or tee for the above ground fitting. Run the pump cable and safety rope through threaded electrical conduit hole. Lower the pipe string until the tee or elbow is down on the seal, and the seal is seated on the well casing. Tighten the bolts to squeeze the packer against the inside of the well casing and the pipe. The other ½” threaded connection can be used to connect a well vent if needed.
    • For a pitless adapter with well cap termination, slowly lower the drop pipe straight down the well with the snare pipe in your hands (Figure 60). As it lowers, with a small movement of the snare pipe feel the opening you are looking for. You may have to lift and turn the snare pipe slightly before it aligns and drops into the other half of the pitless unit. The adapter will seat with a solid feel when the two sections are properly meshed. Tie the end of the safety rope onto the rope hanger plate. [caption id="attachment_144" align="aligncenter" width="400"] Figure 60. Well cap and pitless being installed[/caption]
    12. All pump wiring must be protected from physical damage. Submersible pumps usually have their power supply placed in the ditch with the water supply line to the residence. Armoured cable (Teck) or electrical conduit are laid from the house to the well at a depth of 3' (1 m). A 3' (1 m) depth of bury allows for some protection from shallow digging operations such as for gardens. The conduit/Teck cable comes up beside the well casing and is connected to the well cap for secure fastening. The conduit/Teck is commonly tie-wrapped to the casing below ground level to keep it vertical while backfill is placed. The wires going to the pump and the wires coming from the house are commonly fastened together with watertight connections at the top of the well. The metal well head and metal casing must be connected to the ground circuit. Excess wire is left neatly coiled in the top portion of the well casing under the well cap to allow electrical measurements to be made at the well head.
    13. Connected the pump power cable to the pump panel, control box, VFD or constant pressure controller as per manufactures instructions (Figure 61). Always connect the control box or panel-grounding terminal to supply ground per the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) requirements. [caption id="attachment_148" align="aligncenter" width="401"] Figure 61. Control box connections[/caption]
        14. Connect the power supply and connections between the pressure switch and the control box as per the manufactures instructions and Canadian Electrical code (CEC). Include a disconnect switch near the control box.
        After electrical work is completed and before pump is connected to pressure tank, the pump should run to test the water for clarity. Pump start up will be covered in Learning Task 4- Describe the testing and commissioning of water supply pressure systems.

Install Jet Pumps

Shallow Well Installation

1. Connect foot valve to 1-1/4” plastic pipe adapter and cement adapter to 1-1/4” rigid PVC pipe.
2. Add rigid PVC pipe sections and couplings (as required) while lowering foot valve into well to the proper depth. The foot valve should be at least 0.9 m (3’) below the pumping level and at least 0.6 m (2’) from the bottom. Verify these minimum dimensions with the manufacture.
3. Install well seal over rigid PVC pipe and into well casing. Cement 1-1/4” PVC elbow to top of pipe at correct length to position foot valve at proper depth. Lower foot valve/piping assembly carefully into well, using pipe riser clamp to hold onto. Draw up bolts on well seal until rubber gaskets are tight against both the well casing and the pipe.
4. Continue connecting horizontal piping from the well head to the pump, you may want to install unions when connecting to the pump. This pipe should slope upwards to the pump to avoid air locks. If the horizontal piping run from the well to the pump is more than 12 m (40’), some manufactures recommend the installation of a check valve near the pump.
5. Connect pressure tube between pump case and pressure switch on pump.
6. Install discharge tee in pump discharge until tight.
7. Make the electrical connections to the pressure switch as per the manufactures instructions and Canadian Electrical code (CEC). Include a disconnect switch near the pump.
8. After electrical work is completed and before pump is connected to pressure tank, the pump should be primed and test run.

Deep Well Installation

1. Begin installation by attaching foot valve to close nipple of corresponding size. Connect nipple/foot valve assembly to bottom of ejector body. Next install plastic nozzle and venturi into top of ejector body.
2. Use adapters to connect a section of pressure and suction piping to the ejector body. Pressure piping is usually 1” diameter and suction pipe is 1¼” in diameter.
3. Add rigid PVC pipe sections and couplings (as required) while lowering the ejector assembly into well to the proper depth. The ejector should be at least 0.9 m (3’) below the pumping level and at least 0.6 m (2’) from the bottom. Verify these minimum dimensions with the manufacture.
4. After lowering pipes and ejector assembly into well, install well seal. Draw up bolts on well seal until the rubber gaskets are tight against the well casing and the two plastic pipes. For deep well jet pump, fill the vertical pipes with clean water before connecting to horizontal piping. This will help in priming the pump.
5. Cut top of 1” pipe 2” shorter than the 1-1/4” pipe, as shown in the installation diagram. Cement 1-1/4” PVC elbow and 1” PVC elbow to the top of each pipe.
6. Connect horizontal piping from the well head to the pump. These pipes should slope upwards to the pump to avoid air locks.
7. Make the electrical connections to the pressure switch as per the manufactures instructions and Canadian Electrical code (CEC). Include a disconnect switch near the pump.
8. After electrical work is completed and before pump is connected to pressure tank, the pump should be primed and test run.

Install Pressure Tanks

Pressure Switch Wiring

Self-Test 3

Media Attributions

• Figure 53. "Water level meter" from Heron Instruments Inc. is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 54. "Submersible motor cooling" from video from Grundfos is used and adapted for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 55. "Dual voltage change plug (left) or switch (right)" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 56. "Flow inducer sleeve [PDF]" from Grundfos is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 57. "Slide pitless adapter" from Near North Supply is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 58. "Torque arrestor and cable guard"
  • Torque arrestor (Left): by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
  • Cable Guards (Right): by Boshart is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 59. "Well seal and well cap terminations" from the United States Environmental Protection Agency is used for non-commercial, scientific and educational purposes.   
• Figure 60. "Well cap and pitless being installed" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 61. "Control box connections" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 62. "Shallow well pump installation" from Pentair Myers is used and adapted for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 63. "Deep well pump installation" from Pentair Myers is used and adapted for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 64. "Low yield well tail pipe solution" from Grundfos is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 65. "Connected tank tee" by Rod Lidstone is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 66. "Submersible pump wiring" by Camosun College is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 67. "Pressure switch wiring" by Camosun College is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.

Image Descriptions

• The entire line from the pump location to the foot valve in the well must be fully filled with water to eliminate any air from the suction line.
• Filling the entire suction line and pump case through the top of the priming tee requires multiple cycles of closing the priming opening and starting the pump to ensure a sufficient water level.
• A quicker way to prime the pump's suction line is to fill it entirely before connecting it to the pump. By observing the water level in the suction pipe before the connection, you can ensure the foot valve holds water, speeding up the priming process as only the pump case needs to be filled with water, possibly venting some air from the suction line.
• Priming is greatly assisted by having the suction line rise slightly (graded) from the pitless adapter or wellhead to the pump's inlet.
• When priming a two-pipe jet pump installation, make sure to fill both lines before connection to the pump.
• Confirm that the pressure gauge and pressure switch sensing line are connected.
• Close the temporary discharge shutoff valve and start the pump. If pump is installed with a horizontal offset line of 4 feet or more, it may take several minutes to prime. Opening the discharge valve slightly the may help removed air from the pump casing. If pump pressure does not build up in 5 minutes stop the motor, remove the priming plug, add more water and repeat.
• For a deep well jet turn regulator adjusting screw down tight. If pump is properly primed, a high pressure will immediately show on pressure gauge. With pump operating at high pressure, slowly unscrew regulator adjusting screw until maximum water flow is obtained without pressure dropping to zero. If pressure does drop completely, again tighten down regulator adjusting screw and readjust until steady operation is obtained
• Allow pump to run to drain long enough to clear the well of any sand or dirt and to be sure the well is not going to run out of water.

Submersible Pump Initial Start and Performance Check

Startup Procedures

• Install a pressure gauge and valve on the end of the discharge pipe.
• Route the temporary piping or hose to a drain to enable the pump to be run for a period of time.
• Discharge valve must be closed to approximately 1/3 open when the pump is started to slow the air released from the drop pipe, in tum causing backpressure on the pump as the air becomes slightly compressed before escaping from the valve. Notice: Never start a new pump installation with the discharge valve completely open. When a submersible pump operates at high flow - low head, it can cause the pump to up thrust the impellers-shaft assembly, which can cause premature wear and failure.
• Once the air has escaped, open the valve gradually until the pump operates at its full capacity. Avoid turning off the pump even if it experiences water deprivation during well cleaning or development. Shutting down the pump under such circumstances could lead to clogging due to the accumulation of tiny solid particles, making it difficult to restart when needed. However, if the pump continues running while water re-enters, there is a higher likelihood of successfully pumping these particles through the pump stages.
• As the valve is being opened, the drawdown should be checked to ensure that the pump always remains submerged. Continue to run the pump until the drawdown of the water in the well becomes stable. Should the water level drop to the pump intake the installation of a protection device against dry operation is recommended.
• Continue to run until the water that is flowing out of the temporary discharge pipe is clear.

Pump Performance Checks

Completed System Checks

Self-Test 4

Media Attributions

• Figure 68. "Shallow well pump with discharge tee" from Grundfos is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.

• Operating the pump close to its designated parameters for water quantity or maximum head,
• Employing the pump for tasks outside its intended applications.

• a pressure gauge can be used to check proper rotation of a three-phase motor
• vacuum gauges can be used to check that the pump is developing sufficient pressure differentials
• a multimeter is an invaluable tool for example:
  • the ohmmeter allows you to quickly pinpoint the problem when you encounter difficulties in starting motors
  • the clamp-on ammeter can be used to detect current imbalance
  • and the voltmeter can be used to match the motor voltage to your supply voltage

Preliminary Troubleshooting Tests

• Line-to-Line voltage (Nameplate +/-10%)
• Amperage in all motor wires
• Line-to-Ground insulation resistance
• Line-to-Line winding resistance

Voltage Measurements

1. Ensure the motor is off.
2. Measure voltage supply at pressure switch or line contactor. For single phase motors, measure between line and neutral. For three-phase motors, measure between the legs.
   • Ensure the voltage reading is ± 10% of motor rating.
3. Turn the motor on until it is running normally.
4. Measure voltage at load side of pressure switch or line contactor with pump running.
   • Ensure the voltage reading remains the same except for slight dip on starting. Loose connections, bad contacts, ground faults, or inadequate power supply can cause excessive voltage drop.
   • Either low voltage or ground faults cause relay chatter.

Current (Amp) Measurements

• Ensure current in red lead is momentarily high, then drops within one second to manufactures specifications. This verifies relay or solid state relay operation. Relay or switch failures cause red lead current to remain high and overload tripping.
• Check current in black and yellow leads does not exceed manufactures specifications. Open run capacitor(s) cause amps to be higher than normal in the black and yellow motor leads and lower than normal in the red motor lead.

Check three-phase motor current imbalance

• Individually clip your ammeter to each leg at the control box or starter to measure and record the amps on each leg.
• If there is considerable difference between the legs disconnect the power and change all three connections at the starter. Be careful to shift the leads (not changing the order) so the rotation remains the same. Restart the pump, then measure and record the current on each leg.
• Disconnect the power and shift the cable leads for a third set of readings.
• Select the most consistent set of readings and find the average of the three amp values.
• Compare each single leg reading from that set to the average to identify the leg that had the greatest amp difference from the average.
• Divide the greatest difference by the average to obtain the percentage of unbalance, as shown in the example below.

• burnt contacts on the motor starter
• loose terminals in starter or control box
• cable defects
• motor windings have shorted
• pump is damaged

Line-to-Ground Insulation Resistance Measurements

• Open master breaker (lockout) and disconnect all leads from control box or pressure switch to avoid electric shock hazard and damage to the meter
• Use a megohmmeter set to 500 Volt (1000 Volt maximum).
  • If using an ohmmeter, set to R X 100k. Zero the meter.
• Connect one meter lead to any one of the motor leads and the other lead to the ground wire, metal drop pipe, or metal well casing (Figure 69). Repeat and records readings for each motor lead.
  • If the drop pipe is plastic, connect the meter lead to ground

• Insulation resistance varies little with rating. Motors of all hp, voltage, and phase rating have similar values of insulation resistance. The table in Figure 71 shows typical manufacture recommend readings
  • If the ohms value is normal, the motor is not grounded and the cable insulation is not damaged.
  • If the ohms value is below normal, either the windings are grounded or the cable insulation is damaged. Check that the cable insulation at the well seal is not being pinched

NOTE: *Readings are for drop cable plus motor

Line-to-Line Winding Resistance

• Open master breaker (Lockout) and disconnect all leads from control box or pressure switch to avoid electric shock hazard and damage to the meter.
• Use a multi-meter set to 20 ohms or an ohmmeter set to R X 1 for values under 10 ohms. Use next scale up for values over10 ohms. Zero the meter.
  • On 3-wire motors measure the resistance of yellow to black (main winding) and yellow to red (start winding) (Figure 72).
  • On 2-wire motors measure the resistance from line-to-line.
  • For three-phase motors measure the resistance line-to-line for all three combinations. [caption id="attachment_167" align="aligncenter" width="1029"] Figure 72. Motor winding test[/caption]

• Compare the reading to the manufacture’s specifications. These values are often supplied on the label located under the control box cover (Figure 73). Notice these reading are for the resistance of the motor only. The resistance values for different drop cable are readily available and will need to be added to the motor winding values to compare to the actual readings. [caption id="attachment_168" align="aligncenter" width="620"] Figure 73. Control box connections and label[/caption]
• If all ohms values are normal the motor windings are neither shorted nor open, and the cable colors are correct (not mixed).
  • If any one value is less than normal, the motor is shorted.
  • If any one value is greater than normal, the winding or the cable is open, or there is a poor cable joint or connection.
  • If some ohms values are greater than normal and some less on single-phase motors, the leads are mixed. This could have occurred when the leads were spiced, refer to the manufacture instruction on how to use an ohm meter to identify cables with an ohmmeter.

Additional Tests

Flow (Bucket) Test

1. Measure the amount of time (seconds) it takes to fill the bucket
2. Divide the gallon size of the bucket by the number of seconds it took for the bucket to be filled, then multiply by 60. This will give you the flow rate measured in gallons per minute (gpm).

1. Locate the pressure switch and tank. For this test you will need to know when the pump starts and stops. For a jet pump system this will be obvious as you will be able to hear the pump, whereas for a submersible you will need to listen to the pressure switch contactors. It may be easier to observe the pressure switch with the cover removed.
2. Make sure the pump is not running and no water is flowing anywhere in the building.
3. Open a faucet to drain water from the system the drain hose bib at the tank tee works best. As soon as the pump turns on, close the faucet so that the pump can fill up the pressure tank. Once the pump has turned back off, begin the next step.
4. Open the faucet into a five-gallon bucket and have the stop watch ready for the next step. If the system has a large pressure tank you may need more than one bucket. Measure the entirety of the water discharge before the pump turns back on.
5. As soon as the pump turns on, shut the faucet and use a stopwatch to time the pump cycle. Make a note of the pump cycle time (round to the nearest second) once the pump has turned back off.
6. You now know the time it takes for the pump to recharge the pressure tank, and you know the acceptance volume of the pressure tank, so you can calculate the average pumping rate as follows:

[latex]\text{Averaged Pumping Rate (GPM)} = \left(\frac{\text{Volume}}{\text{Recharge Time}} \right) \times 60[/latex]

• Recharge Time = 30 seconds
• Volume = 4 gallons
• [latex]\text{Averaged Pumping Rate} = \left(\frac{4}{30}\right) \times 60[/latex]

Isolating Leakage in Cable and Splices

1. Submerge the cable and splice in a steel barrel of water with both ends out of water (Figure 74).
2. Set the ohmmeter selector knob on R X 100 K and adjust the needle to zero (0) by clipping the ohmmeter leads together. Then ground one lead by attaching it to the metal tank. Clip the other to the various cable leads in turn at one end of cable. Be sure the other end of the cable remains out of the water and dos not contact the tank.
3. If the needle deflects to zero (0) on any of the cable leads, starting pull the cable out of the water slowly until the needle falls back to infinity, or no reading. When the needle falls back the leaking portion of the cable is just above water level.

Checking and Adjusting Pressure Switch

Pump Not Shutting off

• Before turning off the power to the pump observe the pressure in the system is above the cut-out setpoint.
• Shut off the power to the pump and the pressure switch.
• With the power OFF, take the switch cover off to do a visual inspection of the four contact points. Check again for the presence of no electricity with a non contact voltage tester.
• The contacts should be in the open position. Examine the four contacts for burning or pitting on the surface that may be bridging the contacts. If you see signs of damage, you may need to replace the pressure switch. To clean the contacts fold a small piece of fine-grit emery paper in half and push it between the contacts to clean burned or pitted contacts.
• If the contacts are closed and the pressure is above the cut-out setting the problem may be a block sensing port or tube to the bottom of the pressure switch. Debris can get lodged inside the bottom of the pressure switch and “blind” it from reading the pressure. For jet pumps you’ll want to check the copper/plastic tubing. Before you unscrew this pipe or tube connection be sure to drain all the pressure from the system. If there is a lot of sediment visible in the diaphragm of the pressure switch you can try cleaning it out, but it is best to replace the pressure switch.

Pump Not Coming on

• Before turning off the power to the pump observe the pressure in the system is below the cut-in setpoint.
• Shut off the power to the pump and the pressure switch.
• With the power OFF, take the switch cover off to do a visual inspection of the four contact points. Check again for the presence of no electricity with a non contact voltage tester.
• Confirm that all four wiring connections are firmly connected to their terminal screws.
• If the contacts are open and the pressure is below the cut-in setting the problem may be a block sensing port or tube to the bottom of the pressure switch.
• If the contacts are closed as they should be you will need to verify that the switch is getting the proper power supply. Turn the power back on and use a volt meter to test the power to the two input terminals. If the switch is getting the correct voltage then next check the voltage drop across the two load terminals. If the correct voltage is observed at the two load terminals then the problem is not with the pressure switch and the pump wiring or motor will need to be checked. If there is no, or reduced, voltage the contacts may be faulty. Turn the power back OFF
• Confirm again for the presence of no electricity with a non-contact voltage tester before checking the contacts. Examine the four contacts for burning or pitting on the surface that may be resisting flow through the contacts. If you see signs of damage, you may need to replace the pressure switch. To clean the contacts, you will need to force them open with your hand or a screwdriver to insert a small folded piece of fine-grit emery paper.

Adjusting Pressure Switch Settings

• The first thing to do is disconnect the power to the switch from the power supply before you attempt to do any adjustments.
• Loosen the nut on top to remove the cover on your pressure switch. Notice there is wealth of information given under the cover of the pressure switch including the factory pre-sets (Figure 75). You will notice two springs. The range adjustment nut on the larger center spring controls both the cut-in and cut-out settings together. The smaller spring controls only the highest pressure in the range (cut-out). This is a less commonly used part of the pressure switch, and you’ll only want to adjust this one if you have a very specific reason to do so. Remember that the 20 psi differential range is part of the overall system design that limits the amount of pump cycles in a day. If the range gets reduced to lass than 20 psi it will shorten the pump run time and reduce the pump life.
• To adjust the switch use a [latex]\tfrac{3}{8}[/latex]” deep socket nut driver. Rotate the center spring range nut in a clockwise direction for higher cut-in pressure and counter clockwise for lower cut-in pressure. As you start to change the cut-in value, the cut-out value will change by the same amount and in the same direction. The rule of thumb is that one full rotation will adjust the pressure 2-3 psi.
• After making the adjustment you will need to monitor the system to ensure the pressure setting is what you desired. Note that the adjustment you make to the pressure switch can only be read after the pump has reached its first adjusted shut off. The next cut-in and cut-off pressure is your new setting.
• Replace the cover onto the switch, turn the power back on
• Open the drain to get the pressure below the cut-in point. Once the pump turns on close the drain. Keep a close eye on the pressure gauge so that you can identify the exact point that the pump turns off.
• Repeat adjustments if necessary and continue monitoring for a couple more cycles

Protective Devices

Troubleshooting Pump Problems

Self-Test 5

Media Attribution

• Figure 69. "Ammeter test" ©SkilledTradesBC Province of British Columbia. These resources are not designed for rework, reuse, remixing, and/or redistribution; they are to be used solely for the purposes of instruction.
• Figure 70. "Submersible pump insulation resistance test" from Franklin Electric is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 72. "Motor winding test" from Franklin Electric is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 73. "Control box connections and label" by Camosun College is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 74. "Cable leakage test" ©SkilledTradesBC Province of British Columbia. These resources are not designed for rework, reuse, remixing, and/or redistribution; they are to be used solely for the purposes of instruction.
• Figure 75. "Pressure switch cover removed" by Camosun College is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence.
• Figure 76. "Pump no load protection devices" from Franklin Electric is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.

• precipitation – water is released from clouds as rain, snow or sleet
• condensation – water in the air condenses into small airborne particles to form fog, dew or clouds
• infiltration – water enters the ground by contact with rain or snow
• percolation – water from infiltration moves vertically through the ground by gravity and capillary action until it reaches an aquifer
• runoff – water that can’t be absorbed into the ground moves horizontally across it where it collects in bodies such as rivers, lakes or oceans
• evapotranspiration – also known as transpiration, this is water that is released into the atmosphere through plants as they “breathe”
• sublimation – the process whereby glacial ice and snow release water vapour without first melting into a liquid
• evaporation – liquid water when heated turns into a vapour, leaving behind any impurities such as minerals and chemicals

Surface Water Supplies

Ground Water Supplies

The Need for Water Treatment (Water Conditioning)

Common Impurities in Water

Dissolved Solids

Suspended Solids

Gases

Bacteria and Pathogens

Acidity/Alkalinity

Iron

Manganese

Tannins

Other Contaminants in Water Supplies

• Nitrate - Nitrate is the most common chemical contaminant in the world's groundwater and aquifers. Present in chemical fertilizers, human sewage, and animal waste and fertilizers, nitrate can contaminate a private well through groundwater movement and surface water seepage and run-off. Once taken into the body, nitrates are converted into nitrites which interfere with bodily functions.
• Heavy metals – Heavy metals can leach into drinking water from household plumbing and service lines, mining operations, petroleum refineries, electronics manufacturers, municipal waste disposal, cement plants, and natural mineral deposits. Heavy metals include: arsenic, antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, selenium and many more. Heavy metals can contaminate private wells through groundwater movement and surface water seepage and run-off.
• Organic chemicals - Organic (carbon-based) chemicals are found in many household products and are used widely in agriculture and industry. They can be found in inks, dyes, pesticides, paints, pharmaceuticals, solvents, petroleum products, sealants, and disinfectants. Examples include gasoline, plastics, detergents, dyes, food additives, natural gas, and medicines. Organic chemicals can enter ground water and contaminate private wells through waste disposal, spills, and surface water seepage and run-off.
• Fluoride - Fluoride can be present in many aquifers and can be found in private wells. The occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is due to weathering and leaching of fluoride-bearing minerals from rocks and sediments. Fluoride when ingested in small quantities is beneficial in promoting dental health by reducing dental caries (tooth decay or cavities), whereas higher concentrations may cause fluorosis, a condition characterized by pain and tenderness of bones and joints.
• Arsenic - Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring contaminant found in many ground waters. Arsenic in water has no color, taste, or odor, and can only be measured by an arsenic test kit or lab test. Public water utilities must have their water tested for arsenic and if desired, the results can be obtained through the utility’s consumer confidence report. Private wells will need to have the water evaluated, and the local health authority can provide a list of test kits or certified labs.

Self-Test 1

Terminology of Water Treatment

• Activated carbon - Granulated active carbon, or “GAC”, used to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines, and some organics from water.
• Adsorption - The process by which molecules or colloids physically adhere (cling) to the surfaces of solids. Organic chemicals are adsorbed by carbon filters.
• Aeration - The process of adding air to a water supply for the purpose of oxidation. Aeration is frequently used to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide.
• Algae - Plant-like organisms which grow in water.
• Alkalinity - See Total Alkalinity.
• Anion – A negatively charged ion. Bicarbonate, chloride, and sulphate are the most abundant anions in water.
• Aquifer - Any geological formation containing water; one that supplies water for wells, springs, etc.
• Backwash - Reverse of a solution's flow through a system. Often used as a cleansing step in softeners and sand and dual media filters. Backwashing cleans and resettles the filter bed.
• Bacteria - Disease-potential organisms living in soil, water, or organic matter and being autotrophic (self-generative) or parasitic.
• Bromine – A chemical sanitizer that kills bacteria and algae.
• Buffer – A chemical that resists pH change, e.g., sodium bicarbonate.
• Calcium hardness - A measure of the calcium salts dissolved in water.
• Cation – A positively charged ion. Sodium, magnesium, potassium, and calcium are the most abundant cations in water.
• Chemical solution feeder - A pump used to meter chemicals such as chlorine or polyphosphate into a water supply.
• Chloramine - A combination of free chlorine and ammonia gas that retains its bactericidal qualities for a longer time than does free chlorine. It is less effective than chlorine as a disinfectant but is often used because it reduces the harmful by-product chemicals produced by free chlorine. It is becoming more common as the standard disinfectant used by municipal water supplies. In general, it is more difficult to remove from water than free chlorine.
• Chlorine – A chemical sanitizer that kills bacteria and algae. A very toxic biocide. A halogen element isolated as a heavy irritating greenish-yellow gas of pungent odor used especially as a bleach, oxidizing agent and a disinfectant in water purification.
• Chlorine demand – The amount of chlorine required to react on various water impurities before a residual is obtained.
• Chlorine, Free (Residual) - Chlorine available to kill bacteria or algae. Chlorine that has not combined with other substances in water.
• Contaminant - any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water.
• Dl (deionization) – The use of ion exchange resin to remove salts from water.
• Demineralization - The process of removing minerals from water, e.g. deionization, reverse osmosis and distillation.
• Disinfection - Destruction of bacteria, viruses and cysts in a water supply or distribution system.
• Dissolved solids - Any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water.
• Distillation - Steam from boiling water is condensed on a cool surface, collected, and stored. Most contaminants do not vaporize and therefore do not pass to the condensate. Removes nearly 100 percent of salts and organics.
• Ferric iron - Iron that is oxidized in water and is visible. Also called red water iron.
• Ferrous iron - Iron that is dissolved in water. Also called clear water iron.
• Flocculation - A water treatment process where solids form larger clusters, or flocs, to be removed from water. This process can happen spontaneously, or with the help of chemical agents.
• Flocculent chemical – A chemical which, when added to water, causes particles to coagulate into larger groupings (flocs), which can then settle from the water.
• GPD - Gallons per day.
• GPG - Grains per gallon. A grain is [latex]\frac{1}{7000}[/latex] of a pound. The grain per gallon (gpg) count is a unit of water hardness defined as 1 grain (64.8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 US gallon of water (3.78 L) which translates into 1 part in about 58000 parts of water, or 17.1 parts per million (ppm). Because an Imperial gallon is larger than a US gallon, one grain of hardness in 1 Imp. Gal. will have a lower concentration, which would be 14.3 ppm. This is the most common measurement for hardness.
• Ground water or groundwater - Water confined in semipermeable rock layers; in other words, well water.
• Hardness - The concentration of calcium and magnesium salts in water. Water hardness is responsible for most scale formation in pipes and water heaters and forms an insoluble “curd” when it reacts with soaps. Hardness is usually expressed in grains per US gallon (gpg), parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per liter (mg/l), all as calcium carbonate equivalent.
• Heavy metals - Metals having a high density or specific gravity. A generic term used to classify contaminants such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.
• Hydrogen sulfide - A toxic gas (H2S) that is detectable by a strong "rotten egg" odor.
• Hydrologic cycle (hydrological cycle, water cycle) - The term used to describe how water travels through the environment by processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
• Ion exchange - A chemical reaction in which ions are exchanged in solution. Water softening and deionization are common applications of ion exchange.
• Magnesium hardness - A measure of the magnesium salts dissolved in water.
• Membrane – A polymer film utilized as the semipermeable separation mechanism in reverse osmosis.
• Mg/l - Milligrams per liter. For our purpose, same as ppm. Normally used for a more accurate measurement or where small quantities of certain elements cause big problems in relation to iron, manganese, sulfur, nitrates and silica. There are 1000 mg in 1 gram, and 1000 grams in 1 litre, so 1000 mg × 1000 g = 1000000 mg in 1 litre.
• Micron - A unit of length, which is [latex]\frac{1}{1\;000\;000}[/latex] of a meter. It is the most common measurement of the size of particulate that a filter can trap. Filter sizes are designated in microns.
• Muriatic Acid - An acid used to reduce pH and alkalinity. Also used to remove stain and scale.
• Osmosis - The spontaneous flow of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane occurring until energy equilibrium is achieved.
• Ozone - A powerful oxidizing agent with three atoms (O₃) which, when dissolved in water, produces a broad-spectrum biocide that destroys all bacteria, viruses, and cysts. Normally used commercially for large-scale disinfection of water.
• Particulate - Minute, separate particles.
• Permeable - Allowing some material to pass through.
• Permeate - The portion of the feed stream that passes through the membrane. Also called "product water" of a reverse osmosis unit, meaning the finished water that you drink.
• pH - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14 with 7 being the mid-point or neutral. A pH of < 7 is on the acid side of the scale with 0 as the point of greatest acid activity. A pH of ˃7 is on the basic (alkaline) side of the scale with 14 as the point of greatest basic activity. The pH value is an exponential function, so pH 12 is 10 times more alkaline than pH 11 and 100 times more alkaline than pH 10. Similarly, a pH 4 is 100 times more acidic than pH 6.
• PPM - Parts per million. One part dissolved material in one million parts of water. Used as a measurement for iron, manganese, TDS, hydrogen sulfide, chlorides, sulfates, and tannins.
• Regeneration - Refers to the process by which an ion exchanger (i.e., a water softener) or media filter renews its ability to do its job.
• Rejection - Material not being allowed to pass through a membrane. A reverse osmosis unit "rejects" contaminants and does not allow them to enter the permeate, or product water.
• Residual – Usually applying to chlorine in water, it is the amount of chlorine left after initial contact time that will provide disinfection. It is measured as mg/litre.
• Resin - Specially manufactured polymer beads used in the ion exchange process to remove dissolved salts from water.
• Reverse osmosis - The separation of one component of a solution from another component by means of pressure exerted on a semipermeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is a popular and effective drinking water treatment that reduces "dissolved solids" that are often not filterable by other means.
• Scale - Crust of calcium carbonate, which generally refers to calcium buildup in pipes or the interior of appliances like hot water heaters.
• Semipermeable - Able to allow certain size material to pass through while rejecting other size material. A reverse osmosis unit uses a semipermeable membrane.
• Soda ash – A chemical (sodium carbonate) used to raise pH and total alkalinity.
• Sodium bisulfate – Also called dry acid, it is a chemical used to lower pH and total alkalinity.
• Soft water - Water containing less than 17 PPM calcium or magnesium.
• Solute - Dissolved particles in a solvent.
• Superchlorination - Application of large dosages of chlorine to destroy build-up of undesirable compounds in water.
• Suspended solids - Small solid particles which remain in suspension in water, making it turbid (see Turbidity).
• Titration - A method of testing by adding a reagent of known strength to a water sample until a specific color change indicates the completion of the reaction.
• Total alkalinity - A measure of the acid neutralizing capacity of water which indicates its buffering ability (a measure of its resistance to a change in pH). Generally, the higher the total alkalinity, the greater the resistance to pH change.
• Total dissolved solids - The weight of solids, per unit volume of water, which are in true solution. It can be determined by evaporating a measured volume of filtered water and determining the residue’s weight. A common alternative method to determine TDS is to measure the water’s ability to conduct an electrical current through it.
• Turbidity - Muddy, clouded, stirred-up sediment, silt, clay, etc.
• Ultraviolet disinfection - The use of ultraviolet light to interrupt the DNA of, and sterilize bacteria, protozoa, and cysts.

Types of Water Treatment

• Basic filtration
• Neutralization
• Ion exchange
• Oxidation
• Chlorination
• Distillation
• Ultraviolet sterilization
• Reverse osmosis

Filtration

Cartridge-type filters

Whole-house filters

• the media, forming the top layer
• coarse gravel as the bottom layer, and
• finer granular material sandwiched between the coarse gravel and media layers

Media for whole-house filters

Activated carbon

Calcium carbonate

Magnesium oxide

Manganese greensand

Sand

Self-Test 2

Filtration Continued

Iron filters

• the substitution of magnesium greensand in place of the resin
• a potassium permanganate solution as the regeneration medium in place of sodium chloride brine, and
• a solution tank built specifically for the dry potassium permanganate agent

Reverse osmosis filtration

Chlorination

Distillation

Ultraviolet “sterilization”

Self-Test 3

Ion Exchange Softeners

• service position
• backwash position
• brine position
• slow rinse position
• rapid rinse position, and
• brine tank refill

The service position

The regeneration process

The backwashing position

The brining position

The slow rinse position

The fast rinse position

The refill position

Other factors of softener operation

Regeneration efficiency

Variable Brining

Variable Reserve

Twin Tank Systems

Self-Test 4

Media Attributions

• Figure 1. "The water cycle" from Encyclopædia Britannica is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 2. "pH scale" by Tux-Man on Wikimedia Commons, adapted by BCcampus, is in the public domain.
• Figure 3. "NOVO® Plastic and stainless-steel filter housings" from NOVO® is used with permission.
• Figure 4. "NOVO® Pleated, string wound, and activated carbon cartridges" from NOVO® is used with permission.
• Figure 5. "NOVO® Fibreglass whole-house media filter" from NOVO® is used with permission.
• Figure 7."NOVO® 485 digital valve" from NOVO® is used with permission.
• Figure 14. "RO unit filters, tank, and membrane"
  • RO unit filters (Top Left): from AquaTru is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
  • RO tank (Top Right): from AquaTru is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
  • RO membrane (Bottom): by BCcampus is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA licence, based on Schematic diagram of reverse osmosis based on the principle of cross flow filtration.
• Figure 15. "Chlorine feed pumps"
  • Stenner Feed Pumps (Left): from StennerPumps is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
  • LV64SA-VTS8-PES (Right): from Pulsafeeder is used for educational purposes under the basis of fair dealing.
• Figure 17. "Combination UV/filter treatment unit" from from NOVO® is used with permission.

Image descriptions

• Figure 6. "Cutaway of whole house filter tank" image description: A mineral tank with a timer and control valve on top. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of coarse gravel, a layer of fine gravel, a thick layer of media or filter bed, and a layer of free board. [Return to Figure 6]
• Figure 8. "Calcium carbonate" image description: A mineral tank with a timer and control valve on top. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of coarse gravel, a layer of fine gravel, a thick layer of activated carbon, and a layer of free board. [Return to Figure 8]
• Figure 9. "Acidic neutralizer (acid filter)" image description: A mineral tank with a timer and control valve on top. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of coarse gravel, a layer of fine gravel, a thick layer of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide, and a layer of freeboard. [Return to Figure 9]
• Figure 10. "Manganese greensand filter" image description: A mineral tank with a timer and control valve on top. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of coarse gravel, a layer of fine gravel, and a thick layer of magnesium green sand. Flowing into the control valve is a Potassium Permanganate Solution. [Return to Figure 10]
• Figure 11. "Multi-media filter" image description: A mineral tank with a timer and control valve on top. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of course gravel, a layer of fine gravel, a layer of coarse garnet, a layer of fine garnet, a layer of fine sand, and a layer of Anthrafilt (Anthracite). [Return to Figure 11]
• Figure 12. "Manganese greensand filter" image description: A mineral tank with a timer and control valve on top. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of coarse gravel, a layer of fine gravel, and a thick layer of magnesium green sand. Flowing into the control valve is a Potassium Permanganate Solution. [Return to Figure 12]
• Figure 13. "Chemical-free iron filter" image description: A mineral tank with a control valve on top. Flowing into the control valve are copper pipes that have an air vent and an air injector. Within the mineral tank, a distribution tube runs inside from the top to the bottom with a distributor at the bottom. Within the mineral tank (from the bottom to the top), there is a layer of coarse gravel, a layer of fine gravel, a thick layer of chemical-free iron filter media, and a layer of freeboard. [Return to Figure 13]
• Figure 16. "Cutaway of residential water distiller" image description: A labeled diagram of a residential water distiller, showcasing its main components. From top to bottom, the diagram highlights the activated carbon pre-filter, which removes impurities before distillation, the condensing coil, where steam cools and transforms back into liquid, and the boiling chamber, where water is heated to produce steam. It also includes the condensing fan, which aids in cooling, the heating element, responsible for boiling the water, the activated carbon post-filter, which further purifies the distilled water, and finally, the reservoir, where the clean, distilled water is collected. [Return to Figure 16]

Testing the Water

• Total coliforms – these occur naturally in soil and in the guts of humans and animals, and their presence may indicate fecal contamination.
• Escherichia coli (E. coli) – these originate only in the guts of humans and animals, and their presence indicates definite fecal (sewage) pollution.

Test Equipment and Procedures

Testing for Hardness

Testing for Iron

Testing for Manganese and pH

Testing for TDS

Interpreting the Results

Hardness

• 0 to < 60 mg/L……..… soft
• 60 to < 120 mg/L…..… medium hard
• 120 to < 180 mg/L..…. hard
• 180 mg/L and above.... very hard

• hardness levels between 80 and 100 mg/L (as CaCO3) are generally considered to provide an acceptable balance between corrosion and incrustation.
• waters with hardness levels in excess of 200 mg/L are considered poor but have been tolerated by consumers, and
• waters with hardness in excess of 500 mg/L are unacceptable for most domestic purposes.

Iron

Manganese

pH

TDS

Calculating Water Softening Demand

• every 1 ppm of iron is expressed as 4 gpg of hardness
• every 1 ppm of manganese is expressed as 8 gpg of hardness