Principles of Pharmacology
1.8 Medication Types
Prescription Medications, OTCs, Herbals, and Supplements
There is a variety of drug types and substances that clients may utilize for symptom management or to enhance wellness. Having an accurate record and knowledge of the different types of substances a client is taking is important to the client’s medical and nursing plan of care. It is also important to note any substances that are prescribed, over-the-counter, or herbal that have been taken in the past month, as some medications have a long half-life and may still be in the body with the potential to interact with new medications.
A variety of substances available to the public include (but are not limited to) prescription medications (including brand name and generic drugs), over-the-counter medications, and herbals and supplements.
Prescription Medications
Drugs are prescribed by a licensed prescriber for a specific person’s use and regulated through the Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) of Health Canada. More information about HPFB approval of medications can be found on the Therapeutic Products Directorate page of the HPFB website.
Generic Medications
Generic medications can be safe and effective alternatives to their brand-name counterparts and often at a reduced cost. By law, generic medications must have the same chemically active ingredient in the same dose (i.e., they must be “bio-equivalent”). However, the excipients (the base substance that holds the active chemical ingredient into a pill form (such as talc) or the flavouring can be different. Some clients do not tolerate these differences in excipients very well. When prescribing a medication, the provider must indicate that generic substitution is acceptable. When studying medications in nursing school, it is important to know medications by their generic name, since the NCLEX exam does not currently include brand-name medications in their question format. [1]
Over-the-Counter Medications
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications do not require a prescription. They can be bought at a store and may be used by multiple individuals. OTC medications are also regulated through Health Canada. Some prescription medications are available for purchase as OTC in smaller doses. For example, diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is commonly prescribed as 50 mg every 6 hours, and the prescription strength is 50 mg. However, it can also be purchased OTC in 25 mg doses (or less for children.) [2]
Herbals & Supplements
Herbs and supplements may include a wide variety of substances including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and botanicals. Supplements such as “protein powders” are marketed to build muscle mass and can contain a variety of substances that may not be appropriate for all individuals. Health Canada has a Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate that is responsible for authorizing natural/non-prescription products for which safety, efficacy, and quality standards are in place [3]. Some herbal and supplement substances are not regulated by Health Canada and most have not undergone rigorous scientific testing for safety for the public. While individuals may be tempted to try these herbals and supplements, there is no guarantee that they contain the ingredients listed on the label. It is also important to remember that there is a potential for adverse effects or even overdose if the herbal or supplement contains some of the same drug that was also prescribed to a client. [4]
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2018, Jun. 19). Patient education. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/patient-education ↵
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2017, Nov. 13). Prescription drug and over-the-counter drugs: Questions and answers. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/questions-answers/prescription-drugs-and-over-counter-otc-drugs-questions-and-answers ↵
- Health Canada (2020, March 5). Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/about-health-canada/branches-agencies/health-products-food-branch/natural-non-prescription-health-products-directorate.html ↵
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2017, Nov. 13). What are dietary supplements? https://www.fda.gov/food/information-consumers-using-dietary-supplements/tips-older-dietary-supplement-users#what ↵