References

Aboud, F. E., Tredoux, C., Tropp, L. R., Brown, C. S., Niens, U., & Noor, N. M. (2012). Interventions to reduce prejudice and enhance inclusion and respect for ethnic differences in early childhood: A systematic review. Developmental review, 32(4), 307-336.

Abstinence education programs: Definition, funding, and impact on teen sexual behavior. (2018). https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/abstinence- education-programs-definition-funding-and-impact-on-teen-sexual-behavior/

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper & Row.

Ailes, E., Dawson, A., Lind J., Gilboa, S., Frey, M., …Honein, M. (2015). Opioid prescription claims among women of reproductive age–United States, 2008-2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(2), 37-41.

Algoe, S. B., Kurtz, L. E., & Grewen, K. (2017). Oxytocin and social bonds: The role of oxytocin in perceptions of romantic partners’ bonding behavior. Psychological Science, 28, 1763-1772. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617716922

Alimohammadi, L., Zarei, F., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2017). Factors associated with sexual dysfunction in newly married women referred to the urban health centers of Zanjan, Iran: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Women’s Health, 6, 477-482. https://doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2018.79

Allen, J., Damasio, H., Grabowski, T., Bruss, J., & Zhang, W. (2003). Sexual dimorphism and asymmetries in the gray-white composition of the human cerebrum. Journal of Neuroimaging, 18, 880–894.

Allen, L., Hines, M., Shryne, J. E., & Gorski, R. A. (1989). Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 9(2), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.09-02-00497.1989

Alleva, J. M., Martijn, C., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., Jansen, A., & Karos, K. (2015). Expandable: A cognitive-behavioral body image intervention for women: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.012

Alleva, J. M., Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., Martijn, C., & Miles, E. (2015). A meta-analytic review of stand-alone interventions to improve body image. PloS one, 10(9), e0139177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177. Retrieved from

Allgeier, A. R., & Byrne, D. (1973). Attraction toward the opposite sex as a determinant of physical proximity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 90(2), 213-219.

Allison, R., & Risman, B. J. (2013). A double standard for “hooking up”: How far have we come toward gender equality?. Social Science Research, 42(5), 1191-1206.

Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison Wesley.

Amadiume, I. (2001). Re-inventing Africa: Matriarchy, religion and culture. Zed Books.

Ambrosino, B. (2017, March 15). The invention of ‘heterosexuality’. BBC Future. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170315-the-invention-of-heterosexuality

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Explaining disorders of sex development & intersexuality. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Explaining-Disorders-of-Sex-Development-Intersexuality.aspx

American Cancer Society. (2019). Cancer facts and statistics. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics.html

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2016). https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Committee- Opinions/Committee-on-Adolescent-Health-Care/Comprehensive-Sexuality- Education?IsMobileSet=false

American Heart Association. (2019). Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 at-a-glance. https://professional.heart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_503396.pdf

American Psychological Association. (2020). APA dictionary of psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/

American Psychological Association. (2022). Bias-free language. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language

Ancis, J. (2017). Women and leadership. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1791-1794). CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n610

Anderman, E. M., Eccles, J. S., Yoon, K. S., Roeser, R., Wigfield, A., & Blumenfeld, P. (2001). Learning to value mathematics and reading: Relations to mastery and performance- oriented instructional practices. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(1), 76-95.

Andersen, A. (1999). Eating disorders in males: Critical questions. In Eating disorders: A reference sourcebook, Edited by Lemberg, R. and Cohn, L., 73-79. Oryx Press.

Anderson, D., Wijetunge, H., Moore, P., Provenzano, D. A., Li, N., Hasoon, J., Viswanath, O., Kaye, A., & Urits, I. (2022). Gender dysphoria and its non-surgical and surgical treatments. Health Psychology Research, 10(3), 38358. https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.38358

Andrews, G., Issakidis, C., & Carter, G. (2001). Shortfall in mental health service utilization. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 417-425.

Angold, A., Costello, E., Erkanli, A. & Worthman, C. (1999). Pubertal changes in hormone levels and depression in girls. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1043-1053.

Anthony, J., Warner, L., & Kessler, R. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244-268.

Armour, C., Fried, E. I., Deserno, M. K., Tsai, J., and Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). A network analysis of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and correlates in US military veterans. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 49–59.

Aronson, E. (2002). Building empathy, compassion, and achievement in the jigsaw classroom. In Aronson, E., Blaney, N., Stephan, C., Sikes, J., & Snapp, M. (1978). The jigsaw classroom. Sage.

Aronson, E., & Worchel, P. (1966). Similarity versus liking as determinants of interpersonal attractiveness. Psychonomic Science, 5(4), 157-158.

Aronson, J., Fried, C. B., & Good, C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), 113-125.

Ata, E. (2018). Evaluation of adult environmental awareness behaviours in terms of social learning theory according to perceptions of primary and secondary school students. International Journal of Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.5430/IJHE.V7N6P54

Ata, R., Ludden, A. & Lally, M. (2007). The effects of gender and family, friend, and media influences on eating behaviors and body image during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 1024-1037.

Atkinson, S., & Russell, D. (2015). Gender dysphoria. Australian Family Physician, 44(11), 792-6. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.585153959808244

Avellar, S., & Smock, P. (2005). The economic con- sequences of the dissolution of cohabiting unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 315–327.

Babcock, L., & Laschever, S. (2003). Women don’t ask: Negotiation and the gender divide. Princeton University Press.

Babcock, L., Laschever, S., Gelfand, M., & Small, D. (2003). Nice girls don’t ask. Harvard Business Review, 81(10), 14-16.

Baceviciene, M., & Jankauskiene, R. (2021). Changes in sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, body image, eating attitudes and behaviours, physical activity, and quality of life in students before and during COVID-19 lockdown. Appetite, 166, 105452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105452

Badcock, J. C., Shah, S., Mackinnon, A., Stain, H. J., Galletly, C., Jablensky, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2015). Loneliness in psychotic disorders and its association with cognitive function and symptom profile. Schizophrenia research, 169(1-3), 268-273.

Bandelow, B. & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues of Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327-335.

Bandura, A. (2010). Self‐efficacy. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-3.

Bangasser, D. (2013). Sex differences in stress-related receptors: “micro” differences with “macro” implications for mood and anxiety disorders. Biological Sex Difference, 4, 2.

Bärebring, L., Palmqvist, M., Winkvist, A., & Augustin, H. (2020). Gender differences in perceived food healthiness and food avoidance in a Swedish population-based survey: a cross sectional study. Nutrition Journal, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020- 00659-0

Barlow, J. N. (2018). Restoring optimal Black mental health and reversing intergenerational trauma in an era of Black Lives Matter. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 41(4), 895–908. https://doi.org.10.1353/bio.2018.0084

Barmak, S. (2018). The misunderstood science of sexual desire. The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2018/04/the-misunderstood-science-of-sexual-desire.html

Barnett, R. C. (2004). Women and multiple roles: Myths and reality. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 158–164.

BarNir, A., Watson, W. E., & Hutchins, H. M. (2011). Mediation and moderated mediation in the relationship Aamong role models, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial career intention, and gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(2), 270–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00713.x

Barrett-Connor, E., Goodman-Gruen, D., & Patay, B. (1999). Endogenous sex hormones and cognitive function in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3681– 3685.

Barstead, M., Bouchard, L., & Shih, J. (2013). Understanding gender differences in co- rumination and confidant choice in young adults. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 791-808.

Basson, R. (2015). Human sexual response. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 130, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00002-X

Batool, S., & Malik, N. I. (2010). Role of Attitude Similarity and Proximity in Interpersonal Attraction among Friends (C 310). International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 1(2), 142.

Baumeister, R. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity: the female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 347-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.347

Bebbington, P. (1996). The origins of gender differences in depressive disorder: Bridging the gap. International Review of Psychiatry, 8, 295– 332.

Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Jenkings, R., Lewis, G., Brugha, T., Farrell, M., & Meltzer, H. (1998) The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 28, 9–19.

Beck, T. (2019, June 26). Estrogen and female anxiety. Harvard Gazette. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/08/estrogen-and-female-anxiety/

Beilock, S. L., Gunderson, E. A., Ramirez, G., & Levine, S. C. (2010). Female teachers’ math anxiety affects girls’ math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(5), 1860-1863.

Bekker, M. & vanMens-Verhulst, J. (2007). Anxiety disorders: sex differences in prevalence, degree, and background, but gender-neutral treatment. Gender Medicine, 4, 178-193.

Bell, J. F. (1989). A Comparison of Science Performance and Uptake by Fifteen‐year‐old Boys and Girls in Co‐educational and Single‐sex schools—APU survey findings. Educational Studies, 15(2), 193-203.

Berenbaum, S & Snyder, E. (1995). Early hormonal influences on childhood sextyped activity and playmate preferences: implications for the development of sexual orientation. Developmental Psychology, 31, 31–42.

Berenbaum, S. & Hines, M. (1992). Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences. Psychological Science, 3, 203–206.

Berenbaum, S. (1999) Effects of early androgens on sex-typed activities and interests in adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior, 35, 102–110.

Berger, J. S., Elliott, L., Gallup, D., Roe, M., Granger, C. B., Armstrong, P. W., … Douglas, P. (2009). Sex differences in mortality following acute coronary syndromes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 874–882.

Berger, M. (2019, December 15). A guide to how gender-neutral language is developing around the world. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/12/15/guide-how-gender-neutral-language-is-developing-around-world/

Berk, L. (2004). Development through the lifespan. Pearson Education India.

Berninger, Nielsen, Abbott, Wijsman, & Raskind. (2008). Gender differences in severity of writing and reading disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.02.007

Berscheid, E., Dion, K., Walster, E., & Walster, G. W. (1971). Physical attractiveness and dating choice: A test of the matching hypothesis. Journal of experimental social psychology, 7(2), 173-189.

Betts, J. G., Young, K. A., Wise, J. A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D. H., Korol, O., Johnson, J. E., Womble, M., & DeSaix, P. (2013). Anatomy and physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/27-3-development-of-the-male-and-female-reproductive-systems#fig-ch28_03_01

Betz, D., Ramsey, L. & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2014). Gender stereotype threat among women and girls. In M. Ryan & N. Branscombe The SAGE handbook of gender and psychology (pp. 428-449). SAGE Publications, Ltd https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446269930.n26

Bevan, T. (2017). Biological theories of gender development. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 182-186). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n62

Bevan, T. (2017). Biological theories of gender development. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 182-186). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n62

Bhinder, J., & Upadhyaya, P. (2021). Brief history of gender affirmation medicine and surgery. In D. Nikolavsky & S.A. Blakely (Eds), Urological care for the transgender patient: A comprehensive guide, (pp. 249-254). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-18533-6_19

Bhugra, D., & de Silva, P. (1993). Sexual dysfunction across cultures. International Review of Psychiatry, 5, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269309028314

Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. In Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 34, pp. 39-89). JAI.

Biondi, M., & Picardi, A. (1999). Psychological stress and neuroendocrine function in humans: The last two decades of research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68, 114-150.

Bishop, K. M., & Wahlsten, D. (1997). Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: Myth or reality? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 21, 581–601.

Blakemore, J. E.O. , Berenbaum, S. A. , & Liben, L. S. (2009). Gender development. Psychology Press.

Blakemore, J. E.O. , Berenbaum, S. A. , & Liben, L. S. (2009). Gender development. Psychology Press.

Bleeker, M. M., & Jacobs, J. E. (2004). Achievement in math and science: Do mothers’ beliefs matter 12 years later?. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), 97.

Bodenmann, G., Ledermann, T., & Bradbury, T. (2007). Stress, sex, and satisfaction in marriage. Personal Relationships, 14, 551-569.

Boe, J. L., & Woods, R. J. (2018). Parents’ influence on infants’ gender-typed toy preferences. Sex Roles, 79, 358-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11199-017-0858-4

Boellstorff, T. (2005). The gay archipelago: Sexuality and nation in Indonesia. Princeton University Press.

Bolding, P. (2020). Intersectionality vs. intersecting identities. https://www.oregon.gov/deiconference/Documents/Pharoah%20Bolding%20-%20Intersectionality%20vs.%20Intersecting%20Identities.pdf

Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J. E. (1998). The 1997 national study of the changing workforce. Families and Work Institute.

Book, A. S., Starzyk, K. B., & Quinsey, V. L. (2001). The relationship between testosterone and aggression: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 579–599.

Bookwala, J., Sobin, J., & Zdaniuk, B. (2005). Gender and aggression in marital relationships: A life-span perspective. Sex roles, 52(11-12), 797-806.

Booth, A., Granger, D. A., Mazur, A., & Kivlighan, K. T. (2006). Testosterone and social behavior. Social Forces, 85(1), 167-191.

Bosch, O. J., & Young, L. J. (2018). Oxytocin and social relationships: From attachment to bond disruption. In O.J. Bosch & L.J. Young (Eds.), Behavioral pharmacology of neuropeptides: Oxytocin (pp. 97-117). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2017_10

Bouchard, L. & Shih, J. (2013). Gender differences in stress generation: examination of interpersonal predictors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 424-445.

Boucher, K. & Rydell, R. (2017). Stereotype threat in education. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1631-1633). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n549

Boucher, K.., Rydell, R.., Van Loo, K.., & Rydell, M.. (2012). Reducing stereotype threat in order to facilitate learning. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(2), 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.871

Bowles, H. R., Babcock, L., & Lai, L. (2007). Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask. Organizational Behavior and human decision Processes, 103(1), 84-103.

Boyer, C. R., & Galupo, M. P. (2018). Transgender Friendship Profiles: Patterns Across Gender Identity and LGBT Affiliation. Gender Issues, 35(3), 236-253.

Braun, F. (2001). The communication of gender in Turkish. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 1, pp. 283–310). John Benjamins Company.

Brecht, M., O’Brien, A., von Mayrhauser, C., & Anglin, M. (2004). Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences. Addictive Behaviors, 29(1), 89-106.

Breslau, N. & Anthony, J. (2007). Gender Differences in the Sensitivity to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Epidemiological Study of Urban Young Adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 116(3), 607-611.

Breslau, N., Davis, G., Andreski, P., Peterson, E., & Schultz, L. (1997). Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(11), 1044–1048

Brewer, G., & Hendrie, C. (2011). Evidence to Suggest that Copulatory Vocalizations in Women Are Not a Reflexive Consequence of Orgasm. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(3), 559–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9632-1

Brief, A. P., Umphress, E. E., Dietz, J., Burrows, J. W., Butz, R. M., & Scholten, L. (2005). Community matters: Realistic group conflict theory and the impact of diversity. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 830-844.

Brooks-Gunn, J. & Warren, M. (1989). Biological and social contributions to negative affect in young adolescent girls. Child Development, 60, 40-55.

Brown, C. S., Jewell, J. A., & Tam, M. J. (2020). Gender. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Noba. https://nobaproject.com/modules/gender.

Brown, S., Bulanda, J., & Lee, G. (2005). The significance of nonmarital cohabitation: Marital status and mental health benefits among middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psycho- logical Sciences and Social Sciences, 60B(1), S21–S29.

Bruckmüller, S., & Branscombe, N. R. (2011). How women end up on the” glass cliff”. Harvard business review, 89(1-2), 26.

Bufanda, J. (n.d.). Beyond GLBT: Same-gender loving. Pennsylvania College of Technology. https://www.pct.edu/student-life/student-activities/glbt-services/glbt-issues-unique-to-people-of-color

Bullen, C., Howe, C., Laugesen, M., McRobbie, H., Parag, V., Williman, J., & Walker, N. (2013). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9905), 1629-1637.

Bunderen, C. C., Leentjens, J., & Middeldorp, S. (2022). Transgender medicine and risk of venous thromboembolism. Hamostaseologie, 42(5), 301-307. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1891-8158

Burns, L., Teesson, M., & Lynskey, M. (2001). The epidemiology of comorbidity between alcohol use disorders and mental disorders in Australia. Retrieved from: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/epidemiology-comorbidity-between-alcohol-use-disorders-and-mental-disorders-australia

Buss, D. (2004). The evolution of desire. PsycCRITIQUES, 40(7).

Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and brain sciences, 12(1), 1-14.

Bussey, K. & Bandura, A (2005). Social cognitive theory of gender development and Functioning. In Eagly, A. H., Beall, A. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). The psychology of gender. Guilford Press.

Bussey, K. (2014). Gender development. In M. Ryan & N. Branscombe (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of gender and psychology (pp. 81-99). SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446269930.n6

Bussey, K. (2014). Gender development. In M. Ryan & N. Branscombe The SAGE handbook of gender and psychology (pp. 81-99). SAGE Publications, Ltd https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446269930.n6

Bvunzawabaya, B. (2017). Parental expectations. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1269-1272). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n422

Bvunzawabaya, B. (2017). Parental expectations. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1269-1272). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n422

Byne, W., Tobet, S. A., Mattiace, L. A., Lasco, M. S., Kemether, E., Edgar, M. A., Morgello, S., Buchsbaum, M. S., & Jones, L. B. (2001). The Interstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus: An Investigation of Variation with Sex, Sexual Orientation, and HIV Status. Hormones and Behavior, 40(2), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2001.1680

Cagnacci, A., & Venier, M. (2019). The controversial history of hormone replacement therapy. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 55(9), 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55090602.

Cameron, O., Kuttesch, D., McPhee, K., & Curtis, G. (1988). Menstrual fluctuation in the symptoms of panic anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15(2), 169-174.

Campbell, A. (2006). Sex differences in direct aggression: What are the psychological mediators? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 237–264.

Campbell, A. (2008). Attachment, aggression and affiliation: The role of oxytocin in female social behavior. Biological Psychology, 77(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.001

Campbell, G. & Rosner, M. (2008). The agony of ecstasy: MDMA (3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and the kidney. Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology, 3(6), 1852-1860.

Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., & Cabral, G. (2009). An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women’s mental health. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334456

Canetto, S. & Sakinofsy, I. (1998). The gender paradox in suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 28(1), 1-28.

Canning, D. A. (2015). Queering asexuality: Asexual-inclusion in queer spaces. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 8(1), Article 6. http://commons.emich.edu/mcnair/vol8/iss1/6

Capodilupo, C. M. (2015). One size does not fit all: Using variables other than the thin ideal to understand Black women’s body image. Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 21(2), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037649

Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Cibella, F., Morjaria, J. B., Caruso, M., Russo, C., & Polosa, R. (2013). EffiCiency and Safety of an eLectronic cigAreTte (ECLAT) as tobacco cigarettes substitute: A prospective 12-month randomized control design study. PloS One, 8(6), e66317.

Cappelletti, M., & Wallen, K. (2016). Increasing women’s sexual desire: The comparative effectiveness of estrogens and androgens. Hormones and Behavior, 78, 178–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.003

Carli, L. (2017). Biological Sex and Language and Communication. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 158-160). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n57

Carmassi, C., and Dell’Osso, L. (2016). PTSD and gender differences in earthquake survivors, in Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, eds C. R. Martin, V. R. Preedy, and V. B. Patel (Springer International Publishing), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-08613-2_127-2

Carr, D. (2004). The desire to date and remarry among older widows and widowers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 1051–1068.

Carter, S. & Porges, S. (2021). Biochemistry of love. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Noba. http://noba.to/3629qu8v

Casad, B. & Bryant, W. (2017). Teacher bias. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1659-1660). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n563

Castellanos Silva, R., & Steins, G. (2023). Social media and body dissatisfaction in young adults: An experimental investigation of the effects of different image content and influencing constructs. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1037932

Cech, E. A. (2016). Mechanism or Myth?: Family Plans and the Reproduction of Occupational Gender Segregation. Gender & Society, 30(2), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215608798

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Adult Obesity Facts.https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019a). Men and Heart Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/men.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fdhdsp%2Fdata_statistics%2Ffact_sheets%2Ffs_men_heart.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2019b). Women and Heart Disease. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/women.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV and Injection Drug Use. (2017a). https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/idu.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas. (2017b). https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2017-vol-29.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59, 1–142.

Chambless, D.L., & Mason, J. (1986). Sex, sex-role stereotyping and agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(86)90098-7

Chen, D., Hidalgo, M. A., Leibowitz, S., Leininger, J., Simons, L., Finlayson, C., & Garofalo, R. (2021). Mental health outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths receiving gender-affirming care. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2036517. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36517

Cherrier, M., Asthana, S., Baker, L., Plymate, S., Matsumoto, A., … Craft, S. (2001). Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology, 57, 80–88

Cheung, A. S., Leemaqz, S. Y., Wong, J. W. P., Chew, D., Ooi, O., Cundill, P., … & Pang, K. C. (2020). Non-binary and binary gender identity in Australian trans and gender diverse individuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 2673-2681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01689-9

Cheung, J., Chervonsky, L., Flemingham, K. & Bryant, R. (2013). The role of estrogen in intrusive memories. Neurobiological Learning and Memory, 106C, 87-94.

Chia, S. C., & Gunther, A. C. (2006). How media contribute to misperceptions of social norms about sex. Mass Communication & Society, 9(3), 301-320.

Chrisler, J. (2017). Pregnancy discrimination. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1339-1340). SAGE Publications, Inc. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n445

Chrousos, G. (2009). Stress and disorders of the stress system. National Review of Endocrinology, 5, 374-381.

Chu, S.-Y., Wen, C.-C., & Weng, C.-Y. (2022). Gender differences in caring for children with genetic or rare diseases: A mixed-methods study. Children, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050627

Claahsen – van der Grinten, H., Verhaak, C., Steensma, T., Middelberg, T., Roeffen, J., & Klink, D. (2020). Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence—current insights in diagnostics, management, and follow-up. European Journal of Pediatrics, 180, 1349-1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03906-y

Cohen, P. R. (2013). Children’s Gender and Parents’ Color Preferences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(3), 393–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9951-5

Cole, D. A., Maxwell, S. E., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L. G., Seroczynski, A. D., Tram, J. M., … & Maschman, T. (2001). The development of multiple domains of child and adolescent self‐concept: A cohort sequential longitudinal design. Child development, 72(6), 1723- 1746.

Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., … & Monstrey, S. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. International journal of transgenderism, 13(4), 165-232.

Collinsworth, L. L., Fitzgerald, L. F., & Drasgow, F. (2009). In harm’s way: Factors related to psychological distress following sexual harassment. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(4), 475-490.

Comas-Díaz, L. (2020). Liberation psychotherapy. In L. Comas-Díaz & E. Torres Rivera (Eds.), Liberation psychology: Theory, method, practice, and social justice (pp. 169–185). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000198-010

Comas-Díaz, L., & Torres Rivera, E. (Eds.) (2020). Liberation psychology. American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10000198-000.

Cooper, K., Russell, A., Mandy, W., & Butler, C. (2020). The phenomenology of gender dysphoria in adults: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101875

Cooper, S. (2019). The circles of sexuality and aging. Hostos Community College. https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/Psychology_of_Aging/circles_of_sexuality

Copen, C. E., Chandra, A., & Febo-Vazquez, I. (2016). Sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual orientation among adults aged 18-44 in the United States: Data from the 2011- 2013 National Survey of Family Growth. National health statistics reports, (88), 1-14.

Correll, S. J. (2001). Gender and the career-choice process: The role of biased self-assessments. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1691-1730.

Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112, 1297–1338.

Corrigan, P. W. (2016). Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 67-73.

Corrigan, P. W., Bink, A. B., Schmidt, A., Jones, N., & Rüsch, N. (2016). What is the impact of self-stigma? Loss of self-respect and the “why try” effect. Journal of Mental Health.

Costin, C. (2007). The eating disorder sourcebook: A comprehensive guide to the causes, treatments, and prevention of eating disorders. McGraw-Hill.

Cotner, S. & Wassenberg, D. (2018). The evolution and biology of sex. PressBooks. https://open.lib.umn.edu/evolutionbiology/

Courtenay, W., McCreary, D., & Merighi, J. R. (2002). Gender and ethnic differences in health beliefs and behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 219–231.

Craft, R., Wakley, A., Tsutsui, K., & Laggart, J. (2012). Sex differences in cannabinoid 1 vs. cannabinoid 2 receptor-selective antagonism of antinociception produced by delta9- tetrahydrocannabinol and CP55,940 in the rat. Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Therapeutics, 340(3), 787-800.

Crawford, T., Cohen, P., Midlarsky, E., & Brook, J (2001). Internalizing symptoms in adolescents: gender differences in vulnerability to parental distress and discord. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 95-118.

Cretzmeyer, M., Sarrazin, M., Huber, D., Block, R., & Hall, J. (2003). Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: research findings and clinical directions. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 24(3), 267-277.

Crick, N & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: current progress and future challenges. Developmental Psychopathology, 15, 719-742

Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological review, 96(4), 608.

Crocker, J., Voelkl, K., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991). Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 218.

Crockford, C., Deschner, T., & Wittig, R. M. (2018). The role of oxytocin in social buffering: What do primate studies add? In O.J. Bosch & L.J. Young (Eds.), Behavioral pharmacology of neuropeptides: Oxytocin (pp. 155-173). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2017_12

Crooks, R. L., & Baur, K. (2013). Our sexuality. Cengage Learning.

Cruz, L. E. (2011). Medicine bundle of contradictions. In J. Yee (Ed), Feminism for real: Deconstructing the academic industrial complex of feminism. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.

CTLT Indigenous Initiatives. (2018). Positionality & intersectionality. The University of British Columbia. https://indigenousinitiatives.ctlt.ubc.ca/classroom-climate/positionality-and-intersectionality/

Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS pap. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0

Dabbs, J. M., Jr., Carr, T. S., Frady, R. L., & Riad, J. K. (1995). Testosterone, crime, and misbehavior among 692 male prison inmates. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 627–633.

Dai, X., Dong, P., & Jia, J. S. (2014). When does playing hard to get increase romantic attraction? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 521-526.

Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(3), 316-328.

Davies, S. G. (2007). Challenging gender norms: Five genders among Bugis in Indonesia. Thomson Wadsworth.

DeBellis, M., Keshavan, M., Beers, S., Hall, J., Frustaci, K., …Boring, A. (2001). Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 11(6), 552-557.

Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T., Gordon, K., Rosen, J., & Bonanno, G. (2013). Cortisol and PTSD symptoms among male and female high-exposure 9/11 survivors. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 26, 621-625.

Denning, D., Conwell, Y., King, D. & Cox, C. (2010). Method choice, intent, and gender in completed suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(3), 282-288.

DeRose, L., Wright, A. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Does puberty account for the gender differential in depression C.L.M. Keyes, S.H. Goodman (Eds.), Women and Depression: A Handbook for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences, Cambridge University Press(2006), pp. 89-128

Deutsch, T. (2017). Asexuality. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 95-97). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n37

Dey, J. G., & Hill, C. (2007). Behind the pay gap. American Association of University Women Educational Foundation.

Dhejne, C. (2017). On gender dysphoria. [Thesis for Doctoral Degree, Karolinska Institutet]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Dinella, L. (2017). Cognitive theories of gender development. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 345-348). SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483384269.n111

Dittman, M. (2005). Study links jealousy with aggression, low self-esteem. Monitor on Psychology, 36(2), 13.

Dittmann, R., Kappes, M., Kappes, M., Borger, D., Stegner, H., …Wallis, H. (1990). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia I: gender-related behavior and attitudes in female patients and sisters. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 15, 401–420.

Dodge, B., Herbenick, D., Friedman, M. R., Schick, V., Fu, T. C. J., Bostwick, W., … & Sandfort, T. G. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States. PLoS One, 11(10), e0164430.

Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological science, 16(4), 328-335.

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). Aversive racism. Advances in experimental social psychology, 36, 4-56.

Driskill, Q.-L., Finley, C., Gilley, B. J., & Morgensen, S. L. (Eds.). (2011). Queer Indigenous Studies: Critical Interventions in Theory, Politics, and Literature. University of Arizona Press.

Drummond, M. B., & Upson, D. (2014). Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 11(2), 236-242.

Duffy, S. (2017). Children’s cognitive development. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 306-309). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n101

Duke University. (2019). Gender differences in Alcohol Metabolism. Retrieved from: https://sites.duke.edu/apep/module-1-gender-matters/content/content-gender-differences- in-alcohol-metabolism/

Dunn, D. (1996). Gender and earnings. In P. J. Dubeck & K. Borman (Eds.), Women and work: A handbook (pp. 61–63). New York: Garland.

Dunn, E., Larimer, M., & Neighbors, C. (2002). Alcohol and drug-related negative consequences in college students with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 171-178.

Dworkin, E. R., Menon, S. V., Bystrynski, J., & Allen, N. E. (2017). Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002

Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women’s achievement‐related decisions. Psychology of women Quarterly, 11(2), 135-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00781.x

Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women’s achievement‐related decisions. Psychology of women Quarterly, 11(2), 135-172.

Echols, L., & Graham, S. (2013). Birds of a different feather: How do cross-ethnic friends flock together?. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59(4), 461-488.

Eisenberg, M. E., Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., Rider, G. N., Shea, G., & Coleman, E. (2022). Risk and protective factors for self-harm in a population-based sample of transgender youth. Archives of Suicide Research, 26(2), 810-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1783431

Eissenberg, T., Bhatnagar, A., Chapman, S., Jordt, S. E., Shihadeh, A., & Soule, E. K. (2020). Invalidity of an oft-cited estimate of the relative harms of electronic cigarettes. American Journal of Public Health, 110, 161-162.

Eltorai, A. E., Choi, A. R., & Eltorai, A. S. (2019). Impact of electronic cigarettes on various organ systems. Respiratory Care, 64(3), 328-336.

Endendijk, J., Groeneveld, M. G., Van der Pol, L. D., Van Berkel, S. R., Hallers-Haalboom, E. T., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Mesman, J. (2017). Gender differences in child aggression: Relations with gender-differentiated parenting and parents’ gender-role stereotypes. Child Development, 88(1), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12589

Entman, R. M. (1990). Modern racism and the images of blacks in local television news. Critical studies in media communication, 7(4), 332-345.

Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2005a). Love promotes health. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 26(3), 264-267.

Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2005b). The neurobiology of love. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 26(3), 175-192.

Essex, M., Klein, M., Cho, E., & Kraemer, H. (2003) Exposure to maternal depression and marital conflict: gender differences in children’s later mental health symptoms. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 728-737.

Etaugh, C., & Riley, S. (1983). Evaluating competence of women and men: Effects of marital and parental status and occupational sex-typing. Sex Roles, 9(9), 943–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00290055

Evenson, R. & Simon, R. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 314– 358.

Fabris, B., & Bernardi, S. (2015). The Female-to-Male Medical Treatment. Management of Gender Dysphoria: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 229-239.

Fagan, J.F. (1976). Infants’ recognition of invariant features of faces. Child Development, 47, 627–638.

Fagot, B. I. (1974). Sex differences in toddlers’ behavior and parental reaction. Developmental Psychology, 10(4), 554. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0036600

Fagot, B. I. (1974). Sex differences in toddlers’ behavior and parental reaction. Developmental Psychology, 10(4), 554.

Fagot, B. I. (1984). Teacher and peer reactions to boys’ and girls’ play styles. Sex roles, 11(7-8), 691-702. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288120

Fagot, B. I. (1984). Teacher and peer reactions to boys’ and girls’ play styles. Sex roles, 11(7-8), 691-702.

Faheem, A., Balasubramanian, I., & Menon, V. (2022). Gender dysphoria in adults: Concept, critique, and controversies. Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 8, 4-11. Link

Falkner, N., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Jeffery, R., Beuhring, T., & Resnick, M. (2001). Social, educational and psychological correlates of weight status in adolescents. Obesity Research, 9, 32–42.

Fardouly, J., Willburger, B. K., & Vartanian, L. R. (2018). Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways. New Media & Society, 20, 1380–1395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817694499

Farrell, M., Sengelaub, D., & Wellman, C. (2013). Sex differences and chronic stress effects on the neural circuitry underlying fear conditioning and extinction. Physiology & Behavior, 122, 2008-215.

Farris, M., Mosli, M., McFadden, A., Friedenreich, C., & Brenner, D. (2015). The association between leisure time physical activity and pancreatic cancer risk in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers and Prevention, 24(10), 1462-1473.

Fattore, L., Spano, M., Altea, S., Angius, F., Fadda, P., & Fratta, W. (2007). Cannabinoid self- administration in rats: sex differences and the influence of ovarian function. British Journal of Pharmacology, 152(5), 795-804.

Feingold, A. (1988). Matching for attractiveness in romantic partners and same-sex friends: A meta-analysis and theoretical critique. Psychological Bulletin, 104(2), 226.

Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups: A study of human factors in housing. Harper.

Fishbane, M. D. (2019). Healing intergenerational wounds: An integrative relational–neurobiological approach. Family Process, 58(4), 796–818. https://doi-org./10.1111/famp.12488

Fisher, R. J. (1998). Group-derived consumption: The role of similarity and attractiveness in identification with a favorite sports team. ACR North American Advances.

Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow From Perceived Status and Competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Blackman, L. R., & Avellone, M. E. (2000). The relationship between body image discrepancy and body mass index across ethnic groups. Obesity Research, 8, 582– 589.

Foddy, M., & Hogg, M. A. (1999). Impact of leaders on resource consumption in social dilemmas: The intergroup context. Resolving social dilemmas: Dynamic, structural, and intergroup aspects, 309-330.

Forger, N. G. (2016). Epigenetic mechanisms in sexual differentiation of the brain and behaviour. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 371(1688), 20150114. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0114.

Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Guay, F. (1995). Academic motivation and school performance: Toward a structural model. Contemporary educational psychology, 20(3), 257-274.

Fox, J. (2004). How men’s movement participants view each other. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 12(2), 103-118.

Francis, B., Hutchings, M., Archer, L., & Amelling, L. (2003). Subject choice and occupational aspirations among pupils at girls’ schools. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 11(3), 425- 442.

Frazer, M. S., & Pruden, H. (2010). Reclaiming our voice: Two spirit health & human service needs in New York State. NYS DOH AIDS Institute. https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/providers/reports/native_people/docs/reclaiming_our_voices.pdf

Freidenberg, B., Gusmano, R., Hickling, E., Blanchard, E., Bremner, J., & Frye, C. (2010).Women with PTSD have lower basal salivary cortisol levels later in the day than do men with PTSD: a preliminary study. Physiological Behavior, 99, 234-236.

Friedman, H. L. (1993). Promoting the health of adolescents in the United States of America: A global perspective. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 14(7), 509-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(93)90131-8

Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Epstein, R. S., Crowley, B., Vance, K., Kao, T.-C., … Baum, A. (2001). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1486–1491. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1486

Furnham, A. Biological Sex and Cognitive Development. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 150-152). SAGE Publications, Inc. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n55

Gadassi, R., & Gati, I. (2009). The effect of gender stereotypes on explicit and implicit career preferences. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(6), 902–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000009334093

Gaetano, P. (2017). David Reimer and John Money gender reassignment controversy: The John/Joan case. In Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona State University. https://hdl.handle.net/10776/13009

Galdi, S., Cadinu, M., & Tomasetto, C. (2014). The roots of stereotype threat: When automatic associations disrupt girls’ math performance. Child Development, 85(1), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12128

Galinsky, E., Aumann, K., & Bond, J. T. (2009). Times are changing: Gender and generation at work and at home. (2019). Retrieved from: http://familiesandwork.org/site/research/reports/Times_Are_Changing.pdf

Gallagher, K. E., & Parrott, D. J. (2011). What accounts for men’s hostile attitudes toward women? The influence of hegemonic male role norms and masculine gender role stress. Violence against women, 17(5), 568-583.

Garb, H. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgment research and psychological assessment. American Psychological Association.

Garcia, J. R., Reiber, C., Massey, S. G., & Merriwether, A. M. (2012). Sexual hookup culture: A review. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 161-176.

Garcia, J. R., Reiber, C., Massey, S. G., & Merriwether, A. M. (2013). Sexual hook-up culture. The Monitor on Psychology, 44, 161-76.

Garcia, Patrick Raymund James M., Restubog, Simon Lloyd D., Bordia, Prashant, Bordia, Sarbari, & Roxas, Rachel Edita O. (2015). Career optimism: The roles of contextual support and career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88(88), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.004

Garwood, S. G., Cox, L., Kaplan, V., Wasserman, N., & Sulzer, J. L. (1980). Beauty is only “name” deep: The effect of first‐name on ratings of physical attraction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(5), 431-435.

Gates, G. J. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender? The Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf

Gelman, S. A., Taylor, M. G., & Nguyen, S. P. (2004). Mother-child conversations about gender: Understanding the acquisition of essentialist beliefs: III. How children and mothers express gender essentialism. Monographs of the society for research in child development.

Genetic Alliance. (2019, July 16). Understanding genetics: A New York, Mid-Atlantic guide for patients and health professionals. Appendix F, Chromosomal Abnormalities. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK115545/

Gerdle, B., Björk, J., Cöster, L., Henriksson, K., Henriksson, C., & Bengtsson, A. (2008). Prevalence of widespread pain and associations with work status: a population study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 9,102-122.

Gerhart, B., & Rynes, S. (1991). Determinants and con- sequences of salary negotiations by male and female MBA graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 256–262.

Gettys, L., & Cann, A. (1981). Children’s Perceptions of Occupational Sex Stereotypes. Sex Roles, 7(3), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287544

Giersing, L. & Bretteville-Jensen, A. (2014). Gender differences in mortality and risk factors in a 13-year cohort study of street-recruited injecting drug users. BMC Public Health, 14, 440.

Giletta, M., Scholte, R., Burk, W., Engels, R., Larsen, J., Prinstein, M., & Ciairano, S. (2011). Similarity in depressive symptoms in adolescents’ friendship dyads: selection or socialization? Developmental Psychology, 47, 1804-1814.

Glover, E., Jovanovic, T., Mercer, K., Kerley, K., Bradley, B., Ressler, K., & Norrholm, S. (2012). Estrogen levels are associated with extinction deficits in women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 19-24

Glover, E., Mercer, K., Norrholm, S., Davis, B., Ressler, K. & Jovanovic, T. (2013). Inhibition of fear is differentially associated with cycling estrogen levels in women. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 38, 341-348.

Goldfarb, E. S., & Lieberman, L. D. (2020). Three decades of research: The case for comprehensive sex education. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X20304560

Goldzweig, G., Andritsch, E., Hubert, A., Walach, N., Perry, S., Brenner, B., …Baider, L. (2009). How relevant is marital status and gender variables in coping with colorectal cancer? A sample of middle-aged and older cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 18, 866– 874.

Good, C., Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Improving adolescents’ standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 645-662.

Good, G. E., Dell, D. M., & Mintz, L. B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to help seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295–300

Government of Canada. (2017, August 31). Canada introduces a new gender-neutral option on passports. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2017/08/canada_introducesanewgenderneutraloptiononpassports.html

Grabe, M. E., Trager, K. D., Lear, M., & Rauch, J. (2006). Gender in crime news: A case study test of the chivalry hypothesis. Mass Communication & Society, 9, 137–163.

Graber, J., Seeley, J., Brooks-Gunn, J. & Lewinsohn, P. (2004). Is pubertal timing associated with psychopathology in young adulthood? Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 718-726.

Grant, K., Lyons, A., Finkelstein, J., Conway, K., Reynolds, L., O’Koon, J… Hicks, K. (2004). Gender differences in rates of depressive symptoms among low-income, urban, African- American youth: a test of two mediational hypotheses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 23-533

Gray, P. H., Singh, A. B., Woodhouse, L. J., Storer, T. W., Casaburi, R., Dzekov, J., Dzekov, C., Sinha-Hikim, I., & Bhasin, S. (2005). Dose-Dependent Effects of Testosterone on Sexual Function, Mood, and Visuospatial Cognition in Older Men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(7), 3838–3846. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0247

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464.

Gregory, C. O., Blanck, H. M., Gillespie, C., Maynard, L. M., & Serdula, M. K. (2008). Perceived health risk of excess body weight among overweight and obese men and women: Differences by sex. Preventive Medi- cine, 47, 46–52.

Greitemeyer, T. (2010). Effects of reciprocity on attraction: The role of a partner’s physical attractiveness. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 317-330.

Grose-Fifer, J. & diFilipo, D. (2017). Biological sex and the brain. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 170-174). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n60

Groth, X & Marnat, G. (2000). Visions of clinical assessment: Then, now, and a brief history of the future. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 349-365.

Grove, L., Morrison-Beedy, D., Kirby, R., & Hess, J. (2018). The birds, bees, and special needs: Making evidence-based sex education accessible for adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Sexuality & Disability, 36(4), 313–329. https://doi-org. /10.1007/s11195-018-9547-7

Grove, W., Zald, D., Boyd, L., Snitz, B., & Nelson, C. (2000). Clinical versus mechanical prediction: A meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment, 12, 19-30.

Grusec, J. (2020). Social learning theory and developmental psychology: The legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura. Developmental Psychology. https://doi-org. /10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.776

Guan, Capezio, Restubog, Read, Lajom, & Li. (2016). The role of traditionality in the relationships among parental support, career decision-making self-efficacy and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.018

Gulliver, D. W., Werry, E., Reekie, T., Katte, T. A., Jorgensen, W., & Kassiou, M. (2019). Targeting the oxytocin system: New pharmacotherapeutic approaches. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 40(1), 22-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2018.11.001

Gum, A., King-Kallimanis, B., & Kohn, R. (2009). Prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance- abuse disorders for older Americans in the national comorbidity survey-replication. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(9), 769-781.

Gur, R., Turetsky, B., Matsui, M., Yan, M., Bilker, W., … Gur, R. (1999). Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: correlations with cognitive performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 465-4072.

Ha, J.-H., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (2008). Age and gender differences in the well-being of midlife and aging parents with children with mental health or developmental problems: Report of a national study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49, 301–316.

Haag, C., Robinaugh, D. J., Ehlers, A., and Kleim, B. (2017). Understanding the emergence of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder through acute stress symptom networks. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 649–650. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0788

Haddock-Lazala, C. M. (2020). Urban liberation: Postcolonial intersectional feminism and developing a socially conscious therapeutic practice. In L. Comas-Díaz & E. Torres Rivera (Eds.), Liberation psychology: Theory, method, practice, and social justice (pp. 149–168). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000198-009

Hagborg, W. J. (1993). The Rosenberg Self‐Esteem scale and Harter’s Self‐Perception profile for adolescents: a concurrent validity study. Psychology in the Schools, 30(2), 132-136.

Hagedoorn, M., Sanderman, R., Bolks, H. N., Tuinstra, J., & Coyne, J. C. (2008). Distress in couples coping with cancer: A meta-analysis and critical review of role and gender effects. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 1–30.

Hall, J. A., & Veccia, E. M. (1990). More “touching” observations: New insights on men, women, and interper- sonal touch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1155–1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.59.6.1155

Halpern, D. F., Eliot, L., Bigler, R. S., Fabes, R. A., Hanish, L. D., Hyde, J., … & Martin, C. L. (2011). The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling. Science, 333(6050), 1706-1707.

Hamilton, J., Stange, J., Abramson, L., & Alloy, L. (2014). Stress and the development of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression explain sex differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 1-13.

Hammen, C. (2009). Adolescent depression: stressful interpersonal contexts and risk for recurrence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 200-204.

Haney M. (2007) Opioid antagonism of cannabinoid effects: differences between marijuana smokers and nonmarijuana smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(6), 1391-1403.

Hankin, B., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007). Sex differences in adolescent depression: stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Development, 78, 279-295.

Hara, Y., Waters, E., McEwen, B., & Morrison, J. (2015). Estrogen effects on cognitive and synaptic health over the lifecourse. Physiology Review, 95, 785-807.

Harrell, Z. & Karim, N. (2008). Is gender relevant only for problem alcohol behaviors? An ex-amination of correlates of alcohol use among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 359–365.

Harris, C. (2016, December) A description of Karen Horney’s neo-freudian theory of personality. Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/A-Description-of-Karen-Horneys-Neo-Freudian-Theory-of-Personality-and-Psychopathology

Harter, S. (2006). The development of self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 144-150). Psychology Press.

Harvard Divinity School. (n.d.). Paulo Freire. Harvard University. https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/paulo-freire

Harvard Health Publishing. (2020). Is testosterone therapy safe? Take a breath before you take the plunge. Harvard Men’s Health Watch. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/is-testosterone-therapy-safe-take-a-breath-before-you-take-the-plunge

hashtagNYU. (2014). Let’s talk about consent [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBFCeGDVAdQ&t=1s

Hatoum, I. & Belle, D. (2004). Mags and abs: Media consumption and bodily concerns in men. Sex Roles, 51, 397-407.

Hauenstein, E., Petterson, S., Merwin, E., Rovnyak, V., Heise, B., & Wagner, D. (2006). Rurality, gender, and mental health treatment. Family Community Health, 29(3), 169- 185.

Hayes, A. R., Pahlke, E. E., & Bigler, R. S. (2011). The efficacy of single-sex education: Testing for selection and peer quality effects. Sex roles, 65(9-10), 693-703.

Health Risks and Benefits of Alcohol Consumption. (2000). Alcohol Research and Health, 24(1). https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh24-1/05-11.pdf

Heart Attack Symptoms: Men vs. Women. (2018). https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/heart-attack-symptoms-women-vs-men/

Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley. (pg. 76). Helgeson, V. S. (2012). The psychology of gender (4th ed.). Pearson.

Heinemann, J., Atallah, S., & Rosenbaum, T. (2016). The impact of culture and ethnicity on sexuality and sexual function. Current Sexual Health Reports, 8, 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0088-8

Hill, N. & Haley, A. (2017). Child play. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 292-294). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n97

Hill, N. & Portrie-Bethke, T. (2017). Pretend play. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1341-1342). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n446

Hilliard, L. J., & Liben, L. S. (2010). Differing levels of gender salience in preschool classrooms: Effects on children’s gender attitudes and intergroup bias. Child development, 81(6), 1787-1798.

Hines, M., Ahmed, S., & Hughes, I. (2003). Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32 (2), 93-101.

Hines, M., Brook, C., & Conway, G. (2004) Androgen and psychosexual development: Core gender identity, sexual orientation, and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The Journal of Sex Research, 41(1), 75-81.

Hines, R. N., & McCarver, D. G. (2002). The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase I oxidative enzymes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 300(2), 355-360.

Ho, F., & Mussap, A. (2019). The gender identity scale: Adapting the gender unicorn to measure gender identity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6, 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000322

Hochschild, A. with Anne Machung. 1989. The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home, 463-81.

Hoffmann, S., & Warschburger, P. (2019). Prospective relations among internalization of beauty ideals, body image concerns, and body change behaviors: Considering thinness and muscularity. Body image, 28, 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.01.011

Holroyd-Leduc, J., Kapral, M., Austin, P., & Tu, J. (2000). Sex differences and similarities in the management and outcome of stroke patients. Stroke, 31,1833–1837.

Holt-Lunstad, J., & Smith, T. B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for CVD: implications for evidence-based patient care and scientific inquiry.

Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W., Howard, A., & Thoman, D. (2009). Married with children: The influence of parental status and gender on ambulatory blood pressure. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 170–179.

Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237.

Homans, G.C. (1961). Social behavior. Harcourt, Brace, & World.

Hoogerheide, van Wermeskerken, van Nassau, & van Gog. (2018). Model-observer similarity and task-appropriateness in learning from video modeling examples: Do model and student gender affect test performance, self-efficacy, and perceived competence? Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 457–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.012

Hook, D. (2017). The top 5 cancers affecting women. Everyday Health. https://www.everydayhealth.com/womens-health/cancers-affecting-women-today.aspx

Hosoda, M., Stone‐Romero, E. F., & Coats, G. (2003). The effects of physical attractiveness on job‐related outcomes: A meta‐analysis of experimental studies. Personnel psychology, 56(2), 431-462.

Howell, H. B., Brawman-Mintzer, O., Monnier, J., & Yonkers, K. A. (2001). Generalized anxiety disorder in women. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(1), 165-178.

Hoyer, J., & Velten, J. (2017). Sexual dysfunction: Changing conceptions and criteria of classification. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz, 60(9), 979-986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-017-2597-7

Hughes, M. E., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Marital biography and health at mid-life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 344–358.

Huguet, P. , & Régner, I. (2007).Stereotype threat among schoolgirls in quasi-ordinary classroom circumstances. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 545–560.

Humphries, A. K., & Cioe, J. (2009). Reconsidering the refractory period: an exploratory study of women’s post-orgasmic experiences. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 18(3), 127–135. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=11884517&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA210595139&linkaccess=abs

Husaini, B., Sherkat, D., Levine, R., Bragg, R., Holzer, C., Anderson, K., …Moten, C. (2002). Race, gender, and health care service utilization and costs among Medicare elderly with psychiatric diagnoses. Journal of Aging & Health, 14(1):79–95.

Huston, T. L. (1973). Ambiguity of acceptance, social desirability, and dating choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 34-42.

Hutson, E. (2016). Cyberbullying in Adolescence. Advances in Nursing Science, 39(1), 60-70.

Hyde, J. S., & DeLamater, J. D. (2017). Understanding human sexuality. McGraw-Hill.

Ibrahim, F. M. (2019, February 27). Homophobia and rising Islamic intolerance push Indonesia’s intersex bissu priests to the brink. Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-27/indonesia-fifth-gender-might-soon-disappear/10846570

Idrus, N. I. (2016). Gender relations in an Indonesian society: Bugis practices of sexuality and marriage. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004311947

Indian Health Service. (n.d). Two-spirit. https://www.ihs.gov/lgbt/health/twospirit/

Inman, K. (2019). Common history, shared liberation: Understanding Black LGBTQ history. GLAAD. https://www.glaad.org/amp/understanding-black-lgbtq-history-liberation

Intersex Society of North America. (2008). On the word hermaphrodite. https://isna.org/node/16/#on-the-word-hermaphrodite

Intersex Society of North America. (2008a). Does having a Y chromosome make someone a man?  https://isna.org/faq/y_chromosome/.

Intersex Society of North America. (2008b). How common is intersex? https://isna.org/faq/frequency/.

Jacobs, J. E., Chhin, C. S., & Bleeker, M. M. (2006). Enduring links: Parents’ expectations and their young adult children’s gender-typed occupational choices. Educational Research and Evaluation, 12(4), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610600765851

Jacobs, J. E., Lanza, S., Osgood, D. W., Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Changes in children’s self‐competence and values: Gender and Domain Differences across grades one through twelve. Child Development, 73(2), 509–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 8624.00421

Jakobsson, N., Levin, M., & Kotsadam. A. (2013). Gender and overconfidence: Effects of context, gendered stereotypes, and peer group. Advances in Applied Sociology, 3(2), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2013.32018

Janowsky, J., Chavez, B., & Orwoll, E. (2000). Sex steroids modify working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(3), 407-14.

Janssen, I., Craig, W., Boyce, W., & Pickett, W. (2004). Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children. Pediatrics, 113, 1187–1194.

Jaremka, L. M., Andridge, R. R., Fagundes, C. P., Alfano, C. M., Povoski, S. P., Lipari, A. M., … & Carson III, W. E. (2014). Pain, depression, and fatigue: loneliness as a longitudinal risk factor. Health Psychology, 33(9), 948.

Jefferson, K., Neilands, T. B., & Sevelius, J. (2013). Transgender women of color: Discrimination and depression symptoms. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 6(4), 121–136. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205968/

Johnson, D. & Whisman, J. (2013). Gender differences in rumination: a meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Difference, 55, 367-374.

Johnstone, C., Hendry, C., Farley, A., & McLafferty, E. (2014). Endocrine system: part 1. Nursing Standard, 28(38) 42-49.

Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of experimental social psychology, 3(1), 1-24.

Jones, T. (2017). Gender tracking in education. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 765-766). Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483384269.n254

Jordan, A. (2019). Feminist Men’s Movements: The White Ribbon Campaign (UK) and the Dilemmas of Feminist Men. Palgrave Macmillan UK EBooks, 123–163. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31498-7_4

Joy, J. M. (2016). Evaluating positive social competence in preschool populations. School Community Journal, 26(2), 263-289.

Kabotyanski K and Somerville L (2021) Puberty: Your brain on hormones. Front. Young Minds. 9, 554380. https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2020.554380

Kafer, K. (2007). Taking the boy crisis in education seriously: How school choice can boost achievement among boys and girls. Position paper, (604).

Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queens, B., … Ethier, K. A. (2018). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance – United States, 2017. Surveillance Summaries, 67(8), 1-114. Retrieved

Kapitanoff, S., & Pandey, C. (2017). Stereotype threat, anxiety, instructor gender, and underperformance in women. Active Learning in Higher Education, 18(3), 213-229.

Kaplan, R. M., & Kronick, R. G. (2006). Marital status and longevity in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, 760–765.

Karnieli-Miller, O., Perlick, D. A., Nelson, A., Mattias, K., Corrigan, P., & Roe, D. (2013).Family members’ of persons living with a serious mental illness: Experiences and efforts to cope with stigma. Journal of Mental Health, 22(3), 254-262.

Kastenberger, I., Lutsch, C., & Schwarzer, C. Activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR30 induces anxiogenic effects in mice, similar to oestradiol. Psychopharmacology, 221(3), 527-535.

Kaya, A., Iwamoto, D. K., Brady, J., Clinton, L., & Grivel, M. (2019). The role of masculine norms and gender role conflict on prospective well-being among men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(1), 142.

Keimling, M., Behrens, G., Schmid, D., Jochem, C., & Leitzmann, M. (2014). The association between physical activity and bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Cancer, 110(7), 1862-1870. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2014.77.

Kennedy, A., Epstein, D., Phillips, K., & Preston, K. (2013). Sex differences in cocaine/heroin users: drug-use triggers and craving in daily life. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(1- 2), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.025

Kernodle, T. (2017). Experiences of women in cooperate positions. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1804-1805). SAGE Publications, Inc. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n445

Khaleghi, M., Rajizadeh, M. A., Bashiri, H., Kohlmeier, K. A., Mohammadi, F., Khaksari, M., & Shabani, M. (2021). Estrogen attenuates physical and psychological stress‐induced cognitive impairments in ovariectomized rats. Brain and Behavior, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2139

Killerman, S. (2017). The genderbread person. https://www.genderbread.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Genderbread-Person-v4.pdf

Kilpatrick, D., Ruggiero, K., Acierno, R., Saunders, H., Resnick, H., & Best, C. (2003). Violence and risk of PTSD, Major Depression, substance abuse/Dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 4, 692-700.

Kimball, M.M. (1986). Television and sex-role attitudes. In T.M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities (pp. 265–301). Academic Press.

Kimball, M.M. (1986). Television and sex-role attitudes. In T.M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities (pp. 265–301). Academic Press.

Kinitz, D. J., Salway, T., Kia, H., Ferlatte, O., Rich, A., & Ross, L. (2021). Health of two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people experiencing poverty in Canada: A review. Health Promotion International. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daab057

Kinsey Institute. (n.d.). Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey. Indiana University. https://kinseyinstitute.org/about/history/alfred-kinsey.php

Kinsey Institute. (n.d.). Masters & Johnson Collection. Indiana University. https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/masters-and-johnson.php

Kinsey Institute. (n.d.). The Kinsey Scale. Indiana University. https://kinseyinstitute.org/research/publications/kinsey-scale.php

Kippin, T., Fuchs, R., Mehta, R., Case, J., Parker, M., Bimonte-Nelson, H. & See, R. (2005). Potentiation of cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking in female rats during estrus. Psychopharmacology, 182(2), 245-252. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0071-y

Kirby, D. B. (2008). The impact of abstinence and comprehensive sex and STD/HIV education programs on adolescent sexual behavior. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 5(3), 18.

Kirschbaum, C., Klauer, T., Filipp, S. H., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1995a). Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(1), 23–31.

Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999). Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61(2), 154–162.

Kirschbaum, C., Pruessner, J.C., Stone, A.A., Federenko, I., Gaab, J., Lintz, D.,…Hellhammer, D.H. (1995b). Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subpopulation of healthy men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(5), 468–474.

Klein, D. A., Emerick, J., Sylvester, J. E., & Vogt, K. S. (2017). Disorders of puberty: An approach to diagnosis and management. American Family Physician, 96(9), 590-599.

Klubeck, M., Fuentes, K. & Kim-Prieto, C. (2017). Gender development, theories of. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 631-633). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n214

Knight, G. P., Guthrie, I. K., Page, M. C., & Fabes, R. A. (2002). Emotional arousal and gender differences in aggression: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 366–393.

Kohler, P. K., Manhart, L. E., & Lafferty, W. E. (2008). Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. Journal of adolescent Health, 42(4), 344-351.

Kreager, D. A., & Staff, J. (2009). The sexual double standard and adolescent peer acceptance. Social psychology quarterly, 72(2), 143-164.

Kreager, D. A., Staff, J., Gauthier, R., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). The double standard at sexual debut: Gender, sexual behavior and adolescent peer acceptance. Sex roles, 75(7-8), 377-392.

Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(15), 6270-6275.

Kruger, T., Giraldi, A., & Tenbergen, G. (2020). The neurobiology of sexual responses and its clinical relevance. In (pp. 71-84). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52298-8_7

Kudielka, B. & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis response to stress: a review.Biological Psychology, 69, 113-132.

Kurdek, L. A. (2005). Gender and marital satisfaction early in marriage: A growth curve approach. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 68–84.

Kyu, H., Bachman, V., Alexander, L., Mumford, J., Afshin, A., Estep, K., … Forouzanfar, M. (2016). Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ, 354, 3857. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i3857.

LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Paluck, E. L. (2003). The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 305–334. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.305

Lai, H., Cleary, M., Sitharthan, T. & Hunt, G. (2015). Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990-2014: A systematic review and met-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 1-13.

Lamothe, D. (2023). L(GBT+)ove outside the city. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29867

Lane, J. (2020). Using queer phenomenology to disrupt heteronormativity and deconstruct homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 68, 2169-2188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1733353

Lau, A. S. M., Lum, S. K., Chronister, K. M., & Forrest, L. M. (2006). Asian American college women’s body image: a pilot study. Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 12(2), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.259

Lean, M. (2000). Pathophysiology of obesity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 59, 331-336.

Leaper, C., & Ayres, M. M. (2007). A meta-analytic review of gender variations in adults’ language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Personality and Social Psychology Review. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307302221

Leaper, C., & Smith, T. E. (2004). A meta-analytic review of gender variations in children’s language use: Talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Developmental Psychology, 40, 993–1027. http://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.993

Lebron-Milad, K. & Milad, M. (2012). Sex differences, gonadal hormones and the fear extinction network: implications for anxiety disorders. Biology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, 2(1), 3.

Lee, J., & Oh, M. (2019). The moderating effect of gender on the association between E- cigarette use and smoking status: A cross-sectional study. Addictive Behaviors, 93, 108- 114.

Leiblum, S. R. (2000). CME: Redefining female sexual response. Contemporary Ob/Gyn, 11, 120-134. = https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/cme-redefining-female-sexual-response

Leinbach, M.D. & Fagot, B. I. (1986). Acquisition of gender labeling: A test for toddlers. Sex Roles, 15, 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288221

Leinbach, M.D. & Fagot, B. I. (1986). Acquisition of gender labeling: A test for toddlers. Sex Roles, 15, 655–666.

Lent, Ireland, Penn, Morris, & Sappington. (2017). Sources of self-efficacy and outcome expectations for career exploration and decision-making: A test of the social cognitive model of career self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.002

Leonard, D. (2006). Single-sex schooling. In C. SkeltonB. Francis & L. Smulyan The sage handbook of gender and education (pp. 190-204). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/0.4135/9781848607996.n15

LeVine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: Wiley.

Liben, L. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2002). I. Introduction. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 67(2), 1-6.

Liu, L., Shi, Y., Li T, Qin, Q., Yin, J., Pang, S., …Wei, S. (2016). Leisure time physical activity and cancer risk: evaluation of the WHO’s recommendation based on 126 high-quality epidemiological studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(6):372- 378. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094728.

Lucas, D. & Fox, J. (2021). Human sexual anatomy and physiology. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Noba. http://noba.to/m28zt7ds.

Luo, S., & Zhang, G. (2009). What leads to romantic attraction: Similarity, reciprocity, security, or beauty? Evidence from a speed‐dating study. Journal of Personality, 77(4), 933-964.

Ly, K., Xing, J., Klevens, R., Jiles, R., Ward, J., & Holmberg, S. (2012). The increasing burden of mortality from viral hepatitis in the United States between 1999 and 2007. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(4), 271-278. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00004

Lyubomirsky, S., Layous, K., Chancellor, J., & Nelson, S. (2015). Thinking about rumination: the scholarly contributions and intellectual legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 4.1–4.22

Mack, A. N., & McCann, B. J. (2018). Critiquing state and gendered violence in the age of #MeToo. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 104(3), 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2018.1479144

MacLean, E., & Hare, B. (2015). Dogs hijack the human bonding pathway. Science, 348, 280-281. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aab1200

Magnusson, E., & Marecek, J. (2012). Gender and culture in psychology: Theories and practices. Cambridge University Press.

Magnusson, E., & Marecek, J. (2012). Gender and culture in psychology: Theories and practices. Cambridge University Press.

Mahalik, J. R., Aldarondo, E., Gilbert-Gokhale, S., & Shore, E. (2005). The role of insecure attachment and gender role stress in predicting controlling behaviors in men who batter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(5), 617-631.

Mahar, E. A., Mintz, L. B., & Akers, B. M. (2020). Orgasm Equality: Scientific Findings and Societal Implications. Current Sexual Health Reports, 12(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00237-9

Mahboubeh Soleymanpour Omran, Homa Alizadeh, & Behrang Esmaeeli. (2015). The analysis of glass ceiling phenomenon in the promotion of women’s abilities in organizations. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 4(3), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.19236/IJOL.2015.03.08

Makela, P., Wakeley, J., Gijsman, H., Robson, P., Bhagwagar, Z., & Rogers, R. (2006). Low doses of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have divergent effects on short-term spatial memory in young, healthy adults. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(2), 462-470. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300871

Manchiraju, S., & Damhorst, M. (2016). “I want to be beautiful and rich”: Consumer culture ideals internalization and their influence on fashion consumption. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 11, 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/20932685.2020.1788408

ManKind Project Chicago. (2022, July 27). New Warrior Training Adventure – ManKind Project Chicago. ManKind Project Chicago – Just Another ManKind Project USA – 800-870- 4611 Site. https://chicago.mkpusa.org/new-warrior-training-adventure/

Manoj, M. P., & Suja, M. K. (2018). Correction to: Sexuality and reproductive health in young people with disability: A systematic review of issues and challenges. Sexuality & Disability, 36(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-018-9523-2

Marazziti, D., Palermo, S., & Mucci, F. (2021). The science of love: State of the art. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1331, 249-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74046-7_16

Marcus, S., Kerber, K., Rush, A., Wisniewski, S., Nierenberg, A., Balasubramani, G., … Trivedi, M. (2008). Sex differences in depression symptoms in treatment-seeking adults: Confirmatory analyses from the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(3), 238–246.

Markey, C. N., Markey, P. M., Schneider, C., & Brownlee, S. (2005). Marital status and health benefits: Different relations for men and women. Sex Roles, 53, 443–451.

Marrocco, J. & Mcewen, B. (2016). Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 18(4), 373-383.

Marsh, H. W., & Ayotte, V. (2003). Do Multiple Dimensions of Self-Concept Become More Differentiated With Age? The Differential Distinctiveness Hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 687.

Martin, C. L., & Halverson Jr, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child development, 1119-1134.

Martin, C. L., Eisenbud, L., & Rose, H. (1995). Children’s gender‐based reasoning about toys. Child development, 66(5), 1453-1471.

Martin, J. & Beese, J. (2017). Gender bias in education. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 617-619). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n209

Marx, R. A., & Kettrey, H. H. (2016). Gay-straight alliances are associated with lower levels of school-based victimization of LGBTQ+ youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(7), 1269-1282.

Maselko, J., Bates, L. M., Avendano, M., & Glymour, M. M. (2009). The intersection of sex, marital sta- tus, and cardiovascular risk factors in shaping stroke incidence: Results from the health and retirement study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 57, 2293– 2299.

Masters, N. T., Casey, E., Wells, E. A., & Morrison, D. M. (2013). Sexual scripts among young heterosexually active men and women: Continuity and change. Journal of sex research, 50(5), 409-420.

Matthews-Hartwell, T. (2014). LGBTQ2S advocacy, and nativeout. Indian Health Service. https://www.ihs.gov/sites/telebehavioral/themes/responsive2017/display_objects/documents/slides/lgbt/lgbtnativeout.pdf

Mayo Clinic. (2019, July 20). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-adrenal- hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355205

Mazei, J., Hüffmeier, J., Freund, P. A., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Bilke, L., & Hertel, G. (2015). A meta-analysis on gender differences in negotiation outcomes and their moderators. Psychological bulletin, 141(1), 85.

McAndrew, F. (2009). The interacting roles of testoster- one and challenges to status in human male aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 330–335.

McClelland, D.C. & Koestner, R. (1992). The achievement motive. In C.P. Smith, J.W. Atkinson, D.C. McClelland, & J. Veroff (Eds.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 143-152). Cambridge University Press.

McLean, C. & Anderson, E. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 496-505.

McLean, C., Asnaani, A., Lits, B. & Hofmann, S. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 45(8), 1027-1035.

McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychosexual stages. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html

McNally, R. J., Heeren, A., and Robinaugh, D. J. (2017). A Bayesian network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults reporting childhood sexual abuse. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup3), 1341276. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1341276

McRaney, K., Bridley, A., & Daffin Jr., L.W. (2023). The psychology of gender (3rd ed.). PressBooks https://opentext.wsu.edu/psychology-of-gender/chapter/chapter-1/

Meece, J. L., Glienke, B. B., & Burg, S. (2006). Gender and motivation. Journal of school psychology, 44(5), 351-373.

Mehta, C. M., & Dementieva, Y. (2017). The contextual specificity of gender: Femininity and masculinity in college students’ same-and other-gender peer contexts. Sex Roles, 76(9- 10), 604-614.

Mendle, J., Harden, K., Brooks-Gunn, J. & Graber, J. (2010). Development’s tortoise and hare: pubertal timing, pubertal tempo, and depressive symptoms in boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1341-1353.

Mesman, J., & Groeneveld, M. G. (2018). Gendered parenting in early childhood: Subtle but unmistakable if you know where to look. Child Development Perspectives, 12, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/CDEP.12250

Messner, M. A. (1997). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Rowman & Littlefield.

Meston, C. M., & Lorenz, T. A. (2013). Physiological and psychological responses to sexual arousal in women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(5), 1150-1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12108

Mezulis, A., Funasaki, K., Charbonneau, A., & Hyde, J. (2010). Gender differences in the cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression in the transition to adolescence. Cognitive Therapy Research, 34, 501-513.

Miedzian, M. (2002). Boys will be boys: Breaking the link between masculinity and violence. Lantern Books.

Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Milhausen, R. R., & Herold, E. S. (1999). Does the sexual double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women. Journal of Sex Research, 36(4), 361-368.

Miller, C. (2016). Human biology. PressBooks. https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/

Miller, C.L. (1983). Developmental changes in male/female voice classification by infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 313–330.

Mims, C. (2007, July 5). Strange but True: Testosterone Alone Does Not Cause Violence. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-testosterone-alone-doesnt-cause-violence/

Minino, A., Arias, E., Kochanek, K., Murphy, S., & Smith, B. (2002). Deaths: Final Data for 2000, National Vital Statistics Reports, 50 (15). https://www.nber.org/perinatal/2000/docs/Technotes00.pdf

Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context. Harvard Univ. Press.

Mohideen, F. B. S., Tohid, H., Rashid, M. R., Najwa, S., Mohamad, S., Abdullah, K. H. A., & Sidi, H. (2022). Gender dysphoria and a de-transition to the biological gender: A case report from a primary care perspective. Medicine & Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.17576/MH.2022.1701.23

Molloy, G. J., Stamatakis, E., Randall, G., & Hamer, M. (2009). Marital status, gender and cardiovascular mortality: Behavioural, psychological distress and metabolic explanations. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 223–228.

Monge, P. R., & Kirste, K. K. (1980). Measuring proximity in human organization. Social Psychology Quarterly, 110-115.

Moore, S., Lee, I., Weiderpass, E., Campbell, P., Sampson, J., Kitahara, C., …Patel, A. (2016). Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(6), 816-825. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1548.

Moran, D. J., & Tai, W. (2001). Reducing biases in clinical judgment with single-subject treatment design. The Behavior Analyst Today, 2, 196–203.

Moritz, M., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., & Ayus, J. (2013). Ecstacy-associated hyponatremia: why are women at risk? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 28(9), 2206-2209. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gft192

Morris, M., Ciesla, J., & Garber, J. (2008). A prospective study of the cognitive-stress model of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 719-734.

Moscovitch, D., Hofmann, S., & Litz, B. (2005). The Impact of Self-Construals on Social Anxiety: A Gender-Specific Interaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 659- 672.

Mukaddes, N. M. (2002). Gender identity problems in autistic children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 28(6), 529-532.

Muller, M., Aleman, A., Grobbee, D., de Haan, E., & van der Schouw, Y. (2005). Endogenous sex hormone levels and cognitive function in aging men. Neurology, 64, 866–871.

Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. (1982). Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Journal of the American Medical Association, 248 (12), 1465-477.

Murchison, G. R., Boyd, M., & Pachankis, J. (2017). Minority stress and the risk of unwanted sexual experiences in LGBQ undergraduates. Sex Roles, 77, 221-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11199-016-0710-2

Murphy, E. (2003). Being born female is dangerous for your health. American Psychologist, 58,205–210.

Na’puti, T. R., & Rohrer, J. (2017). Pacific moves beyond colonialism: A conversation from Hawai’i and Guåhan. Feminist Studies, 43(3), 537–547. https://doi-org /10.15767/feministstudies.43.3.0537

National Eating Disorder Association. (2018). Statistics and research on eating disorders. https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/statistics-research-eating-disorders

National Institute of Health. (2019, July 16). What is a chromosome? https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome

National Institute of Health. (2019, July 16). What is a gene? https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene

National Institute of Health. (2019, July 16). What is DNA? https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). Nationwide Trends. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/nationwide-trends

National Library of Medicine. (2019, July 16) Down syndrome. Genetics Home Reference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome.

National Library of Medicine. (2019, July 16). Klinefelter syndrome. Genetic Home Reference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/klinefelter-syndrome

National Library of Medicine. (2019, July 16). Trisomy 18. Genetics Home Reference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/trisomy-18

National Library of Medicine. (2019, July 16). Turner syndrome. Genetic Home Reference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/turner-syndrome#definition

National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (2019, July 16). MS Prevalence. https://www.nationalmssociety.org/About-the-Society/MS-Prevalence

National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB). (n.d.). Indiana University Bloomington. https://nationalsexstudy.indiana.edu/index.html

Native Justice Coalition. (2021). Two-spirit program. https://www.nativejustice.org/twospirit

Neall, L. (2002). Bringing out the best in boys. Hawthorn Press.

Ng, E. S., & Wiesner, W. H. (2007). Are men always picked over women? The effects of employment equity directives on selection decisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 76(2), 177.

Nissen, U. K. (2002). Gender in Spanish: Tradition and innovation. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages (Vol. 2, pp. 251–277). John Benjamins Company.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Hilt, L. (2006). Possible contributors to the gender differences in alcohol use and problems. Journal of General Psychology, 133, 357–374.

Nordentoft, M. & Branner, J. (2008). Gender differences in suicidal intent and choice of method among suicide attempters. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 29(4), 209-212.

Nussey, S. & Whitehead, S. (2001). Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. BIOS Scientific Publishers.

O’Leary, K., Christian, J., & Mendell, N. (1994). A closer look at the link between marital discord and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 33-41.

Oelbaum, Yael S., “Understanding the Glass Cliff Effect: Why Are Female Leaders Being Pushed Toward the Edge?” (2016). CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1597

Office of Disease and Health Prevention. (2019). Mental Health. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Mental-Health/data

Office of Disease and Health Promotion. (2019). Healthy People. http://healthypeople.gov/?_ga=2.9084149.1955610829.1566422031-1125809600.1566422031

Ogden, J. & Steward, J. (2000). The role of the mother daughter relationship in explaining weight concern. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 78-83.

Ohring, R., Graber, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2002). Girls’ recurrent and concurrent body dissatisfaction: correlates and consequences over 8 years. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 404-415.

Ojeda, S. & Bilger, M. (2000). Neuroendocrine regulation of puberty. In: Michael, P., & Freeman, M (Eds). Neuroendocrinology in physiology and medicine (pp. 197-224). Springer Science+Business Media.

Olian, Schwab, & Haberfeld. (1988). The impact of applicant gender compared to qualifications on hiring recommendations: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41(2), 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749- 5978(88)90025-8

Olino, T. M., Durbin, C. E., Klein, D. N., Hayden, E. P., & Dyson, M. W. (2013). Gender differences in young children’s temperament traits: Comparisons across observational and parent‐report methods. Journal of Personality, 81(2), 119-129.

O’Neil, J. M. (1981a). Male sex role conflicts, sexism, and masculinity: Psychological implications for men, women, and the counseling psychologist. The Counseling Psychologist, 9(2), 61-80.

O’Neil, J. M. (1981b). Patterns of gender role conflict and strain: Sexism and fear of femininity in men’s lives. The personnel and guidance journal, 60(4), 203-210.

OpenStax College. (2013). Anatomy & physiology. OpenStax. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/

Ortega, A., & Alegria, M. (2002). Self-reliance, mental health need, and the use of mental health care among island Puerto Ricans. Mental Health Services Research, 4(3), 131–140.

Oswald, P. A. (2003). Sex-Typing and Prestige Ratings of Occupations as Indices of Occupational Stereotypes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(3), 953–959. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.3.953

Owens, I. (2002). Sex Differences in Mortality Rates. Science, 297, 2008-2009.

Page, S. & Bennesch, S. (1993). Gender and reporting differences in measures of depression. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25(4), 579-589.

Pahlke, E., Hyde, J. S., & Allison, C. (2014). The effects of single- sex compared with coeducational schooling on students’ perfor- mance and attitudes: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 1042–1072. https://nationalsexstudy.indiana.edu/index.html10.1037/a0035740

Paradise, A. W., & Kernis, M. H. (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 21(4), 345- 361.

Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(6), 1051-1068.

Parker, G., & Brotchie, H. (2010). Gender differences in depression. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(5), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.492391

Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., Brown, A., & Mitchell, T. (2022, June 28). Americans’ Complex Views on Gender Identity and Transgender Issues. Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/06/28/americans-complex-views-on-gender-identity-and-transgender-issues/

Parker, S., Mai, C., Canfield, M., Rickard, R., Wang, Y., …Correa, A. (2010). Updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004-2006. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 88, 1008-16.

Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Elmholdt, E.-M., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2017). Interpreting infant emotional expressions: Parenthood has differential effects on men and women. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1141967

Pasterski, V. L., Geffner, M. E., Brain, C., Hindmarsh, P., Brook, C., & Hines, M. (2005). Prenatal hormones and postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of male‐typical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Child development, 76(1), 264-278.

PBS. (2015). Arresting dress: A timeline of anti-cross-dressing laws in the United States. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/arresting-dress-timeline-anti-cross-dressing-laws-u-s

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in cognitive sciences, 25(5), 388-402. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661321000516

Peplau, L., Frederick, D., Yee, C., Maisel, N., Lever, J. & Ghavami, N. (2009). Body image satisfaction in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 713-725.

Perry, D. G., & Bussey, K. (1979). The social learning theory of sex differences: Imitation is alive and well. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(10), 1699. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1699

Perry, D. G., & Bussey, K. (1979). The social learning theory of sex differences: Imitation is alive and well. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(10), 1699.

Peskin, M., & Newell, F. N. (2004). Familiarity breeds attraction: Effects of exposure on the attractiveness of typical and distinctive faces. Perception, 33(2), 147-157.

Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(5), 751.

Phillips, S. & Sherwin, B. (1992). Variations in memory function and sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 17, 497–506.

Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (2000). Gender differences in depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(6), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.486

Pierce, K. & Kirkpatrick, D. (1992). Do men lie on fear surveys? Behaviour Research and Therap7, 30, 415–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005- 7967(92)90055-L

Pigott, T. (1999). Gender differences in the epidemiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 4-15.

Pizzetti, P. & Manfredini, M. (2008). The shock of widowhood? Evidence from an Italian population (Parma, 1989–2000). Social Indicators Research, 85, 499–513.

Planned Parenthood. (2022). Sexual consent. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/relationships/sexual-consent

Polak, D., Kopański, Z., Zając, R., Dyl, S., Liniarski, M., & Kollárová, M. (2019). Sexuality of pregnant women – facts and myths. Journal Of Public Health, Nursing and Medical Rescue. https://doi.org/10.48236/jphnmr.v4i.48

Polosa, R., Caponnetto, P., Morjaria, J. B., Papale, G., Campagna, D., & Russo, C. (2011). Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: A prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1-12.

Polosa, R., Morjaria, J. B., Caponnetto, P., Campagna, D., Russo, C., Alamo, A., … & Fisichella, A. (2014). Effectiveness and tolerability of electronic cigarette in real-life: A 24-month prospective observational study. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 9(5), 537-546.

Poulin-Dubois, D. , Serbin, L. A. , Kenyon,B. , & Derbyshire, A. (1994). Children’s intermodal knowledge about gender. Developmental Psychology, 30, 436–442.

Powis, B., Griffiths, P., Gossop, M., & Strang, J. (1996). The differences between male and female drug users: Community samples of heroin and cocaine users compared. Substance Use & Misuse, 31(5), 529-543.

Prada, K., de Moissac, D., Gueye, N. R., Hardy, S., & Avanthay-Strus, J. (2023). Living in a liminal space: Experiences of 2SLGBTQ + official language minority Canadians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Culture, Health & Sexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2022.2160016

Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of personality and social psychology, 67(4), 741.

Prewitt-Freilino, J., Caswell, L., & Laakso, T. (2012). The gendering of language: A comparison of gender equality in countries with gendered, natural gender, and genderless languages. Sex Roles, 66(3-4), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0083-5

Prinstein, M., Borelli, J., Cheah, C., Simon, V., & Aikins, J. (2005): Adolescent girls’ interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: a longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 676- 688.

Psychodynamic and neo-freudian theories (n.d.) In personality theory: An introduction. https://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/contents/

Pulverman, C. S., Kilimnik, C. D., & Meston, C. M. (2018). The impact of childhood sexual abuse on women’s sexual health: A comprehensive review. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 6(2), 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.07.002

Quinn, P. C., & Liben, L. S. (2008). A sex difference in mental rotation in young infants. Psychological Science, 19, 1067–1070.

Rabinowicz, T., Dean, D., Petetot, J., & de Courten-Myers, G. (1999). Gender differences in the human cerebral cortex: more neurons in males; more processes in females. Journal of Child Neurology, 14, 98- 107.

Ramalheira, F., & Conde Moreno, M. (2022). Sharing is caring: a review on Oxytocin role in human behaviour and clinical implications. European Psychiatry, 65, S735 – S735. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1898

Reiber, C., & Garcia, J. R. (2010). Hooking up: Gender differences, evolution, and pluralistic ignorance. Evolutionary Psychology, 8(3), https://doi.org/147470491000800307.

Reis, H. T., & Aron, A. (2008). Love: What is it, why does it matter, and how does it operate? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00065.x

Rhodes, A. & Goering, P. (1994). Gender differences in the use of outpatient mental health services. The Journal of Mental Health Administration, 21, 338-346.

Rhodes, A., Goering, P., To, T., & Williams, J. (2002). Gender and outpatient mental health service use. Social Science and Medicine, 54, 1–10.

Rice, K. (2015). Pansexuality. The international encyclopedia of human sexuality, 861-1042.

Richards, M., Boxer, A., Petersen, A. & Albrecht, R. (1990). Relation of weight to body image in pubertal girls and boys from two communities. Developmental Psychology, 26, 313- 321.

Rieker, P. & Bird, C. (2005). Rethinking gender differences in health: Why we need to integrate social and biological perspectives. Journal of Gerontology, 60B, 40–47.

Ristori, J., Fisher, A., Castellini, G., & Maggi, M. (2018). Psychiatric aspects of gender dysphoria. In E. Jannini & A. Siracusano (Eds.), Sexual dysfunctions in mentally ill patients. Springer Link. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68306-5_12

Robbins, S., Ehrman, R., Childress, A. & O’Brien, C. (1999). Comparing levels of cocaine cue reactivity in male and female outpatients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 53(3):223-230.

Robertson, J. M. (2001). Counseling men in college settings. In G. R. Brooks & G. E. Good (Eds.), The new handbook of psychotherapy and counseling with men (Vol. 1, pp. 146– 169). Jossey-Bass

Robinson, M. (2020). Two-spirit identity in a time of gender fluidity. Journal of Homosexuality, 67, 1675–1690. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1613853

Robinson-Cimpian, J. P., Lubienski, S. T., Ganley, C. M., & Copur-Gencturk, Y. (2014). Teachers’ perceptions of students’ mathematics proficiency may exacerbate early gender gaps in achievement. Developmental Psy- chology, 50(4), 1262–1281.

Rocha, Y. M., de Moura, G. A., Desidério, G. A., de Oliveira, C. H., Lourenço, F. D., & de Figueiredo Nicolete, L. D. (2021). The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 1-10. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z#citeas

Rodin, J. & Ickovics, J. (1990). Women’s health: Review and research agenda as we approach the 21st century. American Psychologist, 45, 1018–1034.

Romano, A., Friuli, M., Cifani, C., & Gaetani, S. (2020). Oxytocin in the Neural Control of Eating: At the Crossroad Between Homeostatic and Non-Homeostatic Signals. Neuropharmacology, 171, 108082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108082

Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bögels, S., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E. (2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 607-616.

Ropers-Huilman, B. (Ed.). (2003). Gendered futures in higher education: Critical perspectives for change. SUNY.

Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Friday, G., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., … Hong, Y. (2007). Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation, 115, e69–e171.

Rose, A. & Rudolph, K. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 98-131.

Rose, A. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73, 1830-1843.

Rose, A., Carlson, W., & Waller, E. (2007). Prospective associations of co-rumination with friendship and emotional adjustment: considering the socioemotional trade-offs of co- rumination. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1019-1031.

Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Roskam, I., Meunier, J. C., & Stievenart, M. (2015). From parents to siblings and peers: The wonderful story of social development. Sage Open, 5(4), https://doi.org/2158244015611455.

Rowland, D. (2006). Neurobiology of sexual response in men and women. CNS Spectrums, 11, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900026705

Rudolph, K. (2009). The interpersonal context of adolescent depression. S. Nolen- Hoeksema, L.M. Hilt (Eds.), Handbook of Depression in Adolescents, Routledge. pp. 377-418

Rudolph, K., Caldwell, M., & Conley, C. (2005). Need for approval and children’s well-being. Child Development, 76, 309-323.

Ruppanner, L., Brandén, M., & Turunen, J. (2018). Does unequal housework lead to divorce? Evidence from Sweden. Sociology, 52(1), 75-94

Russell, D. E. H. (1984). Sexual exploitation: rape, child sexual abuse and workplace harassment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage https://doi.org/10.2307/1143507

Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over‐represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of management, 16(2), 81-90.

Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S., & Postmes, T. (2007). Reactions to the glass cliff: Gender differences in the explanations for the precariousness of women’s leadership positions. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(2), 182-197.

Rydell, R., Shiffrin, R., Boucher, K., Van Loo, K., & Rydell, M. (2010). Stereotype threat prevents perceptual learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(32), 14042–14047. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002815107

Rzondzinski, D. (2022). Internalized homophobia: A spiritually integrated psychotherapeutic approach using the principles of complex thinking. Consensus. https://doi.org/10.51644/uixu7973

Sabin, J. A., Riskind, R. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Health care providers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1831-1841.

Sachs-Ericsson, N., Cromer, K., Hernandez, A., & Kendall-Tackett, K. (2019). A review of childhood abuse, health, and pain-related problems: The role of psychiatric disorders and current life stress. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(5), 575-590. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1607717

Saegert, S., Swap, W., & Zajonc, R. B. (1973). Exposure, context, and interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(2), 234.

Sahingoz, M., Uguz, F., & Gezginc, K. (2011). Prevalence and related factors of mood and anxiety disorders in a clinical sample of postmenopausal women. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 47(4), 213-219.

Sammons, A. (n.d.). The psychodynamic Perspective 2: How do our parents shape us? https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf

Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E., Kohl, H., Haskell, W., & Lee, M. (2011) Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation, 124(7), 789-795. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.010710.

Saulnier, K. M., Gallois, H., & Joly, Y. (2021). Prenatal genetic testing for intersex conditions in Canada. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 43(3), 369-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2020.05.015

Savic, I. (2014). Pheromone processing in relation to sex and sexual orientation. In C. Mucignat-Caretta (Ed), Neurobiology of chemical communication. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK200984/

Savin-Williams, R. C., & Vrangalova, Z. (2013). Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. Developmental Review, 33(1), 58-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001

Schmader, T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), 194-201.

Schmidt, L., & Levine, R. L. (2015). Psychological outcomes and reproductive issues among gender dysphoric individuals. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 44(4), 773-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2015.08.001

Schneider, K. T., Swan, S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1997). Job-related and psychological effects of sexual harassment in the workplace: Empirical evidence from two organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.401

Schnittker, J. (2000). Gender and reactions to psychological problems: An examination of social tolerance and perceived dangerousness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 224– 240.

Schruijer, S., Blanz, M., Mummendey, A., Tedeschi, J., Banfai, B., Dittmar, H., … & Petillon, X. (1994). The group-serving bias in evaluating and explaining harmful behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(1), 47-53.

Schützwohl, A., & Koch, S. (2004). Sex differences in jealousy: The recall of cues to sexual and emotional infidelity in personally more and less threatening context conditions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25(4), 249-257.

Seabrook, R. C., Ward, L. M., Reed, L., Manago, A., Giaccardi, S., & Lippman, J. R. (2016). Our scripted sexuality: The development and validation of a measure of the heterosexual script and its relation to television consumption. Emerging Adulthood, 4(5), 338-355.

Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2005). Over thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism. Advances in experimental social psychology, 37(1), 95-125.

Sears, D.O., & Kinder, D.R. (1971). Racial tensions and voting in Los Angeles. In W.Z. Hirsch (Ed.), Los Angeles: Viability and prospects for metropolitan leadership. Praeger.

Seiffge-Krenke, I., Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J. (2009). Changes in stress perception and coping during adolescence: the role of situational and personal factors. Child Development, 80, 259-279.

Seiver, J. G., & Troja, A. (2014). Satisfaction and success in online learning as a function of the needs for affiliation, autonomy, and mastery. Distance education, 35(1), 90-105.

Serbin, L.A. , Poulin-Dubois, D. , Colburne,K. A. , Sen, M. G. , & Eichstedt, J. A. (2001). Gender stereotyping in infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-stereotyped toys in the second year. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 7–15.

Serbin, L.A. , Poulin-Dubois, D. , Colburne,K. A. , Sen, M. G. , & Eichstedt, J. A. (2001). Gender stereotyping in infancy:Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-stereotyped toys in the second year. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 7–15.

Servin, A. , Bohlin, G. , & Berlin, L. (1999). Sex differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year-old’s toy choice in a structured play session. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00096

Servin, A. , Bohlin, G. , & Berlin, L. (1999). Sex differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year-old’s toy choice in a structured play session. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 43–48.

Sever, I., Somer, E., Ruvio, A., and Soref, E. (2008). Gender, distress, and coping in response to terrorism. Affilia, 23, 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109908314317

Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywltz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Bronen, R. A., Fletcher, J. M., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L., & Gore, J. C. (1995). Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature, 373(6515), 607–609. https://doi.org/10.1038/373607a0

Sheldon, P. (2009). ” I’ll poke you. You’ll poke me!” Self-disclosure, social attraction, predictability and trust as important predictors of Facebook relationships. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 3(2).

Shemberg, K.M., & Doherty, M.E. (1999). Is diagnostic judgment influenced by a bias to see pathology? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 513-518.

Sher, L. (2006). Alcohol consumption and suicide. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 99(1), 57-61.

Sicherer, S., Muñoz-Furlong, A., Godbold, J., & Sampson, H. (2010). US prevalence of self-reported peanut, tree nut, and sesame allergy: 11-year follow-up. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(6), 1322-1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.029

Simpson, A. W., & Erickson, M. T. (1983). Teachers’ verbal and nonverbal communication patterns as a function of teacher race, student gender, and student race. American Educational Research Journal, 20(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312020002183

Simpson, A. W., & Erickson, M. T. (1983). Teachers’ verbal and nonverbal communication patterns as a function of teacher race, student gender, and student race. American Educational Research Journal, 20(2), 183-198.

Skelton, C. (2006). Boys and girls in the elementary school. In C. Skelton B. Francis & L. Smulyan The sage handbook of gender and education (pp. 139-151). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848607996.n11

Smith, S. (2017). Masculinities. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1109-1111). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n371

Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M.-j., & Chen, J. (2017). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2015 data brief – Updated release. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf

Spelke, E. S. (2005). Sex differences in intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science?: A critical review. American Psychologist, 60(9), 950-958. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.9.950

Spencer, Steele, & Quinn. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1998.1373

Spielhofer, T., O’Donnell, L., Benton, T., Schagen, S., & Schagen, I. (2002). The impact of school size and single-sex education on performance (p. 33). Slough: National Foundation for Educational Research.

Spillett, T. (2021). Gender, land, and place: Considering gender within land-based and place-based learning. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature & Culture, 15(1), 11–31. https://doi.org./ 10.1558/jsrnc.39094

Sprecher, S., Treger, S., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2013). Premarital sexual standards and sociosexuality: Gender, ethnicity, and cohort differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(8), 1395-1405.

Stables, A. (1990). Differences between pupils from mixed and single‐sex schools in their enjoyment of school subjects and in their attitudes to science and to school. Educational Review, 42(3), 221-230.

Stanford Health Care. (nd). Effects of obesity. https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/healthy-living/obesity.html

Stanger-Hall, K. F., & Hall, D. W. (2011). Abstinence-only education and teen pregnancy rates: why we need comprehensive sex education in the US. PloS one, 6(10), e24658.

Stanley, I. H., Conwell, Y., Bowen, C., & Van Orden, K. A. (2014). Pet ownership may attenuate loneliness among older adult primary care patients who live alone. Aging & mental health, 18(3), 394-399.

Statista. (2019). Average number of own children under 18 in families with children in the United States from 1960 to 2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/718084/average-number-of-own-children-per-family/

Steele, C.M. , & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.

Steinmann, B., Ötting, S. K., & Maier, G. W. (2016). Need for affiliation as a motivational add-on for leadership behaviors and managerial success. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1972.

Steinmetz, H., Staiger, J, Schlaug, G., Huang, Y., & Jancke, L. (1995). Corpus callosum and brain volume in women and men. NeuroReport, 6(7), 1002-1004.

Steinpreis, R., Anders, E., & Ritzke, K. (1999). The Impact of Gender on the Review of the Curricula Vitae of Job Applicants and Tenure Candidates: A National Empirical Study. Sex Roles, 41(7), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018839203698

Stel, M., & van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2015). I need you closer to me: Effects of affiliation goals on perceptions of interpersonal distance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(6), 742-753.

Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological review, 93(2), 119.

Stever, G. (2017). Media and gender. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1143-1146). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org./10.4135/9781483384269.n382

Stever, G. (2017). Media and gender. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 1143-1146). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483384269.n382

Stice, E. & Bearman, K. (2001). Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: a growth curve analysis. Developmental Psychology, 37, 597-607.

Stice, E., Presnell, K. & Bearman, S. (2001). Relation of early menarche to depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and comorbid psychopathology among adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 37, 608-619.

Stickley, A., & Koyanagi, A. (2016). Loneliness, common mental disorders and suicidal behavior: findings from a general population survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 81-87.

Strauss, R. & Pollack, H. (2003). Social marginalization of overweight children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 746–752.

Stricker, L. J., & Ward, W. C. (2004). Stereotype threat, inquiring about test takers’ ethnicity and gender, and standardized test performance 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(4), 665-693.

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet, 370, 1960–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. Lancet, 370, 1960–1973.

Strubel, J., Petrie, T., & Pookulangara, S. A. (2018). “Like” me: Shopping, self-display, body image, and social networking sites. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7, 328–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000133

Struckman-Johnson, C., & Struckman-Johnson, D. (1994). Men’s reactions to hypothetical female sexual advances: A beauty bias in response to sexual coercion. Sex Roles, 31(7-8), 387-405.

Stuber, J., Resnick, H., & Galea, S. (2006). Gender disparities in posttraumatic stress disorder after mass trauma. Gend. Med. 3, 54–67.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUHNationalFindingsResults2010-web/2k10ResultsRev/NSDUHresultsRev2010.pdf

Sustainable Tourism Study Native Hawaiian Advisory Group. (2003). Sustainable tourism in Hawai’i: Socio-cultural and public input component. Volume III: Socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Hawa’i–impacts on native Hawiians. M. Knox & Associates, Inc. /https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/visitor/sustainable-tourism-project/drafts/Native-Hawaiian-Impact-Report.pdf

Swaab, D. F., & Garcia-Falgueras, A. (2009). Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation. Functional Neurology, 24(1), 17-28. https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/files/5305590/FunctNeurol09Swaab.pdf

Tagawa, B. (2015). When cross-dressing was criminal: Book documents history of longtime San Francisco law. San Francisco State University. https://news.sfsu.edu/when-cross-dressing-was-criminal-book-documents-history-longtime-san-francisco-law

Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56-65.

Tan, Y., Gast, G., & van der Schouw, Y. (2010). Gender differences in risk factors for coronary heart disease. Maturitas, 65, 149–160.

Targosz, S., Bebbington, P., Lewis, G., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., Farrell, M., & Meltzer, H.(2003) Lone mothers, social exclusion and depression. Psychological Medicine, 33(4), 715–722. https://doi.org/10.10017/S0033291703007347

Terburg, D., Morgan, B., & van Honk, J. (2009). The testosterone-cortisol ratio: A hormonal marker for proneness to social aggression. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 216–223.

Thau, S., Derfler-Rozin, R., Pitesa, M., Mitchell, M. S., & Pillutla, M. M. (2015). Unethical for the sake of the group: Risk of social exclusion and pro-group unethical behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 98.

The Circles of Sexuality section is from Cooper, S. (2019). The circles of sexuality and aging. Hostos Community College. https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/Psychology_of_Aging/circles_of_sexuality

The Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. (2010). Gender and Indigenous peoples: Overview. United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women and the Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 5.  https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/BriefingNote1_GREY.pdf

Thibaut, J.W., & Kelley, H.H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley. Thun, M., Peto, R., Lopez, A., Monaco, J., Henley, S., Heath, C.&. Doll, R. (1997). Consumption and mortality among middle aged and elderly U.S. adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 337 (24):1705–1714, 1997

Tian, R., Hou, G., Li, D., & Yuan, T. F. (2014). A possible change process of inflammatory cytokines in the prolonged chronic stress and its ultimate implications for health. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 780616. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/780616

Tiwari, S. C. (2013). Loneliness: A disease?. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320.

Toller, P. W., Suter, E. A., & Trautman, T. C. (2004). Gender role identity and attitudes toward feminism. Sex Roles, 51(1-2), 85-90.

Tomasetto, C., Alparone, F. R., & Cadinu, M. (2011). Girls’ math performance under stereotype threat: The moderating role of mothers’ gender stereotypes. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 943-949. http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2126/10.1037/a0024047

Tomasi, D., & Volkow, N. D. (2012). Laterality Patterns of Brain Functional Connectivity: Gender Effects. Cerebral Cortex, 22(6), 1455–1462. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr230

Torino, G. (2017). Gender roles: Overview. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 725-729). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n242

Torino, G. (2017). Gender roles: overview. In K. Nadal (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender (pp. 725-729). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n242

Tortora, G. & Derrickson, B. (2012). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (13th ed). Wiley and Sons.

Trisomy 18 Foundation. (2019, July 16). Trisomy 18. Retrieved from https://www.trisomy18.org/what-is-trisomy-18/

Tseng, A. & Craft, R. (2001). Sex differences in antinociceptive and motoric effects of cannabinoids. European Journal of Pharmacology, 430(1):41-47.

Turban, J. L., King, D., Carswell, J. M., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2020). Pubertal suppression for transgender youth and risk of suicidal ideation. Pediatrics, 145(2), e20191725. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1725

U.S. Department of Labor. (2010). Employment status of civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race. http://www.bls. gov/cps/cps_over.htm

U.S. Department of Labor. (2016). Women of working age. https://www.dol.gov/wb/stats/NEWSTATS/latest/demographics-text.htm#LF-Sex-Race

U.S. Department of Labor. (2019). Usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers: Second Quarter 2019 https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/wkyeng.pdf

Uchôa, F., Lustosa, R. P., Rocha, M. T. M., Daniele, T. M. C., Deana, N., Alves, N., & Aranha, Á. (2017). Media influence and body dissatisfaction in Brazilian adolescents. Biomedical Research-tokyo, 28, 2445-2451. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/23656

UCSF Health. (2023). Prenatal Testing for Down Syndrome. ucsfhealth.org. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/prenatal-testing-for-down-syndrome

United States Census Bureau. (2019). Historical living arrangements of children. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/children.html

United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking- 50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm

United States Department of Justice. (2011). Homicide trends in the United States, 1980-2008. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf

United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, issuing body. (2018). Pregnancy discrimination. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

University of Hawai’i, Manoa. (2021). Gender identity and sexual identity in the Pacific and Hawai’i: Introduction. https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/Pacificsexualidentity

Utz, S. (2015). The function of self-disclosure on social network sites: Not only intimate, but also positive and entertaining self-disclosures increase the feeling of connection. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 1-10.

Vaidya, V. (2006). Psychosocial aspects of obesity. Advanced Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, 73- 85.

van Cappellen, P., Fredrickson, B. L., Saroglou, V., & Corneille, O. (2017). Religiosity and the motivation for social affiliation. Personality and individual differences, 113, 24-31.

Van Cauter, E., Leproult, R., & Kupfer, D. (1996). Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 81, 2468-2473.

Van Den Berg, P., Paxton, S., Keery, H., & Wall, M. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males. Body Image, 4(3), 257-268.

Vecchione, M., Alessandri, G., & Marsicano, G. (2014). Academic motivation predicts educational attainment: Does gender make a difference?. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 124-131.

Viveroos, M., Mendrek, A., Paus, T., Lopez-Rodriguez, A., Marco, E., Yehuda, R. …Wagner, J. (2012). A comparative, developmental, and clinical perspective of neurobehavioral sexual dimorphisms. Front Neuroscience, 6, 84.

Vo, T. D. (2021). The whiteness of ‘safe’ spaces: Developing a conceptual framework to critically examine the well-being of racialized 2SLGBTQ+ people within 2SLGBTQ+ leisure spaces. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2021-0016

Vogel, D. L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R., Hammer, J. H., & Hubbard, A. (2011). “Boys don’t cry”: Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 368–382. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023688

Vogel, J., Bowers, C., & Vogel, D. (2003). Cerebral lateralization of spatial abilities: A meta- analysis. Brain and Cognition, 52(2), 197–204.

Voyles, E. C., Bailey, S. F., & Durik, A. M. (2015). New pieces of the jigsaw classroom: increasing accountability to reduce social loafing in student group projects. The New School Psychology Bulletin, 13(1), 11-20.

Waldron, I. (1998). Factors determining the sex ratio at birth. In Too young to die: Genes or gender? (pp. 53–63). United Nations.

Walker, L.E., (1978). Feminist psychotherapy with victims of violence. Office of Justice Programs.

Walker, Lenore E.A. (1990). A Feminist Therapist Views the Case. In Dorthy W. Cantor (Ed.), Women as Therapists, (pp. 78-79). Spring Publishing Company.

Walster, E. (1970). The effect of self-esteem on liking for dates of various social desirabilities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 248-253.

Walster, E., Aronson, V., Abrahams, D., & Rottman, L. (1966). Importance of physical attractiveness in dating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(5), 508-516.

Walster, E., Walster, G. W., Piliavin, J., & Schmidt, L. (1973). ” Playing hard to get”: Understanding an elusive phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26(1), 113.

Walters, A. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., & Meyer, L. L. (1998). Gender and negotiator competitiveness: A meta-analysis. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 76(1), 1-29.

Wang, P., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H., Wells, K. & Kessler, R. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 629-640.

Warren, B. L. (1966). A multiple variable approach to the assortive mating phenomenon. Eugenics Quarterly, 13, 285–298.

Weiner, R. L., & Gutek, B. A. (1999). Advances in sexual harassment research, theory, and policy. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 5, 507–518.

Weiser, E. B. (2000). Gender differences in Internet use patterns and Internet application preferences: A two-sample comparison. Cyberpsychology and behavior, 3(2), 167-178.

Wheeler, C.S. , & Petty, R. E. (2001).The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychology Bulletin, 127,797–826.

White, Michael, & White, Gwendolen. (2006). Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes. Sex Roles, 55(3-4), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9078-z

Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds. Harvard University Press.

Wienke, C. & Hill, G. J. (2009). Does the “marriage bene- fit” extend to partners in gay and lesbian relationships? Journal of Family Issues, 30, 259–289.

Wierckx, K., Mueller, S., Weyers, S., Van Caenegem, E., Roef, G., Heylens, G., & T’sjoen, G. (2012). Long‐term evaluation of cross‐sex hormone treatment in transsexual persons. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(10), 2641-2651.

Wigfield, A., & Cambria, J. (2010). Achievement motivation. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1-2.

Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta‐analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel psychology, 60(1), 127-162.

Wilsnack, R. W., Vogeltanz, N. D., Wilsnack, S. C., & Harris, T. R. (2000). Gender differences in alcohol consumption and adverse drinking consequences: Cross-cultural patterns. Addiction, 95(2), 251–265.

Wilson, J. M., Weiss, A., & Shook, N. J. (2020). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and savoring: Factors that explain the relation between perceived social support and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109568

Wirth, J. H., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2009). The role of gender in mental-illness stigma: A national experiment. Psychological Science, 20(2), 169-173.

Wisch, A. F., Mahalik, J. R., Hayes, J. A., & Nutt, E. A. (1995). The impact of gender role conflict and counseling technique on psychological help seeking in men. Sex Roles, 33, 77–89.

Wisniewski, A., Migeon, C., Meyer-Bahlburg, H., Gearheart, J, Berkovitz, G. D., … Money, J. (2000). Complete an-drogen insensitivity syndrome: Long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 2664– 2669

Wu, Y, Zhang, D. & Kang, S. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 137(3), 869-882. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2396-7.

Wudarczyk, O. A., Earp, B., Guastella, A., & Savulescu, J. (2013). Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26, 474–484. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283642e10

Yaffe, K., Lui, L., Zmuda, J. & Cauley, J. (2002). Sex hormones and cognitive function in older men. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 50, 707-712.

Yamamiya, Y., Cash, T. F., Melnyk, S. E., Posavac, H. D., & Posavac, S. (2005). Women’s exposure to thin-and-beautiful media images: Body image effects of media-ideal internalization and impact-reduction interventions. Body image, 2(1), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BODYIM.2004.11.001

Yang, H., Wang, L., Han, L., & Wang, S. C. (2013). Nonsocial functions of hypothalamic oxytocin. ISRN Neuroscience, 201, 179272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/179272

Yimsaard, P., McNeill, A., Yong, H. H., Cummings, K. M., Chung-Hall, J., Hawkins, S. S., … & Hitchman, S. C. (2021). Gender differences in reasons for using electronic cigarettes and product characteristics: Findings from the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 23(4), 678-686.

Young, J. F., & Mroczek, D. K. (2003). Predicting intraindividual self-concept trajectories during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 26(5), 586-600.

Yu, J., Cheah, C. S., Hart, C. H., Yang, C., & Olsen, J. A. (2019). Longitudinal effects of maternal love withdrawal and guilt induction on Chinese American preschoolers’ bullying aggressive behavior. Development and psychopathology, 1-9.

Zalta, A. K., & Chambless, D. L. (2012). Understanding gender differences in anxiety. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(4), 488–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312450004

Zebrowitz, L. A., Tenenbaum, D. R., & Goldstein, L. H. (1991). The impact of job applicants’ facial maturity, gender, and academic achievement on hiring recommendations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21(7), 525–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559- 1816.1991.tb00535.x

Chapter Attribution

“Gender and Sexuality” by Jessica Motherwell McFarlane is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence. It includes a few sections that were adapted from the chapters “Sex Differentiation, Anatomy, and Physiology” and “Sexual Response and the Biochemistry of Love” in Introduction to Human Sexuality by Erika Goerling and Emerson Wolfe, which is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence.

About the Author: Jessica Motherwell McFarlane

Justice Institute of British Columbia

I am an uninvited guest working and living on the stolen territories of the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam), Skwxwú7mesh-ulh Temíx̱w (Squamish), and səl̓ilwətaɁɬ təməxʷ (Tsleil-Waututh) peoples. My ancestors were Celtic, British, and Germanic. As I a white, heterosexual, cisgender, able-bodied, healthy, middle class woman, I am committed to increasing my awareness of my advantages in life and using my privilege to benefit others. I have more than 30 years experience as a feminist scholar, instructor, researcher, and counsellor with a specialization in women’s development, gender, EDI and decolonization. I am the program developer and director of Life Outside the Box — a JIBC initiative — that focuses on using visual narratives (stick figure comics) to teach about oppression, anti-oppression best practices, and other social justice learning issues. I am a deeply spiritual, Nature-loving, Unitarian Universalist. My spiritual and religious beliefs inform my values around protecting the Earth; honouring the inherent worth and dignity of each person; committing myself to ending oppressive systems and actions; and supporting the rights of 2SLGBTQIA+ people. I have a fundamental commitment to conducting myself with supreme kindness and radical inclusivity in all my relationships. I adore spending time around children and babies which was one of the reasons I chose to earn a Ph.D. in developmental psychology. I have been honoured to teach many hundreds of students in my career — all of whom have taught me about my mistakes, trusted me to improve, and celebrated when I got it right. Every day, I am grateful for my husband, child, family — and cats — who fill my life with adventure, beauty, and love.