9.2 The Need for Oxygen
The air we breathe contains 21% oxygen and is crucial for life. Several body systems must work collaboratively during the oxygenation process to take in oxygen from the air, carry it through the bloodstream, and adequately oxygenate tissues. First, the airway must be open and clear. The chest and lungs must mechanically move air in and out of the lungs. The bronchial airways must be open and clear so that air can reach the alveoli, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released during exhalation. The heart must effectively pump this oxygenated blood to and from the lungs and through the systemic arteries. The hemoglobin in the blood must be in adequate amounts to sufficiently carry the oxygen to the tissues, where it is released, and carbon dioxide is absorbed and carried back to the lungs.
Several medical conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart disease, and anemia can impair a person’s ability to sufficiently complete this oxygenation process, thus requiring the administration of supplemental oxygen. Oxygen is considered a medication and, therefore, requires a prescription and continuous monitoring by the nurse to ensure its safe and effective use. As a Health Care Assistant, your role is to provide safe care to clients who are receiving oxygen therapy. Depending on your facility/agency, you may be trained to provide oral suctioning and transfer a client’s oxygen source from a liquid canister to an oxygen concentrator or portable cylinder. See Tables 9.3.1 and 9.3.2 for oxygen sources and types of oxygen equipment.
Cautions with Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen therapy supports life and supports combustion. While there are many benefits to inhaled oxygen, there are also hazards and side effects. Anyone involved in the administration of oxygen should be aware of potential hazards and side effects of this medication. Oxygen should be administered cautiously and according to the safety guidelines listed in Table 9.2.1
| Guideline | Additional Information |
|---|---|
| Oxygen is a medication | Remind client that oxygen is a medication and should not be adjusted without consultation with a physician or respiratory therapist. |
| Storage of oxygen cylinders | When using oxygen cylinders, store them upright, chained, or in appropriate holders so that they will not fall over. |
| No smoking | Oxygen supports combustion. No smoking is permitted around any oxygen delivery devices in the hospital or home environment. |
| Keep oxygen cylinders away from heat sources | Keep oxygen delivery systems at least 1.5 metres from any heat source. |
| Check for electrical hazards in the home or hospital prior to use | Determine that electrical equipment in the room or home is in safe working condition. A small electrical spark in the presence of oxygen will result in a serious fire. The use of a gas stove, kerosene space heater, or smoker is unsafe in the presence of oxygen. Avoid items that may create a spark (e.g., electrical razor, hair dryer, synthetic fabrics that cause static electricity, or mechanical toys) with nasal cannula in use. |
| Check levels of oxygen in portable tanks | Check oxygen levels of portable tanks before transporting a client to ensure that there is enough oxygen in the tank. |
- Data source: Perry et al., 2018; O’Driscoll et al., 2008 ↵
Passageways that connect the trachea to the lungs.
Small sacs at the bottom of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur.
Blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body cells and tissues.
A protein found in red blood cells that combines with oxygen to carry to cells and tissues of the body.
A condition that affects the airways of the lungs, causing them to become narrower and making it difficult to breathe.
A chronic lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis contribute to COPD.
An infection of the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
A deficiency in red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body’s tissues. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
Providing extra or additional oxygen.
A method of removing mucous from the mouth and/or lungs.
A device that takes in air from the room and filters out nitrogen.
