References

Allarie v. Victoria (City), (1995) 1 W.W.R. 655 at 661 (B.C.S.C.)

Berntt v. Vancouver (City), (1997) 4 W.W.R. 505, 28 B.C.L.R. (3d)203, 33 C.C.L.T. (2d) 1 (S.C.)

Box, S. (2008). Crime, power and ideological mystification. In E. McLaughlin, J. Muncie and G. Hughes (eds) Criminological perspectives: Essential readings, (pp. 271 – 284). Sage Publishing.

Ceyssens, P., (1999), Legal aspects of policing, (pp. 3-39 – 3-40.). Earlscourt Legal Press, Inc.

Coleman, S. (2004). When police should say no to gratuities. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2004.9992159

Force Science Institute, (2009) Should officers see video of their encounters? Force Science states its case, Force Science Institute. Retrieved from https://www.forcescience.org/2009/01/should-officers-see-video-of-their-encounters/

Foster v. Pawsey (1980), 28 N.B.R. (2d) 334 at 63 A.P.R. 334 at 345 (Q.B.)

Hache’ v. Tourville, (1994) 145 N.B.R. (2d) 95, 372 A.P.R. 95

Hicks, W. L. (2004). Constraints in the police use of force: Implications so the just war tradition. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 28(2). 255-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02885875

Hobbes, T. (1950). Leviathan. E. P. Dutton.

Hoffman, R., Lawrence, C., & Brown, G. (2004) Canada’s national use-of-force framework for police officers. Police Chief Magazine. https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/canadas-national-use-of-force/

Kania, R. (1998). Should we tell the police to say “yes” to gratuities? Criminal Justice Ethics 7(2), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.1988.9991839

Justice Institute of British Columbia, (n. d.) Police academy, red book: Use of force training.

Manning, P. (2010). The police: mandate, strategies and appearances. In T. Newburn (Ed.), T. Newburn, Policing: Key readings. Willan Publishing.

Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state, and utopia. Prentice Hall.

Pedersen v. Hansen, (1963) 2 C.C.C. 348

Pollock, J. (2007). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Reiner, R. (2010). The politics of the police. Oxford University Press.

Robinow v. Vancouver (City), (2003) B.C.J. No. 989 at para. 71 (QL) (S.C)

R. v. Bottrell (1981), 60 C.C.C. (2d) 211, 22 C.R. (3d) 371 (B.C.C.A.)

R. v. Bottrell (1981), 60 C.C.C. (2d) 211 at 218, 22 C.R. (3d) 371 at 380 (B.C.C.A.)

R. v. Cline (1991), 2 W.A.C. 4, 117 A.R. 4 (C.A.)

R. v. Cunningham and Ritchie (1979), 49 C.C.C. (2d) 390 (Man. Co. Ct.)

R. v. Devereaux (1996), 112 C.C.C. (3d) 243, 147 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 108 (Nfld C.A.)

R. v. Moffitt, (1984) N.W.T.R. 313 (S.C.)

R. v. Nasogaluak, (2010) 1 S.C.R. 206, 251 C.C.C. (3d) 293

Smith, R. (2009). Police, the public, ‘less lethal force’ and suspects: Deconstructing the human rights arguments. The Police Journal, 82(3), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2009.82.3.445

Trepasso v. Police Complaints Commissioner, Ont. Div. Ct., 14 March 1995

Weber, M. (2015). Politics as a vocation. In T. Waters & D. Waters (Eds. & Trans.), Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society. Palgrave MacMillan

Weber, M. (1919). Politics as a Vocation.